Libya

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    <title>Libya</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Street view from Tripoli, Libya - panoramio.jpg]] → [[File:Tripoli - Shari Jama ad-Draghut - 01.jpg]]</comment>
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[[File:Martyrs’ Square, Tripoli (6815600736).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Martyrs Square Tripoli, Libya]]
[[File:Theodorias(libya).jpg|thumb|wasu abubuwan tarihin libya]]
[[File:Libyan Desert - 2006.jpg|thumb|libya]]
[[Fayil:Libya 4985 Tadrart Acacus Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|Sahara a libya]]
[[Fayil:Map of Libya and Egypt (1977).svg|thumb|taswirar libya]]
Kasar '''Libya''' tana daya daga cikin kasashen, dake Arewacin [[Afirka|Afirika]], kuma tanada iyaka da kasashe guda shida (6) su ne:-

[[File:Libya in its region.svg|left|thumb|220px|Map of Libya]]

* Daga gabashin kasar, [[Misra]].

* daga kudu maso gabashi, [[Sudan]].

* Daga kudu, [[Cadi]], da [[Nijar]].

* [[Fayil:Libya 4432 Ghadames Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|Libya]]Daga yammaci, [[Aljeriya]].daga arewa maso yammaci, [[Tunis]].
[[Fayil:Libya (centered orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Libya]]
Libya kasar [[larabawa]] ce kuma tana daga cikin kungiyar tarayyar [[Afirka|Afirika]] kuma tana daya daga yan kungiyan kasashen [[larabawa]] da kungiyar kasashen [[musulunci]], har zuwa yau [https://web.archive.org/web/20120711143657/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM ita] 'yar kungiyar kasashen [[Arewacin Cove, Washington|Arewacin]] Nahiyar [[Afirka]] ce, kuma yar kungiyar kasashen da suke da man fetur ne.
Kasar Libya babbar kasa ce a wurin fadin Kasa amma sai dai mafi yawan kasar [[Sahara]] ce, Iyakar libya takai 1,759,540 km2 tanada babban iyaka da teku. Shugaban kasar daya shahara shine [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. Sunan &quot;Libya&quot; sunan 'yan asali ne kuma ya bayyana a cikin tsoffin rubutun Masar kamar &quot;R'bw&quot; ko &quot;Liboe,&quot; yana nufin ɗaya daga cikin kabilar Berber da ke zaune a yammacin kogin Nilu. Sunan Girkanci na waɗannan kabilu shine &quot;Libiya,&quot; kuma sunan ƙasar ya zama &quot;Lybia,&quot; an fassara shi da &quot;Libuee.&quot; A tsohuwar Girka, kalmar tana da ma'ana mai fa'ida, wanda ya mamaye dukkan Arewacin Afirka a yammacin Masar.
[[File:Centre of Adjabiya, Libya.jpeg|thumb|Adjabiya libya]]
[[File:Asida-Libya.JPG|thumb|abincin libya]]
[[File:Libya of Tripoli.jpg|thumb|birnin tripoli na kasar libya]]
[[File:The new University of Libya Dune.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar libya]]
[[Fayil:Flag of Libya.svg|thumb|tutar libya]]
[[Fayil:Libya w1 locator.svg|thumb|manuniyar libya]]
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13754897&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
'''Libya''' da harshen misrawan da, wannan suna ya samu ne daga kabilar ''libo'' da suke zaune A jihohin da suke tsakanin [[Misra]] da [[Tunisiya]].
[[Fayil:LIBYA-Tripoli.jpg|thumb|mazubban ruwa a libya]]
dadin dadawa, akan kabilar ''libo'' kuma da akwai kabilu 'yan asalin Libya kaman Amazik da kabilar feneken. a karni na shida kafin haihuwar [[Annabi Isah]] daular kurtaja ta mamaye libya duk da karfinta Romawa sun kwace ta daga hannunsu, a karni na shida bayan haifuwar [[Annabi isah]] bizantinawa suka mamaye Libya. Kuma A karni na bakwai bayan haihuwar [[Annabi Isah]] sai [[larabawa]] suka shigo Libya
[[File:C- Libya.jpg|thumb|mayakan Libya a wani karni]]


.

Libya ta samu ire-iren iko kamar haka:-

* mulkin kafin tarihi. 

* lokacin fenekawa da Igregawa da rumawa
 
* lokacin da Libya tana karkashin mulkin Amauiyawa da abbasiyawa a shekara ta [[644]]
 
* lokacin mulkin turkawa [[1551]] zuwa [[1911]]

* lokacin mulkin [[Italiya]] [[1911]] zuwa [[1943]]
 
* lokacin mulkin Birtaniya da faransa [[1943]] zuwa [[1951]]

* lokacin samun 'yancin kasa shi kuma ya rabe gida biyu

1 lokacin mulkin sarauta [[1951]] zuwa [[1969]]

2 mulkin [[Moammar Gadhafi|Moammar Gaddafi]] [[1969]] har yau
Libya ta zama Jamhuriya tin 1977
[[File:Mohamed al-Menfi Summit of NAM Contact Group on fight against COVID-19 73 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mohamed al-Menfi shugaban kasar na yanzu]]
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Libya&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?ParagraphID=haj&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Libyan Money1.jpg|thumb|wasu daga cikin kudin libya]]

== Mutanen kasar ==
[[File:Queen Fatima of Libya 002.jpg|thumb|Sarauniya Fatima ta libya]]
[[File:Sudanese In Misrata libya.jpg|thumb|mutanen kasar Libya a wani taro]]
Mutunen Libya sun kai adadin 6000,000 a sahile a arewacin kasar kabilolin Libya su ne, larabawa, [[barbarawa]], tubawa karaglawa ( hadin [[turkawa]] da [[larabawa]] ), [[Buzawa]] da 'yan tsurarun ( [[hausawa]] da [[Kanuri|bare-bari]] ).

harshen [[larabci]] shi ne harshen kasar, larabcinsu yana da bambanci da sauran na kasashen [[larabawa]] kuma da akwai harsuna da yawa masu bambancin harshen ( [[Amazik]], [[Buzanci]] [[tubanci]] da harshen [[Hausa]] ) shi ne harshen kasuwanci a birnin [[sabha]] da ke a kudancin kasar .
[[File:Meeting with Bipartisan Congressman on U.S. Air Strike Against Libya in Oeob Room 208 with Congressman Bob Dole Robert Byrd Bob Michel Richard Lugar and George Shultz - DPLA - e450b2d8c99202155f3e15a953e2e287.jpg|thumb|Hukumomin kasar libya]]

== Addini==
* yawancin yan Libya musulmai ne (97%)

* sauran adadin (3%) kawai kiristoci da yahudawa ne.

kuma Libya bata da shi'a samsam mabiya addinin yahudawa ( yahudawa ) yawancin su sun fita daga kasar bayan [[1967]] a yanzu saura 'yan tsirari a [[tirbule]] , Libya tana da 'yan tsirarun [[kyrke]] a [[tirbule]] da [[bangazi]] kuma suna da malamai [[kyrke]] daya yana [[Bangaze]] da zama

== Jihohin Kasar ==
libya tanada jihohi talatin da biyu sune kamar haka:-

{| border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | || rowspan=&quot;17&quot; width=&quot;322&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; |
[[File:Libya New Municipalities.png|320px]]
|-
| width=&quot;25%&quot; | &lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt; [[Ajdabiya]] || width=&quot;35%&quot; | &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt; [[Ghat Municipality|Ghat]] ||
|-
| &lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Butnan]] || &lt;small&gt;18&lt;/small&gt; [[Ghadamis]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;3&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Hizam Al Akhdar]] || &lt;small&gt;19&lt;/small&gt; [[Gharyan]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;4&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Jabal al Akhdar]] || &lt;small&gt;20&lt;/small&gt; [[Murzuq]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;5&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Jfara]] || &lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt; [[Mizdah]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;6&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Jufrah]] || &lt;small&gt;22&lt;/small&gt; [[Misratah]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;7&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Kufrah]] || &lt;small&gt;23&lt;/small&gt; [[Nalut Municipality|Nalut]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Marj]] || &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; [[Tajura Wa Al Nawahi AlArba']]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;9&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Murgub]] || &lt;small&gt;25&lt;/small&gt; [[Tarhuna Wa Msalata]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt; [[An Nuqat al Khams]] || &lt;small&gt;26&lt;/small&gt; [[Tarabulus]] ([[Tripoli]])
|-
| &lt;small&gt;11&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Qubah]] || &lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt; [[Sabha]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt; [[Al Wahat]] || &lt;small&gt;28&lt;/small&gt; [[Surt]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;13&lt;/small&gt; [[Az Zawiyah Municipality|Az Zawiyah]] || &lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt; [[Sabratha Wa Surman]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt; [[Benghazi]] || &lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt; [[Wadi Al Hayaa]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;15&lt;/small&gt; [[Bani Walid]] || &lt;small&gt;31&lt;/small&gt; [[Wadi Al Shatii]]
|-
| &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt; [[Darnah Municipality|Darnah]] || &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt; [[Yafran]]
|}
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Libya_5076_Tadrart_Acacus_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg|Tsarin dutse a cikin Tadrart Acacus
File:Libyan_Desert_-_2006.jpg|Sahara a Libya 
File:Libya_5453_Leptis_Magna_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg|Theater of Leptis Magna
File:Temple_of_Zeus_Cyrene.jpg|Temple of Zeus, Kirene
File:Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya).svg|Hatimin Hatimin Jami'ar Kasa, Libya 
File:Ly-map.png|Taswirar kasar 
File:Libyan_Arabs.jpg|Larabawan Libya 
File:Karamanli_Mosque_-_Old_Market,_Tripoli,_Libya_-_panoramio.jpg|Masallacin Karamanli, da ke tsohuwar Kasuwa, Tripoli Libiya
File:Alzahra_libya.jpg|Alzahra, Libya
File:Libyan_woman_1873.jpg|Wata Mata daga Libya 
File:Flag_of_Libya.svg|Tutar kasar 
File:Tripoli - Shari Jama ad-Draghut - 01.jpg|Birnin Tripoli Libya 
&lt;/gallery&gt; 
{{Afirka}}

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Afirka]]
[[Category:Kasashen arewacin Afirika]]</text>
      <sha1>47jmod98j6zyk3ovdxo9kx1h81p5vnk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Koriya ta Kudu</title>
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        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
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[[File:Seoul express bus terminal.jpg|thumb|Tashar Mota a Birnin Seoul ]]
[[File:Fountain in National Assembly Building of South Korea.jpg|thumb|zauren majalisar Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[File:South Koreans at Pusan.jpg|thumb|tsohon hoton Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[Fayil:Forggensee Panorama SK 0001.jpg|thumb|TEKUN Panorama na Koriya ta Kudu]]
'''Koriya ta Kudu''' kasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Koriya ta Kudu tana kuma da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'i 100,210. Japan tana da yawan jama'a 51,446,201, bisa ga jimillar shekarar 2017. Babban birnin kasar Japan, [[Seoul]] ne. 
Za
Koriya ta Kudu ta samu yancin kanta a karni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah 

Shugaban kasar Koriya ta Kudu Moon Jae-in tin daga shekarar 2017. Firaministan kasar [[Koriya]] ta Kudu Lee Nak-yeon ne daga 2017.
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gwangju-metro-101F-20190522-062322.jpg|Jirgin Kasa a Tashar Gwangju
File:Euljiro_1-ga_Station_Myeongdong_Seoul.jpg|Tashar jirgin Kasa ta birnin Seoul
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asiya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koriya ta Kudu}}
[[Category: Kasashen Asiya]]</text>
      <sha1>lbd5ghbyubuu2yh3fj8kdnng0cqtoxh</sha1>
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[[File:Seoul express bus terminal.jpg|thumb|Tashar Mota a Birnin Seoul ]]
[[File:Fountain in National Assembly Building of South Korea.jpg|thumb|zauren majalisar Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[File:South Koreans at Pusan.jpg|thumb|tsohon hoton Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[Fayil:Forggensee Panorama SK 0001.jpg|thumb|TEKUN Panorama na Koriya ta Kudu]]
'''Koriya ta Kudu''' kasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Koriya ta Kudu tana kuma da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'i 100,210. Japan tana da yawan jama'a 51,446,201, bisa ga jimillar shekarar 2017. Babban birnin kasar Japan, [[Seoul]] ne. 
Za
Koriya ta Kudu ta samu yancin kanta a ƙarni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah 

Shugaban kasar Koriya ta Kudu Moon Jae-in tin daga shekarar 2017. Firaministan kasar [[Koriya]] ta Kudu Lee Nak-yeon ne daga 2017.
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gwangju-metro-101F-20190522-062322.jpg|Jirgin Kasa a Tashar Gwangju
File:Euljiro_1-ga_Station_Myeongdong_Seoul.jpg|Tashar jirgin Kasa ta birnin Seoul
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asiya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koriya ta Kudu}}
[[Category: Kasashen Asiya]]</text>
      <sha1>dzonbe3fa08li1nra27dfjhsx9acped</sha1>
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        <id>19064</id>
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[[File:Seoul express bus terminal.jpg|thumb|Tashar Mota a Birnin Seoul ]]
[[File:Fountain in National Assembly Building of South Korea.jpg|thumb|zauren majalisar Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[File:South Koreans at Pusan.jpg|thumb|tsohon hoton Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[Fayil:Forggensee Panorama SK 0001.jpg|thumb|TEKUN Panorama na Koriya ta Kudu]]
'''Koriya ta Kudu''' kasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Koriya ta Kudu tana kuma da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'i 100,210. Japan tana da yawan jama'a 51,446,201, bisa ga jimillar shekarar 2017. Babban birnin kasar Japan, [[Seoul]] ne. 
Za
Koriya ta Kudu ta samu yancin kanta a ƙarni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah 

Shugaban kasar Koriya ta Kudu Moon Jae-in tin daga shekarar 2017. Firaministan ƙasar [[Koriya]] ta Kudu Lee Nak-yeon ne daga 2017.
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gwangju-metro-101F-20190522-062322.jpg|Jirgin Kasa a Tashar Gwangju
File:Euljiro_1-ga_Station_Myeongdong_Seoul.jpg|Tashar jirgin Kasa ta birnin Seoul
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asiya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koriya ta Kudu}}
[[Category: Kasashen Asiya]]</text>
      <sha1>kkl7tfdup3fdkz9alslcx9vyulf7yoz</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>878169</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
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[[File:Seoul express bus terminal.jpg|thumb|Tashar Mota a Birnin Seoul ]]
[[File:Fountain in National Assembly Building of South Korea.jpg|thumb|zauren majalisar Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[File:South Koreans at Pusan.jpg|thumb|tsohon hoton Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[Fayil:Forggensee Panorama SK 0001.jpg|thumb|TEKUN Panorama na Koriya ta Kudu]]
'''Koriya ta Kudu''' kasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Koriya ta Kudu tana kuma da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'i 100,210. Japan tana da yawan jama'a 51,446,201, bisa ga jimillar shekarar 2017. Babban birnin ƙasar Japan, [[Seoul]] ne. 
Za
Koriya ta Kudu ta samu yancin kanta a ƙarni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah 

Shugaban kasar Koriya ta Kudu Moon Jae-in tin daga shekarar 2017. Firaministan ƙasar [[Koriya]] ta Kudu Lee Nak-yeon ne daga 2017.
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gwangju-metro-101F-20190522-062322.jpg|Jirgin Kasa a Tashar Gwangju
File:Euljiro_1-ga_Station_Myeongdong_Seoul.jpg|Tashar jirgin Kasa ta birnin Seoul
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asiya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koriya ta Kudu}}
[[Category: Kasashen Asiya]]</text>
      <sha1>6b4c6f9qwxyaslj62uw9zyqu5ifmkxt</sha1>
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[[File:Seoul express bus terminal.jpg|thumb|Tashar Mota a Birnin Seoul ]]
[[File:Fountain in National Assembly Building of South Korea.jpg|thumb|zauren majalisar Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[File:South Koreans at Pusan.jpg|thumb|tsohon hoton Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[Fayil:Forggensee Panorama SK 0001.jpg|thumb|TEKUN Panorama na Koriya ta Kudu]]
'''Koriya ta Kudu''' ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Koriya ta Kudu tana kuma da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'i 100,210. Japan tana da yawan jama'a 51,446,201, bisa ga jimillar shekarar 2017. Babban birnin ƙasar Japan, [[Seoul]] ne. 
Za
Koriya ta Kudu ta samu yancin kanta a ƙarni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah 

Shugaban kasar Koriya ta Kudu Moon Jae-in tin daga shekarar 2017. Firaministan ƙasar [[Koriya]] ta Kudu Lee Nak-yeon ne daga 2017.
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gwangju-metro-101F-20190522-062322.jpg|Jirgin Kasa a Tashar Gwangju
File:Euljiro_1-ga_Station_Myeongdong_Seoul.jpg|Tashar jirgin Kasa ta birnin Seoul
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asiya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koriya ta Kudu}}
[[Category: Kasashen Asiya]]</text>
      <sha1>o7txr7nus7mkqvjdt2h3tl0fqau0afn</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>878243</id>
      <parentid>878170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T07:52:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
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[[File:Seoul express bus terminal.jpg|thumb|Tashar Mota a Birnin Seoul ]]
[[File:Fountain in National Assembly Building of South Korea.jpg|thumb|zauren majalisar Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[File:South Koreans at Pusan.jpg|thumb|tsohon hoton Koriya ta Kudu]]
[[Fayil:Forggensee Panorama SK 0001.jpg|thumb|TEKUN Panorama na Koriya ta Kudu]]
'''Koriya ta Kudu''' ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Koriya ta Kudu tana kuma da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'i 100,210. Japan tana da yawan jama'a 51,446,201, bisa ga jimillar shekarar 2017. Babban birnin ƙasar Japan, [[Seoul]] ne. 
Za
Koriya ta Kudu ta samu yancin kanta acikin ƙarni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah 

Shugaban kasar Koriya ta Kudu Moon Jae-in tin daga shekarar 2017. Firaministan ƙasar [[Koriya]] ta Kudu Lee Nak-yeon ne daga 2017.
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gwangju-metro-101F-20190522-062322.jpg|Jirgin Kasa a Tashar Gwangju
File:Euljiro_1-ga_Station_Myeongdong_Seoul.jpg|Tashar jirgin Kasa ta birnin Seoul
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asiya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koriya ta Kudu}}
[[Category: Kasashen Asiya]]</text>
      <sha1>45f6y56t33cjnggfdpqbrz40ipzgn2v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sa'adu Abubakar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[File:Sa'adu Abubakar -Sultan of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Sultan Abubakar Sa'ad III]]
[[Fayil:Sultan of Sokoto, Shehu of Borno, and leading Nigerian emirs.jpg|thumb|Sultan of Sokot,shehu of Borno da learning Nigerian emirs.]]
An haifi mai martaba Sarkin Musulmi '''Muhammadu Sa'adu Abubakar III'''  a 24 ga watan [[Agusta]] na shekara ta Alif da Dari tara da hamsin da shidda  (1956), a sananniyar masarautar nan ta gidan sarkin musulmi dake Sakkwato a Arewacin [[Najeriya]]).da ne ga sarki Abubakar 3, Kuma jika ga Usman shehu Dan fodiyo,yayi karatun Boko da na adini, kafin ya zama sarki muslimi soja ne.mutun ma natsuwa da kamun Kai,da kyautata talakawa 

 
Shi ne kuma ke riƙe da mukamin shugaban kungiyar [[Musulmi]] ta Najeriya wato ([[Jama'atu Nasril Islam]], (JNI)). Bayan sarautar kasar Sakkwato kuma shi ne shugaban sama da mutane miliyan saba'in na musulman Najeriya wadanda sune suke sama da rabin mutanen Najeriya. Mai martaba Sa'adu Abubakar ya hau karagar mulki ne bayan rasuwar yayan sa wanda shi ne ke kan karagar kafin rasuwar sa wato [[Muhammadu Maccido]], wanda ya rasu sakamakon hadarin jirgin sama daya rutsa dasu.
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammadu Saad Abubakar III}}
{{Sarakunan Sokoto}}
[[Category:Sarakunan Musulmi dake Sakkwato]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Falasdinu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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[[File:Allenby_delivering_speech,_Jerusalem,_May_1918.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Allenby delivering speech, Jerusalem, May 1918]]
[[File:فندق فلسطين في الخليل.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Freedom For Palestine.jpg|thumb|Masu zanga zangar neman yancin palastin]]
'''Falasdinu''' ([[Turanci]] Palestine), ([[Larabci]] فلسطين) دولةفلسطين '''Daular Falastin''' kasa ce da ake rigima a kanta a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Kasar na ikirarin mallakar yankin gabar tekun yammacin ta kwato (iyaka da kasar [[Isra'ila]] da [[Jordan]]) sai kuma yankin Gaza (iyaka da Israila da [[Masar]]) da kuma gabashin birnin Jerusalem wanda shi ne ƙasar take dauka a matsayin babban birnin ta, duk da yake kuma a birnin Ramallah ne ake tafiyar da mafi yawan aiyukan gwamnati. Mafi yawancin yankunan kasar Falasdinu na karkashin Yahudawan Israila 'yan kama guri zauna da suka kwace tun daga shekarar 1967. Yawan mutanen kasar ya kai 4,560,368 ƙidayar shekarar 2014, ita ce ƙasa ta 123 a yawan jama'a a [[duniya]].

Bayan kammala yakin duniya na biyu a 1947, [[Majalisar dinkin duniya]] ta yi kokarin kafa kasar ta Falasdinu wadda ta kumshi [[Larabawa]] Musulmai, da kuma Yahudawa da kasar su ta Israila a shekara ta 1948. Bayan kafa kasar ta Falasdinu ne sai larabawa Musulmai suka dauki makamai domin nuna adawa da yin hakan tare da yakar Yahudawa.

Tun daga nan yankin ya yi ta cigaba tare da canza salo kala-kala har zuwa ranar 15 [[Nuwamba|Nuwamba,]] a shekarar 1988, inda shugaban Falsdinawa Yaseer Arafat, ya ayyana kafa kasar ta Falasdinu a birnin &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Aljas]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; na kasar [[Aljeriya]]Shekara daya kuma bayan sa hannun kan yarjejeniyar ''Osla Accords'' a shekara ta 1993 gwamnati ta kafu a kasar Falsdinu.

Kasashe 136 daga cikin mambobi a majalisar dinkin duniya ne suka amince da Falasdinu a matsayin kasa. Ƙasar har yanzu ba mamba ba ce ba a [[Majalisar dinkin duniya|Majalisar dinkin Duniya]], amma kuma mamba ce a ƙungiyar ƙasashen larabawa wato '''G77''', da kuma Hukumar wasanni ta '''Olympic''' da sauran manyan kungiyoyin duniya.

=== Tarihi ===

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

{{Asiya}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Asiya]]
[[Category:Falasɗinu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kano Pillars F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[File:Kano Pillars 03.jpg|thumb|Motar ƙungiyar Kano pillars]]
[[File:Abdulwasiu Showemimo of Kano Pillars (1).jpg|thumb|Abdulwasiu Showemimo ɗan wasan Kano Pillars]]
[[File:Kano Pillars 01.jpg|thumb|Kano Pillars 01]]
{{Infobox football club
| clubname      = Kano Pillars F.C.
| image         = Kano Pillars logo.png
| fullname      = Kano Pillars Football Club
| nickname      = Sai Masu Gida
| founded       = 1990
| ground         = [[Sani Abacha Stadium]]
| capacity      = 16,000
| owner          = Gwamnatin Jihar Kano
| league         = [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
| season         = 2023–24
| position       = NPFL, 6th
}}

'''Kano Pillars Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Najeriya da ke da hedikwata a birnin [[Kano]]. Ana kallon ƙungiyar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa mafi nasara a Najeriya saboda yawan kofunan gasar lig da ta lashe da kuma irin tasirin da take da shi a ƙwallon ƙafar cikin gida. Kano Pillars tana amfani da [[Sani Abacha Stadium]] a matsayin filin wasanninta na gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npfl.com.ng/kano-pillars |title=Kano Pillars Club Profile |publisher=Nigeria Premier Football League |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa ƙungiyar Kano Pillars a shekarar 1990 bayan haɗewar wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da gwamnatin jihar Kano ta tallafa musu domin samar da ƙungiyar da za ta wakilci jihar Kano a manyan gasa na ƙasa. Tun daga lokacin kafa ta, ƙungiyar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi samun magoya baya a arewacin Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=History of Kano Pillars FC |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/history-of-kano-pillars |work=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kano Pillars ta fara samun gagarumar nasara a gasar firimiya ta Najeriya ne a shekarun 2000 zuwa gaba, inda ta zama ƙungiyar da take fafatawa akai-akai domin lashe kofin lig. Ƙungiyar ta lashe kofin [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] sau da dama, ciki har da nasarorin da ta samu a jere daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014 wanda hakan ya sa ta kafa tarihi a ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigchamp.html |title=Nigeria List of Champions |publisher=RSSSF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan da suka taka leda a Kano Pillars akwai [[Ahmed Musa]], wanda daga baya ya zama kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Najeriya ta Super Eagles. Ahmed Musa ya yi fice sosai a ƙungiyar kafin ya koma taka leda a Turai. Haka kuma akwai wasu fitattun 'yan wasa kamar Rabiu Ali, wanda ya shahara saboda dogon lokacin da ya kwashe yana buga wasa a ƙungiyar da kuma kwarewarsa a tsakiyar fili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ahmed Musa and Kano Pillars legacy |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magoya bayan Kano Pillars suna daga cikin mafi yawan masoya ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya, musamman a yankin arewa. Wasannin gida na ƙungiyar a [[Sani Abacha Stadium]] kan jawo dubban mutane, kuma ana ɗaukar filin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi wahala ga baƙin ƙungiyoyi samun nasara saboda yawan goyon bayan magoya baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/kano-pillars-fans-and-home-record |title=Kano Pillars and their intimidating home support |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kano Pillars ta kuma wakilci Najeriya a gasannin nahiyar Afirka irin su [[CAF Champions League]] da [[CAF Confederation Cup]]. Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ba ta taɓa lashe kofin nahiyar ba, ta yi wasanni masu ƙarfi da manyan ƙungiyoyin Afirka kuma ta taka rawa wajen bunƙasa martabar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya a nahiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com |title=CAF Club Competitions Records |publisher=Confederation of African Football |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun baya-bayan nan, Kano Pillars ta fuskanci ƙalubale da suka haɗa da matsalar kuɗi, sauyin masu horaswa da kuma rashin daidaiton sakamako a gasar lig. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Najeriya saboda tarihin da take da shi da kuma yawan matasan da take haɓakawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Challenges facing Kano Pillars |url=https://punchng.com/kano-pillars-challenges |work=Punch Newspapers |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar Kano Pillars tana da babban tasiri wajen bunƙasa matasa masu sha'awar ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Kano da ma Najeriya baki ɗaya. Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horaswa da gano hazaka, ƙungiyar ta taimaka wajen fitar da fitattun 'yan wasa da suka wakilci Najeriya a matakai daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thenff.com |title=NFF and youth football development in Nigeria |publisher=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kano Pillars ta fara shiga manyan gasannin Najeriya ne bayan samun gurbi a gasar ƙasa ta farko a shekarun 1990. Tun daga lokacin ƙungiyar ta zama abar tsoro ga sauran ƙungiyoyi musamman idan tana wasa a gida. Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ƙungiyar ta samu shi ne lashe kofin lig sau huɗu cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://npfl.com.ng/history |title=NPFL Historical Records |publisher=NPFL |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filin wasa ==
[[Sani Abacha Stadium]] wanda ke cikin birnin Kano shi ne filin wasan gida na Kano Pillars. Filin yana ɗaukar dubban masu kallo kuma yana daga cikin shahararrun filayen wasa a Najeriya. Ana gudanar da yawancin wasannin gida na ƙungiyar a wannan fili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com |title=Stadium infrastructure in Nigeria |publisher=FIFA |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan nasarori ==
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
** Zakara: 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigchamp.html |title=Nigeria Champions List |publisher=RSSSF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Nigerian FA Cup
** Wanda ta kai matakin ƙarshe sau da dama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenff.com |title=Federation Cup Records |publisher=NFF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fitattun 'yan wasa ==
* [[Ahmed Musa]]
* Rabiu Ali
* Shehu Abdullahi
* Gambo Mohammed
* Kabiru Umar

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
* [[Ahmed Musa]]
* [[Sani Abacha Stadium]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://npfl.com.ng/ Shafin NPFL]
* [https://www.cafonline.com/ CAF Online]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Karasuwa</title>
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'''Karasuwa''' Karamar hukuma ce dake a cikin [[Jihar Yobe]]n, [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-10-23 |archive-date=2024-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421030942/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Stub}}

[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Yobe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agatu</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
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Agatu karamar hukumar Agatu ce a [[jihar Benue]] dake arewa ta tsakiya [[Najeriya]], wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1996. A da tana cikin gundumar Agatu a tsohuwar sashin Otukpo. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana Obagaji. Agatu dai na daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi tara a shiyyar kudu maso kudancin jihar Benuwe, wanda akasari ‘yan kabilar Idoma ne suka mamaye. Mafi yawan mazauna&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Agatu Local Government Area – I am Benue&quot;. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; manoma ne.

Zuwa ƙidayar 1991, tana da yawan jama'a kusan 80,000.

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2014, an kashe fararen hula 20 da sojoji 5 a Agatu a wani hari da Fulani makiyaya suka kai musu.[4][5]

Agatu ya kasance wurin da aka samu karin hare-hare sama da shekaru biyu, a shekarar 2016.

Agatu gida ce ga fitattun mutane irin su Hon. John Ngbede, shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Benue; Hon. Samuel Odagboyi Godday, dan majalisar wakilai; Hon. Solomon Agidani, tsohon dan majalisar wakilai; Farfesa Isa Innocent Ekoja, Farfesa na farko daga Agatu; da Fasto John Eliagwu Odogbo, Ochidoma na Idoma na yanzu.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Karamar hukumar Agatu ta shahara wajen noman noma kamar su doya, rogo, shinkafa, wake, dawa, da kankana. A karamar hukumar Agatu, ma’adanai irin su kaolin, anhydride, da limestone suna da yawa.[6]

== Geography ==
Yankin karamar hukumar Agatu yana da tarwatsewar tsaunuka masu tasowa daga gabas zuwa yamma kusa da yankuna masu albarka. Bugu da kari, yankin yammacin yankin yana rufe dazuzzuka masu yawan gaske.[6]

== Yanayin yanayi ==
Agatu ya fuskanci yanayin sanyi da bushewar yanayi irin na Middle Belt ta Najeriya. Lokacin damina yana daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba tare da zafi mai yawa da kuma yawan tsawa, yayin da lokacin rani ya wuce daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris kuma iskar Harmattan ke tasiri. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana daga 22 ° C (72 ° F) zuwa 34 ° C (93 ° F), kuma ruwan sama na shekara yana yawanci tsakanin 1,200 mm (47 in) da 1,600 mm (63 in).[7]{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]</text>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
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Agatu karamar hukumar Agatu ce a [[jihar Benue]] dake arewa ta tsakiya [[Najeriya]], wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1996. A da tana cikin gundumar Agatu a tsohuwar sashin Otukpo. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana Obagaji. Agatu dai na daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi tara a shiyyar kudu maso kudancin jihar Benuwe, wanda akasari ‘yan kabilar Idoma ne suka mamaye. Mafi yawan mazauna&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Agatu Local Government Area – I am Benue&quot;. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; manoma ne.

Zuwa ƙidayar 1991, tana da yawan jama'a kusan 80,000.

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2014, an kashe fararen hula 20 da sojoji 5 a Agatu a wani hari da Fulani makiyaya suka kai musu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Who are the Fulani herdsmen? A Nigerian conflict explainer&quot;. The Pillar. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

Agatu ya kasance wurin da aka samu karin hare-hare sama da shekaru biyu, a shekarar 2016.

Agatu gida ce ga fitattun mutane irin su Hon. John Ngbede, shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Benue; Hon. Samuel Odagboyi Godday, dan majalisar wakilai; Hon. Solomon Agidani, tsohon dan majalisar wakilai; Farfesa Isa Innocent Ekoja, Farfesa na farko daga Agatu; da Fasto John Eliagwu Odogbo, Ochidoma na Idoma na yanzu.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Karamar hukumar Agatu ta shahara wajen noman noma kamar su doya, rogo, shinkafa, wake, dawa, da kankana. A karamar hukumar Agatu, ma’adanai irin su kaolin, anhydride, da limestone suna da yawa.[6]

== Geography ==
Yankin karamar hukumar Agatu yana da tarwatsewar tsaunuka masu tasowa daga gabas zuwa yamma kusa da yankuna masu albarka. Bugu da kari, yankin yammacin yankin yana rufe dazuzzuka masu yawan gaske.[6]

== Yanayin yanayi ==
Agatu ya fuskanci yanayin sanyi da bushewar yanayi irin na Middle Belt ta Najeriya. Lokacin damina yana daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba tare da zafi mai yawa da kuma yawan tsawa, yayin da lokacin rani ya wuce daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris kuma iskar Harmattan ke tasiri. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana daga 22 ° C (72 ° F) zuwa 34 ° C (93 ° F), kuma ruwan sama na shekara yana yawanci tsakanin 1,200 mm (47 in) da 1,600 mm (63 in).[7]{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]</text>
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    <revision>
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Agatu karamar hukumar Agatu ce a [[jihar Benue]] dake arewa ta tsakiya [[Najeriya]], wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1996. A da tana cikin gundumar Agatu a tsohuwar sashin Otukpo. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana Obagaji. Agatu dai na daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi tara a shiyyar kudu maso kudancin jihar Benuwe, wanda akasari ‘yan kabilar Idoma ne suka mamaye. Mafi yawan mazauna&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Agatu Local Government Area – I am Benue&quot;. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; manoma ne.

Zuwa ƙidayar 1991, tana da yawan jama'a kusan 80,000.

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2014, an kashe fararen hula 20 da sojoji 5 a Agatu a wani hari da Fulani makiyaya suka kai musu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Who are the Fulani herdsmen? A Nigerian conflict explainer&quot;. The Pillar. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;20 Civilians, Five Soldiers Killed in Renewed Fulani Attack on Agatu&quot;. This Day. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Agatu ya kasance wurin da aka samu karin hare-hare sama da shekaru biyu, a shekarar 2016.

Agatu gida ce ga fitattun mutane irin su Hon. John Ngbede, shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Benue; Hon. Samuel Odagboyi Godday, dan majalisar wakilai; Hon. Solomon Agidani, tsohon dan majalisar wakilai; Farfesa Isa Innocent Ekoja, Farfesa na farko daga Agatu; da Fasto John Eliagwu Odogbo, Ochidoma na Idoma na yanzu.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Karamar hukumar Agatu ta shahara wajen noman noma kamar su doya, rogo, shinkafa, wake, dawa, da kankana. A karamar hukumar Agatu, ma’adanai irin su kaolin, anhydride, da limestone suna da yawa.[6]

== Geography ==
Yankin karamar hukumar Agatu yana da tarwatsewar tsaunuka masu tasowa daga gabas zuwa yamma kusa da yankuna masu albarka. Bugu da kari, yankin yammacin yankin yana rufe dazuzzuka masu yawan gaske.[6]

== Yanayin yanayi ==
Agatu ya fuskanci yanayin sanyi da bushewar yanayi irin na Middle Belt ta Najeriya. Lokacin damina yana daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba tare da zafi mai yawa da kuma yawan tsawa, yayin da lokacin rani ya wuce daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris kuma iskar Harmattan ke tasiri. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana daga 22 ° C (72 ° F) zuwa 34 ° C (93 ° F), kuma ruwan sama na shekara yana yawanci tsakanin 1,200 mm (47 in) da 1,600 mm (63 in).[7]{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]</text>
      <sha1>ahchsuahehebc0x9bjxa9bj6mljqtkt</sha1>
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    <revision>
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Agatu karamar hukumar Agatu ce a [[jihar Benue]] dake arewa ta tsakiya [[Najeriya]], wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1996. A da tana cikin gundumar Agatu a tsohuwar sashin Otukpo. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana Obagaji. Agatu dai na daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi tara a shiyyar kudu maso kudancin jihar Benuwe, wanda akasari ‘yan kabilar Idoma ne suka mamaye. Mafi yawan mazauna&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Agatu Local Government Area – I am Benue&quot;. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; manoma ne.

Zuwa ƙidayar 1991, tana da yawan jama'a kusan 80,000.

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2014, an kashe fararen hula 20 da sojoji 5 a Agatu a wani hari da Fulani makiyaya suka kai musu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Who are the Fulani herdsmen? A Nigerian conflict explainer&quot;. The Pillar. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;20 Civilians, Five Soldiers Killed in Renewed Fulani Attack on Agatu&quot;. This Day. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Agatu ya kasance wurin da aka samu karin hare-hare sama da shekaru biyu, a shekarar 2016.

Agatu gida ce ga fitattun mutane irin su Hon. John Ngbede, shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Benue; Hon. Samuel Odagboyi Godday, dan majalisar wakilai; Hon. Solomon Agidani, tsohon dan majalisar wakilai; Farfesa Isa Innocent Ekoja, Farfesa na farko daga Agatu; da Fasto John Eliagwu Odogbo, Ochidoma na Idoma na yanzu.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Karamar hukumar Agatu ta shahara wajen noman noma kamar su doya, rogo, shinkafa, wake, dawa, da kankana. A karamar hukumar Agatu, ma’adanai irin su kaolin, anhydride, da limestone suna da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Agatu Local Government Area&quot;. www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2023-08-26.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
Yankin karamar hukumar Agatu yana da tarwatsewar tsaunuka masu tasowa daga gabas zuwa yamma kusa da yankuna masu albarka. Bugu da kari, yankin yammacin yankin yana rufe dazuzzuka masu yawan gaske.[6]

== Yanayin yanayi ==
Agatu ya fuskanci yanayin sanyi da bushewar yanayi irin na Middle Belt ta Najeriya. Lokacin damina yana daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba tare da zafi mai yawa da kuma yawan tsawa, yayin da lokacin rani ya wuce daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris kuma iskar Harmattan ke tasiri. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana daga 22 ° C (72 ° F) zuwa 34 ° C (93 ° F), kuma ruwan sama na shekara yana yawanci tsakanin 1,200 mm (47 in) da 1,600 mm (63 in).[7]{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]</text>
      <sha1>ghilq7ywxy8xkaw8ut0v699zgk4gnm7</sha1>
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Agatu karamar hukumar Agatu ce a [[jihar Benue]] dake arewa ta tsakiya [[Najeriya]], wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1996. A da tana cikin gundumar Agatu a tsohuwar sashin Otukpo. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar tana Obagaji. Agatu dai na daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi tara a shiyyar kudu maso kudancin jihar Benuwe, wanda akasari ‘yan kabilar Idoma ne suka mamaye. Mafi yawan mazauna&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Agatu Local Government Area – I am Benue&quot;. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; manoma ne.

Zuwa ƙidayar 1991, tana da yawan jama'a kusan 80,000.

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2014, an kashe fararen hula 20 da sojoji 5 a Agatu a wani hari da Fulani makiyaya suka kai musu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Who are the Fulani herdsmen? A Nigerian conflict explainer&quot;. The Pillar. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;20 Civilians, Five Soldiers Killed in Renewed Fulani Attack on Agatu&quot;. This Day. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Agatu ya kasance wurin da aka samu karin hare-hare sama da shekaru biyu, a shekarar 2016.

Agatu gida ce ga fitattun mutane irin su Hon. John Ngbede, shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Benue; Hon. Samuel Odagboyi Godday, dan majalisar wakilai; Hon. Solomon Agidani, tsohon dan majalisar wakilai; Farfesa Isa Innocent Ekoja, Farfesa na farko daga Agatu; da Fasto John Eliagwu Odogbo, Ochidoma na Idoma na yanzu.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Karamar hukumar Agatu ta shahara wajen noman noma kamar su doya, rogo, shinkafa, wake, dawa, da kankana. A karamar hukumar Agatu, ma’adanai irin su kaolin, anhydride, da limestone suna da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Agatu Local Government Area&quot;. www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 2023-08-26.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
Yankin karamar hukumar Agatu yana da tarwatsewar tsaunuka masu tasowa daga gabas zuwa yamma kusa da yankuna masu albarka. Bugu da kari, yankin yammacin yankin yana rufe dazuzzuka masu yawan gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Yanayin yanayi ==
Agatu ya fuskanci yanayin sanyi da bushewar yanayi irin na Middle Belt ta Najeriya. Lokacin damina yana daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba tare da zafi mai yawa da kuma yawan tsawa, yayin da lokacin rani ya wuce daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris kuma iskar Harmattan ke tasiri. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana daga 22 ° C (72 ° F) zuwa 34 ° C (93 ° F), kuma ruwan sama na shekara yana yawanci tsakanin 1,200 mm (47 in) da 1,600 mm (63 in).[7]{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]</text>
      <sha1>f3entcshuv2fwfw7hvpdmirnlpa97uo</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Apa (Nijeriya)</title>
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[[Fayil:APA Gebäude Döbling.jpg|thumb|gini Apa (Nijeriya)]]
'''Apa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://benuestate.gov.ng/apa/|title=Apa|date=2017-11-02|work=Government of Benue State of Nigeria|access-date=2018-06-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; daya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] dake [[jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar [[Nijeriya]].
An fara samar da karamar hukumar Apa ne a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 1981. Ta fara aiki ne a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1983, sannan aka sake kirkiro ta a watan Agusta, 1991. Karamar hukumar tana a arewa maso yammacin Makurdi, babban birnin Benue.  Jihar  Tana iyaka da Arewa da karamar hukumar [[Agatu]], daga Gabas ta yi iyaka da [[Gwer West]], daga Kudu kuma ta yi iyaka da [[Otukpo]] sannan zuwa yamma karamar hukumar [[Omala]] ta [[jihar Kogi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://benuestate.gov.ng/portfolio/chief-danjuma-solomon-apa/|title=Welcome|website=benuestate.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 100,000 tare da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 200,300 a kowace km2.  Mazauna karamar hukumar galibinsu [[Idoma]] ne da wasu 'yan [[Igala]] da sauran mazauna.Karamar hukumar tana da gundumomi 11 da suka hada da, [[Ugbokpo]], [[Edikwu]] I, [[Ikobi]], [[Ojantelle/Akpete]], [[Oba]] [[Iga]], [[Oiji]], [[Ojope]], [[Igoro]], [[Edikwu]] II da [[Auke]].
Albarkatun ma'adinai da aka samu a karamar hukumar suna da yawa kuma suna jiran a yi amfani da su.  Su ne ajiyar man fetur a Okwiji da gishiri a Iga-Okpaya.  Sauran ma'adanai da ake samu a karamar hukumar sun hada da kaolin, limestone, gypsum, anhydride da iskar gas.  Haka nan karamar hukumar tana da kayayyakin noma masu muhimmancin kasuwanci.  Wannan ya hada da [[dawa]], [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[wake]], [[gero]], benieed, wake, gyada, bambara goro, 'ya'yan citrus, mangwaro, cashew, abarba, guava, dabino, wake karfe, [[barkono]] da [[rogo]].  Daga cikin wadannan, karamar hukumar na daya daga cikin manyan masu noman dawa, [[barkono]], kankana, benieed, masara, masara da kuma rogo a jihar.

Wadannan damar aikin noma suna da ikon tallafawa masana'antun da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona kamar niƙan shinkafa, sarrafa ƙwayar dabino, sarrafa garri, sarrafa ruwan 'ya'yan itace, gidan burodi, injinan mai, sarrafa abinci, aikin katako da yumbu.  An riga an sami yanayi mai dacewa don saka hannun jari a waɗannan yankuna tare da abubuwan more rayuwa kamar samar da wutar lantarki a manyan garuruwa biyu na Ugbokpo, hedkwatar karamar hukuma da Iga-Okpoya, da sauran wurare kamar Odugbo, Ebugodo, Oba, Obinda, Angwa da Ikampo.  Akwai kuma samar da ruwan famfo a Ugbokpo.  Rafukan Ochekwu da Okpokwu da ke ta kwararowa suna tafiya cikin tsawon karamar hukumar.  Wadannan, ko shakka babu isassun hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha ga duk wani harkar masana'antu da aka kafa a karamar hukumar.

Al’ummar karamar hukumar, baya ga noma, suna yin ciniki.  Kasuwannin da ke Ugbokpo, Ikobi, Iga-Okpaya, Odugbo, Oiji, Ofoke, Oba Alifeti, Idada, Ojantelle, Edikwu-Icho da Ogbobi sune wuraren kasuwancin kudan zuma a ranakun kasuwa.  Bayan haka, wa] annan wuraren suna girma zuwa sanannun cibiyoyin kasuwanci saboda haka kasuwancin yau da kullun da ke gudana a can.

A matsayin wani kyakkyawan mataki na bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci a yankin, majalisar karamar hukumar ta shiga aikin gina hanyoyin ciyar da ruwa da magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa.  Wannan, ko shakka babu, zai yi nisa wajen juya tattalin arzikin yankin.  Manufar ita ce a mayar da Ugbokpo zuwa hedikwatar karamar hukuma ta gaskiya.  Bugu da kari, dimbin albarkatun dazuzzukan dake cikin karamar hukumar na kara habaka kasuwancin katako a yankin.

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]

== Tarihi ==
Da farko birnin ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya. Aba ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci tun lokacin da ta zama wani yanki na Najeriyar Burtaniya.

Balaguron Aro wanda wani babban shiri ne na soji na kawar da kyamar ‘yan mulkin mallaka a yankin, ya faru ne a yankin Aba tsakanin shekarar 1901 zuwa 1902. A lokacin wannan harin na soja, turawan ingila sun fatattaki ‘yan asalin Aro na asali tare da hasashe mai yawan gaske&lt;ref&gt;Oriji 2011, p. 167&lt;/ref&gt;. A shekara ta 1901, turawan ingila suka kafa sansanin soji a Aba sannan a shekarar 1915 aka gina titin jirgin kasa da zai hada ta da Fatakwal, wanda ke safarar kayayyakin noma irin su dabino da dabino[6].

A cikin 1929, garin Aba ya kasance wurin da matan Igbo suka yi tawaye, wanda a tarihi ake kira Yaƙin Mata, wanda ya kasance zanga-zangar adawa da manufofin harajin mulkin mallaka.[7] Rikicin ya fara ne a matsayin zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da kidayar mata da aka fara yi a yankin da kuma karbar haraji ga matan bisa jita-jita. Zanga-zangar ta bazu ko'ina cikin yankin, amma ta kasance cikin lumana har sai da wata mata mai juna biyu ta yi karo da juna a lokacin da aka yi rikici, kuma matar ta rasa danta[8]. Labarin wannan “aiki na banƙyama” ya bazu cikin sauri, kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali. Bayan karin zanga-zangar, mata 10,000 ne suka yi tattaki zuwa Aba. Majiyoyin sun yi jayayya da adadin wadanda suka mutu, inda aka samu rahoton mutuwar mutane 55[9] zuwa sama da 100.[8] A cikin 1930s, Aba ya zama babban al'umman birni tare da kafuwar masana'antu.

A lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a shekarar 1967, an mayar da babban birnin kasar Biafra zuwa Umuahia daga Enugu. Aba ya kasance birni mai dabarar Biafra kuma an kai masa harin bama-bamai da sama a lokacin yakin basasa.[10]

Bayan da aka kirkiro jihar Abia a shekarar 1991, tsohuwar garin Aba ta rabu gida biyu kananan hukumomi biyu, wato Aba ta Kudu da Aba ta Arewa, yayin da unguwar bayan gari da ake kira Obioma Ngwa L.G.A. aka raba L.G.A.s zuwa uku (wato Osisioma Ngwa, Obingwa da Ugwunagbo) don dacewa da gudanarwa.

Aba is the home of many distinguished families such as the Emejiaka Egbu family of Aba la Ohazu, the Ogbonna family of Eziukwu-Aba, the Ichita family of Umuokpoji-Aba, the Omenihu family of Obuda-Aba, the Ugbor family of Aba-Ukwu, the Ugwuzor family of Umuokpoji Aba, the Ihemadu family of Ohabiam, the Ukaegbu family of Aba-ukwu, the Ahunanya family of Ohabiam, among wasu.[abubuwan da ake bukata]

== Manazarta ==
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[[Fayil:APA Gebäude Döbling.jpg|thumb|gini Apa (Nijeriya)]]
'''Apa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://benuestate.gov.ng/apa/|title=Apa|date=2017-11-02|work=Government of Benue State of Nigeria|access-date=2018-06-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; daya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] dake [[jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar [[Nijeriya]].
An fara samar da karamar hukumar Apa ne a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 1981. Ta fara aiki ne a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1983, sannan aka sake kirkiro ta a watan Agusta, 1991. Karamar hukumar tana a arewa maso yammacin Makurdi, babban birnin Benue.  Jihar  Tana iyaka da Arewa da karamar hukumar [[Agatu]], daga Gabas ta yi iyaka da [[Gwer West]], daga Kudu kuma ta yi iyaka da [[Otukpo]] sannan zuwa yamma karamar hukumar [[Omala]] ta [[jihar Kogi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://benuestate.gov.ng/portfolio/chief-danjuma-solomon-apa/|title=Welcome|website=benuestate.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 100,000 tare da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 200,300 a kowace km2.  Mazauna karamar hukumar galibinsu [[Idoma]] ne da wasu 'yan [[Igala]] da sauran mazauna.Karamar hukumar tana da gundumomi 11 da suka hada da, [[Ugbokpo]], [[Edikwu]] I, [[Ikobi]], [[Ojantelle/Akpete]], [[Oba]] [[Iga]], [[Oiji]], [[Ojope]], [[Igoro]], [[Edikwu]] II da [[Auke]].
Albarkatun ma'adinai da aka samu a karamar hukumar suna da yawa kuma suna jiran a yi amfani da su.  Su ne ajiyar man fetur a Okwiji da gishiri a Iga-Okpaya.  Sauran ma'adanai da ake samu a karamar hukumar sun hada da kaolin, limestone, gypsum, anhydride da iskar gas.  Haka nan karamar hukumar tana da kayayyakin noma masu muhimmancin kasuwanci.  Wannan ya hada da [[dawa]], [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[wake]], [[gero]], benieed, wake, gyada, bambara goro, 'ya'yan citrus, mangwaro, cashew, abarba, guava, dabino, wake karfe, [[barkono]] da [[rogo]].  Daga cikin wadannan, karamar hukumar na daya daga cikin manyan masu noman dawa, [[barkono]], kankana, benieed, masara, masara da kuma rogo a jihar.

Wadannan damar aikin noma suna da ikon tallafawa masana'antun da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona kamar niƙan shinkafa, sarrafa ƙwayar dabino, sarrafa garri, sarrafa ruwan 'ya'yan itace, gidan burodi, injinan mai, sarrafa abinci, aikin katako da yumbu.  An riga an sami yanayi mai dacewa don saka hannun jari a waɗannan yankuna tare da abubuwan more rayuwa kamar samar da wutar lantarki a manyan garuruwa biyu na Ugbokpo, hedkwatar karamar hukuma da Iga-Okpoya, da sauran wurare kamar Odugbo, Ebugodo, Oba, Obinda, Angwa da Ikampo.  Akwai kuma samar da ruwan famfo a Ugbokpo.  Rafukan Ochekwu da Okpokwu da ke ta kwararowa suna tafiya cikin tsawon karamar hukumar.  Wadannan, ko shakka babu isassun hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha ga duk wani harkar masana'antu da aka kafa a karamar hukumar.

Al’ummar karamar hukumar, baya ga noma, suna yin ciniki.  Kasuwannin da ke Ugbokpo, Ikobi, Iga-Okpaya, Odugbo, Oiji, Ofoke, Oba Alifeti, Idada, Ojantelle, Edikwu-Icho da Ogbobi sune wuraren kasuwancin kudan zuma a ranakun kasuwa.  Bayan haka, wa] annan wuraren suna girma zuwa sanannun cibiyoyin kasuwanci saboda haka kasuwancin yau da kullun da ke gudana a can.

A matsayin wani kyakkyawan mataki na bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci a yankin, majalisar karamar hukumar ta shiga aikin gina hanyoyin ciyar da ruwa da magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa.  Wannan, ko shakka babu, zai yi nisa wajen juya tattalin arzikin yankin.  Manufar ita ce a mayar da Ugbokpo zuwa hedikwatar karamar hukuma ta gaskiya.  Bugu da kari, dimbin albarkatun dazuzzukan dake cikin karamar hukumar na kara habaka kasuwancin katako a yankin.

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]

== Tarihi ==
Da farko birnin ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya. Aba ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci tun lokacin da ta zama wani yanki na Najeriyar Burtaniya.

Balaguron Aro wanda wani babban shiri ne na soji na kawar da kyamar ‘yan mulkin mallaka a yankin, ya faru ne a yankin Aba tsakanin shekarar 1901 zuwa 1902. A lokacin wannan harin na soja, turawan ingila sun fatattaki ‘yan asalin Aro na asali tare da hasashe mai yawan gaske&lt;ref&gt;Oriji 2011, p. 167&lt;/ref&gt;. A shekara ta 1901, turawan ingila suka kafa sansanin soji a Aba sannan a shekarar 1915 aka gina titin jirgin kasa da zai hada ta da Fatakwal, wanda ke safarar kayayyakin noma irin su dabino da dabinnai&lt;ref&gt;Hoiberg 2010, p. 6&lt;/ref&gt;.

A cikin 1929, garin Aba ya kasance wurin da matan Igbo suka yi tawaye, wanda a tarihi ake kira Yaƙin Mata, wanda ya kasance zanga-zangar adawa da manufofin harajin mulkin mallaka.[7] Rikicin ya fara ne a matsayin zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da kidayar mata da aka fara yi a yankin da kuma karbar haraji ga matan bisa jita-jita. Zanga-zangar ta bazu ko'ina cikin yankin, amma ta kasance cikin lumana har sai da wata mata mai juna biyu ta yi karo da juna a lokacin da aka yi rikici, kuma matar ta rasa danta[8]. Labarin wannan “aiki na banƙyama” ya bazu cikin sauri, kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali. Bayan karin zanga-zangar, mata 10,000 ne suka yi tattaki zuwa Aba. Majiyoyin sun yi jayayya da adadin wadanda suka mutu, inda aka samu rahoton mutuwar mutane 55[9] zuwa sama da 100.[8] A cikin 1930s, Aba ya zama babban al'umman birni tare da kafuwar masana'antu.

A lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a shekarar 1967, an mayar da babban birnin kasar Biafra zuwa Umuahia daga Enugu. Aba ya kasance birni mai dabarar Biafra kuma an kai masa harin bama-bamai da sama a lokacin yakin basasa.[10]

Bayan da aka kirkiro jihar Abia a shekarar 1991, tsohuwar garin Aba ta rabu gida biyu kananan hukumomi biyu, wato Aba ta Kudu da Aba ta Arewa, yayin da unguwar bayan gari da ake kira Obioma Ngwa L.G.A. aka raba L.G.A.s zuwa uku (wato Osisioma Ngwa, Obingwa da Ugwunagbo) don dacewa da gudanarwa.

Aba is the home of many distinguished families such as the Emejiaka Egbu family of Aba la Ohazu, the Ogbonna family of Eziukwu-Aba, the Ichita family of Umuokpoji-Aba, the Omenihu family of Obuda-Aba, the Ugbor family of Aba-Ukwu, the Ugwuzor family of Umuokpoji Aba, the Ihemadu family of Ohabiam, the Ukaegbu family of Aba-ukwu, the Ahunanya family of Ohabiam, among wasu.[abubuwan da ake bukata]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>tejdkv42t5ivjhtewmgu9o09n4xw504</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878221</id>
      <parentid>878220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:55:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
      <origin>878221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6321" sha1="nfe4o9bb45kd5asr9rdgg4kewlyau6n" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:APA Gebäude Döbling.jpg|thumb|gini Apa (Nijeriya)]]
'''Apa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://benuestate.gov.ng/apa/|title=Apa|date=2017-11-02|work=Government of Benue State of Nigeria|access-date=2018-06-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; daya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] dake [[jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar [[Nijeriya]].
An fara samar da karamar hukumar Apa ne a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 1981. Ta fara aiki ne a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1983, sannan aka sake kirkiro ta a watan Agusta, 1991. Karamar hukumar tana a arewa maso yammacin Makurdi, babban birnin Benue.  Jihar  Tana iyaka da Arewa da karamar hukumar [[Agatu]], daga Gabas ta yi iyaka da [[Gwer West]], daga Kudu kuma ta yi iyaka da [[Otukpo]] sannan zuwa yamma karamar hukumar [[Omala]] ta [[jihar Kogi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://benuestate.gov.ng/portfolio/chief-danjuma-solomon-apa/|title=Welcome|website=benuestate.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 100,000 tare da yawan jama'a kusan mutane 200,300 a kowace km2.  Mazauna karamar hukumar galibinsu [[Idoma]] ne da wasu 'yan [[Igala]] da sauran mazauna.Karamar hukumar tana da gundumomi 11 da suka hada da, [[Ugbokpo]], [[Edikwu]] I, [[Ikobi]], [[Ojantelle/Akpete]], [[Oba]] [[Iga]], [[Oiji]], [[Ojope]], [[Igoro]], [[Edikwu]] II da [[Auke]].
Albarkatun ma'adinai da aka samu a karamar hukumar suna da yawa kuma suna jiran a yi amfani da su.  Su ne ajiyar man fetur a Okwiji da gishiri a Iga-Okpaya.  Sauran ma'adanai da ake samu a karamar hukumar sun hada da kaolin, limestone, gypsum, anhydride da iskar gas.  Haka nan karamar hukumar tana da kayayyakin noma masu muhimmancin kasuwanci.  Wannan ya hada da [[dawa]], [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[wake]], [[gero]], benieed, wake, gyada, bambara goro, 'ya'yan citrus, mangwaro, cashew, abarba, guava, dabino, wake karfe, [[barkono]] da [[rogo]].  Daga cikin wadannan, karamar hukumar na daya daga cikin manyan masu noman dawa, [[barkono]], kankana, benieed, masara, masara da kuma rogo a jihar.

Wadannan damar aikin noma suna da ikon tallafawa masana'antun da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona kamar niƙan shinkafa, sarrafa ƙwayar dabino, sarrafa garri, sarrafa ruwan 'ya'yan itace, gidan burodi, injinan mai, sarrafa abinci, aikin katako da yumbu.  An riga an sami yanayi mai dacewa don saka hannun jari a waɗannan yankuna tare da abubuwan more rayuwa kamar samar da wutar lantarki a manyan garuruwa biyu na Ugbokpo, hedkwatar karamar hukuma da Iga-Okpoya, da sauran wurare kamar Odugbo, Ebugodo, Oba, Obinda, Angwa da Ikampo.  Akwai kuma samar da ruwan famfo a Ugbokpo.  Rafukan Ochekwu da Okpokwu da ke ta kwararowa suna tafiya cikin tsawon karamar hukumar.  Wadannan, ko shakka babu isassun hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha ga duk wani harkar masana'antu da aka kafa a karamar hukumar.

Al’ummar karamar hukumar, baya ga noma, suna yin ciniki.  Kasuwannin da ke Ugbokpo, Ikobi, Iga-Okpaya, Odugbo, Oiji, Ofoke, Oba Alifeti, Idada, Ojantelle, Edikwu-Icho da Ogbobi sune wuraren kasuwancin kudan zuma a ranakun kasuwa.  Bayan haka, wa] annan wuraren suna girma zuwa sanannun cibiyoyin kasuwanci saboda haka kasuwancin yau da kullun da ke gudana a can.

A matsayin wani kyakkyawan mataki na bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci a yankin, majalisar karamar hukumar ta shiga aikin gina hanyoyin ciyar da ruwa da magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa.  Wannan, ko shakka babu, zai yi nisa wajen juya tattalin arzikin yankin.  Manufar ita ce a mayar da Ugbokpo zuwa hedikwatar karamar hukuma ta gaskiya.  Bugu da kari, dimbin albarkatun dazuzzukan dake cikin karamar hukumar na kara habaka kasuwancin katako a yankin.

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]

== Tarihi ==
Da farko birnin ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya. Aba ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci tun lokacin da ta zama wani yanki na Najeriyar Burtaniya.

Balaguron Aro wanda wani babban shiri ne na soji na kawar da kyamar ‘yan mulkin mallaka a yankin, ya faru ne a yankin Aba tsakanin shekarar 1901 zuwa 1902. A lokacin wannan harin na soja, turawan ingila sun fatattaki ‘yan asalin Aro na asali tare da hasashe mai yawan gaske&lt;ref&gt;Oriji 2011, p. 167&lt;/ref&gt;. A shekara ta 1901, turawan ingila suka kafa sansanin soji a Aba sannan a shekarar 1915 aka gina titin jirgin kasa da zai hada ta da Fatakwal, wanda ke safarar kayayyakin noma irin su dabino da dabinnai&lt;ref&gt;Hoiberg 2010, p. 6&lt;/ref&gt;.

A cikin 1929, garin Aba ya kasance wurin da matan Igbo suka yi tawaye, wanda a tarihi ake kira Yaƙin Mata, wanda ya kasance zanga-zangar adawa da manufofin harajin mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;Lemberg &amp; Courtlandt 1984, p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin ya fara ne a matsayin zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da kidayar mata da aka fara yi a yankin da kuma karbar haraji ga matan bisa jita-jita. Zanga-zangar ta bazu ko'ina cikin yankin, amma ta kasance cikin lumana har sai da wata mata mai juna biyu ta yi karo da juna a lokacin da aka yi rikici, kuma matar ta rasa danta[8]. Labarin wannan “aiki na banƙyama” ya bazu cikin sauri, kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali. Bayan karin zanga-zangar, mata 10,000 ne suka yi tattaki zuwa Aba. Majiyoyin sun yi jayayya da adadin wadanda suka mutu, inda aka samu rahoton mutuwar mutane 55[9] zuwa sama da 100.[8] A cikin 1930s, Aba ya zama babban al'umman birni tare da kafuwar masana'antu.

A lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a shekarar 1967, an mayar da babban birnin kasar Biafra zuwa Umuahia daga Enugu. Aba ya kasance birni mai dabarar Biafra kuma an kai masa harin bama-bamai da sama a lokacin yakin basasa.[10]

Bayan da aka kirkiro jihar Abia a shekarar 1991, tsohuwar garin Aba ta rabu gida biyu kananan hukumomi biyu, wato Aba ta Kudu da Aba ta Arewa, yayin da unguwar bayan gari da ake kira Obioma Ngwa L.G.A. aka raba L.G.A.s zuwa uku (wato Osisioma Ngwa, Obingwa da Ugwunagbo) don dacewa da gudanarwa.

Aba is the home of many distinguished families such as the Emejiaka Egbu family of Aba la Ohazu, the Ogbonna family of Eziukwu-Aba, the Ichita family of Umuokpoji-Aba, the Omenihu family of Obuda-Aba, the Ugbor family of Aba-Ukwu, the Ugwuzor family of Umuokpoji Aba, the Ihemadu family of Ohabiam, the Ukaegbu family of Aba-ukwu, the Ahunanya family of Ohabiam, among wasu.[abubuwan da ake bukata]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Nembe</title>
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'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.[9] Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.[10]

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya.[11] Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.[12] Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.[13][14]

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades[15] yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.[16]

Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
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        <id>32668</id>
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'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.[10]

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya.[11] Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.[12] Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.[13][14]

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades[15] yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.[16]

Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878187</id>
      <parentid>878185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
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'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hyperleap&quot;. frontend. Retrieved 2021-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya.[11] Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.[12] Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.[13][14]

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades[15] yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.[16]

Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878188</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
      <origin>878188</origin>
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      <text bytes="4406" sha1="3dyn95vzxjly40ba3yo9n3ozd83nmsf" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hyperleap&quot;. frontend. Retrieved 2021-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands&quot;. Retrieved 2022-03-11&lt;/ref&gt;. Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.[12] Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.[13][14]

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades[15] yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.[16]

Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
      <sha1>3dyn95vzxjly40ba3yo9n3ozd83nmsf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878189</id>
      <parentid>878188</parentid>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
      <origin>878189</origin>
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      <text bytes="4478" sha1="tnqi9yw7dnsgcic2594ivc4ao1lv2oi" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hyperleap&quot;. frontend. Retrieved 2021-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands&quot;. Retrieved 2022-03-11&lt;/ref&gt;. Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.&lt;ref&gt;Oduntan, Olalekan. &quot;NEMBE CULTURAL VALUES&quot;. Retrieved 2021-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.[13][14]

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades[15] yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.[16]

Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:22:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
      <origin>878190</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4591" sha1="a3slwe8gsl44kax3d1ghjb4mwfp287h" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hyperleap&quot;. frontend. Retrieved 2021-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands&quot;. Retrieved 2022-03-11&lt;/ref&gt;. Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.&lt;ref&gt;Oduntan, Olalekan. &quot;NEMBE CULTURAL VALUES&quot;. Retrieved 2021-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.&lt;ref&gt;Jeremiah (2019-02-23). &quot;Inside Bayelsa Community Where Python Is Royal&quot;. Leadership. Retrieved 2021-09-16.&lt;/ref&gt;[14]

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades[15] yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.[16]

Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
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      <id>878191</id>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
      <origin>878191</origin>
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      <text bytes="4726" sha1="2o2u9cizpp46zw40ge5ftps03mzz4vq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hyperleap&quot;. frontend. Retrieved 2021-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands&quot;. Retrieved 2022-03-11&lt;/ref&gt;. Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.&lt;ref&gt;Oduntan, Olalekan. &quot;NEMBE CULTURAL VALUES&quot;. Retrieved 2021-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.&lt;ref&gt;Jeremiah (2019-02-23). &quot;Inside Bayelsa Community Where Python Is Royal&quot;. Leadership. Retrieved 2021-09-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Nembe Cultural Association&quot;. ''Africa''. '''40''' (2): 167. April 1970. doi:10.1017/S0001972000039309. ISSN&amp;#x20;1750-0184.&lt;/ref&gt;

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades[15] yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.[16]

Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
      <sha1>2o2u9cizpp46zw40ge5ftps03mzz4vq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878193</id>
      <parentid>878191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:30:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
      <origin>878193</origin>
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      <text bytes="4817" sha1="b3rtqvbazcdvlhxsvr3va1taer0ly7b" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hyperleap&quot;. frontend. Retrieved 2021-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands&quot;. Retrieved 2022-03-11&lt;/ref&gt;. Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.&lt;ref&gt;Oduntan, Olalekan. &quot;NEMBE CULTURAL VALUES&quot;. Retrieved 2021-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.&lt;ref&gt;Jeremiah (2019-02-23). &quot;Inside Bayelsa Community Where Python Is Royal&quot;. Leadership. Retrieved 2021-09-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Nembe Cultural Association&quot;. ''Africa''. '''40''' (2): 167. April 1970. doi:10.1017/S0001972000039309. ISSN&amp;#x20;1750-0184.&lt;/ref&gt;

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Masquerade - Definition, Meaning &amp; Synonyms&quot;. Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.&lt;/ref&gt; yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.[16]

Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
      <sha1>b3rtqvbazcdvlhxsvr3va1taer0ly7b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878194</id>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka hujja</comment>
      <origin>878194</origin>
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      <text bytes="5094" sha1="3vlfeyj1hzx5x42zlozbtukz3iisbkl" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hyperleap&quot;. frontend. Retrieved 2021-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands&quot;. Retrieved 2022-03-11&lt;/ref&gt;. Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.&lt;ref&gt;Oduntan, Olalekan. &quot;NEMBE CULTURAL VALUES&quot;. Retrieved 2021-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.&lt;ref&gt;Jeremiah (2019-02-23). &quot;Inside Bayelsa Community Where Python Is Royal&quot;. Leadership. Retrieved 2021-09-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Nembe Cultural Association&quot;. ''Africa''. '''40''' (2): 167. April 1970. doi:10.1017/S0001972000039309. ISSN&amp;#x20;1750-0184.&lt;/ref&gt;

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Masquerade - Definition, Meaning &amp; Synonyms&quot;. Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.&lt;/ref&gt; yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Manjapra, Kris (2018-10-02). &quot;Third World Humanities from South Asian Perspectives: An Oral History Approach&quot;. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 41 (4): 828–845. doi:10.1080/00856401.2018.1516174. ISSN 0085-6401. S2CID 150316738.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;


Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa[17].{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
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[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Bayelsa]]</text>
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'''Nembe''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nembe Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/151/nembe|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Nembe da ke gabashin yankin, a matsayi na 4°32′22″N 6°24′01″E. Al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin Brass, Nembe da Southern Ijaw na Jihar Bayelsa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi korafin cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankunansu sun yi watsi da su.

Sun kuma yi koke kan shekaru masu yawa na malalar ɗanyen mai da suka lalata muhalli, rayuwar halittun ruwa, tare da gurbata iska da ruwa, sannan suka yi kira ga Hukumar Mai da Muhalli ta Jihar Bayelsa (BSOEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |url=https://www.bayelsacommission.org/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Bayelsa State Oil &amp; Environmental Commission |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙasashen duniya da su kawo musu agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-13|title=Oil Spill: Bayelsa communities slam oil firms over neglect|url=https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spill-bayelsa-communities-slam-oil-firms-over-neglect/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-09-18|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tana da fadin kasa kilomita 760 da kuma kididdigar yawan jama'a 327,500 kamar yadda a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 562.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Post Offices- with map of LGA&quot;. NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi yawan yankin karamar hukumar dajin Edumanom ne ke mamaye shi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hyperleap&quot;. frontend. Retrieved 2021-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nembe na daya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi a jihar Bayelsa a Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands&quot;. Retrieved 2022-03-11&lt;/ref&gt;. Al’ummar Nembe galibi suna zaune ne a karamar hukumar Nembe, da kuma garuruwan Twon Brass da Okpoama a karamar hukumar Brass.&lt;ref&gt;Oduntan, Olalekan. &quot;NEMBE CULTURAL VALUES&quot;. Retrieved 2021-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, suna nan a wasu yankunan gabar tekun jihar Bayelsa, inda suke nuna al’adun gargajiya a matsayin masunta, ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma.

Mutanen Nembe suna magana da yaren Nembe, ƙaramin yare na yaren Ijaw. Kamar sauran kabilu, suna kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da haramun. A Masarautar Nembe, kashe macizai—musamman macizai—an haramta shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban laifi. Bisa ga al'adun gargajiya, mutane suna da dangantaka mai daɗaɗɗen al'adu tare da daɗaɗɗen al'adu, alaƙar da ta shiga cikin tsararraki.&lt;ref&gt;Jeremiah (2019-02-23). &quot;Inside Bayelsa Community Where Python Is Royal&quot;. Leadership. Retrieved 2021-09-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Nembe Cultural Association&quot;. ''Africa''. '''40''' (2): 167. April 1970. doi:10.1017/S0001972000039309. ISSN&amp;#x20;1750-0184.&lt;/ref&gt;

Al'adun Masquerade a Nembe

Al'adar rufe fuska na mutanen Nembe an gaji su ne tun zamanin da. Al'adar abin rufe fuska al'ada ce mara tsufa kuma tsohuwar al'ada ce a tsakanin mutanen Nembe. Al'adar masquerade ta riƙe ainihin sifofinta, kuma ta ci gaba da canza yanayin zamantakewa da al'adun mutanen Nembe.

Tarihi ko al’adar sun nuna cewa miyagu ruhohi ne, kuma akidar mutanen Nembe ita ce, mayaka ruhohi ne, wanda ke nuni da cewa kakannin al’umma suna cikin su. Masquerades&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Masquerade - Definition, Meaning &amp; Synonyms&quot;. Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.&lt;/ref&gt; yana bayyana ta nau'i daban-daban da siffofi kuma suna iya yin su da rana da kuma cikin sa'o'in dare. A ƙasar Nembe, ana yawan ganin baje kolin faifai a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokuta, da kuma wajen binne fitattun mutane kamar sarakuna da sarakuna. Rawar Masquerade kuma ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bukukuwan nadin sarauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Manjapra, Kris (2018-10-02). &quot;Third World Humanities from South Asian Perspectives: An Oral History Approach&quot;. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 41 (4): 828–845. doi:10.1080/00856401.2018.1516174. ISSN 0085-6401. S2CID 150316738.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;


Za a iya gano al'adun masquerade na Nembe zuwa gidan rawa mai suna Sekiapu. Da'awar sun nuna cewa Meinyai Orugbani, ɗan ƙarshe na Sarki Mein na Nembe ne ya kafa Sekiapu a ƙarni na 18. Ya gabatar da kulab ɗin Sakiapu wanda ya zama hadaddiyar ƙungiyar masallatai da yawa daga Kula, gidan mahaifiyarsa&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nembe&quot;. Kingdoms of Nigeria. Retrieved 2021-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
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[[File:Aqsa Mosque 1856.JPG|thumb|masallacin Qudus a shekara ta alif  1856]]
[[File:Al-Aqsa Mosque-Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Qudus a yanzu]]
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Jesus Went Out into a Desert Place (Jésus va dans un endroit désert) - James Tissot - overall.jpg|thumb|wani wajen tarihi a jorisalam]]
[[File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple Mount-Domes of Yusuf Agha and the Rock.jpg|thumb|matan palasɗinawa a gefen Masallacin su]]
'''Annabi Isa (A.S)''' na daya daga cikin [[Annabawa a Musulunci]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tarihin haihuwar Annabi Isa Al-Massih (As)!!!&quot;. ''MA'ASUMAH NIGERIAN NEWS UPDATE''. Retrieved 2022-11-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko kafin zuwan [[Annabi Muhammad S.A.W]]. 

==Nasabar Annabi Isah (A.S)==
Sunan mahaifiyarsa Maryam 'yar Imrana A.S Sunan Mahaifiyarta Hannatu, mahaifinta yana cikin manyan [[mutane]] a cikin jama'ar Banu-[[Isra'ila]] har ma shi ne yake limanci a [[Masallacin Ƙudus|Masallacin]] [[Jerusalem|Qudus]].

Yayin da matar ''Imrana'' ta sami cikinsa ta rika fatan abin da za ta haifa ya zama namiji har ma ta yi bakance idan ta haifi namiji zai zama hadimin masallaci, amma da ta tashi haihuwa sai [[Allah]] ya ba ta 'ya mace. Hannatu babar Maryam ta damu qwarai saboda bakancen da ta yi, ammah duk da haka sai ta yi wa Allah godiya kuma ta ambace ta da suna Maryam, Ma'anarsa shi ne, '''WADDA BA TA DA AIBI.''' 

Iyayen Maryam sun rasu tana qarama saboda haka sai ''[[Annabi Zakariyya]]'' ya dauke ta ya cigaba da renonta, har ma ya gina mata  ɗaki na musamman a cikin Masallaci. Babu wanda yake shiga dakin sai shi. Nana Maryam tun tasowarta ba ta da wani aiki sai ibada dare da rana. Duk sanda Annabi Zakariyya  (A.S)ya kawo mata ziyara sai ya tarar da abinci da kayan marmari a wajenta, idan ya tambayeta wa ya kawo mata wannan sai ta ce: Daga Allah ne, domin [[Allah]] yana arzuta wanda ya so, ba tare da hisabi ba.
[[File:The Birth Place of Jesus.jpg|thumb|kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna cewa nanne gurin da aka haifa Annabi Isah Alaihissalam]]

==Annabi Isah (A.S)==
Yayin da Nana Maryam ta kai munzalin girma sai al'ada ta zo mata, saboda haka, sai ta fita bayan gari wajen wata qorama don ta yi tsarki, sai ''Mala'ika Jibril'' ya zo mata a siffar wani saurayi daga Banu Isra'ila mai suna Taqiyyu, shi wannan mutum ya yi qaurin suna da ɓarna a wannan lokaci Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce, &quot;Sai muka aika mata da ruhu (shi ne [[Mala'ika Jibril|Mala'ika Jibrilu A.S]]) ya je mata a surar saurayi, sai ta ce &quot;Ni ina neman tsari da Ubangijin Rahama daga gareka idan kai ne Taqiyyu. &quot;Sai ''Mala'ika Jibril'' ya ce, mata &quot;Ni Manzon  Ubangijinki ne, Allah ne ya aiko ni. Domin in ba ki kyautar ɗa mai qwazo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Haihuwar Annabi Isa (A.S)&quot;. ''Muassasar alhasanain (a.s)''. 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2022-11-26.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Sai ta ce da shi: Ta ya ya zan sami ɗa, bayan wani mutum bai shafe ni ba, kuma ni ban taɓa yin alfasha ba? Sai ya ce: Haka al'amarin yake, haka Allah Ya hukunta, kuma wannan abu ne mai sauqi a wajen Allah. Allah S. ya ce: &quot;Za mu sanya shi ya zama izina a wajen mutane, kuma Rahama daga garemu, wannan lamari ne zartacce.&quot; (Surar Maryam, Aya ta 17) Mala'ika Jibrilu yana gama wannan bayanin sai ya kama gefen rigarta ya yi busa a ciki, nan take sai Allah ya halicci Annabi Isah a cikin cikinta. Malam wahabu ya ce: Tsakanin ɗaukar cikin Annabi Isah A.S da haifarsa sa'a guda ne kawai, saboda faɗin Allah Ta'ala ya ce, &quot;Sai ta ɗauki cikinsa, sai ta tafi da shi wuri mai nisa, sai naquda ta zo mata a wajen kututturen dabino, sai ta ce: Ya kaicona dama na mutu kafin faruwar wanan na zama mantacciya abar mantawa.&quot;

Sai Allah S.A.W ya ce; Sai muka kirata ta qarqashinta muka ce: Kada ki yi baqin ciki, Allah ya gudano da qoramar ruwa a kusa da ke, ki girgiza kututturen dabinon nan zai zubo miki da lubiya nunanniya, ki ci, ki sha, ki kwantar da hankalinki.
An ce wannan dabinon da ta girgiza shekararsa saba'in bai yi 'ya'ya ba, amma ana haihuwar Annabi Isah a kusa da shi, nan take sai ya yi ganyen, ya fitar da 'ya'ya saboda mu'ujizar Annabi Isah (A.S.)

'''Ruwaya'''

* An ruwaito cewa; Yayinda Maryam ta je wajen mutanen ta tana ɗauke da Annabi Isah (A.S.) sai suka ce; Ya ke Maryam lallai kin zo da babban lamari, ya 'yar'uwar Haruna mahaifinki ba mutumin banza ba ne, mahaifiyarki ma ba mutuniyar banza ba ce. Yayinda ta ji wannan zargi daga mutanenta sai ta yi musu nuni da Annabi Isah tana nufin su tambaye shi. Sai suka ce: Ta ya ya za mu yi magana da jariri a cikin zanin goyo?
Sai Allah ya buɗi bakin Annabi Isah ya ce da su:

&quot;Ni bawan Allah ne ya bani littafi yasan yani Manzo yayi albarka a gareni duk inda nake yayimin wasiyya da sallah da [[Zakka]] matukar ina raye, sannan da yin biyayya ga Mahaifiyata. Bai san yani shakiyyi mai girman kai ba, farkon Kalmar da Annabi Isah ya fara magana da ita itace, ni bawan Allah ne  domin yanke hanzari ga wadanda za suce shi dan Allah ne.

* An ruwaito  cewea yayin da Annabi Isah ya girma sai yarika yawo aba yan kasa, baya zama da waje daya, saboda haka ma bai taba mallakar dakin kwana ba. Bare gida ko mata, ko abun hawa tufafinsa kuma jubbace ta sufi. Baya cin abinci sai daga kasabin Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance tana saka tufafi tasiyar suci abinci. a irin wayace-wayacen da yake yi ya je wani gari da ake cewa Nasira a qasar Sham, shida mahaifiyarsa suka zauna a can.
Saboda haka ne ake dan ganta mutanensa da sunan wannan garin ake ce musu '''NASARA'''.

==Mu'ujizar Raya Uzairu (A.S.)==
Malam Wahabu ya ce; Yayin da lamarin Annabi Isah ya shahara da cewa yana raya matacce ya warkar da makaho, da izinin Allah sai [[Yahudawa]] suka taru suka je wajensa suka ce, mu ba zamu yi imani da kai ba har sai ka raya mana Uzairu. Sai ya ce da su: A ina kabarinsa yake? Sai suka kai shi inda kabarin yake, sai ya yi sallah raka'a biyu ya roqi Allah ya raya masa [[Uzairu]].
Saiu aka ga [[Kabarin Tafawa Balewa|kabarin]] yana buxewa a hankali a hankali, sai ga Uzairu ya bayyana.
Gashin kansa da gemunsa sun yi fari, sai ya cewa Annabi Isah, :Ya xan Maryamu wannan shi ne abinda zaka yi min? Sai Annabi Isah ya ce: Mutanenka ne suka ce ba za su bada gaskiya da ni ba sai na tashe ka.
To daga nan sai Uzairu ya tashi zaune, ya ce: Ya ku jama'ar Banu Isra'ila ku yi imandi da Manzancin Annabi Isah, ku bi addininsa, shi a kan gaskiya yake,d aga Ubangijinsa, sai Yahudawa suka ce da shi: To ai mu kafin ka mutu mun san saurayi ne kai matashi mai baqin gashi ya ya muka ganka yanzu kanka ya yi fari fat? Sai ya ce: Yayin da Annabi Isah ya ce min tashi da izinin Allah na zaci tashin kiyama ce, saboda haka ya sa nan take kaina da gemuna suka yi fari, yayin da Annabi Isah ya raya Uzairu da mu'ujiza, sai mutane da yawa daga cikinsu suka bada gaskiya da shi, sannan daga bisani sai ya roqi Allah ya mayar da Uzairu matacce kamar yadda yake.

'''Ambaton saukar ma'ida'''
# An ruwaito daga Salmanul Farisi (R.A.) ya ce: hawariyawa sun faxa ga Annabi Isah suka ce shin Ubangijinka zai iya suako mana da Ma'ida daga sama? Sai ya'amsa musu ya ce, ku dai ku ji tsoron Allah in kun kasance muminai, sai suka ce lallai muna da buqatar haka, sai Annabi Isah ya fita ya shiga sahara ya yi ta kuka yana qanqan da kai ga Allah yana cewa: &quot;Ya Ubangiji ka saukar mana da Ma'ida daga sama domin ta zama idi ga na farkonmu da na qarshenmu, ta kasance aya daga gareka, ka arzurtamu kai ne fiyayen mai arzutawa.&quot;
Sai Allah ya yi wahayi gare shi ya ce: &quot;Ni zan saukar da ita gareku, amma wanda duk ya kafirta a cikinku bayan wannan haqiqa zan masa azaba irin wadda ban tava yiwa wani irinta ba, a cikin talikai.&quot;

# Imamutturmuzi ya ce: Sai Allah S.W.A ya saukar musu da teburin abinci daga sama a tsakanin giragizai guda biyu, yayin da Annabi Isah ya ganta sai ya ce: Ya Ubangiji ka sanya ta zama Rahama, kada ta zama azaba.
Ba ta gushe ba tana saukowa a hankali a hankali har sai da teburin abincin nan ya sauko qasa mutane na kallo an lulluve shi da mayafi, sai Annabi Isah ya fadi ya yi sujjada ga Allah ya yi godiya. Hawariyawa suma suka yi sujjada tare da shi, sannans uka ce Annabi Isah ya tashi ya bude su ga abinda yake ciki. da aka bude sai ga soyayyen kifi da zaitun da dabino da gurasa, da wani nau'in kayan marmari. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya cewa kifin nan tashi da izinin Allah, sai Allah ya raya kifin ya riqa juyawa yana kallon jama'ar Banu Isra'ila, sannan sai ya cewa kifin ya koma yadda yake da izinin Allah. sai Hawariyawa suka cewa Annabi Isah shi ya kamata ya fara cin abincin nan. Sai ya ce: A'a wanda ya nemi a kawo shi zai ci. sai duk suka qi ci, suna tsoron kada ta zama fitina, sai ya sa aka kirawo talakawa da miskinai da guragu da makafi, ya ce su ci. A cikinsu har da marasa lafiya da masu cutar albasar da sauransu duk suka haxu suka ci abincin. Suna gama ci marasa lafiyar nan sai duk suka warke, nan take. Yayin da mutanen gari suka ji labari sai suma suka zo suka ci, har suka riqa turereniya, da Annabi Isah ya ga haka sai ya sa aka kasa mutane kashi biyu, rana daya ta talakawa, rana daya kuma ta mawadata.

Sai Ma'idar ta zama tana sauka sau daya bayan kwanaki biyu.
Sannan kuma wannan tebur idan ya sauka duk yawan mutanen da suke wajen kowa zia ci ya qoshi, ya bari sannan ya tashi ya koma sama kamar yadda ya sauko. An ce haka Ma'idar nan ta riqa sauka har tsawon kwana arba'in. Sannan sai wata jama'a daga Bani Isra'ila suka aibata Ma'idar suka ce ba Allah ne yake saukar da ita ba, da suka faxi haka, sai Allah ya mayar da wasunsu aladu, wasu kuma birori. An ce adadin waxanda suka haxu da wannan matsala sun kai mutum talatin, suka zuana a cikin wannan hali tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan sai qasa ta haxiye su.

==Yuqurin kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.)==
Ka'abur Akabari ya ce; Yayin da addinin Annabi isah ya yaxu ya cika ko'ina, mutane suka yi ta shiga addinin daga ko'ina, sai addinin Yahudanci ya yi rauni, Allah ya saukarwa Annabi Isah Littafin Linjila, ya zama yana raya matattu da ikon Allah, yayin da wani sarki mai suna HArdusa ya ga haka sia ya yi nufin zai kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.) ya sami goyon bayan wasu daga manyan malaman Yahudawa.
Sai suka shirya suka ki masa hari a lokacin yana tare da mahaifiyarsa suka wakilta wani daga cikinsu don ya shiga xakin ya kashe shi.
Kafin ya shiga sai Allah ya dauke Annabi A.S zuwa sama, ya shiga yanan ta dube-dube bai gan shi ba, sauran waxanda suke waje da suka ga ya daxe bai fito ba sai suka bi shi suna shiga sai suka ga xan uwansu, Allah ya sa masa kamannin Annabi Isah komai da komai, sai suka kama shi suka xaure suka sa masa hular gashi, suka kewaye gari da shi, sannans uka kafa azarori guda biyu suka gicciye shi a kanta, suka kashe xan uwansu, suna zaton Annabi Isah suka kashe.

Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce; &quot;Ba su kashe shi ba, ba su gicciye shi ba, sai dai cewa Allah ya xuakaka shi ya zuwa gare shi.
An ruwaito cewa: A lokacin da suka kashe xan uwansu ya kasnace ranar Juma'a ne da misalin qarfe uku na rana, sai duniyad ta yi duhu, tsawon kwanaki uku, a kai girgizar qasa a wanan rana.

Malam Sa'alabi ya ruwaito cewa: Lokacin da aka xauke Annabi Isah zuwa sama shekarunsa talatin da biyar a duniya.
Sai Allah Ta'ala ya sara masa xabi'a irin ta Mala'iku ya zama baya buqatar ci da sha, kuma har yau yana nan a raya kamar yadda Hadisai ingantattu suka tabbatar.

Malam Sa'alabi ya qara da cewa: nana Maryam Allah ya qara mata yarda ta yi wafati bayan xauke Annabi Isah da shekara shida. An ce ta rayu tsawon shekara sittin. Kabarinta a yanzu haka yana masallacin qudus ana ziyararsa.

==Saukowar Annabi isah (A.S) zuwa Kasa==
Malam Uwaisu Assakafi ya ruwaito cewa: Na ji Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana cewa: &quot;Annabi Isah dan Maryam zia sauko daf da tashin alqiyama, zai sauka a kan wata hasumiya fara da take a gabashin masallacin Dimashka.

Annabi Isah mutum ne mai madaidaicin tsawo mai baqin gashi, mai farin launi, idan ya sauka zai shiga masallaci ya zuana a kanmubari sai mutane su ji labarin saukarsa, sai su yi ta shiga masallacin, ta ko'ina Musulmai da Kirista da Yahudawa, aka cika masallacin har ta kaid wasu akan wasu, saboda ci kowa.

Sannan sai mai kiran sallah daga Musulmi ya kira sallah, sai Annabi isah ya shige gaba ya yi limanci, a sannan Imamu Mahadi, ya bayyana kuma yana cikin masallacin sai ya bi sallar ita ce sallar Asuba.

==Bayyanar Dujal==
An ruwaito cewa a lokacin da Dujal zai bayyana zai fito daga garin Asfihan tsawonsa zira'i goma, kuma ido xaya ne da shi, an rubuta (KAFIR) a fuskarsa. A qasan wannan kuma an rubuta: DUK WNADA YA BI SHI YA TAVE, WANDA YA QI SHI YA YI ARZIQI, ya na nunawa mutane yana da wuta da aljanna, amma a haqiqa wutarsa aljannace, aljannarsa kuma wuta ce. Zai kewaye duniya yana kashe mutane yana cewa shi ne Ubangiji. Yana tafe da dubunnan xaruruwan sojoji, zia biyo ta Asfihan ya zo Dimashqa. A cikin kwana arba'in, ya yi ta kashe mutane yana ribace su, to a sannan Mahadi zai bayyana sai mutane su taru a qarqashinsa ya xaura xamarar yaqar Dujal.

Ana cikin haka sai Annabi Isah ya sauka sai su haxu da Mahadi, a wannan maslalaci su yi sallah tare, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata.
Sai Dujal ya fito da rundunarsa don ya yaqe su, yanayin arba da Annabi Isah sai ya narke kamar yadda darma take narkewa a kan wuta, sai Annabi Isah ya kashe shi da takobinsa.

An ruwaito cewa bayan kashe Dujal Annabi Isah zai shimfixa mulki na adalci a bayan qasa, ba zai bar wani Bayahude ko Banasare akan addininsa ba, sai Musulunci kawai, zai yi hukunci da adalci a tsakanin mutane, gabas da yamma, kudu da arewa. Asannan Allah zai umarci qasa da ta fito da alheranta ga mutane, kamar yadda ta kasance tun da farko, har ta kai ga mutane da yawa za su haxu a kan curi xaya na inibi su ci har su qoshi amma ba zai qare ba, yaro ya xauko maciji yana wasa da shi, amma ba zai cuce shi ba, akuya ta haxu da aki amman ba zai kulata ba. Mutane kowa zai rayu a cikin yalwa da wadata har ta kai za a ba mutum kyautar kuxi ya ce, baya buqata. Mutum zai ga kabari sai ya ce: Ina ma dai wannan yana raye ya ga irin adalcin da yake gudana a bayan qasa. Za a kasance a wannan hali tsawon shekara arba'in. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya auri wata mata daga mutanen Askalan ta haifa masa 'ya maza guda biyu, sai ya tafi [[Makkah|Makka]] ya yi aikin Hajji, ya je [[Madinah|Madina]] ya ziyarci Annabi (S.A.W) Sai ya yi rashin lafiya, sai Allah ya karvi ransa, anan Madina, sai a binne shi a cikin Raudah kusa da Annabi (S.A.W.).

'''Fa`ida Idan''' Dujal ya bayyana zai shiga ko'ina amma ban da Makka da Madina, duk sadda ya zo zai shiga sai ya ga Mala'iku sun tsaitsaya suna gadin garin sai ya koma.

'''Tsari daga Dujal'''
Sannan ya inganta a Hadisi Annabi (S.A.W) ya ce: Duk wanda ya haddace ayoyi goma na farkon Suratul Kahfi, Allah zia kiyaye shi daga fitinar Dujal.

TARIHIN ANNABI ISAH (A.S)

Haihuwarsa

Annabi Isah ɗan Maryam ne (A.S). An haife shi ta mu’ujizar Allah ba tare da uba ba. Mala’ika Jibrilu ya sanar da Maryam cewa za ta haifi ɗa mai daraja wanda Allah Ya ƙaddara ya zama Annabi.

Rayuwarsa

Tun yana jariri Allah ta'ala ya sanya shi ya yi magana, ya kare mahaifiyarsa daga zargin mutane. Ya girma cikin tsarki da ilimi. Allah ya koya masa Taurat da Injila. Ya yi wa'azi ga Bani Isra’ila ya kira su zuwa ga tauhidi – bautar Allah kaɗai.

Mu’ujizarsa

Allah ya ba shi mu’ujizozi da dama:

Warkar da makafi da kutare da izinin Allah.

Tashi matattu da izinin Allah.

Ƙirƙiro tsuntsu daga laka ya busa ya zama mai rai da izinin Allah.

Gauraya abinci kaɗan ya cika mutane da yawa.

Wadannan mu’ujizozi duk sun kasance ne don tabbatar da gaskiyar saƙonsa.

Saƙonsa

Ya zo da littafin Injila.

Ya kira mutane su bi Allah, su nisanci zalunci, su yi adalci.

Ya yi bishara da zuwan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) a bayansa (kamar yadda Qur’ani ya faɗa).

Kulla Magana da Makiyansa

Malaman Yahudawa da shugabanninsu ba su so Annabi Isah saboda gaskiyarsa da kira ga tauhidi. Suka yi ƙoƙarin kisa masa sharrin kisa.

Daukewar sa

Ba a kashe shi ba kuma ba a gicciye shi ba. Allah ya ce:

&gt; “Allah ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa gare Shi.”

Allah ya mayar da kamanninsa a kan wani mutum, shi aka kama, amma Isah (A.S) Allah ya ɗaga shi sama.

Komawarsa ƙasa (a ƙarshen zamani)

Tauhidi na koyar da cewa:

Zai dawo a ƙarshen zamani.

Zai karya gicciye.

Zai kashe Dajjāl.

Zai tabbatar da adalci.

Bayan ya rayu da dogon lokaci, zai rasu kamar sauran mutane.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Musulunci]]</text>
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[[File:Aqsa Mosque 1856.JPG|thumb|masallacin Qudus a shekara ta alif  1856]]
[[File:Al-Aqsa Mosque-Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Qudus a yanzu]]
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Jesus Went Out into a Desert Place (Jésus va dans un endroit désert) - James Tissot - overall.jpg|thumb|wani wajen tarihi a jorisalam]]
[[File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple Mount-Domes of Yusuf Agha and the Rock.jpg|thumb|matan palasɗinawa a gefen Masallacin su]]
'''Annabi Isa (A.S)''' na daya daga cikin [[Annabawa a Musulunci]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tarihin haihuwar Annabi Isa Al-Massih (As)!!!&quot;. ''MA'ASUMAH NIGERIAN NEWS UPDATE''. Retrieved 2022-11-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko kafin zuwan [[Annabi Muhammad S.A.W]]. 

==Nasabar Annabi Isah (A.S)==
Sunan mahaifiyarsa Maryam 'yar Imrana A.S Sunan Mahaifiyarta Hannatu, mahaifinta yana cikin manyan [[mutane]] a cikin jama'ar Banu-[[Isra'ila]] har ma shi ne yake limanci a [[Masallacin Ƙudus|Masallacin]] [[Jerusalem|Qudus]].

Yayin da matar ''Imrana'' ta sami cikinsa ta rika fatan abin da za ta haifa ya zama namiji har ma ta yi bakance idan ta haifi namiji zai zama hadimin masallaci, amma da ta tashi haihuwa sai [[Allah]] ya ba ta 'ya mace. Hannatu babar Maryam ta damu qwarai saboda bakancen da ta yi, ammah duk da haka sai ta yi wa Allah godiya kuma ta ambace ta da suna Maryam, Ma'anarsa shi ne, '''WADDA BA TA DA AIBI.''' 

Iyayen Maryam sun rasu tana qarama saboda haka sai ''[[Annabi Zakariyya]]'' ya dauke ta ya cigaba da renonta, har ma ya gina mata  ɗaki na musamman a cikin Masallaci. Babu wanda yake shiga dakin sai shi. Nana Maryam tun tasowarta ba ta da wani aiki sai ibada dare da rana. Duk sanda Annabi Zakariyya  (A.S)ya kawo mata ziyara sai ya tarar da abinci da kayan marmari a wajenta, idan ya tambayeta wa ya kawo mata wannan sai ta ce: Daga Allah ne, domin [[Allah]] yana arzuta wanda ya so, ba tare da hisabi ba.
[[File:The Birth Place of Jesus.jpg|thumb|kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna cewa nanne gurin da aka haifa Annabi Isah Alaihissalam]]

==Annabi Isah (A.S)==
Yayin da Nana Maryam ta kai munzalin girma sai al'ada ta zo mata, saboda haka, sai ta fita bayan gari wajen wata qorama don ta yi tsarki, sai ''Mala'ika Jibril'' ya zo mata a siffar wani saurayi daga Banu Isra'ila mai suna Taqiyyu, shi wannan mutum ya yi qaurin suna da ɓarna a wannan lokaci Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce, &quot;Sai muka aika mata da ruhu (shi ne [[Mala'ika Jibril|Mala'ika Jibrilu A.S]]) ya je mata a surar saurayi, sai ta ce &quot;Ni ina neman tsari da Ubangijin Rahama daga gareka idan kai ne Taqiyyu. &quot;Sai ''Mala'ika Jibril'' ya ce, mata &quot;Ni Manzon  Ubangijinki ne, Allah ne ya aiko ni. Domin in ba ki kyautar ɗa mai qwazo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Haihuwar Annabi Isa (A.S)&quot;. ''Muassasar alhasanain (a.s)''. 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2022-11-26.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Sai ta ce da shi: Ta ya ya zan sami ɗa, bayan wani mutum bai shafe ni ba, kuma ni ban taɓa yin alfasha ba? Sai ya ce: Haka al'amarin yake, haka Allah Ya hukunta, kuma wannan abu ne mai sauqi a wajen Allah. Allah S. ya ce: &quot;Za mu sanya shi ya zama izina a wajen mutane, kuma Rahama daga garemu, wannan lamari ne zartacce.&quot; (Surar Maryam, Aya ta 17) Mala'ika Jibrilu yana gama wannan bayanin sai ya kama gefen rigarta ya yi busa a ciki, nan take sai Allah ya halicci Annabi Isah a cikin cikinta. Malam wahabu ya ce: Tsakanin ɗaukar cikin Annabi Isah A.S da haifarsa sa'a guda ne kawai, saboda faɗin Allah Ta'ala ya ce, &quot;Sai ta ɗauki cikinsa, sai ta tafi da shi wuri mai nisa, sai naquda ta zo mata a wajen kututturen dabino, sai ta ce: Ya kaicona dama na mutu kafin faruwar wanan na zama mantacciya abar mantawa.&quot;

Sai Allah S.A.W ya ce; Sai muka kirata ta qarqashinta muka ce: Kada ki yi baqin ciki, Allah ya gudano da qoramar ruwa a kusa da ke, ki girgiza kututturen dabinon nan zai zubo miki da lubiya nunanniya, ki ci, ki sha, ki kwantar da hankalinki.
An ce wannan dabinon da ta girgiza shekararsa saba'in bai yi 'ya'ya ba, amma ana haihuwar Annabi Isah a kusa da shi, nan take sai ya yi ganyen, ya fitar da 'ya'ya saboda mu'ujizar Annabi Isah (A.S.)

'''Ruwaya'''

* An ruwaito cewa; Yayinda Maryam ta je wajen mutanen ta tana ɗauke da Annabi Isah (A.S.) sai suka ce; Ya ke Maryam lallai kin zo da babban lamari, ya 'yar'uwar Haruna mahaifinki ba mutumin banza ba ne, mahaifiyarki ma ba mutuniyar banza ba ce. Yayinda ta ji wannan zargi daga mutanenta sai ta yi musu nuni da Annabi Isah tana nufin su tambaye shi. Sai suka ce: Ta ya ya za mu yi magana da jariri a cikin zanin goyo?
Sai Allah ya buɗi bakin Annabi Isah ya ce da su:

&quot;Ni bawan Allah ne ya bani littafi yasan yani Manzo yayi albarka a gareni duk inda nake yayimin wasiyya da sallah da [[Zakka]] matukar ina raye, sannan da yin biyayya ga Mahaifiyata. Bai san yani shakiyyi mai girman kai ba, farkon Kalmar da Annabi Isah ya fara magana da ita itace, ni bawan Allah ne  domin yanke hanzari ga wadanda za suce shi dan Allah ne.

* An ruwaito  cewea yayin da Annabi Isah ya girma sai yarika yawo aba yan kasa, baya zama da waje daya, saboda haka ma bai taba mallakar dakin kwana ba. Bare gida ko mata, ko abun hawa tufafinsa kuma jubbace ta sufi. Baya cin abinci sai daga kasabin Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance tana saka tufafi tasiyar suci abinci. a irin wayace-wayacen da yake yi ya je wani gari da ake cewa Nasira a qasar Sham, shida mahaifiyarsa suka zauna a can.
Saboda haka ne ake dan ganta mutanensa da sunan wannan garin ake ce musu '''NASARA'''.

==Mu'ujizar Raya Uzairu (A.S.)==
Malam Wahabu ya ce; Yayin da lamarin Annabi Isah ya shahara da cewa yana raya matacce ya warkar da makaho, da izinin Allah sai [[Yahudawa]] suka taru suka je wajensa suka ce, mu ba zamu yi imani da kai ba har sai ka raya mana Uzairu. Sai ya ce da su: A ina kabarinsa yake? Sai suka kai shi inda kabarin yake, sai ya yi sallah raka'a biyu ya roqi Allah ya raya masa [[Uzairu]].
Saiu aka ga [[Kabarin Tafawa Balewa|kabarin]] yana buxewa a hankali a hankali, sai ga Uzairu ya bayyana.
Gashin kansa da gemunsa sun yi fari, sai ya cewa Annabi Isah, :Ya xan Maryamu wannan shi ne abinda zaka yi min? Sai Annabi Isah ya ce: Mutanenka ne suka ce ba za su bada gaskiya da ni ba sai na tashe ka.
To daga nan sai Uzairu ya tashi zaune, ya ce: Ya ku jama'ar Banu Isra'ila ku yi imandi da Manzancin Annabi Isah, ku bi addininsa, shi a kan gaskiya yake,d aga Ubangijinsa, sai Yahudawa suka ce da shi: To ai mu kafin ka mutu mun san saurayi ne kai matashi mai baqin gashi ya ya muka ganka yanzu kanka ya yi fari fat? Sai ya ce: Yayin da Annabi Isah ya ce min tashi da izinin Allah na zaci tashin kiyama ce, saboda haka ya sa nan take kaina da gemuna suka yi fari, yayin da Annabi Isah ya raya Uzairu da mu'ujiza, sai mutane da yawa daga cikinsu suka bada gaskiya da shi, sannan daga bisani sai ya roqi Allah ya mayar da Uzairu matacce kamar yadda yake.

'''Ambaton saukar ma'ida'''
# An ruwaito daga Salmanul Farisi (R.A.) ya ce: hawariyawa sun faxa ga Annabi Isah suka ce shin Ubangijinka zai iya suako mana da Ma'ida daga sama? Sai ya'amsa musu ya ce, ku dai ku ji tsoron Allah in kun kasance muminai, sai suka ce lallai muna da buqatar haka, sai Annabi Isah ya fita ya shiga sahara ya yi ta kuka yana qanqan da kai ga Allah yana cewa: &quot;Ya Ubangiji ka saukar mana da Ma'ida daga sama domin ta zama idi ga na farkonmu da na qarshenmu, ta kasance aya daga gareka, ka arzurtamu kai ne fiyayen mai arzutawa.&quot;
Sai Allah ya yi wahayi gare shi ya ce: &quot;Ni zan saukar da ita gareku, amma wanda duk ya kafirta a cikinku bayan wannan haqiqa zan masa azaba irin wadda ban tava yiwa wani irinta ba, a cikin talikai.&quot;

# Imamutturmuzi ya ce: Sai Allah S.W.A ya saukar musu da teburin abinci daga sama a tsakanin giragizai guda biyu, yayin da Annabi Isah ya ganta sai ya ce: Ya Ubangiji ka sanya ta zama Rahama, kada ta zama azaba.
Ba ta gushe ba tana saukowa a hankali a hankali har sai da teburin abincin nan ya sauko qasa mutane na kallo an lulluve shi da mayafi, sai Annabi Isah ya fadi ya yi sujjada ga Allah ya yi godiya. Hawariyawa suma suka yi sujjada tare da shi, sannans uka ce Annabi Isah ya tashi ya bude su ga abinda yake ciki. da aka bude sai ga soyayyen kifi da zaitun da dabino da gurasa, da wani nau'in kayan marmari. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya cewa kifin nan tashi da izinin Allah, sai Allah ya raya kifin ya riqa juyawa yana kallon jama'ar Banu Isra'ila, sannan sai ya cewa kifin ya koma yadda yake da izinin Allah. sai Hawariyawa suka cewa Annabi Isah shi ya kamata ya fara cin abincin nan. Sai ya ce: A'a wanda ya nemi a kawo shi zai ci. sai duk suka qi ci, suna tsoron kada ta zama fitina, sai ya sa aka kirawo talakawa da miskinai da guragu da makafi, ya ce su ci. A cikinsu har da marasa lafiya da masu cutar albasar da sauransu duk suka haxu suka ci abincin. Suna gama ci marasa lafiyar nan sai duk suka warke, nan take. Yayin da mutanen gari suka ji labari sai suma suka zo suka ci, har suka riqa turereniya, da Annabi Isah ya ga haka sai ya sa aka kasa mutane kashi biyu, rana daya ta talakawa, rana daya kuma ta mawadata.

Sai Ma'idar ta zama tana sauka sau daya bayan kwanaki biyu.
Sannan kuma wannan tebur idan ya sauka duk yawan mutanen da suke wajen kowa zia ci ya qoshi, ya bari sannan ya tashi ya koma sama kamar yadda ya sauko. An ce haka Ma'idar nan ta riqa sauka har tsawon kwana arba'in. Sannan sai wata jama'a daga Bani Isra'ila suka aibata Ma'idar suka ce ba Allah ne yake saukar da ita ba, da suka faxi haka, sai Allah ya mayar da wasunsu aladu, wasu kuma birori. An ce adadin waxanda suka haxu da wannan matsala sun kai mutum talatin, suka zuana a cikin wannan hali tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan sai qasa ta haxiye su.

==Yuqurin kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.)==
Ka'abur Akabari ya ce; Yayin da addinin Annabi isah ya yaxu ya cika ko'ina, mutane suka yi ta shiga addinin daga ko'ina, sai addinin Yahudanci ya yi rauni, Allah ya saukarwa Annabi Isah Littafin Linjila, ya zama yana raya matattu da ikon Allah, yayin da wani sarki mai suna HArdusa ya ga haka sia ya yi nufin zai kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.) ya sami goyon bayan wasu daga manyan malaman Yahudawa.
Sai suka shirya suka ki masa hari a lokacin yana tare da mahaifiyarsa suka wakilta wani daga cikinsu don ya shiga xakin ya kashe shi.
Kafin ya shiga sai Allah ya dauke Annabi A.S zuwa sama, ya shiga yanan ta dube-dube bai gan shi ba, sauran waxanda suke waje da suka ga ya daxe bai fito ba sai suka bi shi suna shiga sai suka ga xan uwansu, Allah ya sa masa kamannin Annabi Isah komai da komai, sai suka kama shi suka xaure suka sa masa hular gashi, suka kewaye gari da shi, sannans uka kafa azarori guda biyu suka gicciye shi a kanta, suka kashe xan uwansu, suna zaton Annabi Isah suka kashe.

Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce; &quot;Ba su kashe shi ba, ba su gicciye shi ba, sai dai cewa Allah ya xuakaka shi ya zuwa gare shi.
An ruwaito cewa: A lokacin da suka kashe xan uwansu ya kasnace ranar Juma'a ne da misalin qarfe uku na rana, sai duniyad ta yi duhu, tsawon kwanaki uku, a kai girgizar qasa a wanan rana.

Malam Sa'alabi ya ruwaito cewa: Lokacin da aka xauke Annabi Isah zuwa sama shekarunsa talatin da biyar a duniya.
Sai Allah Ta'ala ya sara masa xabi'a irin ta Mala'iku ya zama baya buqatar ci da sha, kuma har yau yana nan a raya kamar yadda Hadisai ingantattu suka tabbatar.

Malam Sa'alabi ya qara da cewa: nana Maryam Allah ya qara mata yarda ta yi wafati bayan xauke Annabi Isah da shekara shida. An ce ta rayu tsawon shekara sittin. Kabarinta a yanzu haka yana masallacin qudus ana ziyararsa.

==Saukowar Annabi isah (A.S) zuwa Kasa==
Malam Uwaisu Assakafi ya ruwaito cewa: Na ji Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana cewa: &quot;Annabi Isah dan Maryam zia sauko daf da tashin alqiyama, zai sauka a kan wata hasumiya fara da take a gabashin masallacin Dimashka.

Annabi Isah mutum ne mai madaidaicin tsawo mai baqin gashi, mai farin launi, idan ya sauka zai shiga masallaci ya zuana a kanmubari sai mutane su ji labarin saukarsa, sai su yi ta shiga masallacin, ta ko'ina Musulmai da Kirista da Yahudawa, aka cika masallacin har ta kaid wasu akan wasu, saboda ci kowa.

Sannan sai mai kiran sallah daga Musulmi ya kira sallah, sai Annabi isah ya shige gaba ya yi limanci, a sannan Imamu Mahadi, ya bayyana kuma yana cikin masallacin sai ya bi sallar ita ce sallar Asuba.

==Bayyanar Dujal==
An ruwaito cewa a lokacin da Dujal zai bayyana zai fito daga garin Asfihan tsawonsa zira'i goma, kuma ido xaya ne da shi, an rubuta (KAFIR) a fuskarsa. A qasan wannan kuma an rubuta: DUK WNADA YA BI SHI YA TAVE, WANDA YA QI SHI YA YI ARZIQI, ya na nunawa mutane yana da wuta da aljanna, amma a haqiqa wutarsa aljannace, aljannarsa kuma wuta ce. Zai kewaye duniya yana kashe mutane yana cewa shi ne Ubangiji. Yana tafe da dubunnan xaruruwan sojoji, zia biyo ta Asfihan ya zo Dimashqa. A cikin kwana arba'in, ya yi ta kashe mutane yana ribace su, to a sannan Mahadi zai bayyana sai mutane su taru a qarqashinsa ya xaura xamarar yaqar Dujal.

Ana cikin haka sai Annabi Isah ya sauka sai su haxu da Mahadi, a wannan maslalaci su yi sallah tare, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata.
Sai Dujal ya fito da rundunarsa don ya yaqe su, yanayin arba da Annabi Isah sai ya narke kamar yadda darma take narkewa a kan wuta, sai Annabi Isah ya kashe shi da takobinsa.

An ruwaito cewa bayan kashe Dujal Annabi Isah zai shimfixa mulki na adalci a bayan qasa, ba zai bar wani Bayahude ko Banasare akan addininsa ba, sai Musulunci kawai, zai yi hukunci da adalci a tsakanin mutane, gabas da yamma, kudu da arewa. Asannan Allah zai umarci qasa da ta fito da alheranta ga mutane, kamar yadda ta kasance tun da farko, har ta kai ga mutane da yawa za su haxu a kan curi xaya na inibi su ci har su qoshi amma ba zai qare ba, yaro ya xauko maciji yana wasa da shi, amma ba zai cuce shi ba, akuya ta haxu da aki amman ba zai kulata ba. Mutane kowa zai rayu a cikin yalwa da wadata har ta kai za a ba mutum kyautar kuxi ya ce, baya buqata. Mutum zai ga kabari sai ya ce: Ina ma dai wannan yana raye ya ga irin adalcin da yake gudana a bayan qasa. Za a kasance a wannan hali tsawon shekara arba'in. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya auri wata mata daga mutanen Askalan ta haifa masa 'ya maza guda biyu, sai ya tafi [[Makkah|Makka]] ya yi aikin Hajji, ya je [[Madinah|Madina]] ya ziyarci Annabi (S.A.W) Sai ya yi rashin lafiya, sai Allah ya karvi ransa, anan Madina, sai a binne shi a cikin Raudah kusa da Annabi (S.A.W.).

'''Fa`ida Idan''' Dujal ya bayyana zai shiga ko'ina amma ban da Makka da Madina, duk sadda ya zo zai shiga sai ya ga Mala'iku sun tsaitsaya suna gadin garin sai ya koma.

'''Tsari daga Dujal'''
Sannan ya inganta a Hadisi Annabi (S.A.W) ya ce: Duk wanda ya haddace ayoyi goma na farkon Suratul Kahfi, Allah zia kiyaye shi daga fitinar Dujal.

TARIHIN ANNABI ISAH (A.S)

Haihuwarsa

Annabi Isah ɗan Maryam ne (A.S). An haife shi ta mu’ujizar Allah ba tare da uba ba. Mala’ika Jibrilu ya sanar da Maryam cewa za ta haifi ɗa mai daraja wanda Allah Ya ƙaddara ya zama Annabi.

Rayuwarsa

Tun yana jariri Allah ta'ala ya sanya shi ya yi magana, ya kare mahaifiyarsa daga zargin mutane. Ya girma cikin tsarki da ilimi. Allah ya koya masa Taurat da Injila. Ya yi wa'azi ga Bani Isra’ila ya kira su zuwa ga tauhidi – bautar Allah kaɗai.

Mu’ujizarsa

Allah ya ba shi mu’ujizozi da dama:

Warkar da makafi da kutare da izinin Allah.

Tashi matattu da izinin Allah.

Ƙirƙiro tsuntsu daga laka ya busa ya zama mai rai da izinin Allah.

Gauraya abinci kaɗan ya cika mutane da yawa.

Wadannan mu’ujizozi duk sun kasance ne don tabbatar da gaskiyar saƙonsa.

Saƙonsa

Ya zo da littafin Injila.

Ya kira mutane su bi Allah, su nisanci zalunci, su yi adalci.

Ya yi bishara da zuwan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) a bayansa (kamar yadda Qur’ani ya faɗa).

Kulla Magana da Makiyansa

Malaman Yahudawa da shugabannin su ba su so Annabi Isah saboda gaskiyarsa da kira ga tauhidi. Suka yi ƙoƙarin kisa masa sharrin kisa.

Daukewar sa

Ba a kashe shi ba kuma ba a gicciye shi ba. Allah ya ce:

&gt; “Allah ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa gare Shi.”

Allah ya mayar da kamanninsa a kan wani mutum, shi aka kama, amma Isah (A.S) Allah ya ɗaga shi sama.

Komawarsa ƙasa (a ƙarshen zamani)

Tauhidi na koyar da cewa:

Zai dawo a ƙarshen zamani.

Zai karya gicciye.

Zai kashe Dajjāl.

Zai tabbatar da adalci.

Bayan ya rayu da dogon lokaci, zai rasu kamar sauran mutane.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Musulunci]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta'addanci</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10566</id>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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      <text bytes="6287" sha1="temfiffckth7ptv2ipfwrr7s9f51vit" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

[[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|thumb|[[United Airlines Flight 175]] ya doka jikin South Tower na World Trade Center lokacin [[September 11 attacks]] na shekarar 2001 a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].]]
[[File:12-inch gun M1895-railway-gun (4).jpg|thumb|hoton bindiga yayin yaki]]
[[Fayil:Jerusalem tractor run over terror attack 02-07-08.jpg|thumb]]
'''Ta'addanci''' (da [[turanci]] ''Terrorism'') shine, yin amfani da [[tada hankali]] ko kawo [[rikici]] ba tare da yin tunani ba, ko nuna ban-banci akan wanda zai shafa ba, da gangar domin sanya tsoro da tashin hankali a cikin ƙirazan mutane; da tsoratar dasu ko wani sa'in halakar dasu dan cimma burin [[siyasa]] ko [[addini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fortna |first1=Virginia Page |title=Do Terrorists Win? Rebels' Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes |journal=International Organization |date=20 May 2015 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=519–556 |doi=10.1017/S0020818315000089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da wannan ma'anar dan nuna kawo tashin hankali [[aminci|lokacin zaman lafiya]] ko yin yaƙi da [[non-combatant]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbALBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA175 |title=Torture, Terrorism, and the Use of Violence (also available as Review Journal of Political Philosophy Volume 6, Issue Number 1)|editor-last=Wisnewski|editor-first=J. Jeremy |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0291-8 |page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar &quot;mai ta'adi&quot; da &quot;ta'addanci&quot; ya samo asali ne lokacin [[Juyin sauyi ta Faransa|French Revolution]] da ya faru a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Stevenson |first1=ed. by Angus |title=Oxford dictionary of English |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |edition=3rd}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma kalmar tayi tashe a bakunan jama'a ne a shekarar 1970 a cikin rahotannin masu yaɗa labarai da littafan dake bayyana faɗace-faɗacen ƙasar [[Arewacin Ireland]], da [[ƙasar Basque]] da [[Palestine (yanki)|Palestine]]. Da ƙaruwar samun yin [[kisan kai|laifukan kisan kai]] daga 1980 zuwa abinda yayi sama, haka [[Harin Satumba 11|harin ranar Satumba ta 11]] a [[birnin New York]] da [[Washington, D.C.]] a 2001, ya nuna tabbacin lallai akwai ta'addanci.

Babu cikakken [[ma'anar ta'addanci|ma'anar &quot;ta'addanci&quot;]] da kowa ya yarda dashi.&lt;ref name=USCode&gt;{{cite book |first=Edward P. |last=Halibozek |first2=Andy |last2=Jones |first3=Gerald L. |last3=Kovacich |year=2008 |title=The corporate security professional's handbook on terrorism |edition=illustrated |publisher=Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann)|isbn=978-0-7506-8257-2 |pages=4–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpwcHUNXw-kC&amp;pg=PA4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Walzer&gt;{{cite news |author=Robert Mackey |title=Can Soldiers Be Victims of Terrorism? |quote=Terrorism is the deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, in order to spread fear through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders. |work=The New York Times |date=20 November 2009 |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/define-terrorism/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma Ta'addanci kuma akan yi amfani da sunan dan danganta wani abu mara kyau ko &quot;ba hali maikyau&quot; bace. Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi kanyi amfani da kalmar dan zagi ko sukan masu hamayya dasu saboda kashe masu karsashi a fuskokin mabiya.&lt;ref name=Sinclair&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2oCOWmQfysC&amp;pg=PT30 |title=The Psychology of Terrorism Fears |last=Sinclair |first=Samuel Justin |last2=Antonius |first2=Daniel |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |isbn=978-0-19-538811-4 |page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=JR.White&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XINTCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA3 |title=Terrorism and Homeland Security |last=White |first=Jonathan R. |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-63377-3 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ruthven&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT1xGHPyMA8C&amp;pg=PA184 |title=Historical Atlas of Islam |last=Ruthven |first=Malise |last2=Nanji |first2=Azim |date=24 April 2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01385-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Walzer /&gt; cibiyoyi maban-banta na mutane, an tuhume su akan amfani da ta'addanci domin cimma ƙudurorin siyasarsu. Waɗannan cibiyoyi kamar [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] da [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] na siyasa, [[sukar ƴan ƙasanci|ƙungiyoyin ƴan ƙasanci]], [[Mamayewar addini]], [[masu neman sauyi]] da gwamnatoci masu mulki.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/588371/terrorism |title=Terrorism|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; dokakin dake tabbatar da ta'addanci amatsayin laifi an samar dasu a yawan cin kasashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://mackenzieinstitute.com/illusion-war-terrorism-criminal-act-act-war/ |title=The Illusion of War: Is Terrorism a Criminal Act or an Act of War? |work=Mackenzie Institute |access-date=2019-03-16 |archive-date=2017-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514213948/http://mackenzieinstitute.com/illusion-war-terrorism-criminal-act-act-war/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babu matsaya akan ko ta'addanci [[laifin yaƙi]] ne ko a'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daphne-eviatar/is-terrorism-a-war-crime_b_3436117.html |title=Is 'Terrorism' a War Crime Triable by Military Commission? Who Knows? |last=Eviatar |first=Daphne |date=13 June 2013 |website=Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Global Terrorism Database]], da [[Jami'ar Maryland, College Park]] ke kula dashi, ta tara fiye da 61,000 na ayyukan ta'addanci da ƙungiyoyin suka aiwatar, da yayi sakamakon rasuwar mutane 140,000 daga tsakanin shekarar 2000, zuwa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Terrorism Index 2015 |url=http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2015.pdf |publisher=Institute for Economics and Peace |page=33 |access-date=2019-03-16 |archive-date=2019-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207153725/http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2015.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ta'addanci}}
[[Category:Yaƙi]]
[[Category:tashin hankali]]
[[Category:Rikici]]</text>
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| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Comoé.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Denguélé.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Gôh-Djiboua.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lacs.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lagunes.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lagunes.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
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| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
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| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
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| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
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| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Gôh-Djiboua.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lacs.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lagunes.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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        <id>7616</id>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lacs.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lagunes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Montagnes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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        <id>7616</id>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lagunes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Montagnes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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        <id>7616</id>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Montagnes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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        <id>7616</id>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Milenioscuro</username>
        <id>7616</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg]] → [[File:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name</comment>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Milenioscuro</username>
        <id>7616</id>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg]] → [[File:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name</comment>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878118</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Milenioscuro</username>
        <id>7616</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg]] → [[File:Zanzan District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name</comment>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Zanzan District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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        <id>7616</id>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg]] → [[File:Yamoussoukro Autonomous District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg]] standard name</comment>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Yamoussoukro Autonomous District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Zanzan District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878120</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>7616</id>
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      <minor />
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{{Wikidata list
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Abidjan Autonomous District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[File:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[File:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Yamoussoukro Autonomous District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[File:Zanzan District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|}

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  <page>
    <title>Yahudawa</title>
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    <id>12009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878312</id>
      <parentid>688315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:33:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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      <text bytes="6608" sha1="71ecfjtvs4rhnmceug2lqw8fcyqghg3" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Maurycy Gottlieb - Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg|thumb|Yahudawa]]
[[Fayil:Israeli blue Star of David.svg|thumb|tabarin kasar Yahudawa]]
[[Fayil:Puerto Rican Jew praying.jpg|thumb|bayahude]]
[[Fayil:Jewish Children with their Teacher in Samarkand.jpg|thumb|Yanda aki koyar da yaran yahudawa]]
[[Fayil:Renowned Jews.png|thumb|Renowned jews]]
[[Fayil:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|thumb|Yahudawa]]
'''Yahudanci; kalmar''' ''Yahudawa'' ''[[jam'i]]'' ce, ''[[tilo]]'' kuma ana cewa '''Yahudu''' sune mabiya [[Yahudanci|addinin Yahudanci]] na [[Annabi]] [[Musa]], yawancin su suna [[Ibrananci|Yaren Ibrananci]] ne wanda suke da rinjaye a ƙasar [[Isra'ila|Isra'ila,]] [[Falasdinu]] da kuma [[Amurka]], ana kiran su da ''[[Yahudawa]]'' ne saboda addininsu na da asali da [[Annabi]] [[Yusuf]] izuwa ga baban sa annabi Yakub.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scheindlin1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Raymond P. Scheindlin|title=A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfsuicMmrE0C&amp;pg=PA1|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513941-9|pages=1–}} Israelite origins and kingdom: &quot;The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Incorporated2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&amp;pg=PA337|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|pages=337–}}&quot;The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MD2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Harry Ostrer MD|title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&amp;pg=PT26|date=10 August 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997638-6|pages=26–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament.&quot; [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303358/Jew Jew] at [http://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews.&quot; [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259033/Hebrew Hebrew (People)] at [http://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lederhendler2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Eli Lederhendler|title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvahJv83AgC&amp;pg=PA101|date=20 December 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534896-5|pages=101–}} &quot;Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yee2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Tet-Lim N. Yee|title=Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4OwXhMOn5cC&amp;pg=PA102|date=10 March 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44411-8|pages=102–}} &quot;This identification in the Jewish attitude between the ethnic group and religious identity is so close that the reception into this religion of members not belonging to its ethnic group has become impossible.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KrauszTulea&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ernest Krausz|author2=Gitta Tulea|title=Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; &amp;#91;... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997&amp;#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&amp;pg=PA90|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-2689-1|pages=90–}} &quot;A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ''[[Yahudawa]]'' suna cikin yankin [[Nahiya]]r [[Asiya]] ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/Pages/Facts%20about%20Israel-%20History.aspx|title=Facts About Israel: History|date=|work=GxMSDev}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NollMerneptah&gt;K. L. Noll, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hMeRK7B1EsMC&amp;pg=PA139 ''Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion,''] A&amp;C Black, 2012, rev.ed. pp.137ff.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ThompsonMerneptah&quot;&gt;[[Thomas L. Thompson]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&amp;pg=PA275 ''Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written &amp; Archaeological Sources,''] BRILL, 2000 pp. 275–76: 'They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine's history bears a substantially different signification.'&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John Day pp. 47&quot;&gt;[[John Day (Old Testament scholar)|John Day]], [''In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel,''] Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005 pp. 47.5 p.48:'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Day, pp. 31–33, p.57.n.33.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Rainer Albertz|Rainer Albertz]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&amp;pg=PA45 ''Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.''] Society of Biblical Lit, 2003 pp. 45ff: 'Since the exilic era constitutes a gaping hole in the historical narrative of the Bible, historical reconstruction of this era faces almost insurmountable difficulties. Like the premonarchic period and the late Persian period, the exilic period, though set in the bright light of Ancient Near Eastern history, remains historically obscure. Since there are very few Israelite sources, the only recourse is to try to cast some light on this darkness from the history of the surrounding empires under whose dominion Israel came in this period.'&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta. ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Yahudanci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tuwo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
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[[File:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|hoton zazahen tuwon massara]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo Miyan Kubewa.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kubewa]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo and Miyar Kuka.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kuka]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo shinkafa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tuwo''' abinci ne da aka fi sani [[Hausawa]] suke ci. Ana yin shi ne da masara ko [[Shinkafa]] ko kuma alkama ko dawa ko gero  da sauran wasu nau'uka na hatsi. Haka kuma, tuwo abinci ne da ake yin shi daga [[maiwa]] ko gero, sai a tuka shi da tafasasshen ruwan zafi. Ana ana cin shine da miya. Akwai miya kala daban-daban kamar: [[Miyar kuka]] da miyar kubewa da miyar taushe  da kuma miyan tafasa da dai sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.47&lt;/ref&gt; da farko dai za,a nuko gari sai a tankade sai a aibi gari adama bayan ruwa ya tafasa sai a zuba tsakin  da garin waje daya azuba ruwa a motsa shi  sai a zuba a tafasashshen ruwannan a barshi ya dahu sai a dauko wannan garin sai a zuba a tukashi bayan ya dahu sai a kwashe shi a kwanuka ko leda  

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Tuwo.jpg
File:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibiliyo ==

* Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 624196914.

==Manazrta==

[[Category:Abinci]].</text>
      <sha1>1jilakahg8iv145ax8yvjcwny65gr9q</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>878180</id>
      <parentid>878179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:05:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
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[[File:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|hoton zazahen tuwon massara]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo Miyan Kubewa.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kubewa]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo and Miyar Kuka.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kuka]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo shinkafa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tuwo''' abinci ne da aka fi sani [[Hausawa]] suke ci. Ana yin shi ne da masara ko [[Shinkafa]] ko kuma alkama ko dawa ko gero  da sauran wasu nau'ika na hatsi. Haka kuma, tuwo abinci ne da ake yin shi daga [[maiwa]] ko gero, sai a tuka shi da tafasasshen ruwan zafi. Ana ana cin shine da miya. Akwai miya kala daban-daban kamar: [[Miyar kuka]] da miyar kubewa da miyar taushe  da kuma miyan tafasa da dai sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.47&lt;/ref&gt; da farko dai za,a nuko gari sai a tankade sai a aibi gari adama bayan ruwa ya tafasa sai a zuba tsakin  da garin waje daya azuba ruwa a motsa shi  sai a zuba a tafasashshen ruwannan a barshi ya dahu sai a dauko wannan garin sai a zuba a tukashi bayan ya dahu sai a kwashe shi a kwanuka ko leda  

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Tuwo.jpg
File:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibiliyo ==

* Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 624196914.

==Manazrta==

[[Category:Abinci]].</text>
      <sha1>78ys0j94xy8vjxxm26d3wvsv825cruc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878181</id>
      <parentid>878180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:06:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878181</origin>
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[[File:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|hoton zazahen tuwon massara]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo Miyan Kubewa.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kubewa]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo and Miyar Kuka.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kuka]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo shinkafa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tuwo''' abinci ne da aka fi sani [[Hausawa]] suke ci. Ana yin shi ne da masara ko [[Shinkafa]] ko kuma alkama ko dawa ko gero  da sauran wasu nau'ika na hatsi. Haka kuma, tuwo abinci ne da ake yin shi daga [[masara]] ko gero, sai a tuka shi da tafasasshen ruwan zafi. Ana cin shine da miya. Akwai miya kala daban-daban kamar: [[Miyar kuka]] da miyar kubewa da miyar taushe  da kuma miyan tafasa da dai sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.47&lt;/ref&gt; da farko dai za,a nuko gari sai a tankade sai a aibi gari adama bayan ruwa ya tafasa sai a zuba tsakin  da garin waje daya azuba ruwa a motsa shi  sai a zuba a tafasashshen ruwannan a barshi ya dahu sai a dauko wannan garin sai a zuba a tukashi bayan ya dahu sai a kwashe shi a kwanuka ko leda  

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Tuwo.jpg
File:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibiliyo ==

* Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 624196914.

==Manazrta==

[[Category:Abinci]].</text>
      <sha1>90l6caygugcf93fjwrfr5at2c0ulsfn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878182</id>
      <parentid>878181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:08:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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[[File:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|hoton zazahen tuwon massara]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo Miyan Kubewa.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kubewa]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo and Miyar Kuka.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kuka]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo shinkafa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tuwo''' abinci ne da aka fi sani [[Hausawa]] suke ci. Ana yin shi ne da masara ko [[Shinkafa]] ko kuma alkama ko dawa ko gero  da sauran wasu nau'ika na hatsi. Haka kuma, tuwo abinci ne da ake yin shi daga [[masara]] ko gero, sai a tuka shi da tafasasshen ruwan zafi. Ana cin shine da miya. Akwai miya kala daban-daban kamar: [[Miyar kuka]] da [[miyar kubewa]] da [[miyar taushe]]  da kuma [[miyan tafasa]] da dai sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.47&lt;/ref&gt; da farko dai za,a nuko gari sai a tankade sai a aibi gari adama bayan ruwa ya tafasa sai a zuba tsakin  da garin waje daya azuba ruwa a motsa shi  sai a zuba a tafasashshen ruwannan a barshi ya dahu sai a dauko wannan garin sai a zuba a tukashi bayan ya dahu sai a kwashe shi a kwanuka ko leda  

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Tuwo.jpg
File:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibiliyo ==

* Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 624196914.

==Manazrta==

[[Category:Abinci]].</text>
      <sha1>45vzxiaid8l8cgikdaem04bgkdhyk7x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878183</id>
      <parentid>878182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:10:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1393" sha1="t5rfzoonml4fu34bxv8m3kc0yvhst0l" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|hoton zazahen tuwon massara]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo Miyan Kubewa.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kubewa]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo and Miyar Kuka.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kuka]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo shinkafa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tuwo''' abinci ne da aka fi sani [[Hausawa]] suke ci. Ana yin shi ne da masara ko [[Shinkafa]] ko kuma alkama ko dawa ko gero  da sauran wasu nau'ika na hatsi. Haka kuma, tuwo abinci ne da ake yin shi daga [[masara]] ko gero, sai a tuka shi da tafasasshen ruwan zafi. Ana cin shine da miya. Akwai miya kala daban-daban kamar: [[Miyar kuka]] da [[miyar kubewa]] da [[miyar taushe]]  da kuma [[miyan tafasa]] da dai sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.47&lt;/ref&gt; da farko dai za,a nuko gari sai a tankaɗe sai a ɗibo gari adama bayan ruwa ya tafasa sai a zuba tsakin  da garin waje daya azuba ruwa a motsa shi  sai a zuba a tafasashshen ruwannan a barshi ya dahu sai a dauko wannan garin sai a zuba a tukashi bayan ya dahu sai a kwashe shi a kwanuka ko leda  

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Tuwo.jpg
File:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibiliyo ==

* Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 624196914.

==Manazrta==

[[Category:Abinci]].</text>
      <sha1>t5rfzoonml4fu34bxv8m3kc0yvhst0l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878186</id>
      <parentid>878183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:17:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878186</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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[[File:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|hoton zazahen tuwon massara]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo Miyan Kubewa.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kubewa]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo and Miyar Kuka.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kuka]]
[[Fayil:Tuwo shinkafa.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tuwo''' abinci ne da aka fi sani [[Hausawa]] suke ci. Ana yin shi ne da masara ko [[Shinkafa]] ko kuma alkama ko dawa ko gero  da sauran wasu nau'ika na hatsi. Haka kuma, tuwo abinci ne da ake yin shi daga [[masara]] ko gero, sai a tuka shi da tafasasshen ruwan zafi. Ana cin shine da miya. Akwai miya kala daban-daban kamar: [[Miyar kuka]] da [[miyar kubewa]] da [[miyar taushe]]  da kuma [[miyan tafasa]] da dai sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.47&lt;/ref&gt; da farko dai za,a nuko gari sai a tankaɗe sai a ɗibo gari idan ruwan ya tausa a kwaɓa wannan garin ayi talge ma'ana akwaɓashi da kauri ba sosai ba a zuba a tukunyar a riƙa kada yayi ƙulu bayan talge  ya dahu sai a zuba sauran garin a hankali a hankali ana tuƙawa a barshi ya dahu bayan ya dahu sai a kwashe shi a kwanuka ko leda  

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Tuwo.jpg
File:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibiliyo ==

* Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 624196914.

==Manazrta==

[[Category:Abinci]].</text>
      <sha1>lnamjce1n8359c309ryf41sg3bmynft</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umar Gombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877909</id>
      <parentid>876041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdultambura18</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353917149|Umar Gombe]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877909</origin>
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'''Umar Sani Labaran''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1983), wanda aka fi sani da '''Umar Gombe''', ɗan [[Barkwanci|wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka na  wanda ya fito a cikin fina-fukkuna sama da ɗari da kuma shirye-shiryen [[talabijin]] da wasan kwaikwayo. Gombe shine manajan shirin farko na Northflix,  aikace-aikacen watsa shirye-shiryen fim na Hausa. Ya fito a fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin, shirye-aikacen rediyo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. An zabi shi a matsayin mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi sau da yawa kuma ya lashe wasu kyaututtuka da yawa.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Gombe a cikin iyalin Kano a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1983, a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya . Shi ne ɗan Malam Sani Labaran, manomi, dattijo kuma memba na Arewa Consultative Forum . Daga 1986 zuwa 1998, ya halarci makarantar jariri, firamare, da sakandare a Jihar Gombe, sannan wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Bayero Kano da Cibiyar Nazarin Kwamfuta ta Duniya, inda ya sami difloma a cikin gwamnati da kuma sarrafa bayanai da fasahar bayanai bi da bi.[1] Gombe tana da digiri na farko na kimiyya a cikin fasahar bayanai da tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Middlesex, Dubai, kuma daga baya ta shiga cikin shirin MBA a Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya.[2]

A cikin 2014, Gombe ta shiga cikin shirin horar da fina-finai a Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya, Noida a [[Indiya]], Shirin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IFCPC |date=2018-05-12 |title=Indo Nigerian Film Association Moves Further Under ICMEI |url=http://ifcpc.com/indo-nigerian-film-association-moves-further-under-icmei/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923145900/http://ifcpc.com/indo-nigerian-film-association-moves-further-under-icmei/ |archive-date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2022-09-23 |publisher=IFCPC}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran 'yan wasan [[Kannywood]] kamar [[Falalu A Dorayi]], [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Ishaq Sidi Ishaq]] da Ibrahim Mandawari .

== Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo ==
Gombe ya fara fitowa a fina-finai na Hausa a shekara ta 2001 tare da ''Shaida'', daga ƙarshe ya zama babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a fina-fukki na Fasaha kafin ya koma ISI Films, wanda sanannen Mai shirya fim-fakka na [[Ishaq Sidi Ishaq]] ya kafa, kuma daga baya Kumbo Productions, wanda ya samar da fim din ''Sanafahna'', wanda aka harbe shi a Najeriya da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. Ya bayyana a fina-finai da yawa na Kumbo Productions, ciki har da ''Armala'', ''Noor'', da ''Sanafahna'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=HausaFilms.TV |title=Umar Gombe HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities |url=http://hausafilms.tv/actor/umar_gombe |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=HausaFilms.TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gombe ya zama sananne bayan ya bayyana a fim din [[Nollywood]] na [[Netflix]], Tenant of the House, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Netflix |title=Watch Tenant of the House - Netflix |url=https://www.netflix.com/ng/title/81463088 |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=Netflix}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[IMDb]] |title=Tenant of the House (2019) - Full Cast &amp; Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16287560/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] da Adieu Salut suka jagoranta, da sauran fina-finai na Hausa kamar ''Kwalla'', ''Lambar Girma'', ''Noor'', ''Lissafi'', ''Iko'', da In Zaki So Ni. Tare da rawar da ya taka a fina-finai kamar ''Lissafi'', ''Noor'', ''Mati A Zazzau'',  ''Kishiyata, Fati'', ''Wakili'', ''Hauwa Kulu'', da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''[[Gidan Badamasi]]'', Umar ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kannywood mafi ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[IMDb]] |title=Mati a Zazzau (2020) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16762488/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Dadin Kowa'',  wanda shine jerin yaren Hausa na farko da aka watsa a [[Arewa 24|Arewa24]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[BBC Hausa|BBC News Hausa]] |date=2021-10-21 |title=Daga Bakin Mai Ita Tare Da Umar Gombe - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMoOBlYop7E |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=BBC News Hausa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Arewa 24|Arewa24]] |date=2015-02-06 |title=DADIN KOWA EPS 3 PRT 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owswT0BaJGU |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=Arewa24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umar kuma ya fito a cikin mujallar iyali ta Najeriya, Ongacious season 2.

An nada Gombe a matsayin shugaban kula da kungiyar masu aikin fina-finai ta Najeriya a shekarar 2021,  kuma daga baya ya zama mataimakin sakataren hukumar na kasa bayan zaben ta a shekarar 2022.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
Gombe rose to prominence after appearing in both ''Gidan Badamasi'' and ''Noor'', a film about surrogacy to address social issues, directed by Faika Ibrahim Rahi, an award-winning female director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daily Trust |title=Tambari by Daily Trust Tambari - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_ac6534de8b6449/12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923144749/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_ac6534de8b6449/12 |archive-date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2022-09-23 |publisher=Daily Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
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      <id>877910</id>
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        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="5455" sha1="loeugoc1fcn71th62yb4ss2hu6k9rzo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Umar Sani Labaran''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1983), wanda aka fi sani da '''Umar Gombe''', ɗan [[Barkwanci|wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka na  wanda ya fito a cikin fina-fukkuna sama da ɗari da kuma shirye-shiryen [[talabijin]] da wasan kwaikwayo. Gombe shine manajan shirin farko na Northflix,  aikace-aikacen watsa shirye-shiryen fim na Hausa. Ya fito a fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin, shirye-aikacen rediyo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. An zabi shi a matsayin mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi sau da yawa kuma ya lashe wasu kyaututtuka da yawa.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Gombe a cikin iyalin Kano a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1983, a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya . Shi ne ɗan Malam Sani Labaran, manomi, dattijo kuma memba na Arewa Consultative Forum . Daga 1986 zuwa 1998, ya halarci makarantar jariri, firamare, da sakandare a Jihar Gombe, sannan wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Bayero Kano da Cibiyar Nazarin Kwamfuta ta Duniya, inda ya sami difloma a cikin gwamnati da kuma sarrafa bayanai da fasahar bayanai bi da bi.[1] Gombe tana da digiri na farko na kimiyya a cikin fasahar bayanai da tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Middlesex, Dubai, kuma daga baya ta shiga cikin shirin MBA a Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya.[2]

A cikin 2014, Gombe ta shiga cikin shirin horar da fina-finai a Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya, Noida a [[Indiya]], Shirin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IFCPC |date=2018-05-12 |title=Indo Nigerian Film Association Moves Further Under ICMEI |url=http://ifcpc.com/indo-nigerian-film-association-moves-further-under-icmei/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923145900/http://ifcpc.com/indo-nigerian-film-association-moves-further-under-icmei/ |archive-date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2022-09-23 |publisher=IFCPC}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran 'yan wasan [[Kannywood]] kamar [[Falalu A Dorayi]], [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Ishaq Sidi Ishaq]] da Ibrahim Mandawari .

== Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo ==
Gombe ya fara fitowa a fina-finai na Hausa a shekara ta 2001 tare da ''Shaida'', daga ƙarshe ya zama babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a fina-fukki na Fasaha kafin ya koma ISI Films, wanda sanannen Mai shirya fim-fakka na [[Ishaq Sidi Ishaq]] ya kafa, kuma daga baya Kumbo Productions, wanda ya samar da fim din ''Sanafahna'', wanda aka harbe shi a Najeriya da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. Ya bayyana a fina-finai da yawa na Kumbo Productions, ciki har da ''Armala'', ''Noor'', da ''Sanafahna'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=HausaFilms.TV |title=Umar Gombe HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities |url=http://hausafilms.tv/actor/umar_gombe |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=HausaFilms.TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gombe ya zama sananne bayan ya bayyana a fim din [[Nollywood]] na [[Netflix]], Tenant of the House, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Netflix |title=Watch Tenant of the House - Netflix |url=https://www.netflix.com/ng/title/81463088 |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=Netflix}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[IMDb]] |title=Tenant of the House (2019) - Full Cast &amp; Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16287560/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] da Adieu Salut suka jagoranta, da sauran fina-finai na Hausa kamar ''Kwalla'', ''Lambar Girma'', ''Noor'', ''Lissafi'', ''Iko'', da In Zaki So Ni. Tare da rawar da ya taka a fina-finai kamar ''Lissafi'', ''Noor'', ''Mati A Zazzau'',  ''Kishiyata, Fati'', ''Wakili'', ''Hauwa Kulu'', da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''[[Gidan Badamasi]]'', Umar ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kannywood mafi ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[IMDb]] |title=Mati a Zazzau (2020) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16762488/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Dadin Kowa'',  wanda shine jerin yaren Hausa na farko da aka watsa a [[Arewa 24|Arewa24]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[BBC Hausa|BBC News Hausa]] |date=2021-10-21 |title=Daga Bakin Mai Ita Tare Da Umar Gombe - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMoOBlYop7E |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=BBC News Hausa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Arewa 24|Arewa24]] |date=2015-02-06 |title=DADIN KOWA EPS 3 PRT 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owswT0BaJGU |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=Arewa24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umar kuma ya fito a cikin mujallar iyali ta Najeriya, Ongacious season 2.

An nada Gombe a matsayin shugaban kula da kungiyar masu aikin fina-finai ta Najeriya a shekarar 2021,  kuma daga baya ya zama mataimakin sakataren hukumar na kasa bayan zaben ta a shekarar 2022.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
Gombe rose to prominence after appearing in both ''Gidan Badamasi'' and ''Noor'', a film about surrogacy to address social issues, directed by Faika Ibrahim Rahi, an award-winning female director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daily Trust |title=Tambari by Daily Trust Tambari - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_ac6534de8b6449/12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923144749/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_ac6534de8b6449/12 |archive-date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2022-09-23 |publisher=Daily Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
      <sha1>loeugoc1fcn71th62yb4ss2hu6k9rzo</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>877911</id>
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      <text bytes="5443" sha1="es5to6y2hi5r57ibmptkwnm09ah2xff" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Umar Sani Labaran''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1983), wanda aka fi sani da '''Umar Gombe''', ɗan [[Barkwanci|wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka na  wanda ya fito a cikin fina-fukkuna sama da ɗari da kuma shirye-shiryen [[talabijin]] da wasan kwaikwayo. Gombe shine manajan shirin farko na Northflix,  aikace-aikacen watsa shirye-shiryen fim na Hausa. Ya fito a fina-finai, shirye-shiryen talabijin, shirye-aikacen rediyo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. An zabi shi a matsayin mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi sau da yawa kuma ya lashe wasu kyaututtuka da yawa.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Gombe a cikin iyalin Kano a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1983, a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya . Shi ne ɗan Malam Sani Labaran, manomi, dattijo kuma memba na Arewa Consultative Forum . Daga 1986 zuwa 1998, ya halarci makarantar jariri, firamare, da sakandare a Jihar Gombe, sannan wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Bayero Kano da Cibiyar Nazarin Kwamfuta ta Duniya, inda ya sami difloma a cikin gwamnati da kuma sarrafa bayanai da fasahar bayanai bi da bi.[1] Gombe tana da digiri na farko na kimiyya a cikin fasahar bayanai da tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Middlesex, Dubai, kuma daga baya ta shiga cikin shirin MBA a Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya.[2]

A cikin 2014, Gombe ta shiga cikin shirin horar da fina-finai a Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya, Noida a [[Indiya]], Shirin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IFCPC |date=2018-05-12 |title=Indo Nigerian Film Association Moves Further Under ICMEI |url=http://ifcpc.com/indo-nigerian-film-association-moves-further-under-icmei/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923145900/http://ifcpc.com/indo-nigerian-film-association-moves-further-under-icmei/ |archive-date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2022-09-23 |publisher=IFCPC}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran 'yan wasan [[Kannywood]] kamar [[Falalu A Dorayi]], [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Ishaq Sidi Ishaq]] da Ibrahim Mandawari .

== Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo ==
Gombe ya fara fitowa a fina-finai na Hausa a shekara ta 2001 tare da ''Shaida'', daga ƙarshe ya zama babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a fina-fukki na Fasaha kafin ya koma ISI Films, wanda sanannen Mai shirya fim-fakka na [[Ishaq Sidi Ishaq]] ya kafa, kuma daga baya Kumbo Productions, wanda ya samar da fim din ''Sanafahna'', wanda aka harbe shi a Najeriya da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. Ya bayyana a fina-finai da yawa na Kumbo Productions, ciki har da ''Armala'', ''Noor'', da ''Sanafahna'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=HausaFilms.TV |title=Umar Gombe HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities |url=http://hausafilms.tv/actor/umar_gombe |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=HausaFilms.TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gombe ya zama sananne bayan ya bayyana a fim din [[Nollywood]] na [[Netflix]], Tenant of the House, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Netflix |title=Watch Tenant of the House - Netflix |url=https://www.netflix.com/ng/title/81463088 |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=Netflix}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[IMDb]] |title=Tenant of the House (2019) - Full Cast &amp; Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16287560/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] da Adieu Salut suka jagoranta, da sauran fina-finai na Hausa kamar ''Kwalla'', ''Lambar Girma'', ''Noor'', ''Lissafi'', ''Iko'', da In Zaki So Ni. Tare da rawar da ya taka a fina-finai kamar ''Lissafi'', ''Noor'', ''Mati A Zazzau'',  ''Kishiyata, Fati'', ''Wakili'', ''Hauwa Kulu'', da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''[[Gidan Badamasi]]'', Umar ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kannywood mafi ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[IMDb]] |title=Mati a Zazzau (2020) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16762488/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Dadin Kowa'',  wanda shine jerin yaren Hausa na farko da aka watsa a [[Arewa 24|Arewa24]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[BBC Hausa|BBC News Hausa]] |date=2021-10-21 |title=Daga Bakin Mai Ita Tare Da Umar Gombe - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMoOBlYop7E |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=BBC News Hausa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Arewa 24|Arewa24]] |date=2015-02-06 |title=DADIN KOWA EPS 3 PRT 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owswT0BaJGU |access-date=2022-09-11 |publisher=Arewa24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umar kuma ya fito a cikin mujallar iyali ta Najeriya, Ongacious season 2.

An nada Gombe a matsayin shugaban kula da kungiyar masu aikin fina-finai ta Najeriya a shekarar 2021,  kuma daga baya ya zama mataimakin sakataren hukumar na kasa bayan zaben ta a shekarar 2022.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
Gombe rose to prominence after appearing in both ''Gidan Badamasi'' and ''Noor'', a film about surrogacy to address social issues, directed by Faika Ibrahim Rahi, an award-winning female director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daily Trust |title=Tambari by Daily Trust Tambari - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_ac6534de8b6449/12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923144749/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_ac6534de8b6449/12 |archive-date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2022-09-23 |publisher=Daily Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yusuf Suleiman</title>
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[[Fayil:Hon Yusuf Suleiman 2013-08-10 20-14.jpg|thumb|Yusuf Suleiman]]
[[Fayil:Hon Yusuf Suleiman 2013-08-10 20-14.jpg|thumb|Yusuf Suleiman]]
'''Alhaji Yusuf Suleiman''' an kuma haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Junairu shekarar alif 1963, a [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]], Yusuf Dan asalin garin isa local government ne dake jahar sokoto,dake Arewacin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. ɗan siyasa ne a Najeriya, kuma jinin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usmanu Danfodiyo]] ne da ke [[Sokoto]]. Yayi aikin gwamnati kafin ya shiga siyasa.

==Asali/Salsala==
An haifi Yusuf a garin Gusau dake jihar Zamfara, arewacin Najeriya. Mahaifin sa Alhaji Suleiman Isah dan Ibrahim jikan Sarki Aliyu Karami dan Muhammad Bello dan Shekh Usman bin Fodio.

==Karatu==
Yayi karatunsa na degre a fannin Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zaria, a shekarar alif  (1986), da Mastas a shekara (1989) duk a jami'a daya.
[[Fayil:Suleiman Yusuf Ali (Koore).jpg|thumb|Yusuf Suleiman]]
Ya kuma halarci jami'ar Havard flagship, yayin da yayi karatu kan Privatization, the public Enterprises Management Program a shekara ta (1995). Ya halarci Kellog School of Management's Executive Development Program a shekara (2002). Jami'ar Havard Kenny School's Senior managers in government program a shekara ta (2001), Jami'ar Virginia Darden Graduate School of Business on Managing Critical Resources a shekara ta (2002), Cambridge Academy of Transport Shipping Insurance course a shekara ta (2002), Kellog Graduate School of Management Certificate in the soul of leadership Program, a shekara ta (2003). 

==Aiki==
A shekara ta (1986)  ya fara aiki da gwannatin Sokoto, a yayin da ya rike kujeran darakta na jaha, ma'aikatu a shekara ta (1991). Kuma yayi aiki a wajaje da dama a matakin jiha da taraiya.

A shekara ta (1990) an kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin daracta mai zartarwa a National Meritime Authority of Nigeria, wanda yanzu ake Kiran ta da (NIMASA). A shekara ta (2003) ya ajiye kujeran yayin da ya tsaya takaran sanata, a karkashin jam'iyar People Democratic Party (PDP).
[[Fayil:Hon Yusuf Suleiman 2013-08-10 20-14.jpg|thumb|Yusuf Suleiman]]
A ranan (6 ga watan Aprailu shekarar 2010), ya kuma zama ministan zirga-zirga na taraiyan [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] lokacin mulkin shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan.]] Ya zama ministan Wasanni a shekara ta (2011) Kuma ya sauka a (watan Desamba, shekarar 2011), lokacin da ya yanke shawaran tsayawa takaran gwamna a  jihar [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]].a lokaci da yabar jamiyar pdp se ya koma jamiyar Apc ya bar jamiyar Apc a Zabe 2019 a lokaci da ya fito takara ama bai samu ticket ba,se ya kara komawa jamiyar PDP. a wannan shekara,tunda ga 2019 Yana cikin jamiya pdp har zuwa 2026 lokaci ya sake chanza sheka zuwa jamiyar ADC&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/sokoto-guber-jonathan-accepts-minister-of-sport%E2%80%99s-resignation/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/columns/views/politics/13675-new-ministers-jonathans-cabinet-in-focus |access-date=2020-08-26 |archive-date=2010-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413014057/http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/columns/views/politics/13675-new-ministers-jonathans-cabinet-in-focus |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;


Kafin ya zama Minista, ya kuma kasance chairman of the Governing Council of the National Teachers' Institute,Kaduna (NTI). Ya zama chaiman (CEO) na Afro investors limited, Pravate Equity firm Kafin ya sauka daga kujeran minista, a shekara ta (2012). Dadi da Kari, yanzu shine shugaba mai zartarwa (CEO) na  kampanin Gaspia
[[Category:dan siyasan Najeriya]]
n Oil and Gas Limited.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suleiman, Yusuf}}


== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>nyiom9b8xw5qr1u6kz0e5p4cx1otwuj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ishaya Bako</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878297</id>
      <parentid>876243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:29:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Hakeem H</username>
        <id>46448</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359833477|Ishaya Bako]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878297</origin>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; '''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;bk

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], inda ya zauna mafi yawan rayuwarsa kafin ya koma [[Landan]] inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fim ta London . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
His film, ''[[Fuelling Poverty]]'', a [[Documentary film|documentary]] on poverty and fuel subsidy in Nigeria, is narrated by Nobel Laureate, [[Wole Soyinka]]. He lives in [[Abuja]], [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|FCT]], Nigeria. His film ''[[The Royal Hibiscus Hotel]]'' was screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.&lt;ref name=&quot;TIFF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan fim din [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lionheart (2018) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7707314/fullcredits/writers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>ggll78y76piyzkysg7tnv4nhmrsxc6i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Weruche Opia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878443</id>
      <parentid>528516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3117" sha1="hagb3sgozumxgy5cqljivs0s4f90p9l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Weruche Opia.jpg|thumb|hoton weruche opia]]
'''Reanne Weruche Opia''' ( /w ə r u tʃ eɪ Oʊ p i ə / )  (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1987 a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ) ne a Birtaniya-Nijeriya film da kuma mataki yar fim da kuma kasuwa. A yanzu haka tana matsayin Shugaba na layin tufafinta, Jesus Junkie Clothing.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnb5GMNYMfw&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Weruche Opia.jpg|thumb|Weruche Opia]]
Wanda aka fi sani da tauraruwa kamar Cleopatra Ofoedo a cikin shirin TV ''mara kyau Ilimi'',  Weruche ya kasance a cikin shekarar 2015 wanda aka zaba a cikin &quot;Jarumar [[Nollywood]] ta Shekara&quot; a Gasar Nishaɗin Nishaɗi ta Nijeriya na shekara ta 2015 A cikin shekarar 2018, Opia tayi tauraro tare da Steve Pemberton da Reece Shearsmith a cikin kashi na shida kuma na ƙarshe na jerin 4 na ''Ciki mai lamba 9'' mai taken &quot;Ƙaddarar Jarabawa&quot;. Opia ta zama tauraruwa kamar Terry Pratchard a cikin jerin shirye shiryen BBC Ina Iya Rushe Ku, wanda aka fara watsa shi a watan Yunin shekarar 2020. Opia tana da digiri a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.  Ita ɗiya ce ga tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar watsa labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin Ruth Benamaisia Opia.

== Fina-finai==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: LightSteelBlue;&quot; |Fim
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:40px;&quot; | Shekara
! style=&quot;width:250px;&quot; | Fim
! style=&quot;width:150px;&quot; | Matsayi
! style=&quot;width:300px;&quot; | Bayanan kula
|-
| 2010
| ''Kudirin''
| kamar yadda Selina Moris
| jerin talabijan
|-
| 2013
| ''Babban Yaro''
| kamar yadda Nafisa
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014
| ''Mummunar Ilimi''
| kamar yadda Cleopatra
| tauraro cikin Jari na 3
|-
| ''Lokacin da Soyayya ke Faruwa''
| kamar yadda Mo
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2015
| ''Ayaba (jerin talabijin)''
| kamar yadda Lilia
| featured a cikin 1 episode
|-
| ''Mugun Ilimi fim''
| kamar yadda Cleopatra Ofoedo
|
|-
| ''Barkono Mai Zafi''
| kamar yadda Toya
| featured a cikin 1 episode
|-
| ''Waɗanda ake zargi''
| kamar yadda Mae Roberts
| fasali a cikin aukuwa 2
|-
| ''Ganima'' (IV)
| kamar yadda Ebele
| gajeren fim
|-
| 2016
| ''Lokacin da Soyayya ta Sake Faruwa''
| kamar yadda Mo
| harkar fim
|-
|
| ''Bayan haka''
| kamar yadda Yuni
| gajeren fim
|-
| 2017
| Ma'aurata kawai
| kamar yadda Melissa
| jerin talabijan
|-
| 2018
| ''A ciki Na 9''
| kamar yadda Maz
| wanda aka nuna a cikin kashi 1 &quot;Kudin gwaji&quot;
|-
| 2019
| ''Yanka''
| kamar yadda Na'omi
| Jerin TV da aka gabatar a duk aukuwa 3
|-
| 2020
| ''Zan Iya Halarta Ka''
| kamar yadda Terry
| Jerin talabijan
|}

== Kyauta da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Bikin lambar yabo
! Kyauta
! Sakamakon
! Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2015
| Kyautar Nishadi ta Nijeriya ta 2015
| 'Yar wasan shekara (Nollywood)|{{nom}}
| 
|-
| 3rd Afirka Masu sihiri Masu sihiri suka zabi
| Fitacciyar Jaruma a cikin shirin barkwanci|{{nom}}
| 
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* Weruche Opia on IMDb
[[Category:Mata]]
[[category:Haifaffun 1987]]
[[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>hagb3sgozumxgy5cqljivs0s4f90p9l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Umar-askira</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>17278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877937</id>
      <parentid>783328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-38502-07</username>
        <id>46714</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* bangis */ sabon sashe</comment>
      <origin>877937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4783" sha1="rz2xair0jur21v85v0zq8c6h3gt19gc" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa! ==
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umar-askira! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar-askira|gudummuwarka]]. Kuma ina fatan zaka tsaya ka ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimake ka ka fahimci Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:M-Mustapha|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode. [[User:M-Mustapha|&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;''Em-em''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;u&gt;[[User talk:M-Mustapha|'''talk''']]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 18:06, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC)

== Inganta Mukaloli a Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu alaikum, Suna na Anasskoko daya cikin [[wikipedia:Admin|Admin]] masu kula da al'amuran [[Hausa Wikipedia]], naga kokarin ka sosai akan mukalolin daka ke ta kirkira, wanda hakan abune mai kyau, kuma ina maraba da hakan, amman wata hanzari ba gudu ba, wasu daga cikin mukalolin ka basu da [[wikipedia:Tutorial|Reference/Manazarta]] koda ko kwara daya ne, wanda hakan tsaiko ne ga Hausa Wikipedia sanna tsaiko ne a gareka domin cin gasar da kake fafatawa a ciki, shawara ! ka ringa samar da reference/Mmanazarta a kowanne mukala da ka kirkira domin Hausa Wikipedia tayi kyau, kaima ka samu daman lashe cin zakaran gasar Wikipedia@20.

Ka sani rashin samar da reference na haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga Hausa Wikipedia da kuma kai karan kanka a matsayinka na dan wasan gasar Wikipedia@20, Ina so in karfafa maka gwiya domin ka gyara mukalolinka domin lashe gasar da kake wasa ciki, domin kuma ci gaban Hausa Wikipedia.

Samar da reference abune mai sauki, kawai kaje yanar gizo ka samo su, ko kuma daga littattafai, idan hakan ya maka wahala to akwai wata hanya mai sauki, ka bude tab/shafin browsing biyu a wayar ka ko Kwamputar ka , tab na farko ka bude shafin mukalar a English Wikipedia, tab na biyu kuma ka bude shafin a Hausa Wikipedia, sai ka ringa copying link address din English Wikipedia kana generating din shi a shafin Hausa Wikipedia ta hanyar '''Cite''' dake sama a lokacin '''Editing''', ka tabbatar da cewa ko wacce link adress ta zauna a mazauninta.

Idan kuma kana bukatan karin bayani kamin magana a shafina na tatt,unawa [[User talk:Anasskoko]] domin taimako ko kuma karin bayani, ina maka fatan alheri a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma gasar Wikipedia@20, Nagode! daga naka.--  [[User:Anasskoko|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#00BFFF&quot;&gt;An@ss_koko&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#7F007F&quot;&gt;(Yi Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 14:22, 11 ga Maris, 2021 (UTC)

== Gasar Hausa Wikipedia ==

'''Assalamu alaikum''' @[[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]]''','''

Ina mai sanar da kai cewa za'a sanar da sakamakon gasa gobe idan Allah ya kaimu, ka duba wannan shafin domin ganin sakamakon gasa, sannan kyaututtuka za'a bayar dasu ne lokaci kadan bayan sanarwan. [[WP:Gasar Hausa Wikipedia ta Shekara-shekara]], Nagode.--  [[User:Anasskoko|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#00BFFF&quot;&gt;An@ss_koko&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#7F007F&quot;&gt;(Yi Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 11:17, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC)

== Gyaran muƙalu ==

Barka da aiki @[[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ina jinjina ma akan ƙirƙirar muƙalu da kakeyi, sai dai akwai abubuwa guda biyu da ya kamata ka kiyaye.

1) Ya kamata idan ka ƙirƙriri muƙala ka dinga sanya mata Manazarta Sannan ka ida karasa ta tayi yawa yadda mai karatu zai gamsu da abinda ka rubuta.

2) Ya kamata ka dinga ƙirƙirar muƙaloli masu tushe da asali. Na goge muƙalu biyu daga cikin muƙalolinka yanzu. *ZAHRA BUHARI da kuma *HALIMA BUHARI SHERIFF. Dukansu biyu basu da hujjoji hasali ma babu su a English Wikipedia. Saboda haka ya kamata mu gyara domin cigaban Wikipedia. Bissalam.....

[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 18:43, 22 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC)

:slm [[User:Alajurori|Alajurori]] ([[User talk:Alajurori|talk]]) 22:07, 13 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== bangis ==

hi [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38502-07|&amp;#126;2026-38502-07]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38502-07|talk]]) 16:14, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Femi Odugbemi</title>
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        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354906086|Femi Odugbemi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354906086|Femi Odugbemi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==

[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354906086|Femi Odugbemi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354906086|Femi Odugbemi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877916</origin>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354906086|Femi Odugbemi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFObioha2023&quot;&gt;Obioha, Vanessa (22 May 2023). [https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ &quot;The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''[[This Day|This Day Style]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ &quot;Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''ScreenWorlds''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. 
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354906086|Femi Odugbemi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFObioha2023&quot;&gt;Obioha, Vanessa (22 May 2023). [https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ &quot;The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''[[This Day|This Day Style]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ &quot;Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''ScreenWorlds''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. 

A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' .  A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017),  ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019),   ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021),  ''Covenant'' (2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354906086|Femi Odugbemi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 124  &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFObioha2023&quot;&gt;Obioha, Vanessa (22 May 2023). [https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ &quot;The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''[[This Day|This Day Style]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ &quot;Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''ScreenWorlds''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. 

A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' .  A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017),  ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019),   ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021),  ''Covenant'' (2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008),  ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016),  ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], &lt;ref name=&quot;Netflix&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Estate'' (2017),  . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018);  shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021).
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFObioha2023&quot;&gt;Obioha, Vanessa (22 May 2023). [https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ &quot;The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''[[This Day|This Day Style]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ &quot;Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''ScreenWorlds''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. 

A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' .  A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017),  ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019),   ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021),  ''Covenant'' (2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008),  ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016),  ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], &lt;ref name=&quot;Netflix&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Estate'' (2017),  . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018);  shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021).
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFObioha2023&quot;&gt;Obioha, Vanessa (22 May 2023). [https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ &quot;The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''[[This Day|This Day Style]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ &quot;Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''ScreenWorlds''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. 

A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' .  A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017),  ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019),   ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021),  ''Covenant'' (2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008),  ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016),  ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], &lt;ref name=&quot;Netflix&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Estate'' (2017),  . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018);  shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021).
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFObioha2023&quot;&gt;Obioha, Vanessa (22 May 2023). [https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ &quot;The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''[[This Day|This Day Style]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ &quot;Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''ScreenWorlds''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. 

A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' .  A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017),  ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019),   ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021),  ''Covenant'' (2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008),  ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016),  ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], &lt;ref name=&quot;Netflix&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Estate'' (2017),  . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018);  shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021).
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]

==Mana</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Femi Odugbemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1963) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya talabijin kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai shiryawa na [[Zuri24 Media]], wani kamfanin samar da abun ciki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Odugbemi a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1963 a Fadeyi, [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin, Legas]], Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friday |first=Nwafor |year=2013 |title=The Emergence of a Committed Nigerian Documentary Filmmaker: Femi Odugbemi |url=http://crab.uniport.edu.ng/images/crab_journal_2013/The%20Emergence%20of%20a%20Committed%20Nigerian%20Documentary%20Filmmaker_Femi%20Odugbemi_F_Friday.pdf |journal=The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |issue=8 |pages=121–132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya halarci Makarantar Gudanar da Zanga-zangar Gwamnati, Onitolo don karatunsa na farko da Makarantar Nahawu ta Ikilisiyar Apostolic Church don karatun sakandare a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 16, Odugbemi ya fara karatun sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye tare da ƙwarewa a fannin shirya fina-finai, rediyo da talabijin a Jami'ar Jihar Montana (MSU) daga 1979 zuwa 1984.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Nigeria in Self-Conversation: The Films of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/cinema/2017/nigeria-in-self-conversation-the-films-of-femi-odugbemi.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yayin da yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a KUSM Channel 9 da ke Bozeman, Montana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; An tura Odugbemi zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don shirin hidimar matasa don yin aiki a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) Kaduna inda ya yi aiki daga 1985 zuwa 1986. 

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Odugbemi ya koma Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shirya rediyo da talabijin a Lintas Advertising da kuma mataimakin darektan kirkire-kirkire a TBB-McCann. Ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, shirye-shiryen fina-finai da tallace-tallace a waɗannan mukamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot; /&gt;

Odugbemi ya kasance shugaban [[Kungiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar masu shirya shirye-shiryen talabijin masu zaman kansu ta Najeriya]] (ITPAN), shugaban taron kasa da kasa na Legas kan sinima, fina-finai da bidiyo a Afirka daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa ya kuma naɗa shi a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Fim ta Najeriya (MOPICON) a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 Shi memba ne na kwamitin adawa na Makarantar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa, [[Jami'ar Pan-African|Jami'ar Pan African]], memba ne na kwamitin Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) kuma mai ba da shawara na duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na Orange Academy, Legas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; : 125 

Odugbemi ya kasance babban alkali na bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards]] na tsawon shekaru biyar: daga 2012 zuwa 2014, 2019 da 2023; babban alkali na [[Uganda Film Festival Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Uganda Film Festival]] na tsawon shekaru uku: daga 2014 zuwa 2016 kuma alkali a [[Johannesburg International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Johannesburg]] kuma alkali kuma jagora na aikin [[Netflix]] / [[UNESCO]] African Folktales Reimagined. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Odugbemi ƙwararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Motsi ce (Awards of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) kuma memba ce mai zaɓe a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya ( [[Emmy Awards]] ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bilau |first=Olaolu |date=5 October 2022 |title=Femi Odugbemi joins International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |url=https://westernpost.ng/femi-odugbemi-joins-international-academy-of-television-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Western Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2010, Odugemi ya kafa bikin fina-finai na duniya na iRepresent tare da [[Jahman Anikulapo]] da [[Makin Soyinka]] . Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Dvwork Studios kuma babban furodusa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Zuri24 Media. &lt;ref name=&quot;This&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obioha |first=Vanessa |date=22 May 2023 |title=The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi |url=https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[ThisDay|This Day Style]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFObioha2023&quot;&gt;Obioha, Vanessa (22 May 2023). [https://www.thisdaystyle.ng/the-glorious-mind-of-femi-odugbemi/ &quot;The Glorious Mind of Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''[[This Day|This Day Style]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Femi Odugbemi |url=https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=ScreenWorlds}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://screenworlds.org/partners/femi-odugbemi/ &quot;Femi Odugbemi&quot;]. ''ScreenWorlds''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 June&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Odugbemi ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan farko na [[Multichoice Talent Factory]] for West Africa daga 2018 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; Ya sami kyautar Fim Excellence daga Society of the Performing Arts of Nigeria a watan Nuwamba na 2013, da kuma kyautar Lifetime Achievement daga [[Nigerian Film Corporation]] a 2018. 

A watan Agusta na 2008, Odugbemi tare da [[Jaiye Ojo]] da [[Lemmy Adebule]] sun samar da ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' .  A shekarar 2013, an yaba wa ''Tinsel'' a matsayin &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mafi bibiya kuma mafi nasara a talabijin na Najeriya a 'yan kwanakin nan.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Hazeez |date=May 2013 |title=Tinsel, a return to the golden age of TV drama |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011194311/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/tinsel-a-return-to-the-golden-age-of-tv-drama/ |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin sun haɗa da ''Battleground'' (2017),  ''[[Brethren (TV series)|Brothers]]'' (2019),   ''[[Movement-Japa]]'' (2021),  ''Covenant'' (2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeniji |first=Funmilayo |date=2 October 2022 |title=Covenant, new series by Zuri24 Media, berths on Africa Magic Showcase, Oct 3 |url=https://ntm.ng/2022/10/01/covenant-new-series-by-zuri24-media-berths-on-africa-magic-showcase-oct-3/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Naija Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Odugbemi ya shirya fina-finai da suka hada da ''Marako'' (2006), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Marako, by Femi Odugbemi |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/maroko/6373 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Africine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Abobaku'' (2008 a 16mm celluloid film directed by [[Niji Akanni]], wanda ya kasance a matsayin shigar Najeriya cikin shirin MNet 's New Directions project a 2008),  ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016),  ''4th Estate'' (2017) [2017], &lt;ref name=&quot;Netflix&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Meet the mentors for the 'African folktales, reimagined' competition |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/meet-the-mentors-for-the-african-folktales-reimagined-competition/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Estate'' (2017),  . ''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' (2018);  shirye-shiryen fina-finai kamar: &lt;ref name=&quot;Screen&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Crib&quot; /&gt; ''Rayuwa a Legas'' (2003), ''Bar Beach Blues'' (2004), ''Oui Voodoo'' (2005), ''Metamorphosis'' (2006), ''Ibadan-Cradle of Literati'' (2008), ''[[Bariga Boys]]'' (2009), ''Oriki'' (2010), Canji ''Yau'' (2010), ''Keeping Hope Alive'' (2010), ''And the Chain was Not: The Story of Freedom Park Lagos'' (2010), ''The Orange Chronicle'' (2010), ''Nigeria Good People, Great Nation'' (2011), ''A Beautiful Life: Tribute to Tavo Aderinokun'' (2011), ''FAGUNWA: Literature, Language and Literalisation'' (2013), ''MAKOKO: Futures Afloat'' (2016), da ''[[unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19|Unmasked: Leadership, Trust and the COVID-19]]'' (2021).

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]

==Mana</text>
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    <title>Al-Qaeda</title>
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{{Databox}}
[[File:Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg|thumb| [[Jihadi|Tutar jihadi]] wacce ba a san asalin ta ba]]
[[Fayil:Mugshot of Faris al-Zahrani.jpg|thumb|malamin alka'ida]]
[[Fayil:Flag of JTJ.svg|thumb|tutar alka'ida]]
'''al-Qaeda'''  ( {{Lang-ar|القاعدة}}   , ''al-qāʿidah'', &quot;tushe&quot;), ƙungiya ce ta [[Musulunci]] mai ɗauke da makamai wacce aka fara tsakanin watan Agustan 1988 da ƙarshen 1989.  &lt;sup&gt;p75&lt;/sup&gt;  Tana kuma aiki ne azaman hanyar sadarwa, a matsayin rundunar da ba ta da ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gunaratna|2002}}. &quot;al-Qaeda's global network, as we know it today, was created while it was based in Khartoum, from December 1991 till May 1996. To coordinate its overt and covert operations as al-Qaeda's ambitions and resources increased, it developed a decentralised, regional structure. [...] As a global multinational, al-Qaeda makes its constituent nationalities and ethnic groups, of which there are several dozen, responsible for a particular geographic region. Though its ''modus operandi'' is cellular, familial relationships play a key role.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; See also:
&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] [[Musulunci|Muslim]] ƙungiyar na kira ga duniya zuwa ga [[Jihadi|Jihad]] . Mafi yawan duniya suna zaton ƙungiyar Takfiriyya ce da ta [[Ta'addanci|'yan ta'adda]] .  &lt;ref&gt;2010 Amil Khan, The Long Struggle, p 88&lt;/ref&gt;

Membobin al-Qaeda sun aikata [[Ta'addanci|ta'addanci da yawa]] . Yawancin waɗannan an yi su ne ga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Shias. Wasu daga cikin sanannun hare-harenta sune hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, fashewar boma-bomai a ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka a [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, da harin da aka kaiwa jirgin ruwan Sojan ruwan Amurka USS Cole a shekarar 2000. al-Qaeda ta yi harin kunar bakin wake da [https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/simultaneous lokaci daya] ( a lokaci guda) fashewar bama-bamai daban-daban. 

Daga cikin burin ƙungiyar ta Al-Qaeda shi ne sauran ƙasashe su daina yin tasiri a ƙasashen Musulmi sannan kuma a yi sabon [[Khalifofi|halifancin]] Musulunci. Akwai sun kasance rahotanni cewa al-Qaeda ta yi imanin cewa [[Kirista]] da kuma [[Yahudawa]] kyamar mabiya addinin Islama da aka ƙoƙarin rushe Musulunci &lt;ref&gt;Fu'ad Husayn 'al-Zarqawi ... &quot;The Second Generation of al-Qa’ida, Part Fourteen,&quot; ''al-Quds al-Arabi'', July 13, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;, kuma cewa da kisan gillar da ruwansu da kuma fararen hula ne da addinai, barata a jihadi.

An yi zato cewa akwai masu aiki 500-1,000 a Afghanistan da kusan 5,000 a duniya. Koyaya, babu tabbacin wannan.

== Tarihi ==
A watan Yunin 2001, al-Qaeda da Jihadin Islama na Masar, waɗanda suke haɗe da juna tsawon shekaru, suka haɗe cikin 'Qaeda al-Jihad'. 

: &quot;... membobin Jihadin Islama da jagoranta Ayman al-Zawahiri sun samar da kashin bayan shugabancin [al-Quaeda]. A cewar jami’ai a hukumar leƙen asirin ta CIA da FBI, Zawahiri ne ke da alhakin yawancin ayyukan ta’addancin da za a yi wa Amurka ”. 

=== Mutuwar Osama bin Laden da shugabancin yanzu ===
Ba'amurke Ayman al-Zawahiri shi ne mafi girma daga cikin membobin shugabancin al-Qaeda bayan an kashe Osama bin Laden a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2011.

=== Mutuwar Abu Yahya al-Libi ===
An kashe babban shugaban ƙungiyar al-Qaeda Abu Yahya al-Libi a wani harin jirgi mara matuki a ranar 4 ga Yunin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Libi&quot;&gt;Al-Qaeda commander Abu Yahya al-Libi killed - US officials. ''BBC News Asia'' [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18334377 Al-Qaeda commander Abu Yahya al-Libi killed - US officials - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance na biyu zuwa Ayman al-Zawahiri a lokacin. An gudanar da yajin aikin a yankin arewa maso yamma na Waziristan . Gwamnatin [[Pakistan]] ta yi wa Amurka zanga-zanga game da yajin aikin. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sauran yanar gizo ==

* Majalisar a kan harkokin waje Relations [http://www.cfr.org/publication/9126/ al-Qaeda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126085357/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9126/ |date=2010-01-26 }} Archived  
[[Category:Ta'adanci]]
[[Category:Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci]]
[[Category:Rikici]]
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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{{Databox}}
[[File:Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg|thumb| [[Jihadi|Tutar jihadi]] wacce ba a san asalin ta ba]]
[[Fayil:Mugshot of Faris al-Zahrani.jpg|thumb|malamin alka'ida]]
[[Fayil:Flag of JTJ.svg|thumb|tutar alka'ida]]
'''al-Qaeda'''  ( {{Lang-ar|القاعدة}}   , ''al-qāʿidah'', &quot;tushe&quot;), ƙungiya ce ta [[Musulunci]] mai ɗauke da makamai wacce aka fara tsakanin watan Agustan shekarar 1988 da ƙarshen shekarar 1989.  &lt;sup&gt;p75&lt;/sup&gt;  Tana kuma aiki ne azaman hanyar sadarwa, a matsayin rundunar da ba ta da ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gunaratna|2002}}. &quot;al-Qaeda's global network, as we know it today, was created while it was based in Khartoum, from December 1991 till May 1996. To coordinate its overt and covert operations as al-Qaeda's ambitions and resources increased, it developed a decentralised, regional structure. [...] As a global multinational, al-Qaeda makes its constituent nationalities and ethnic groups, of which there are several dozen, responsible for a particular geographic region. Though its ''modus operandi'' is cellular, familial relationships play a key role.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; See also:
&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] [[Musulunci|Muslim]] ƙungiyar na kira ga duniya zuwa ga [[Jihadi|Jihad]] . Mafi yawan duniya suna zaton ƙungiyar Takfiriyya ce da ta [[Ta'addanci|'yan ta'adda]] .  &lt;ref&gt;2010 Amil Khan, The Long Struggle, p 88&lt;/ref&gt;

Membobin al-Qaeda sun aikata [[Ta'addanci|ta'addanci da yawa]] . Yawancin waɗannan an yi su ne ga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Shias. Wasu daga cikin sanannun hare-harenta sune hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, fashewar boma-bomai a ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka a [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a 1998, da harin da aka kaiwa jirgin ruwan Sojan ruwan Amurka USS Cole a shekarar 2000. al-Qaeda ta yi harin kunar bakin wake da [https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/simultaneous lokaci daya] ( a lokaci guda) fashewar bama-bamai daban-daban. 

Daga cikin burin ƙungiyar ta Al-Qaeda shi ne sauran ƙasashe su daina yin tasiri a ƙasashen Musulmi sannan kuma a yi sabon [[Khalifofi|halifancin]] Musulunci. Akwai sun kasance rahotanni cewa al-Qaeda ta yi imanin cewa [[Kirista]] da kuma [[Yahudawa]] kyamar mabiya addinin Islama da aka ƙoƙarin rushe Musulunci &lt;ref&gt;Fu'ad Husayn 'al-Zarqawi ... &quot;The Second Generation of al-Qa’ida, Part Fourteen,&quot; ''al-Quds al-Arabi'', July 13, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;, kuma cewa da kisan gillar da ruwansu da kuma fararen hula ne da addinai, barata a jihadi.

An yi zato cewa akwai masu aiki 500-1,000 a Afghanistan da kusan 5,000 a duniya. Koyaya, babu tabbacin wannan.

== Tarihi ==
A watan Yunin 2001, al-Qaeda da Jihadin Islama na Masar, waɗanda suke haɗe da juna tsawon shekaru, suka haɗe cikin 'Qaeda al-Jihad'. 

: &quot;... membobin Jihadin Islama da jagoranta Ayman al-Zawahiri sun samar da kashin bayan shugabancin [al-Quaeda]. A cewar jami’ai a hukumar leƙen asirin ta CIA da FBI, Zawahiri ne ke da alhakin yawancin ayyukan ta’addancin da za a yi wa Amurka ”. 

=== Mutuwar Osama bin Laden da shugabancin yanzu ===
Ba'amurke Ayman al-Zawahiri shi ne mafi girma daga cikin membobin shugabancin al-Qaeda bayan an kashe Osama bin Laden a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2011.

=== Mutuwar Abu Yahya al-Libi ===
An kashe babban shugaban ƙungiyar al-Qaeda Abu Yahya al-Libi a wani harin jirgi mara matuki a ranar 4 ga Yunin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Libi&quot;&gt;Al-Qaeda commander Abu Yahya al-Libi killed - US officials. ''BBC News Asia'' [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18334377 Al-Qaeda commander Abu Yahya al-Libi killed - US officials - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance na biyu zuwa Ayman al-Zawahiri a lokacin. An gudanar da yajin aikin a yankin arewa maso yamma na Waziristan . Gwamnatin [[Pakistan]] ta yi wa Amurka zanga-zanga game da yajin aikin. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sauran yanar gizo ==

* Majalisar a kan harkokin waje Relations [http://www.cfr.org/publication/9126/ al-Qaeda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126085357/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9126/ |date=2010-01-26 }} Archived  
[[Category:Ta'adanci]]
[[Category:Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci]]
[[Category:Rikici]]
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)</title>
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[[File:ShababFlag.svg|thumb| Tutar yaƙin al-Shabaab]]
'''Al-Shabaab''' ƙungiyar mayaka ce da ke da cibiya a [[Somaliya|Somalia]]. Ƙungiyar na neman kawar da [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] daga Somalia kuma tana yin adawa da ƙungiyoyin Sufi daban-daban. An amince da ita a matsayin kwayar [[al-Qaeda]] a shekarar 2012.  The hukuma sunan ƙungiyar ne '''Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen''' ( {{Lang-ar|حركة الشباب المجاهدين}}   ). Yanzu ya zama reshen kungiyar ISIL. Sunanta larabci ne na Matasa.

Wasu mutanen da ke Ƙungiyar Tarayyar kotunan Islama sun kafa Ƙungiyar al-Shabaab a cikin shekarar 2006 ko shekarar 2007. Ƙungiyar tana bin koyarwar Wahhabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AJE2010&quot;&gt;[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/12/20101219202047178447.html Somalia rebel groups 'merge'], in: [[Al Jazeera English]], 25. Dezember 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Al-Shabaab na son ƙirƙirar daular Islama a yankin Afirka, da shiga cikin wasan zinare na golbal djihad .

Al-Shabaab tana iko da yankuna da dama na kudancin Somaliya. A yankin da yake iko da shi, akwai tsattsauran salon [[Shari'a]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;MostFailedNYer&quot;&gt;Jon Lee Anderson, Letter from Mogadishu, &quot;The Most Failed State,&quot; ''The New Yorker'', December 14, 2009, p. 64 [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/12/14/091214fa_fact_anderson abstract]&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki alhakin wasu [[Ta'addanci|hare]] -haren ta'addanci da suka haɗa da harbe-harben kantin Westgate a 2013, Nairobi DusitD2 harin da aka kai a farkon 2019 a Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya da kuma harin Jami'ar Garissa wanda ya kashe mutane 142 a watan Afrilun 2015. {{Stub}} 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Ta'adanci]]
[[Category:Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci]]
[[Category:Somaliya]]
[[Category:Rikici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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[[File:AWB_Rally,_Church_Square,_Pretoria.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|AWB Rally, Dandalin Church, Pretoria]]
'''Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging''' ( '''AWB''' ) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don fararen fata wato [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|Afrikaner]], Boers . An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1973 ta Eugène Terre'Blanche . Ya jagoranci jam’iyyar har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2010. Steyn van Ronge ke jagoranta yanzu.

Wata ƙungiya ce ta fararen fatar Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke son ƙasarsu. Suna son sanya masa suna ''Boerestaat'' . Jam’iyyar ba ta wuce gona da iri kamar sauran jam’iyyun da ke son korar baƙi ‘yan Afirka ta Kudu ba. AWB kawai yana son ƙasa tsakanin iyakokin SA.

AWB kuma tana son komawa zuwa mulkin wariyar launin fata, ko kuma aƙalla wasu daga cikinsu suna so. Kuma suna son kawo ƙarshen kashe fararen fata da bakake ke yi . Isungiyar ba ta da rikici, amma ta kasance tana dawowa cikin 1990s..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1= Turpin-Petrosino|first1= Carolyn|year= 2013|title= The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VFasBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT181|publisher= Taylor and Francis|isbn= 9781134014248|quote= There are hate groups in South Africa. Perhaps among the most organized is the Afrikaner Resistance Movement or AWB (Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging). Included in its ideological platform are neo-Nazism and White supremacy.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nyt /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/04/05/south.africa.terreblanche/ |title=South Africa's neo-Nazis drop revenge vow |work= CNN |date=5 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Clark|first1=Nancy |last2=Worger|first2=William |year=2013 |title=South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRqBAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR20|publisher=Routledge |page=xx|isbn=9781317861652 |quote=Terre'Blanche, Eugene (1941–2010): Began career in the South African police. In 1973 founded the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging as a Nazi-inspired militant right-wing movement upholding white supremacy.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Ta'adanci]]
[[Category:Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci]]
[[Category:Afirka]]
[[Category:Afirka ta Kudu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi</title>
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'''Daukar Musulunci ta Iraƙi ko da Turanci, &lt;nowiki&gt;''Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant''&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ( '''ISIL''' ), ko '''Islamic State a Iraq da Syria''' ( '''ISIS''' ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Lang-ar|الدولة الاسلامية في العراق والشام}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ad-Dawlat al-Islāmiyya fī’l-‘Irāq wa’sh-Shām}}''&lt;/ref&gt; ko '''Islamic State,''' ( '''IS''' )   ƙungiyar [[Mabiya Sunnah|Wahabi]] &lt;ref&gt;Iraq in Crisis - Page 175, Anthony H. Cordesman, Sam Khazai - 2014&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jihadi|mayaƙan jihadi]] da ƙungiyar ta'addanci. A cikin larabci galibi ana kiranta &quot;Daesh&quot;. Tana aiki a [[Libya]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/195a7ffb0090444785eb814a5bda28c7/how-libyan-city-joined-islamic-state-group |access-date=2021-03-13 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714093414/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/195a7ffb0090444785eb814a5bda28c7/how-libyan-city-joined-islamic-state-group |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nijeriya|Nigeria]],  [[Siriya|Syria]] da kuma wani ƙaramin yanki na arewacin [[Iraƙi|Iraq]] . 

[[Wahhabiyya|Mazhabin]] Wahabiyanci na [[Musulunci|Islama sun]] rinjaye shi.Ta yin ikirarin kafa dauloli a cikin ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin ta a [[Iraƙi|kasar Iraki]], [[Libya]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]], da kuma [[Siriya|Syria]] . Tana adawa ne da [[Shi'a|Shi'anci]] kuma an bayyana ta da &quot;Masu ƙin jinin Shi'a&quot;.  &lt;ref&gt;Rise of ISIS: a threat we can't ignore - p 8, Jay Sekulow - 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa ƙungiyar ne a farkon shekarun yaƙin Iraki kuma ta haɗe kanta da [[Al-Qaeda]] a shekarar 2004. Ƙungiyar ISIL ta kasance daga kungiyoyi masu tayar da kayar baya daban-daban. Manufarta ita ce kafa [[Khalifofi|halifanci]] a yankuna mafi rinjaye na Sunni a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], daga baya kuma ta faɗaɗa wannan ya haɗa da [[Siriya]] .  A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2014, bayan gwagwarmaya na tsawon watanni takwas, [[Al-Qaeda|Al-Qaeda ta]] yanke duk wata alaka da ISIL. 

ISIL mai son ƙarni ne, &lt;ref&gt;Wood, Graeme C.A. March 2015. ''The Atlantic'' [https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ What ISIS really wants]&lt;/ref&gt; ma'ana ya yi imanin cewa al'umma za ta canza sosai, kuma duk abin da muka sani zai ƙare ba da daɗewa ba. Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki sabbin membobi ta hanyar yi musu alkawarin bautar jima'i ko aure mai arha. &lt;ref&gt;Kibble, David G. &quot;Dabiq, the Islamic State's Magazine: A Critical Analysis.&quot; Middle East Policy 23.3 (2016): 133-143&lt;/ref&gt;

== Faɗa ==
A lokacin yaƙin Iraki, ƙungiyar ISIL ta kasance a lardunan Iraki na Al Anbar, Ninawa, Kirkuk, yawancin Sala ad Din, sassan Babil, Diyala da [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Tana ikirarin Baqubah a matsayin babban birninta. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001204.html?nav=rss_email/components Situation called dire in west Iraq.] ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 2006-SEP-10.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/27/AR2006112701287.html &quot;Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker&quot;.] ''The Washington Post'', 28 November 2006&lt;/ref&gt;   A yakin basasar Siriya da ke gudana, kungiyar na da dimbin yawa a cikin gwamnonin Syria na Ar-Raqqa, Idlib da [[Aleppo]] .  

Kungiyar ta kai hari a kan manufofin gwamnati da sojoji. Ta dauki alhakin harin da ya kashe dubban fararen hular Iraki.  A lokacin da sojojin kawancen ke Iraki, kungiyar ta dan sami koma baya. Zuwa 2012, ana tunanin ya kuma dawo da mafi yawan ƙarfinta kuma fiye da ninki biyu na membobinta zuwa kusan 2,500. &lt;ref name=&quot;ucdp.uu.se&quot;&gt;Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Iraq, In depth, Continued armed conflict after USA's troop withdrawal from Iraq, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=77&amp;regionSelect=10-Middle_East# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927151947/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=77&amp;regionSelect=10-Middle_East |date=2013-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, wata wasiƙa da wani faifan murya da aka naɗa na Ayman al-Zawahiri, shugaban kungiyar al-Qaeda, ta fallasa zuwa gidan talabijin na Al Jazeera . A ciki, al-Zawahiri ya wargaza bangaren Syria na ISIL.  Shugaban kungiyar, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ya nuna adawa ga wannan hukuncin bisa [[Shari'a|doron shari’ar Musulunci]] .  Tuni ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da aiki a Syria. Farawa a cikin watan Afrilu na 2013, ta sami nasarorin soja cikin sauri a manyan sassan Arewacin Siriya, inda Ƙungiyar Kula da Hakkokin Dan-Adam ta Syria ta bayyana su a matsayin &quot;rukuni mafi karfi&quot;.  Su sun nemi talla ta sakewa bidiyo na [[Ɗan jarida|da 'yan jarida]] da sauran fursunonin yaƙi, yafi yi da ƙungiyar Jihadi John . An kashe shi a cikin Nuwamba 2015.

== Halifanci a Duniya ==
A cikin Yunin shekarar 2014, ta sanar da [[Khalifofi|halifanci]] a duniya. A cikin shekarar 2014, ƙungiyar ISIL ta yi nasarar gwabza ƙazamin hari a Iraki. Bayan wannan farmakin, an bayar da rahoton cewa ƙungiyar ISIL ta ƙwace mafi yawan Mosul, birni na biyu mafi girma a cikin Iraki, da kewayen lardin Nineveh, da kuma garin Fallujah .  A cikin bazarar shekarar 2015 ISIL ta yi yaƙi don iko da Tikrit, cibiyar gudanarwa ta Masarautar Salah ad Din. 

A cikin bazarar 2016 Sojojin Iraki sun sake karɓar Fallujah. A karshen shekarar 2016 sojojin suka kwace Ramadi a Lardin Al Anbar, kuma a farkon shekarar 2017 sojojin gwamnatin Iraki suka sake kwace Mosul . A watan Oktoba Raqqa, tsohon hedikwatar ta fadi.

== Fim ==
Fim din ''The Blue Man'' 2014,  wanda yake da alaƙa da labarin The New York Times mai taken &quot;Bayyanar da Fargabar Iraki a Kabarin Hamada&quot; wanda John F. Burns ya rubuta,  kuma ambaci kisan gillar da ƙungiyar tayi ma [[Shi'a|Shia]] da yawa tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2006.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Ta'adanci]]
[[Category:Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci]]
[[Category:Daulolin Musulunci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dutsen Kura (Kafur)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>A Hakeem H</username>
        <id>46448</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Kara wasu Dagacikin Sanannun Yan Dutsen kura</comment>
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'''Dutsen Kura''' gari ne dake a Ƙaramar hukumar [[Kafur]] ta [[Katsina|Jihar Katsina]] Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.citydir.org/NG/Katsina/Kafur/Dutsen-Kura/Cities/Dutsin-Kura/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mindat.org/feature-9411178.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/9411178-region2-dutsen-kura.html{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://hfr-testing.health.gov.ng/facilities/hospitals-list?page=820 |access-date=2021-04-14 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414134009/https://hfr-testing.health.gov.ng/facilities/hospitals-list?page=820 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dutsen Kura gari ne na shahararren ɗan jaridar nan na sashen Hausa na DW dake a ƙasar [[Jamus]] wato Zaharaddin Umar Dutsen-kura.
Kuma gari ne na Alhaji Khalil Bako, tsohon sakataren dindindin a ma'aikatar ƙananan hukumomi da masarautu ta jihar katsina sannan shi ne dagacin garin na Dutsen-kura baya ga haka ya riƙe Kwamishina na dindindin a ma'aikatar samarda 
aiyuka ta [[jihar Katsina]].  
===Sanannun Mutane===
Alhaji Halilu Bako.

Alhaji Abubakar Sani Maza wajen galadiman Katsina

Abdullahi Bello Wakilin Uban Dawakin Dutsen kura Kuma Garkuwan kudun Galadiman Katsina&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Hotunan Dutsen Kura===
[[File:Fada construction.jpg|thumb|Dutsen Kura village head Palace]]
[[File:Fadar HakiminDutsen kura.jpg|thumb|District head Palace Dutsen Kura.]]
==Anguwanni==
#Unguwar Tsamiya
#Gidan Kawo
#Unguwar Madaki
#Unguwar Diyami
# Unguwar Baro
# 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://dclhausa.com/tag/zaharaddeen-umar-dutsen-kura/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414134008/https://dclhausa.com/tag/zaharaddeen-umar-dutsen-kura/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://audioboom.com/Babanfadila2016 |access-date=2021-04-14 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414134007/https://audioboom.com/Babanfadila2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hakar ma'adinai</title>
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[[File:Strip_coal_mining.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strip_coal_mining.jpg|thumb|Hadin kwal na kasa]]
[[File:Kawah-Ijen_Indonesia_Ijen-Sulfur-Miner-01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kawah-Ijen_Indonesia_Ijen-Sulfur-Miner-01.jpg|thumb|Makarkancin Sulfur tare da sulfur da aka dauke shi daga bene na Ijen Volcano (2015)]]
[[File:Simplified_world_mining_map_1.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simplified_world_mining_map_1.png|thumb|Saukake taswirar ma'adanai]]
'''Hakar ma'adinai''' shine hakar ma'adanai masu mahimmanci ko wasu abubuwan ilimin kasa daga Duniya, yawanci daga jikin kasa, lode, vein, seam, reef, ko ajiya. Wadannan kudaden suna samar da kayan masarufi wanda ke da fa'idar tattalin arziki ga mai hakar [[Diamond|gwal]].

Ma’adanan da aka gano ta hanyar hakar ma’adinai sun hada da karafa, gawayi, shallen mai, gemstones, farar kasa, alli, dutse mai girma, gishirin dutsen, potash, tsakuwa, da yumbu. Ana bukatar hakar ma'adinai don samun duk wani abu wanda ba za a iya habaka ta hanyar aiwatar da aikin gona ba, ko kuma mai yiwuwa a kirkira shi ta hanyar wucin gadi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko masana'anta. Ma'adanan ma'adanai da yalwa sun hada da hakar duk wani abu mara sabuntawa kamar su fetur, gas, ko ma ruwa.

Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na zamani sun hada da neman ma'adanan kasa, nazarin fa'idar ribar ma'adinan da ake son samarwa, hakar abubuwan da ake so, da sake dawo da kasar bayan an rufe ma'adinan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/deremetallica50agri|title=De re metallica|last1=Agricola|first1=Georg|last2=Hoover|first2=Herbert|date=1950|publisher=New York, Dover Publications|others=MBLWHOI Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan hakar ma'adanai galibi suna haifar da mummunan tasirin mahalli, yayin aikin hakar ma'adinai da kuma bayan rufe ma'adinai. Don haka, yawancin al'ummomin duniya sun zartar da ka'idojin don rage tasirin. Tsaron aiki ya daɗe yana damuwa, kuma ayyukan yau da kullun sun inganta aminci a cikin ma'adinai.

== Haƙƙoƙin Ma'adinai da Filaye ==
Ayyukan hakar [[ma'adinai]] sau da yawa suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin [[Filayen|filaye]] ta hanyoyi masu rikitarwa da kuma wasu lokutan masu tayar da hankali. A ƙasashe da yawa, mallakar filaye da mallakar albarkatun ma'adinai ana raba su bisa doka, inda haƙƙin ma'adinai galibi ana ba wa jiha ne, yayin da mutane ko al'ummomi na iya mallakar filaye.

Wannan yana haifar da yanayi inda al'ummomi za su iya mallakar ƙasar da aka haƙa bisa doka amma ba su da ikon sarrafa haƙo ma'adanai da ke ƙarƙashinta.

Rijistar filaye ta al'ada, wadda ta zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara da dama, galibi tana tafiyar da amfani da filaye da gado.

Haƙar ma'adinai a waɗannan yankuna na iya kawo cikas ga noma, kiwo, da wurare masu mahimmanci a al'ada, kuma al'ummomin da ba su da takardar shedar zama na hukuma na iya fuskantar barazanar korar ma'aikata ko rashin isasshen diyya.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/AJLP-GS/article/view/32600&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafin tarihi ===
[[File:TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG|thumb|Ma'adanin tagulla na Chalcolithic a cikin kwarin Timna, Negev Negev]]
Tun farkon wayewa, mutane suna amfani da dutse, tukwane kuma, daga baya, karafa da aka samo kusa da saman Duniya. Anyi amfani da wadannan don yin kayan aiki na farko da makamai; misali, an yi amfani da dutsen kankara mai inganci da aka samo a arewacin Faransa, kudancin Ingila da Poland don kirkirar kayayyakin kankan dutse.&lt;ref&gt;Hartman, Howard L. ''SME Mining Engineering Handbook'', Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc, 1992, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; An gano ma'adanan Flint a wuraren alli inda aka bi sawun dutsen a shararraki da wuraren adana hotuna. Ma'adanai a Grimes Graves da Krzemionki sun shahara sosai, kuma kamar yawancin sauran ma'adanai, asalinsu neolithic (c. 4000-3000 BC). Sauran duwatsu masu wuya da aka haka ko tara don gatari sun hada da dutsen dutse na masana'antar gatari na Langdale wanda ke yankin Gundumar Kogin Ingila. Mafi shahararren ma'adanai a tarihin tarihi shi ne Ngwenya na Ngwenya a Eswatini (Swaziland), wanda tattaunawar rediyo ta nuna yana da kimanin shekaru 43,000. A wannan rukunin yanar gizon mutane sun halicci hematite don yin launi mai launin ja.&lt;ref&gt;Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, &quot;Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern,&quot; Retrieved August 27, 2007, {{cite web|url=http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp|title=Swaziland National Trust Commission – Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern|access-date=2016-02-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221001/http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp|archive-date=2016-03-03}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peace Parks Foundation, &quot;Major Features: Cultural Importance.&quot; Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007,  {{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&amp;pid=148 |access-date=2021-05-11 |archive-date=2008-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207102130/http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&amp;pid=148 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'adanai na irin wannan shekarun a cikin Hungary an yi imanin cewa wurare ne inda wataƙila Neanderthals ya hako dutsen kankara don makamai da kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ASA – October 1996: Mining and Religion in Ancient Man|url=http://www2.asa3.org/archive/asa/199610/0067.html|website=www2.asa3.org|access-date=2015-06-11|archive-date=2018-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002182555/http://www2.asa3.org/archive/asa/199610/0067.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsohon Misira ===
[[File:Malachite,_Zaire.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malachite,_Zaire.jpg|right|thumb|Malachite]]
Tsoffin Masarawa sun yi malachite a Maadi.&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, I. (2000). ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.&amp;nbsp;57–59.&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko, Masarawa sunyi amfani da duwatsu masu launin koren malachite don kayan ado da tukwane. Daga baya, tsakanin 2613 da 2494 BC, manyan ayyukan gine-gine sun bukaci balaguro zuwa kasashen waje zuwa yankin Wadi Maghareh don tabbatar da ma'adinai da sauran albarkatun da babu su a cikin Misira kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw&quot;&gt;Shaw, I. (2000). ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt''. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 108.&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gano wuraren neman kayan turquoise da na jan karfe a Wadi Hammamat, Tura, Aswan da sauran wurare daban-daban na Nubia a Tsibirin Sinai da Timna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw&quot; /&gt;

Hakar ma'adinai a Misira ya faru ne a farkon dauloli. Ma'adanai na zinare na Nubia suna daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi girman kowane a cikin Tsohon Misira. Wadannan marubutan sun bayyana ne ta hanyar marubucin Girkanci Diodorus Siculus, wanda ya ambaci sanya wuta a matsayin hanya daya da ake amfani da ita wajen farfasa dutsen da ke dauke da zinaren. Ana nuna dayan rukunin gidaje a dayan sanannun taswira. Masu hakar ma'adinan sun ragargaza ma'adinan kuma sun nika shi da kamshi mai kyau kafin su wanke foda don kurar zinaren.

=== Tsohon Girka da Rome ===
[[File:Dolaucothimap4.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolaucothimap4.jpg|thumb|Ci gaban Tsohon Roman na Ma'adinan Zinare na Dolaucothi, Wales]]
Ma'adinai a Turai yana da dogon tarihi. Misalan sun hada da ma'adanan azurfa na Laurium, wanda ya taimaka wajen tallafawa jihar birni ta [[Athens]]. Kodayake suna da bayi sama da 20,000 da ke aiki da su, amma fasahar su ta kasance daidai da ta magabatan su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MINING GREECE ANCIENT MINES|url=http://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/mining-history/ancient-mines/|website=www.miningreece.com|access-date=2015-06-11|date=2014-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu ma'adanai, kamar a tsibirin Thassos, 'yan Faransa sun sassaka marmara bayan sun isa karni na 7 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mining Greece Ancient Quarries in Thassos|url=http://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/ancient-quarries-in-thassos/|website=www.miningreece.com|access-date=2015-06-11|date=2014-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kawo marmar din kuma daga baya masana binciken kayan tarihi sun gano cewa anyi amfani da shi a cikin gine-gine ciki har da kabarin Amphipolis. Philip II na Macedon, mahaifin Alexander the Great, ya kama ma'adinan zinariya na Mount Pangeo a cikin 357 BC don ba da kudin kamfen din sa na soja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mining Greece the Goldmines of Alexander the Great|url=http://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/mining-history/the-goldmines-of-alexander-the-great/|website=www.miningreece.com|access-date=2015-06-11|date=2014-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ya kama ma'adinan zinare a cikin Thrace don kirkirar tsabar kudi, a karshe ya samar da tan 26 a shekara.

Koyaya, Romawa ne suka kirkiro manyan hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai, musamman amfani da manyan ruwa da aka kawo ta mahakar ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da yawa. An yi amfani da ruwan don dalilai daban-daban, gami da cire abubuwa masu nauyi da kuma tarkacen dutse, wanda ake kira hakar mai, da kuma hada-hadar wanka, ko nikakke, ores da tukin injina masu sauki.

Romawa sun yi amfani da hanyoyin hakar ma'adanai a babban sikelin don hango jijiyoyin ma'adanai, musamman ma wanda aka daina amfani da shi yanzu wanda ake kira hushing. Sun gina magudanan ruwa da yawa don samar da ruwa ga ma'adinan. A can, ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin manyan tafkunan ruwa da tankuna. Lokacin da aka bude cikakken tanki, ambaliyar ruwan ta dauke kayan da aka dora musu nauyi don fallasa gadon da ke karkashin da kowane jijiyoyin zinariya. Daga nan wuta ta yi aiki a kan dutsen don dumama dutsen, wanda za a kashe shi da rafin ruwa. Sakamakon girgizar zafin da ya haifar ya fashe dutsen, wanda ya ba da damar cire shi ta hanyar karin rafuka na ruwa daga tankunan da ke sama. Masu hakar ma'adinan Roman sunyi amfani da irin wadannan hanyoyin don yin aikin cassiterite a cikin Cornwall da gubar dalma a cikin Pennines.

Rumawan sun kirkiro hanyoyin ne a [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a shekara ta 25 AD don amfani da dukiyar zinare masu yawa, mafi girman wurin shine a Las Medulas, inda dogayen magudanan ruwa guda bakwai suka tatse kogunan yankin kuma suka biya kudaden. Romawa kuma sun yi amfani da azurfar da ke cikin galena mai ban tsoro a cikin ma'adinan Cartagena (Cartago Nova), Linares (Castulo), Plasenzuela da Azuaga, da sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. II. Sulfuros y sulfosales|last=Calvo|first=Miguel|publisher=Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava|year=2003|isbn=84-7821-543-3|location=Vitoria, Spain|pages=205–335}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spain ta kasance dayan mahimman yankuna na hakar ma'adinai, amma duk yankuna na Daular Rome ana amfani da su. A cikin Burtaniya nan asalin kasar sun hako ma'adinai na shekaru dubu, amma bayan mamayar Rome,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2169254.ece|title=The Independent, 20 Jan. 2007: ''The end of a Celtic tradition: the last gold miner in Wales''|publisher=News.independent.co.uk|date=2007-01-20|access-date=2013-06-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706035317/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2169254.ece|archive-date=July 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; girman ayyukan ya karu sosai, saboda Romawa suna bukatar albarkatun Britannia, musamman zinariya, azurfa, kwano, da gubar.

Fasahar Roman ba ta takaita ga hakar ma'adinai ba. Sun bi jijiyoyin karkashin kasa da zarar an fara samun damar hakar ma'adinai. A Dolaucothi sun dakatar da jijiyoyin kuma sunyi amfani da adit ta cikin dutsen da ba dutse don magudanar wuraren. Hakanan an yi amfani da irin wadannan adon don shigar da aiki, musamman mahimmanci lokacin da aka yi amfani da saitin wuta. A wasu sassan shafin, sun ratsa teburin ruwan kuma sun lalata ma'adinan ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan injina, musamman ma masu juya ruwa-ruwa. An yi amfani da wadannan sosai a ma'adinan tagulla a Rio Tinto a Spain, inda dayan jerin ya kunshi irin wadannan kafafun 16 da aka shirya biyu-biyu, da daga ruwa kimanin mita 24 (kafa 79). An yi musu aiki a matsayin matattarar masarufi tare da masu hakar ma'adinai da ke tsaye a saman tebur. Yawancin misalai na irin wadannan na'urori an samo su a cikin tsohuwar ma'adinan Roman kuma wasu misalai yanzu ana adana su a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da Gidan Tarihi na Walesasa na Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://romans-in-britain.org.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073131/http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/raw_mining.htm|url-status=dead|title=Web Hosting, Reseller Hosting &amp; Domain Names from Heart Internet|archive-date=July 20, 2010|website=romans-in-britain.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na da Turai ===
[[File:Georgius_Agricola.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgius_Agricola.jpg|thumb|Agricola, marubucin ''De Re Metallica'']]
[[File:Gallery_medieval_silver_mine_Germany_southern_Black_Forest_12th_century.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallery_medieval_silver_mine_Germany_southern_Black_Forest_12th_century.jpg|thumb|Gallery, karni na 12 zuwa 13, Jamus]]
Ma'adinai azaman masana'anta ya sami canje-canje masu ban mamaki a zamanin Turai. Masana'antar hakar ma'adanai a farkon karni na Tsakiya sun fi mai da hankali ne akan hakar tagulla da bakin karfe. Hakanan an yi amfani da wasu karafa masu daraja, galibi don kyalli ko tsabar kudi. Da farko, ana samun karafa da yawa ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai, kuma ana fitar da ma'adanin ne daga zurfin zurfin, maimakon ta hanyar zurfafan ma'adanai. Kusan karni na 14, yawan amfani da makamai, kayan yaki, masu motsa jiki, da takalmin dawakai ya karu da bukatar karfe. Misali, masanan zamanin da, galibi ana dauke da farantin da ya kai kilogiram 100 (45 kilogiram) ko sulke da takobi, mashi da sauran makamai.&lt;ref&gt;A culture of Improvement. Robert Friedel. MIT Press. 2007. p. 81&lt;/ref&gt; Babban dogaro da bakin karfe don dalilan soja ya haifar da samar da bakin karfe da ayyukan hakar.

Rikicin azurfar na shekarar 1465 ya faru ne lokacin da dukkan ma'adinai suka isa zurfin da ba za a iya sake amfani da sandunan a bushe da fasahar dake akwai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115CH7.html|title=Chapter 7: Medieval Silver and Gold|publisher=Mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu|access-date=2013-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714062613/http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115ch7.html|archive-date=2013-07-14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake yawan amfani da takardun kudi, lamuni da tsabar kudi na jan karfe a wannan lokacin ya rage darajar, da kuma dogaro da, karafa masu daraja, zinariya da azurfa har yanzu suna da mahimmanci ga labarin ma'adinai na da.

Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin zamantakewar al'umma, karuwar hakar ma'adinai ya yadu daga tsakiyar Turai zuwa Ingila a tsakiyar karni na sha shida. A nahiya, ma'adinan ma'adinai mallakar na kambi ne, kuma an hakkake wannan hakkin mallaka. Amma a Ingila, an takaita hakkin hakar ma'adinai ga zinare da azurfa (wadanda Ingilishi kusan ba su da ajiya) ta hanyar yanke hukunci na 1568 da doka a 1688. Ingila na da baƙin ƙarfe, tutiya, tagulla, gubar, da ma'adanai. Masu mallakar kasa wadanda suka mallaki ƙananan karfe da gawayi a karkashin kauyukansu to suna da karfin karfafawa don cire wadannan ƙarfe ko don ba da rancen ajiyar kudi da karɓar kuɗi daga masu aikin hakar ma'adinai. Ingilishi, Jamusanci, da Dutch babban birni sun haɗu don habaka kudin habaka da tacewa. An kawo kwararrun masanan Jamus da kwararrun ma'aikata; a shekara ta 1642 wani yanki na yan kasashen waje 4,000 masu hakar ma'adinai da narkar da tagulla a Keswick a tsaunukan arewa maso yamma.&lt;ref&gt;Heaton Herbert (1948) ''Economic History of Europe.'' A Harper International Edition. Fifth printing. February 1968. p. 316&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ikon ruwa a cikin hanyar mills na ruwa ya yawaita. An yi amfani da injinan hakar ruwa a murkushe ma'adinai, daga ma'adanan daga rakuman ruwa, da kuma yin dakunan shiga ta iska mai karfi. An fara amfani da hoda baƙar fata a hakar ma'adinai a Selmecbánya, Masarautar Hungary (yanzu Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) a 1627.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8|title=Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria)|journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany|volume=17|issue=2|pages=211–21|year=2008|last1=Heiss|first1=Andreas G.|last2=Oeggl|first2=Klaus|citeseerx=10.1.1.156.1683|s2cid=15636432}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baki hoda ya ba da izinin fashewar dutsen da kasa don sassautawa da bayyanar jijiyoyin kasa. Ayukan iska mai karfi ya fi sauri fiye da saita wuta kuma ya ba da izinin hakar kananan karfe da ma'adanai da ba za a iya hana su ba.&lt;ref&gt;The use of Firesetting in the Granite Quarries of South India Paul T. Craddock The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society, Vol. 13 Number 1. 1996&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1762, aka kafa makarantar farko ta hakar ma'adanai a cikin wannan garin a can.

Yawaitar sabbin abubuwa na aikin gona kamar garmaho, da kuma karuwar da ake amfani da shi a matsayin kayan gini, shima ya kasance abin tuki a cikin gagarumin ci gaban masana'antar karfe a wannan lokacin. Mutanen Espanya sukan yi amfani da abubuwan kirkire-kirkire kamar su kayan kwalliyar ma'adinai bayan an haka. Dabbobi ne suka yi amfani da wannan na'urar kuma sunyi amfani da ka'idojin da aka yi amfani da su don sussukar [[hatsi]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Spanish Tradition in Gold and Silver Mining.&quot; Otis E. Young ''[[Arizona and the West]]'', Vol. 7, No. 4 (Winter, 1965), pp. 299–314 (''Journal of the Southwest'') {{jstor|40167137}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ilimin dabarun hako ma'adinan zamani sun fito ne daga littattafai kamar su Biringuccio's De la pirotechnia kuma mai yiwuwa mafi mahimmanci daga Georg Agricola's De re metallica (1556). Wadannan littattafan sun yi bayani dalla-dalla kan hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su a ma'adinan Jamusawa da Saxon. Babban batu a cikin ma'adinai na da, wanda Agricola yayi bayani dalla-dalla, shine cire ruwa daga rakuman ma'adanai. Yayin da masu hakar gwal suke zurfafa don samun sabbin jijiyoyi, ambaliyar ta zama babbar matsala. Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta zama ingantacciya sosai da wadata tare da kirkirar fanfunan inji da dabbobi.

=== Afirka ===
Metarfe karfe a Afirka ya faro sama da shekaru dubu hudu. Daga karni na 19, hakar zinare da lu'u-lu'u a kudancin Afirka na da babban sakamako na siyasa da zamantakewar jama'a.

=== Oceania ===
Zinare da hako kwal sun fara a [[Asturaliya|Australia]] da [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]] a karni na 19. Nickel ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arziki New Caledonia.

=== Amurka ===
[[File:Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg|thumb|Jagoran hakar ma'adinai a cikin yankin Kogin Mississippi na Amurka, 1865]]
A zamanin da, Amurkawa na farko sun hako tagulla da yawa a Tekun Manyan Keweenaw da kuma kusa da Isle Royale; karfe jan karfe ya kasance har yanzu kusa da farfajiyar lokacin mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lankton91&quot;&gt;Lankton, L. (1991). ''Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;west70&quot;&gt;West, G.A. (1970). ''Copper: its mining and use by the aborigines of the Lake Superior Region''. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricard32&quot;&gt;Ricard, T. A. (1932), ''A History of American Mining'', McGraw-Hill Book Company.&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan asalin kasar sun yi amfani da tagulla mafi karancin tagulla daga akalla shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lankton91&quot; /&gt; an gano kayayyakin jan karfe, kwanson kibiya, da sauran kayan tarihi wadanda suka kasance wani bangare na babbar hanyar sadarwar kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;west70&quot; /&gt; Masu binciken Faransawa na farko da suka ci karo da wuraren ba sa amfani da karafan saboda wahalar jigilar su,&lt;ref name=&quot;west70&quot; /&gt; amma daga karshe an yi ciniki da tagulla a duk fadin nahiyar tare da manyan hanyoyin ruwa.
[[File:TamarackMiners_CopperCountryMI_sepia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TamarackMiners_CopperCountryMI_sepia.jpg|left|thumb|Masu hakar ma'adinai a Tamarack Mine a Copper Country, Michigan, U.S. a 1905.]]
A cikin tarihin mulkin mallaka na farko na Amurka, &quot;an kwashe zinariya da azurfa na asali da sauri kuma an mayar da su zuwa Spain a cikin gwanayen zinariya da azurfa&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Vaden, H.E. &amp; Prevost. G. (2002). ''Politics of Latin America: The Power Game''. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 34.&lt;/ref&gt; zinariya da azurfa da suka samo asali galibi daga ma'adinai a Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Turquoise mai kwanan wata a 700 AD an haƙa shi a cikin pre-Columbian America; a cikin ''Cerillos Mining District'' a New Mexico, an kiyasta &quot;kimanin tan 15,000 na dutse daga Dutsen Chalchihuitl ta amfani da kayan aikin dutse kafin 1700.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Maynard, S.R., Lisenbee, A.L. &amp; Rogers, J. (2002). Preliminary Geologic Map of the Picture Rock 7.5 – Minute Quadrangle Sante Fe County, Central New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Open-File Report DM-49.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1727 Louis Denys (Denis) (1675-1741), sieur de La Ronde - dan'uwa Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure da surukin René Chartier - sun karbi umarnin Fort La Pointe a Chequamegon Bay; inda 'yan kasar suka sanar da shi tsibirin jan karfe. La Ronde ya sami izini daga kambin Faransa don sarrafa ma'adinai a cikin 1733, ya zama &quot;farkon mai hakar ma'adinai a tafkin mafifici&quot;; shekaru bakwai bayan haka, barkewar cuta tsakanin Sioux da Chippewa ta dakatar da hakar ma'adinai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=jLTpCAAAQBAJ&amp;q=la+ronde#v=snippet&amp;q=la%20ronde&amp;f=false ''The WPA Guide to Wisconsin: The Badger State''], Federal Writers' Project, Trinity University Press, Wisconsin, USA, 2013, p. 451. Retrieved November 15, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yin hakar ma'adanai a cikin Amurka ya zama gama gari a cikin karni na 19, kuma Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Janar na Mining na 1872 don karfafa hakar ma'adinan kasashen tarayya.&lt;ref&gt;McClure R, Schneider A. [http://www.seattlepi.com/specials/mining/26875_mine11.shtml The General Mining Act of 1872 has left a legacy of riches and ruin]. ''Seattle PI''.&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda yake tare da California Gold Rush a tsakiyar karni na 19, hakar ma'adanai da karafa masu daraja, tare da kiwon dabbobi, ya zama abin tuki a Habakar Yammacin Amurka zuwa gabar tekun Pacific. Tare da binciken kasashen yamma, sansanonin hakar ma'adinai suka tashi kuma &quot;suka bayyana wata ruhi ta daban, gadon da zai dawwama ga sabuwar kasar&quot;; Masu Rushewar Zinare za su fuskanci matsaloli iri daya kamar na Rus Rushan kasa na yamma mai wucewa wanda ya gabace su.&lt;ref&gt;Boorstin, D.J. (1965). ''The Americans: The National Experience''. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 78–81.&lt;/ref&gt; Taimakon hanyoyin jirgin kasa, mutane da yawa sun yi tafiya zuwa Yamma don samun damar aiki a cikin ma'adinai. Garuruwan yamma kamar Denver da Sacramento sun samo asali daga garuruwan hakar ma'adanai.

Lokacin da aka bincika sabbin wurare, galibi zinare ne (placer sannan lode) sannan kuma azurfa wadanda aka kwace su kuma suka fara fitarwa. Sauran karafa galibi za su jira layin dogo ko magudanan ruwa, saboda kurar zinare mai laushi da kayan masarufi ba sa bukatar narkewa kuma suna da saukin ganewa da jigilar kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricard32&quot;&gt;Ricard, T. A. (1932), ''A History of American Mining'', McGraw-Hill Book Company.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Hohenfels_Quarry2.JPG|Wurin haƙar ma'adanai
File:Man_of_the_Mine-_Life_at_the_Coal_Face,_Britain,_1942_D8246.jpg|Wani mahaƙin dan Birtaniya 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T04:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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[[Fayil:Ron Buckmire at 2013 Joint Mathematics meeting.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
[[Fayil:Gumel-May2022.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
[[Fayil:Gumel-May2022.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
'''Abba Gumel'''{{Audio|Ha-Abba Gumel.ogg|Abba Gumel}} Babban Malami ne sannan Farfesa ne a Fannin Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar [[Arizona]]. Babban burin bincikensa shine  ilimin lissafi, tsarin tsayayyar tsari da lissafi. Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa kamar su Mataimakin Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi Lissafi da Lissafi, Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, Darakta, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Masana'antu da Sakataren Kwalejin Aiwatar da Lissafi na Masana'antu.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Gumel ya karbi B.Sc. da kuma Ph.D. digirin sa daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]] (Kano, Nijeriya) da Jami'ar Brunel ta Landan (Ingila), bi da bi.

Ya kasance Cikakken Farfesa ne a Sashin Lissafi, Jami'ar Manitoba, ne  kafin ya zama Furofesa. Farfesa ne na Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona a  shekara ta 2014. Yana amfani da ka’idojin lissafi da kuma ka’idoji don samun fahimta game da tsarin cancantar tsarin layin da ba na layi ba wanda ya samo asali daga tsarin ilimin lissafi na abubuwan al'ajabi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta da na injiniya, tare da girmamawa kan tasirin watsawa da kula da bullowar mutum da sake dawowa (da wata dabba) cututtukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a da zamantakewar tattalin arziki.

An zabi Gumel a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka a shekarar 2009.  Sannan kuma an zabe shi a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010. Ya karbi lambar girmamawa ta Dokta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta shekarar 2009 don kyakkyawar takarda da aka buga a cikin ''Kanar na Kanada na Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Magunguna.'' 

Farfesa Gumel ya rubuta a kan 150 tsara-sake nazari da bincike [https://math.la.asu.edu/~gumel/ wallafe], da yawa littafin surori da edited uku littattafai.

== Littattafai ==

* Abba B. Gumel. Lissafi na Cigaba da Hannun Dynamical Systems. Jerin Lissafi na Zamani, Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka. Umeara 618 (Shafuka 310), 2014.
* Abba B. Gumel da Suzanne Lenhart (Eds. ). Abubuwan Nunawa da Nazarin Tsarin Gudanar da Cututtuka. Jerin DIMACS a cikin Lissafi na Lissafi da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta na Kwarewa. Mujalladi na 75. Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, 2010 (Shafuka 268).
* Abba B. Gumel (Babban Edita), Carlos-Castillo-Chavez (ed. ), Ronald E. Mickens (ed.) Da Dominic Clemence (ed.) ). Nazarin ilimin lissafi a kan Cutar Humanan Adam Dynamics: Abubuwan da ke Faruwa da Kalubale. Amfani da Lissafi na Matungiyar Lissafin Amurka na Zamani, Volume 410, 2006 (Shafuka 389).

== Inganta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Nijeriya ==
A shekara ta 2014, Gumel ya zama daya daga cikin masana kimiya guda takwas mazauna Amurka wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da wasu jami’o’in Najeriya guda bakwai da nufin taimaka musu wajen bunkasa karfin fada aji a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu da koyarwa.  An nada shi a matsayin Babban Malami a Sashin Lissafi da Aiwatar da Lissafi, Jami'ar [[Pretoria]], Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018 sannan aka sake nada shi a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2021.

== Kyauta da yabo ==

* An nada Babban Farfesa, Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu (2015-2021).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2011, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Mayu 2012). Ana ba da kyaututtuka takwas kowace shekara, a karkashin rukunin bincike, a ko'ina cikin harabar.
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2010, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2011).
* Zababben Fellowungiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (FAS): 2010.
* Zababben Fellowwararren Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka (FAAS): 2009.
* An sami lambar yabo ta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta 2009 don mafi kyawun takarda da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Kanada ta Cutar Cututtuka da Magungunan Microbiology. Yuni 2009, Toronto, Kanada. (Kyautar, ana bayarwa kowace shekara, ga marubucin ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga cututtuka da cututtukan kwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda aka nuna ta tasirin tasirin bincikensu na asali da aka buga a mujallar).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2008, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2009).
* Jami'ar Manitoba ta ba da kyauta don Kwarewa, Disamba 2008 (ana ba da kyauta ɗaya kowace shekara).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a 2007, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Yunin 2008).
* Rh. Kyauta don gagarumar gudummawa ga karatun ilimi da bincike, 2004. Wannan ita ce babbar kyauta ta bincike da aka ba ƙaramin malami a Jami'ar Manitoba.
* Matashin Matashin Lissafin Matasan Afirka (Ilimin Lissafi), wanda Matungiyar Ilimin Lissafi ta Afirka ta ba shi (Taron Internationalasa na Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Aikin Gona, Abeokuta, Nijeriya, Nuwamba 2003). Ana ba da wannan lambar yabo ga masanin lissafi na Afirka, kasa da shekaru 40, don gudummawar bincike da kwarewa.
* Takardar Kwarewar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Manitoba, 2003.
* [[Fayil:Abba Gumel at Mickens's 70th birthday Special Session.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]An jera a matsayin kayan manyan masana lissafi na 1990s a kan bayanan Masanan Lissafi na Diasporaasashen Afirka.

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Kanada]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Lissafi]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1966]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Mutanan kanada]]
[[Category:Maza]]
[[Category:Mutanan Najeriya]]</text>
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      <id>878146</id>
      <parentid>878143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T04:45:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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[[Fayil:Ron Buckmire at 2013 Joint Mathematics meeting.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
[[Fayil:Gumel-May2022.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
[[Fayil:Gumel-May2022.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
'''Abba Gumel'''{{Audio|Ha-Abba Gumel.ogg|Abba Gumel}} Babban Malami ne sannan Farfesa ne a Fannin Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar [[Arizona]]. Babban burin bincikensa shine  ilimin lissafi, tsarin tsayayyar tsari da lissafi. Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa kamar su Mataimakin Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi Lissafi da Lissafi, Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, Darakta, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Masana'antu da Sakataren Kwalejin Aiwatar da Lissafi na Masana'antu.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Gumel ya karbi B.Sc. da kuma Ph.D. digirin sa daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]] (Kano, Nijeriya) da Jami'ar Brunel ta Landan (Ingila), bi da bi.

Ya kasance Cikakken Farfesa ne a Sashin Lissafi, Jami'ar Manitoba, ne  kafin ya zama Furofesa. Farfesa ne na Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona a  shekara ta 2014. Yana amfani da ka’idojin lissafi da kuma ka’idoji don samun fahimta game da tsarin cancantar tsarin layin da ba na layi ba wanda ya samo asali daga tsarin ilimin lissafi na abubuwan al'ajabi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta da na injiniya, tare da girmamawa kan tasirin watsawa da kula da bullowar mutum da sake dawowa (da wata dabba) cututtukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a da zamantakewar tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abba B. Gumel&quot;. ''www.math.umd.edu''.&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabi Gumel a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka a shekarar 2009.  Sannan kuma an zabe shi a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010. Ya karbi lambar girmamawa ta Dokta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta shekarar 2009 don kyakkyawar takarda da aka buga a cikin ''Kanar na Kanada na Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Magunguna.'' 

Farfesa Gumel ya rubuta a kan 150 tsara-sake nazari da bincike [https://math.la.asu.edu/~gumel/ wallafe], da yawa littafin surori da edited uku littattafai.

== Littattafai ==

* Abba B. Gumel. Lissafi na Cigaba da Hannun Dynamical Systems. Jerin Lissafi na Zamani, Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka. Umeara 618 (Shafuka 310), 2014.
* Abba B. Gumel da Suzanne Lenhart (Eds. ). Abubuwan Nunawa da Nazarin Tsarin Gudanar da Cututtuka. Jerin DIMACS a cikin Lissafi na Lissafi da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta na Kwarewa. Mujalladi na 75. Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, 2010 (Shafuka 268).
* Abba B. Gumel (Babban Edita), Carlos-Castillo-Chavez (ed. ), Ronald E. Mickens (ed.) Da Dominic Clemence (ed.) ). Nazarin ilimin lissafi a kan Cutar Humanan Adam Dynamics: Abubuwan da ke Faruwa da Kalubale. Amfani da Lissafi na Matungiyar Lissafin Amurka na Zamani, Volume 410, 2006 (Shafuka 389).

== Inganta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Nijeriya ==
A shekara ta 2014, Gumel ya zama daya daga cikin masana kimiya guda takwas mazauna Amurka wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da wasu jami’o’in Najeriya guda bakwai da nufin taimaka musu wajen bunkasa karfin fada aji a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu da koyarwa.  An nada shi a matsayin Babban Malami a Sashin Lissafi da Aiwatar da Lissafi, Jami'ar [[Pretoria]], Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018 sannan aka sake nada shi a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2021.

== Kyauta da yabo ==

* An nada Babban Farfesa, Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu (2015-2021).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2011, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Mayu 2012). Ana ba da kyaututtuka takwas kowace shekara, a karkashin rukunin bincike, a ko'ina cikin harabar.
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2010, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2011).
* Zababben Fellowungiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (FAS): 2010.
* Zababben Fellowwararren Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka (FAAS): 2009.
* An sami lambar yabo ta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta 2009 don mafi kyawun takarda da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Kanada ta Cutar Cututtuka da Magungunan Microbiology. Yuni 2009, Toronto, Kanada. (Kyautar, ana bayarwa kowace shekara, ga marubucin ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga cututtuka da cututtukan kwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda aka nuna ta tasirin tasirin bincikensu na asali da aka buga a mujallar).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2008, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2009).
* Jami'ar Manitoba ta ba da kyauta don Kwarewa, Disamba 2008 (ana ba da kyauta ɗaya kowace shekara).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a 2007, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Yunin 2008).
* Rh. Kyauta don gagarumar gudummawa ga karatun ilimi da bincike, 2004. Wannan ita ce babbar kyauta ta bincike da aka ba ƙaramin malami a Jami'ar Manitoba.
* Matashin Matashin Lissafin Matasan Afirka (Ilimin Lissafi), wanda Matungiyar Ilimin Lissafi ta Afirka ta ba shi (Taron Internationalasa na Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Aikin Gona, Abeokuta, Nijeriya, Nuwamba 2003). Ana ba da wannan lambar yabo ga masanin lissafi na Afirka, kasa da shekaru 40, don gudummawar bincike da kwarewa.
* Takardar Kwarewar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Manitoba, 2003.
* [[Fayil:Abba Gumel at Mickens's 70th birthday Special Session.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]An jera a matsayin kayan manyan masana lissafi na 1990s a kan bayanan Masanan Lissafi na Diasporaasashen Afirka.

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Kanada]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Lissafi]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1966]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Mutanan kanada]]
[[Category:Maza]]
[[Category:Mutanan Najeriya]]</text>
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      <id>878147</id>
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        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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[[Fayil:Ron Buckmire at 2013 Joint Mathematics meeting.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
[[Fayil:Gumel-May2022.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
[[Fayil:Gumel-May2022.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]
'''Abba Gumel'''{{Audio|Ha-Abba Gumel.ogg|Abba Gumel}} Babban Malami ne sannan Farfesa ne a Fannin Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar [[Arizona]]. Babban burin bincikensa shine  ilimin lissafi, tsarin tsayayyar tsari da lissafi. Ya kuma rike mukamai na gudanarwa kamar su Mataimakin Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi Lissafi da Lissafi, Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, Darakta, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Masana'antu da Sakataren Kwalejin Aiwatar da Lissafi na Masana'antu.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Gumel ya karbi B.Sc. da kuma Ph.D. digirin sa daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]] (Kano, Nijeriya) da Jami'ar Brunel ta Landan (Ingila), bi da bi.

Ya kasance Cikakken Farfesa ne a Sashin Lissafi, Jami'ar Manitoba, ne  kafin ya zama Furofesa. Farfesa ne na Lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona a  shekara ta 2014. Yana amfani da ka’idojin lissafi da kuma ka’idoji don samun fahimta game da tsarin cancantar tsarin layin da ba na layi ba wanda ya samo asali daga tsarin ilimin lissafi na abubuwan al'ajabi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta da na injiniya, tare da girmamawa kan tasirin watsawa da kula da bullowar mutum da sake dawowa (da wata dabba) cututtukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a da zamantakewar tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abba B. Gumel&quot;. ''www.math.umd.edu''.&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabi Gumel a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka a shekarar 2009.  Sannan kuma an zabe shi a matsayin] dalibin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010. Ya karbi lambar girmamawa ta Dokta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta shekarar 2009 don kyakkyawar takarda da aka buga a cikin ''Kanar na Kanada na Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Magunguna.'' 

Farfesa Gumel ya rubuta a kan 150 tsara-sake nazari da bincike [https://math.la.asu.edu/~gumel/ wallafe], da yawa littafin surori da edited uku littattafai.

== Littattafai ==

* Abba B. Gumel. Lissafi na Cigaba da Hannun Dynamical Systems. Jerin Lissafi na Zamani, Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka. Umeara 618 (Shafuka 310), 2014.
* Abba B. Gumel da Suzanne Lenhart (Eds. ). Abubuwan Nunawa da Nazarin Tsarin Gudanar da Cututtuka. Jerin DIMACS a cikin Lissafi na Lissafi da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta na Kwarewa. Mujalladi na 75. Matungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, 2010 (Shafuka 268).
* Abba B. Gumel (Babban Edita), Carlos-Castillo-Chavez (ed. ), Ronald E. Mickens (ed.) Da Dominic Clemence (ed.) ). Nazarin ilimin lissafi a kan Cutar Humanan Adam Dynamics: Abubuwan da ke Faruwa da Kalubale. Amfani da Lissafi na Matungiyar Lissafin Amurka na Zamani, Volume 410, 2006 (Shafuka 389).

== Inganta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Nijeriya ==
A shekara ta 2014, Gumel ya zama daya daga cikin masana kimiya guda takwas mazauna Amurka wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da wasu jami’o’in Najeriya guda bakwai da nufin taimaka musu wajen bunkasa karfin fada aji a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu da koyarwa.  An nada shi a matsayin Babban Malami a Sashin Lissafi da Aiwatar da Lissafi, Jami'ar [[Pretoria]], Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018 sannan aka sake nada shi a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;Fatunde, Tunde (July 17, 2014). &quot;US diaspora scholars pledge help for home universities&quot;. University World News. Retrieved March 19, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta da yabo ==

* An nada Babban Farfesa, Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu (2015-2021).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2011, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Mayu 2012). Ana ba da kyaututtuka takwas kowace shekara, a karkashin rukunin bincike, a ko'ina cikin harabar.
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2010, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2011).
* Zababben Fellowungiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (FAS): 2010.
* Zababben Fellowwararren Kwalejin Kimiyyar Afirka (FAAS): 2009.
* An sami lambar yabo ta Lindsay E. Nicolle ta 2009 don mafi kyawun takarda da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Kanada ta Cutar Cututtuka da Magungunan Microbiology. Yuni 2009, Toronto, Kanada. (Kyautar, ana bayarwa kowace shekara, ga marubucin ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga cututtuka da cututtukan kwayoyin cuta, kamar yadda aka nuna ta tasirin tasirin bincikensu na asali da aka buga a mujallar).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a cikin 2008, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a Yuni 2009).
* Jami'ar Manitoba ta ba da kyauta don Kwarewa, Disamba 2008 (ana ba da kyauta ɗaya kowace shekara).
* Kyautar yabo don kyakkyawan bincike a 2007, wanda Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Manitoba Faculty Association (aka bayar a watan Yunin 2008).
* Rh. Kyauta don gagarumar gudummawa ga karatun ilimi da bincike, 2004. Wannan ita ce babbar kyauta ta bincike da aka ba ƙaramin malami a Jami'ar Manitoba.
* Matashin Matashin Lissafin Matasan Afirka (Ilimin Lissafi), wanda Matungiyar Ilimin Lissafi ta Afirka ta ba shi (Taron Internationalasa na Ilimin Lissafi, Jami'ar Aikin Gona, Abeokuta, Nijeriya, Nuwamba 2003). Ana ba da wannan lambar yabo ga masanin lissafi na Afirka, kasa da shekaru 40, don gudummawar bincike da kwarewa.
* Takardar Kwarewar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Manitoba, 2003.
* [[Fayil:Abba Gumel at Mickens's 70th birthday Special Session.jpg|thumb|Abba Gumel]]An jera a matsayin kayan manyan masana lissafi na 1990s a kan bayanan Masanan Lissafi na Diasporaasashen Afirka.

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Kanada]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Lissafi]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1966]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Mutanan kanada]]
[[Category:Maza]]
[[Category:Mutanan Najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>s960zsgbubl3clsxxfy0k1lcb8r90c9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutanen Ashanti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>878084</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:32:49Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Mariya Hamza</username>
        <id>25296</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Daular Ashanti */</comment>
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{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Asante|native_name=Asantefo|langs={{hlist| [[Twi]] (a native dialect of [[Akan_language|Akan]]),
| [[English language|English]]
| religions = {{hlist | [[Akan religion]] |}}
| related = [[Akan people|Akan]] ([[Agona]], [[Akuapem people|Akuapem]], [[Akwamu]], [[Akyem]], [[Bono people|Bono]], [[Coromantee]], [[Fante people|Fante]], [[Kwahu]], [[Wassa]], [[Sefwi people|Sefwi]])
}}}}
[[File:Ashanti chief in Ghana.jpg|thumb|Mutanen Ashanti na ƙasar Ghana kenan]]
'''Ashanti''' ( /æ ʃ ɑː n t i / ( &lt;/img&gt; / )), Kuma aka sani da '''Asante,''' wani ɓangare ne na [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]] ƙabila da suke da ƴan qasar zuwa [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti yankin]] na zamani [[Ghana]]. Twi yana magana da sama da mutane miliyan tara na Asante a matsayin yare na farko ko na biyu.   

Attajirai, masu arzikin gwal Asante sun haɓaka babbar Daular Ashanti mai tasiri, tare da Tafkin Volta da Gulf na Guinea. An kafa daular ne a shekarar 1670, kuma Asante babban birnin [[Kumasi]] an kafa shi a 1680 ta hannun ''Asantehene'' (sarki) Osei Kofi Tutu I bisa shawarar Ɔkͻmfoͻ Anͻkye, firaminista. Kasancewa a mahadar kasuwancin  [[Safarar mutane|Sahara]], matsugunin Babban birnin na Kumasi ta taimaka sosai ga haɓakar ''arzikinta''. A tsawon lokacin rayuwar Kumasi, akwai wasu abubuwa masu ban mamaki da suka haɗu don canza garin Kumasi zuwa cibiyar kuɗi da babban birnin siyasa.  Babban dalilan da suka haifar da lamarin sun haɗa da rashin amincin da ake da shi ga sarakunan Asante da kuma ci gaban arzikin Kumasi, wanda aka samu a wani bangare daga cinikin gida na babban birni da kayan masarufi kamar zinare, bayi, da bijimi.

== Sunaye ==
[[File:Anglo-Ashanti war 2.jpg|thumb|Asalin Ashanti]]
A Asante yare na Twi, ''Asantefo'' ( /æ s ɑː n t ɪ f oʊ / ASS -ahn- TIF -oh ). mufuradi namiji: ''Asantenibarima'', tilo mace: ''Asantenibaa'' . Sunan ''Asante'' &quot;mai son yaƙi&quot; a al'adance masana sun tabbatar da cewa ta samo asali ne daga 1670s yayin da Asante ta kasance daga kasancewa jihar mai biyan haraji zuwa masarauta mai matsakaicin ra'ayi.   ''Asantehene'' Osei Tutu I, shugaban sojoji kuma shugaban dangin Asante adwinehene, shine ya kafa Daular Asante.  &lt;ref name=&quot;HW&quot;&gt;[[Kevin Shillington]], ''History of Africa'', New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 (1989), p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt; Osei Tutu Na sami goyon bayan wasu shugabannin dangi kuma, yayi amfani da Kumasi a matsayin babban cibiyar, ya rinjayi jihohin [[Mutanen Akan|Akan.]]   Osei Tutu ya kalubalanci kuma a ƙarshe ya kayar da Denkyira a  1701,   kuma wannan shine tabbataccen asalin zamani.

== Labarin ƙasa ==
Yankin [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti]] yana da wuri mai canzawa, gaɓar teku da kuma [[Tsauni|tsaunuka]], wurin ajiyar namun daji da tsaftataccen yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] da filayen ciyayi,  yankuna masu [[Noma|noman]] shuke-shuke  da kusa da savannas,  wadatar da ɗumbin ma'adanai na masana'antu.,  galibi mafi yawan gwal na zinariya . 

Yankin Ashanti da suka sauka gida ne ga wani tafkin kogin mai aman wuta, [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Lake Bosumtwi]], kuma Ashanti tana iyaka da yamma zuwa Lake Volta a tsakiyar yankin Ghana na yanzu.  Yankin [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti]] (Masarautar Ashanti) yanki ne mai yawan dazuzzuka, galibi mai ni'ima ne kuma har zuwa wani tsauni.  Akwai yanayi biyu-lokacin damina (Afrilu zuwa Nuwamba) da kuma rani (Disamba zuwa Maris).  Hasasar tana da rafuka da yawa ; lokacin rani, amma yana da matuƙar lalacewa.  Yankin Asante yana da zafi kowace shekara. 

Yau mutanen Ashanti sun kusan miliyan 3. Asante Twi, harshe mafi rinjaye, memba ne na yaren Central Tano a cikin yarukan Kwa .   karfin siyasa na Ashanti ya haɗu da Asantehene Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II a matsayin cikakken mai mulki kuma shugaban siyasa na Ashantis da Yankin Ashanti,   tare da wakilin Ashanti na jam’iyya ɗaya zuwa ɗaya na Jam’iyyar New Patriotic Party,  kuma tun lokacin yankin r Ashanti (da Masarautar Ashanti ) ƙungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa tare da Ghana,  Ashanti ta kasance mai tasiri sosai. 

Ashantis suna zaune a Yankin Ashanti da Brong Ahafo a Ghana.  Babban birnin Kumasi, babban birnin Ashanti (Masarautar Ashanti), ya kuma kasance babban birni mai tarihi na Masarautar Ashanti.  Yankin Ashanti a halin yanzu yana da yawan mutane miliyan 11 (11,000,000).

A yau, kamar yadda yake a da, Yankin Ashanti na ci gaba da bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Ghana.  Ashanti tana da wadataccen kayan ma'adinai na masana'antu da kayan aikin gona, [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti]] ita ce ke da alhakin yawancin kayan abinci na cikin gida na Ghana kuma ga canjin kuɗin da Ghana ke samu daga koko, kayan aikin gona, zinariya, bauxite, manganese, da sauran ma'adanai na masana'antu, da katako.  Kumasi babban birni da yankin Ashanti suna samar da kashi 96% na kayan da aka fitarwa na Ghana.  

== Tarihi ==

=== Daular Ashanti ===
A 1670s Ashantee ta kasance daga kasancewa jihar mai biyan haraji zuwa masarautar Denkyira mai matsakaiciyar matsayi. Asantehene Osei Kofi Tutu I, shugaban sojoji kuma shugaban dangin Oyoko, shine ya kafa masarautar Ashanti.  &lt;ref name=&quot;HW&quot;&gt;[[Kevin Shillington]], ''History of Africa'', New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 (1989), p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt; Osei Tutu ya sami goyon bayan sauran shugabannin dangi tare da amfani da Kumasi a matsayin cibiyar, ya rinjayi jihohin da ke kewaye da shi.  Osei Tutu ya kalubalanci kuma a ƙarshe ya kayar da Denkyira a cikin 1701,   kuma da girman kai daga wannan, sunan ''Asante'' ya zama.  

Da yake ya fahimci raunin wata ƙungiyar ƙawance ta jihohin Akan, Osei Tutu ya ƙarfafa haɗin kan ƙungiyoyin Akan da ke kewaye da shi tare da faɗaɗa tsarin shari'a a cikin gwamnatin da ke yankin.  Don haka, wannan ƙungiyar ta sassauƙa ta ƙananan-biranen birni ta zama masarauta ko daula da ke neman faɗaɗa ƙasarta.  Sabbin yankuna da aka ci nasara suna da zabin shiga daular ko zama jihohin masu biyan haraji. &lt;ref name=&quot;AW&quot;&gt;Giblert, Erik ''Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present'' 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Opoku Ware I, magajin Osei Tutu, ya faɗaɗa kan iyakokin. &lt;ref&gt;Shillington, loc. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarauta da 'yanci ==
[[File:Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg|left|thumb|310x310px| Bikin doya na Ashanti , karni na 19 na Thomas Edward Bowdich]]
Asasar Ashanti ta tsayayya da yunƙurin da Turawa, galibi Masarautar Burtaniya, don cinye su.  Ashanti ta iyakance tasirin Birtaniyya a yankin Ashanti,  yayin da Birtaniyya ta hade yankunan makwabta.  An bayyana 'yan Ashanti a matsayin mutane masu tsananin tashin hankali wadanda sarki &quot;zai iya kawo mutane 200,000 a cikin filin kuma a bayyane yake cewa jarumawan ba sa jin tsoron bindigogin Sniper da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu 7&quot;. 

Ashanti yana ɗaya daga cikin statesan tsirarun ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda suka yi adawa da mulkin mallaka na Turai.  Tsakanin 1823 da 1896, United Kingdom of Great Britain da Ireland sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu da sarakunan Ashanti: yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti .  A cikin 1901, daga karshe Birtaniyyawa suka kayar da mulkin bayan yakin 1900 na Zinare na Zinare kuma Ashanti Confederacy ta zama kariyar Birtaniyya, da Kare Ashanti, a cikin 1902, kuma an dakatar da ofishin Asantehene tare da babban birnin Ashanti Kumasi hade zuwa daular Biritaniya. ; Koyaya, Ashanti har yanzu galibi suna mulkin kansu.   Ashanti bai ba da fifiko ba ga ikon mulkin mallaka.   A cikin 1926, Turawan Ingila sun ba da izinin mayar da Asantehene Prempeh I - wanda suka yi hijira zuwa Seychelles a 1896   - kuma suka ba shi damar daukar taken Kumasehene, amma ba Asantehene ba. Koyaya, a cikin 1935, daga ƙarshe Birtaniyyawa ta ba Ashanti ikon cin gashin kanta a matsayin Masarautar Ashanti, kuma taken Ashanti King na Asantehene ya farfado. 

Saboda dadewar mu'amala tsakanin Ashanti da ikon Turai, Ashanti suna da adadi mafi yawa na tarihin tarihi a yankin Saharar Afirka . A cikin 1920s Burtaniya ta sanya addinin Ashanti, dangi, da tsarin shari'a a cikin ayyuka kamar ''Dokar Ashanti ta'' RS Rattray da Tsarin Mulki. 

== Al'adu ==
[[File:Akwasidae_Celebration_in_Manhyia_Palace.jpg|thumb| Bikin Akwasidae a Fadar Manhyia a shekarar 2009.]]
Al'adun Ashanti suna bikin Adae, Adae Kese, Akwasidae, Awukudae da kuma bikin Doyar Ashanti  .  Seperewa, mai kaɗa-garaya 10-14 mai kaɗa-kaɗa, da ''gangariyar Fontomfrom'', su ne kayan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Ashanti da tufafin Ashanti Kente. 

Ashanti wata al'umma ce ta ma'aurata inda ake samun asalin asali ta hanyar mace.  A tarihi, wannan dangantakar zuriyar ta ƙaddara haƙƙin ƙasa, gadon dukiya, ofisoshi da lakabi.  Gaskiya ne cewa Ashanti suna gadon dukiya daga ɓangaren uba na dangin. 
[[File:Ashanti_soulwasher_by_Claire_H.jpg|right|thumb|270x270px|Ashanti mai wankin rai {{Small|(Ashanti [[Sunsum]] Washer)}}]]
Kodayake ba a ɗauka da mahimmanci kamar uwa ba, amma hulɗar namiji yana ci gaba a wurin haihuwa bayan aure. 

A tarihi, an aurar da yarinya Ashanti da zoben zinare da ake kira &quot; ''petia'' &quot; (Ina son ku), idan ba a yarinta ba, nan da nan bayan bikin balaga.  Ba su dauki [[aure]] a matsayin &quot; ''awade'' &quot; a matsayin wani muhimmin abu na al'ada ba, amma a matsayin jihar da ke zuwa nan ba da jimawa ba kuma a al'adance bayan al'adar balaga.  Tsarin sha’awar balaga ya kasance kuma yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda yake nuna wucewa daga yarinta zuwa girma a cikin wannan ɗabi’a ana ƙarfafa ta kafin aure.  Ashanti din ya bukaci cewa dangin yaron su basu kayayyaki daban daban na yarinyar, ba a matsayin 'farashin amarya' ba, amma don nuna yarjejeniya tsakanin dangin biyu. 

=== Doka da tsarin shari'a ===
A cikin kundin tsarin dangi da tsarin shari'a na ''Ashanti a cikin Dokar Ashanti ta'' RS Rattray da Tsarin Mulki Dokar Ashanti ta fayyace cewa, an haramta yin jima'i tsakanin namiji da wasu mata, duk da cewa ba shi da nasaba ta jini.  Hukuncin laifi shine kisa, kodayake ba ya ɗauke da irin wannan ƙyamar ga dangin Ashanti kamar lalata da ɗan adam.  Dangane da jima'i tsakanin namiji da ɗayan mata masu zuwa haramun ne: 

# 'Yar'uwar' yar uwa daya uba daya, amma ta wata uwa daban; 
# 'Yar kanin uba; 
# Mace mai uba daya; 
# Matar dan’uwa; 
# Matar ɗa; 
# Uwar mata; 
# Matar kawu; 
# Matar kowane irin mutum “kamfani” guda; 
# Matar kowane namiji mai irin wannan sana'ar ko sana'ar; 
# Matar bawan mutum; 
# Wata matar mahaifin daga dangi daban. 

=== Harshe ===
[[File:Akan_Greetings_(Akwaba_–_Welcome;_Ete_sen_–_Hello).JPG|right|thumb|280x280px| Kalmomin gaishe Ashanti Twi; &quot; ''akwaba'' &quot; (barka da zuwa) da kuma &quot; ''ɛte sɛn'' &quot; (yaya kuke).]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES-_Raphael_speaking_Twi.webm|thumb|An Ashanti Twi speaker.]]
Mutanen Ashanti suna magana da Ashanti Twi, wanda shine harshen hukuma na Yankin Ashanti kuma babban yare da ake magana da shi a Ashanti da kuma mutanen Ashanti.     Yaran Ashanti sama da miliyan 9 suna magana da yaren Ashanti a matsayin yare na farko ko na biyu.   Harshen Ashanti shine asalin aikin da aka yi amfani da shi don karatu da rubutu a cikin Ashanti, a matakin ilimin firamare da na firamare (Firamare 1-3) K – 12 (ilimi), kuma ya yi karatu a jami'a a matsayin digiri na farko ko kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Ashanti.    

Harshen Ashanti da Ashanti Twi suna da wasu siffofi na musamman na yare kamar sautin, jituwa wasali da haɓakawa .    

Ashanti suna bin addinin Akan da addinin Ashanti (addinin gargajiya wanda yake da alama yana mutuwa sannu a hankali amma ana farfaɗo shi ne kawai a manyan lokuta na musamman - duk da haka yana fuskantar farfaɗowar duniya a duk faɗin ƙauyuka), sannan Kiristanci ( Roman Katolika da [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] ) da [[Musulunci|Islama]] .

== Ashanti mazauna ==
Ashanti suna zaune ne a Yankin Ashanti, musamman a babban birnin Ashanti na [[Kumasi]], kuma, saboda cinikin bayi na Atlantika, sanannen diasporaan asalin Ashanti sun wanzu a yankin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], musamman a [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . An aika bayin da aka kama aka sayar da su ga Burtaniya da Yaren mutanen Holland tare da gabar tekun zuwa West Indies, musamman Jamaica, [[Barbados]], Antilles Netherlands, British Virgin Islands, [[Bahamas]], [[Guyana]], Suriname, da sauransu. Ashanti sanannu ne masu adawa da Fante Confederacy da mutanen Birtaniyya, saboda Ashanti suna kasuwanci ne kawai da Dutch a lokacin hawan su zuwa zama mallakin yawancin yanki na ƙasar Ghana ta yanzu.

Sunan Coromantee (daga Fort Kormantse, wanda Dutch ta saya a 1665) ya fito ne daga asalin asalin Burtaniya a kan Gold Coast don karɓar bautar Ashanti, duk da cewa Dutch ɗin ke amfani da wannan ginin kuma ba ta da tarihin kasuwanci zuwa Jamaica yayin da suke ƙarƙashin Dutch mallaka.  Tabbacin sunayen Ashanti da Akan-rana da Ashanti da sunayen-Akan (amma Ingilishi ba shi da suna), alamun Adinkra a kan gidaje, labaran Anansi da yare na Picais na Jamaica wanda Twi ke tasiri sosai, duk ana iya samun su a tsibirin Jamaica . Edward Long da farar fata masu shuka Burtaniya da suka gabace shi, sun bayyana &quot;Coromantees&quot; kamar yadda Turawan Burtaniya da ke Gold Coast za su yi &quot;Ashantis&quot;, wanda ya kasance &quot;mai son yaki&quot; Edward Long ya faɗi cewa wasu a kusa da &quot;Ashantis&quot; da &quot;Coromantees&quot; suna tsoron su kamar yadda ake jin tsoron su a Jamaica da kuma daga ƙasan can na Gold Coast. 

Dangane da BioMed Central (BMC biology) a cikin 2012, matsakaiciyar Jamaica tana da 60% na Ashanti matrilineal DNA kuma, a yau Ashanti ita kaɗai ce ƙabilar da aka san ta da Jamaican zamani.  Shahararrun mutanen Jamaica kamar su: Marcus Garvey da matarsa ta farko, Amy Ashwood Garvey, sun fito ne daga zuriyar Ashanti. Abu ne gama gari ga yawancin Jamaicans da wannan zuriya. &lt;ref&gt;[[Comparative studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]], Vols 17-18, [[Duke University Press]], 1997, p. 124.&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan akwai mayaƙan 'yanci na Jamaica yayin bautar: Nanny na Maroons (yanzu Jarumar Jamaica ta ƙasa), Tacky da Jack Mansong ko Jack-yatsa uku. Sunaye Nanny da Tacky gurbatattun Ingilishi ne na kalmomin Ashanti da sunaye: &quot;Nanny&quot; gurbacewar kalmar Ashanti ce ''Nana'', ma'ana &quot;sarki / sarauniya / kakara&quot;, sunan Tacky rashawa ce ta sunan Ashanti ''Takyi'', kuma Mansong shine cin hanci da rashawa na sunan Ashanti sunan farko ''Manso'', bi da bi. 

== Hotuna == 
&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Ashanti cultural artifacts, regalia and other forms of symbolism&quot;&gt;
File:Ashanti Empire Emblem.svg|Alamar Ashanti ta [[National emblem|Kasa ta]] [[Ashanti Region|Yankin Ashanti]]
File:Fontomfrom-Orchester EthnM Berlin.jpg|[[Fontomfrom]] (Ashanti [[Talking drum|yana magana]] da ganguna)
File:Brooklyn Museum 74.218.18 Weight.jpg|[[Blowing horn|Kakakin]] Ashanti
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Zetel van een hoofd met ceremoniele en rituele betekenis TMnr 2526-1.jpg|Ashanti [[Golden Stool|Stool]] Dwa
File:Sprecherstäbe der Ashanti.jpg|Ashanti [[Regalia]] (sandar [[Spokesman|mai magana da yawun]] [[Gold|Asante Gold da]] [[Stick fighting|sandar yaƙin]] Asante)
File:State Gifts Presentation Sword.JPG|20th Century Asante [[Akrafena]] (Ashanti [[Sword]] tare da [[Gold]] -ring [[Hilt#Pommel|pommel]] )
File:Afrikaabteilung in Ethnological Museum Berlin 81.JPG|[[Shield|Garkuwar]] Ashanti [[Gold|Gwal]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sarakunan Asante

== Bayani ==
  &quot;Ashanti » Asante Twi (Less Commonly Taught Languages)&quot;. University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;Asante » Asante Twi&quot;. ofm-tv.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 Sheard, K. M. (2011). Ashanti Warlike Meaning (Llewellyn's Complete Book of Names for Pagans, Wiccans, Witches, Druids). ISBN 9780738723686.
 &quot;United Asante States Under Nana Osei Tutu I&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;History Of The Asante Confederay » Restoration Of The Asante&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 (1989), p. 194.
 &quot;Issues Of Tropical Forest Transformation in Ashanti Region&quot;. ajol.info. African Journals OnLine.
 &quot;Meet-the-Press: Ashanti Region&quot;. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;GHANGOLD Case&quot;. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;Ashanti Region Executive Summary&quot;. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;Ashanti » Asante Twi&quot;. ofm-tv.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;Kings Of Asante&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;The Asantehene » Personality Profile&quot;. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
 Kumasi (1 August 2015). &quot;NPP Has Track Record… of protecting the public purse, says Nana Addo&quot;. The Chronicle. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;1956: Gold Coast to get independence&quot;. BBC. 11 May 1956.
 &quot;Seventy Five Years After The Restoration of Asanteman&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;The Historic And Present Importance Of Asante- Its Culture And Economy&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 Giblert, Erik Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present 2004
 Shillington, loc. cit.
 The Newfoundlander. The Newfoundlander. 16 December 1873. p. 6500.
 &quot;The Exile of Prempeh in the Seychelles&quot;. Kreol International Magazine. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
 &quot;Asantehene visits Seychelles&quot;. Modern. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;Ashanti.com.au&quot;. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
 David Luca (2005). &quot;The Ashanti Legal System&quot;. daviddfriedman.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
 &quot;The Adae Kese Festival&quot;. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
 Noam (Dabul) Dvir (22 July 2012). &quot;Peres hosts Ashanti king in Jerusalem&quot;. Ynetnews. Ynet. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 Peter Herndon. &quot;Family Life Among the Ashanti&quot;. yale.edu. Yale University. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;Ashanti » Ashanti Twi (Less Commonly Taught Languages)&quot;. University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;Ashanti » Ashanti Twi&quot;. ofm-tv.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;Ashanti (Twi) – Ashanti language&quot;. amesall.rutgers.edu.
 Language The Alternation Strategies in Multilingual Settings. Peter Lang. 2006. p. 100. ISBN 0-82048-369-9.
 Dix, Dom Gregory (26 February 2015). The Shape of the Liturgy, New Edition. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-567-66329-0.
 &quot;Search the Voyages Database&quot;. slavevoyages.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-29.
 The History of Jamaica. T. Lowndes, in Fleet-Street. 1774.
 Deason, Michael L.; Salas, Antonio; Newman, Simon P.; MacAulay, Vincent A.; St a Morrison, Errol Y.; Pitsiladis, Yannis P. (2012). &quot;Interdisciplinary approach to the demography of Jamaica&quot;. biomedcentral.com. BioMed Central. 12 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-24. PMC 3299582. PMID 22360861.
 Comparative studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vols 17-18, Duke University Press, 1997, p. 124.
 &quot;Tacky's Rebellion&quot;. jamaicans.com


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[[File:Ashanti chief in Ghana.jpg|thumb|Mutanen Ashanti na ƙasar Ghana kenan]]
'''Ashanti''' ( /æ ʃ ɑː n t i / ( &lt;/img&gt; / )), Kuma aka sani da '''Asante,''' wani ɓangare ne na [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]] ƙabila da suke da ƴan qasar zuwa [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti yankin]] na zamani [[Ghana]]. Twi yana magana da sama da mutane miliyan tara na Asante a matsayin yare na farko ko na biyu.   

Attajirai, masu arzikin gwal Asante sun haɓaka babbar Daular Ashanti mai tasiri, tare da Tafkin Volta da Gulf na Guinea. An kafa daular ne a shekarar 1670, kuma Asante babban birnin [[Kumasi]] an kafa shi a 1680 ta hannun ''Asantehene'' (sarki) Osei Kofi Tutu I bisa shawarar Ɔkͻmfoͻ Anͻkye, firaminista. Kasancewa a mahadar kasuwancin  [[Safarar mutane|Sahara]], matsugunin Babban birnin na Kumasi ta taimaka sosai ga haɓakar ''arzikinta''. A tsawon lokacin rayuwar Kumasi, akwai wasu abubuwa masu ban mamaki da suka haɗu don canza garin Kumasi zuwa cibiyar kuɗi da babban birnin siyasa.  Babban dalilan da suka haifar da lamarin sun haɗa da rashin amincin da ake da shi ga sarakunan Asante da kuma ci gaban arzikin Kumasi, wanda aka samu a wani bangare daga cinikin gida na babban birni da kayan masarufi kamar zinare, bayi, da bijimi.

== Sunaye ==
[[File:Anglo-Ashanti war 2.jpg|thumb|Asalin Ashanti]]
A Asante yare na Twi, ''Asantefo'' ( /æ s ɑː n t ɪ f oʊ / ASS -ahn- TIF -oh ). mufuradi namiji: ''Asantenibarima'', tilo mace: ''Asantenibaa'' . Sunan ''Asante'' &quot;mai son yaƙi&quot; a al'adance masana sun tabbatar da cewa ta samo asali ne daga 1670s yayin da Asante ta kasance daga kasancewa jihar mai biyan haraji zuwa masarauta mai matsakaicin ra'ayi.   ''Asantehene'' Osei Tutu I, shugaban sojoji kuma shugaban dangin Asante adwinehene, shine ya kafa Daular Asante.  &lt;ref name=&quot;HW&quot;&gt;[[Kevin Shillington]], ''History of Africa'', New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 (1989), p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt; Osei Tutu Na sami goyon bayan wasu shugabannin dangi kuma, yayi amfani da Kumasi a matsayin babban cibiyar, ya rinjayi jihohin [[Mutanen Akan|Akan.]]   Osei Tutu ya kalubalanci kuma a ƙarshe ya kayar da Denkyira a  1701,   kuma wannan shine tabbataccen asalin zamani.

== Labarin ƙasa ==
Yankin [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti]] yana da wuri mai canzawa, gaɓar teku da kuma [[Tsauni|tsaunuka]], wurin ajiyar namun daji da tsaftataccen yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] da filayen ciyayi,  yankuna masu [[Noma|noman]] shuke-shuke  da kusa da savannas,  wadatar da ɗumbin ma'adanai na masana'antu.,  galibi mafi yawan gwal na zinariya . 

Yankin Ashanti da suka sauka gida ne ga wani tafkin kogin mai aman wuta, [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Lake Bosumtwi]], kuma Ashanti tana iyaka da yamma zuwa Lake Volta a tsakiyar yankin Ghana na yanzu.  Yankin [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti]] (Masarautar Ashanti) yanki ne mai yawan dazuzzuka, galibi mai ni'ima ne kuma har zuwa wani tsauni.  Akwai yanayi biyu-lokacin damina (Afrilu zuwa Nuwamba) da kuma rani (Disamba zuwa Maris).  Hasasar tana da rafuka da yawa ; lokacin rani, amma yana da matuƙar lalacewa.  Yankin Asante yana da zafi kowace shekara. 

Yau mutanen Ashanti sun kusan miliyan 3. Asante Twi, harshe mafi rinjaye, memba ne na yaren Central Tano a cikin yarukan Kwa .   karfin siyasa na Ashanti ya haɗu da Asantehene Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II a matsayin cikakken mai mulki kuma shugaban siyasa na Ashantis da Yankin Ashanti,   tare da wakilin Ashanti na jam’iyya ɗaya zuwa ɗaya na Jam’iyyar New Patriotic Party,  kuma tun lokacin yankin r Ashanti (da Masarautar Ashanti ) ƙungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa tare da Ghana,  Ashanti ta kasance mai tasiri sosai. 

Ashantis suna zaune a Yankin Ashanti da Brong Ahafo a Ghana.  Babban birnin Kumasi, babban birnin Ashanti (Masarautar Ashanti), ya kuma kasance babban birni mai tarihi na Masarautar Ashanti.  Yankin Ashanti a halin yanzu yana da yawan mutane miliyan 11 (11,000,000).

A yau, kamar yadda yake a da, Yankin Ashanti na ci gaba da bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Ghana.  Ashanti tana da wadataccen kayan ma'adinai na masana'antu da kayan aikin gona, [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti]] ita ce ke da alhakin yawancin kayan abinci na cikin gida na Ghana kuma ga canjin kuɗin da Ghana ke samu daga koko, kayan aikin gona, zinariya, bauxite, manganese, da sauran ma'adanai na masana'antu, da katako.  Kumasi babban birni da yankin Ashanti suna samar da kashi 96% na kayan da aka fitarwa na Ghana.  

== Tarihi ==

=== Daular Ashanti ===
A shekarar 1670s Ashantee ta kasance daga kasancewa jihar mai biyan haraji zuwa masarautar Denkyira mai matsakaiciyar matsayi. Asantehene Osei Kofi Tutu I, shugaban sojoji kuma shugaban dangin Oyoko, shine ya kafa masarautar Ashanti.  &lt;ref name=&quot;HW&quot;&gt;[[Kevin Shillington]], ''History of Africa'', New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 (1989), p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt; Osei Tutu ya sami goyon bayan sauran shugabannin dangi tare da amfani da Kumasi a matsayin cibiyar, ya rinjayi jihohin da ke kewaye da shi.  Osei Tutu ya kalubalanci kuma a ƙarshe ya kayar da Denkyira a cikin 1701,   kuma da girman kai daga wannan, sunan ''Asante'' ya zama.  

Da yake ya fahimci raunin wata ƙungiyar ƙawance ta jihohin Akan, Osei Tutu ya ƙarfafa haɗin kan ƙungiyoyin Akan da ke kewaye da shi tare da faɗaɗa tsarin shari'a a cikin gwamnatin da ke yankin.  Don haka, wannan ƙungiyar ta sassauƙa ta ƙananan-biranen birni ta zama masarauta ko daula da ke neman faɗaɗa ƙasarta.  Sabbin yankuna da aka ci nasara suna da zabin shiga daular ko zama jihohin masu biyan haraji. &lt;ref name=&quot;AW&quot;&gt;Giblert, Erik ''Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present'' 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Opoku Ware I, magajin Osei Tutu, ya faɗaɗa kan iyakokin. &lt;ref&gt;Shillington, loc. cit.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarauta da 'yanci ==
[[File:Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg|left|thumb|310x310px| Bikin doya na Ashanti , karni na 19 na Thomas Edward Bowdich]]
Asasar Ashanti ta tsayayya da yunƙurin da Turawa, galibi Masarautar Burtaniya, don cinye su.  Ashanti ta iyakance tasirin Birtaniyya a yankin Ashanti,  yayin da Birtaniyya ta hade yankunan makwabta.  An bayyana 'yan Ashanti a matsayin mutane masu tsananin tashin hankali wadanda sarki &quot;zai iya kawo mutane 200,000 a cikin filin kuma a bayyane yake cewa jarumawan ba sa jin tsoron bindigogin Sniper da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu 7&quot;. 

Ashanti yana ɗaya daga cikin statesan tsirarun ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda suka yi adawa da mulkin mallaka na Turai.  Tsakanin 1823 da 1896, United Kingdom of Great Britain da Ireland sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu da sarakunan Ashanti: yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti .  A cikin 1901, daga karshe Birtaniyyawa suka kayar da mulkin bayan yakin 1900 na Zinare na Zinare kuma Ashanti Confederacy ta zama kariyar Birtaniyya, da Kare Ashanti, a cikin 1902, kuma an dakatar da ofishin Asantehene tare da babban birnin Ashanti Kumasi hade zuwa daular Biritaniya. ; Koyaya, Ashanti har yanzu galibi suna mulkin kansu.   Ashanti bai ba da fifiko ba ga ikon mulkin mallaka.   A cikin 1926, Turawan Ingila sun ba da izinin mayar da Asantehene Prempeh I - wanda suka yi hijira zuwa Seychelles a 1896   - kuma suka ba shi damar daukar taken Kumasehene, amma ba Asantehene ba. Koyaya, a cikin 1935, daga ƙarshe Birtaniyyawa ta ba Ashanti ikon cin gashin kanta a matsayin Masarautar Ashanti, kuma taken Ashanti King na Asantehene ya farfado. 

Saboda dadewar mu'amala tsakanin Ashanti da ikon Turai, Ashanti suna da adadi mafi yawa na tarihin tarihi a yankin Saharar Afirka . A cikin 1920s Burtaniya ta sanya addinin Ashanti, dangi, da tsarin shari'a a cikin ayyuka kamar ''Dokar Ashanti ta'' RS Rattray da Tsarin Mulki. 

== Al'adu ==
[[File:Akwasidae_Celebration_in_Manhyia_Palace.jpg|thumb| Bikin Akwasidae a Fadar Manhyia a shekarar 2009.]]
Al'adun Ashanti suna bikin Adae, Adae Kese, Akwasidae, Awukudae da kuma bikin Doyar Ashanti  .  Seperewa, mai kaɗa-garaya 10-14 mai kaɗa-kaɗa, da ''gangariyar Fontomfrom'', su ne kayan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Ashanti da tufafin Ashanti Kente. 

Ashanti wata al'umma ce ta ma'aurata inda ake samun asalin asali ta hanyar mace.  A tarihi, wannan dangantakar zuriyar ta ƙaddara haƙƙin ƙasa, gadon dukiya, ofisoshi da lakabi.  Gaskiya ne cewa Ashanti suna gadon dukiya daga ɓangaren uba na dangin. 
[[File:Ashanti_soulwasher_by_Claire_H.jpg|right|thumb|270x270px|Ashanti mai wankin rai {{Small|(Ashanti [[Sunsum]] Washer)}}]]
Kodayake ba a ɗauka da mahimmanci kamar uwa ba, amma hulɗar namiji yana ci gaba a wurin haihuwa bayan aure. 

A tarihi, an aurar da yarinya Ashanti da zoben zinare da ake kira &quot; ''petia'' &quot; (Ina son ku), idan ba a yarinta ba, nan da nan bayan bikin balaga.  Ba su dauki [[aure]] a matsayin &quot; ''awade'' &quot; a matsayin wani muhimmin abu na al'ada ba, amma a matsayin jihar da ke zuwa nan ba da jimawa ba kuma a al'adance bayan al'adar balaga.  Tsarin sha’awar balaga ya kasance kuma yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda yake nuna wucewa daga yarinta zuwa girma a cikin wannan ɗabi’a ana ƙarfafa ta kafin aure.  Ashanti din ya bukaci cewa dangin yaron su basu kayayyaki daban daban na yarinyar, ba a matsayin 'farashin amarya' ba, amma don nuna yarjejeniya tsakanin dangin biyu. 

=== Doka da tsarin shari'a ===
A cikin kundin tsarin dangi da tsarin shari'a na ''Ashanti a cikin Dokar Ashanti ta'' RS Rattray da Tsarin Mulki Dokar Ashanti ta fayyace cewa, an haramta yin jima'i tsakanin namiji da wasu mata, duk da cewa ba shi da nasaba ta jini.  Hukuncin laifi shine kisa, kodayake ba ya ɗauke da irin wannan ƙyamar ga dangin Ashanti kamar lalata da ɗan adam.  Dangane da jima'i tsakanin namiji da ɗayan mata masu zuwa haramun ne: 

# 'Yar'uwar' yar uwa daya uba daya, amma ta wata uwa daban; 
# 'Yar kanin uba; 
# Mace mai uba daya; 
# Matar dan’uwa; 
# Matar ɗa; 
# Uwar mata; 
# Matar kawu; 
# Matar kowane irin mutum “kamfani” guda; 
# Matar kowane namiji mai irin wannan sana'ar ko sana'ar; 
# Matar bawan mutum; 
# Wata matar mahaifin daga dangi daban. 

=== Harshe ===
[[File:Akan_Greetings_(Akwaba_–_Welcome;_Ete_sen_–_Hello).JPG|right|thumb|280x280px| Kalmomin gaishe Ashanti Twi; &quot; ''akwaba'' &quot; (barka da zuwa) da kuma &quot; ''ɛte sɛn'' &quot; (yaya kuke).]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES-_Raphael_speaking_Twi.webm|thumb|An Ashanti Twi speaker.]]
Mutanen Ashanti suna magana da Ashanti Twi, wanda shine harshen hukuma na Yankin Ashanti kuma babban yare da ake magana da shi a Ashanti da kuma mutanen Ashanti.     Yaran Ashanti sama da miliyan 9 suna magana da yaren Ashanti a matsayin yare na farko ko na biyu.   Harshen Ashanti shine asalin aikin da aka yi amfani da shi don karatu da rubutu a cikin Ashanti, a matakin ilimin firamare da na firamare (Firamare 1-3) K – 12 (ilimi), kuma ya yi karatu a jami'a a matsayin digiri na farko ko kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Ashanti.    

Harshen Ashanti da Ashanti Twi suna da wasu siffofi na musamman na yare kamar sautin, jituwa wasali da haɓakawa .    

Ashanti suna bin addinin Akan da addinin Ashanti (addinin gargajiya wanda yake da alama yana mutuwa sannu a hankali amma ana farfaɗo shi ne kawai a manyan lokuta na musamman - duk da haka yana fuskantar farfaɗowar duniya a duk faɗin ƙauyuka), sannan Kiristanci ( Roman Katolika da [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] ) da [[Musulunci|Islama]] .

== Ashanti mazauna ==
Ashanti suna zaune ne a Yankin Ashanti, musamman a babban birnin Ashanti na [[Kumasi]], kuma, saboda cinikin bayi na Atlantika, sanannen diasporaan asalin Ashanti sun wanzu a yankin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], musamman a [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . An aika bayin da aka kama aka sayar da su ga Burtaniya da Yaren mutanen Holland tare da gabar tekun zuwa West Indies, musamman Jamaica, [[Barbados]], Antilles Netherlands, British Virgin Islands, [[Bahamas]], [[Guyana]], Suriname, da sauransu. Ashanti sanannu ne masu adawa da Fante Confederacy da mutanen Birtaniyya, saboda Ashanti suna kasuwanci ne kawai da Dutch a lokacin hawan su zuwa zama mallakin yawancin yanki na ƙasar Ghana ta yanzu.

Sunan Coromantee (daga Fort Kormantse, wanda Dutch ta saya a 1665) ya fito ne daga asalin asalin Burtaniya a kan Gold Coast don karɓar bautar Ashanti, duk da cewa Dutch ɗin ke amfani da wannan ginin kuma ba ta da tarihin kasuwanci zuwa Jamaica yayin da suke ƙarƙashin Dutch mallaka.  Tabbacin sunayen Ashanti da Akan-rana da Ashanti da sunayen-Akan (amma Ingilishi ba shi da suna), alamun Adinkra a kan gidaje, labaran Anansi da yare na Picais na Jamaica wanda Twi ke tasiri sosai, duk ana iya samun su a tsibirin Jamaica . Edward Long da farar fata masu shuka Burtaniya da suka gabace shi, sun bayyana &quot;Coromantees&quot; kamar yadda Turawan Burtaniya da ke Gold Coast za su yi &quot;Ashantis&quot;, wanda ya kasance &quot;mai son yaki&quot; Edward Long ya faɗi cewa wasu a kusa da &quot;Ashantis&quot; da &quot;Coromantees&quot; suna tsoron su kamar yadda ake jin tsoron su a Jamaica da kuma daga ƙasan can na Gold Coast. 

Dangane da BioMed Central (BMC biology) a cikin 2012, matsakaiciyar Jamaica tana da 60% na Ashanti matrilineal DNA kuma, a yau Ashanti ita kaɗai ce ƙabilar da aka san ta da Jamaican zamani.  Shahararrun mutanen Jamaica kamar su: Marcus Garvey da matarsa ta farko, Amy Ashwood Garvey, sun fito ne daga zuriyar Ashanti. Abu ne gama gari ga yawancin Jamaicans da wannan zuriya. &lt;ref&gt;[[Comparative studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]], Vols 17-18, [[Duke University Press]], 1997, p. 124.&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan akwai mayaƙan 'yanci na Jamaica yayin bautar: Nanny na Maroons (yanzu Jarumar Jamaica ta ƙasa), Tacky da Jack Mansong ko Jack-yatsa uku. Sunaye Nanny da Tacky gurbatattun Ingilishi ne na kalmomin Ashanti da sunaye: &quot;Nanny&quot; gurbacewar kalmar Ashanti ce ''Nana'', ma'ana &quot;sarki / sarauniya / kakara&quot;, sunan Tacky rashawa ce ta sunan Ashanti ''Takyi'', kuma Mansong shine cin hanci da rashawa na sunan Ashanti sunan farko ''Manso'', bi da bi. 

== Hotuna == 
&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Ashanti cultural artifacts, regalia and other forms of symbolism&quot;&gt;
File:Ashanti Empire Emblem.svg|Alamar Ashanti ta [[National emblem|Kasa ta]] [[Ashanti Region|Yankin Ashanti]]
File:Fontomfrom-Orchester EthnM Berlin.jpg|[[Fontomfrom]] (Ashanti [[Talking drum|yana magana]] da ganguna)
File:Brooklyn Museum 74.218.18 Weight.jpg|[[Blowing horn|Kakakin]] Ashanti
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Zetel van een hoofd met ceremoniele en rituele betekenis TMnr 2526-1.jpg|Ashanti [[Golden Stool|Stool]] Dwa
File:Sprecherstäbe der Ashanti.jpg|Ashanti [[Regalia]] (sandar [[Spokesman|mai magana da yawun]] [[Gold|Asante Gold da]] [[Stick fighting|sandar yaƙin]] Asante)
File:State Gifts Presentation Sword.JPG|20th Century Asante [[Akrafena]] (Ashanti [[Sword]] tare da [[Gold]] -ring [[Hilt#Pommel|pommel]] )
File:Afrikaabteilung in Ethnological Museum Berlin 81.JPG|[[Shield|Garkuwar]] Ashanti [[Gold|Gwal]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sarakunan Asante

== Bayani ==
  &quot;Ashanti » Asante Twi (Less Commonly Taught Languages)&quot;. University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;Asante » Asante Twi&quot;. ofm-tv.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 Sheard, K. M. (2011). Ashanti Warlike Meaning (Llewellyn's Complete Book of Names for Pagans, Wiccans, Witches, Druids). ISBN 9780738723686.
 &quot;United Asante States Under Nana Osei Tutu I&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;History Of The Asante Confederay » Restoration Of The Asante&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 (1989), p. 194.
 &quot;Issues Of Tropical Forest Transformation in Ashanti Region&quot;. ajol.info. African Journals OnLine.
 &quot;Meet-the-Press: Ashanti Region&quot;. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;GHANGOLD Case&quot;. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;Ashanti Region Executive Summary&quot;. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;Ashanti » Asante Twi&quot;. ofm-tv.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;Kings Of Asante&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;The Asantehene » Personality Profile&quot;. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
 Kumasi (1 August 2015). &quot;NPP Has Track Record… of protecting the public purse, says Nana Addo&quot;. The Chronicle. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;1956: Gold Coast to get independence&quot;. BBC. 11 May 1956.
 &quot;Seventy Five Years After The Restoration of Asanteman&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;The Historic And Present Importance Of Asante- Its Culture And Economy&quot;. asantekingdom.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 Giblert, Erik Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present 2004
 Shillington, loc. cit.
 The Newfoundlander. The Newfoundlander. 16 December 1873. p. 6500.
 &quot;The Exile of Prempeh in the Seychelles&quot;. Kreol International Magazine. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
 &quot;Asantehene visits Seychelles&quot;. Modern. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;Ashanti.com.au&quot;. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
 David Luca (2005). &quot;The Ashanti Legal System&quot;. daviddfriedman.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
 &quot;The Adae Kese Festival&quot;. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
 Noam (Dabul) Dvir (22 July 2012). &quot;Peres hosts Ashanti king in Jerusalem&quot;. Ynetnews. Ynet. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 Peter Herndon. &quot;Family Life Among the Ashanti&quot;. yale.edu. Yale University. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
 &quot;Ashanti » Ashanti Twi (Less Commonly Taught Languages)&quot;. University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;Ashanti » Ashanti Twi&quot;. ofm-tv.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
 &quot;Ashanti (Twi) – Ashanti language&quot;. amesall.rutgers.edu.
 Language The Alternation Strategies in Multilingual Settings. Peter Lang. 2006. p. 100. ISBN 0-82048-369-9.
 Dix, Dom Gregory (26 February 2015). The Shape of the Liturgy, New Edition. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-567-66329-0.
 &quot;Search the Voyages Database&quot;. slavevoyages.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-29.
 The History of Jamaica. T. Lowndes, in Fleet-Street. 1774.
 Deason, Michael L.; Salas, Antonio; Newman, Simon P.; MacAulay, Vincent A.; St a Morrison, Errol Y.; Pitsiladis, Yannis P. (2012). &quot;Interdisciplinary approach to the demography of Jamaica&quot;. biomedcentral.com. BioMed Central. 12 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-24. PMC 3299582. PMID 22360861.
 Comparative studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vols 17-18, Duke University Press, 1997, p. 124.
 &quot;Tacky's Rebellion&quot;. jamaicans.com


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[[File:Chad_2017_Tigui_Collecting_fire_wood_DSC0695.jpg  |thumb|Wata mata ƴar kasar Chadi ta yo Itace ]]
[[File:Women%27s_Leadership_Forum_held_in_N%27Djamena,_Chad_170307-A-KH850-025.jpg  |thumb| Taron Jagorancin Mata da aka gudanar a N'Djamena, Chadi]] 
[[File:Mao_Women.jpg|right|300x300px| Matan Mao]]
[[Fayil:Chadgirl.jpg|thumb|Mata a Chadi]]
'''Mata a Chadi''', ƙasa a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], su ne ginshiƙan tattalin arzikinta da ke zaune a ƙauyuka kuma sun fi maza yawa. 

Mata na fuskantar wariya da tashin hankali. Yin kaciyar mata, yayin da fasaha ta saba wa doka, har yanzu ana amfani da ita sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;fh&quot;&gt;[http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&amp;year=2007&amp;country=7153 Chad (2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025005914/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&amp;country=7153&amp;year=2007 |date=2011-10-25 }} Freedom House.&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'an tsaro da sauran cin zarafi sun aikata kisan gilla ba bisa ka'ida ba, duka, azabtarwa, da fyaɗe ba tare da wata doka ba . &lt;ref name=&quot;state&quot;&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm &quot;Chad&quot;] Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;[http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/chad14697.htm Chad: Events of 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110111624/http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/chad14697.htm |date=2008-11-10 }} Human Rights Watch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ai&quot;&gt;[http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&amp;yr=2007&amp;c=TCD Annual Report: Chad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212359/http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&amp;yr=2007&amp;c=TCD |date=2011-02-18 }} Amnesty International.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta ''Amnesty International'' ta ba da rahoton cewa &quot;Rashin tsaro da ya yadu a gabashin Chadi na da matukar illa ga mata, wadanda suka fuskanci mummunar take [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]], ciki har da fyade, a lokacin hare-hare kan kauyuka&quot; daga [[Janjaweed|'yan ƙungiyar Janjawid]] daga [[Sudan]].

== Ilimi ==
Duk da kokarin da gwamnati ke yi, matakin ilimi gaba daya ya kasance mara kyau a ƙarshen shekarun farko na 'yancin kai. A shekarar 1971 kusan kashi 99 na mata sama da shekaru goma sha biyar ba sa iya karatu, rubutu, ko magana da Faransanci, wanda a lokacin shine kawai harshen kasa na hukuma; iya karatu da rubutu a cikin larabci ya tsaya da kashi 7.8. A shekarar 1982 yawan karatun karatu da rubutu ya tsaya da kusan kashi 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;cs&quot;&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html Chad country study]. &lt;/ref&gt; [ duba bayanan zance ] Manyan matsaloli sun hana ci gaban ilimin Chadi tun samun 'yancin kai. Ba da kuɗi don ilimi. Ƙarancin kayan aiki da ma'aikata suma sun sanya wahalar ga tsarin ilimin samar da wadataccen koyarwa. Cunkoson mutane wata babbar matsala ce; wasu azuzuwan suna da ɗalibai 100, da yawa daga cikinsu maimaitawa ne. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan samun 'yanci, yawancin malaman firamare suna da cancantar iyaka. A matakin sakandare, lamarin ya fi muni. 

A shekarar 2004, kashi 39.6 na yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 14 suna zuwa makaranta. Samun damar ilimi ga 'yan mata yana da iyaka, galibi saboda al'adun gargajiya. 'Yan mata ƙalilan ne ke shiga makarantar sakandare fiye da yara maza, musamman saboda auren wuri. A shekarar 1999, kashi 54.0 na yaran da suka fara firamare sun kai aji 5. 

== Haƙƙoƙin mata ==

=== Fataucin mutane ===
Chadi tushe ne da kuma ƙasar da yara ke fuskantar fataucin, musamman yanayin aikin tilastawa da tilasta karuwanci. Matsalar fataucin ƙasar ta asali ita ce ta cikin gida kuma sau da yawa yakan shafi iyaye su ba yaransu hannun dangi ko kuma masu shiga tsakani domin neman alƙawarin ilimi, koyon aiki, kaya, ko kuɗi; ana amfani da sayarwa ko kuma siyar da yara cikin bautar cikin gida ba tare da son rai ba ko kiwo ana amfani da ita azaman hanyar tsira daga iyalai masu neman rage yawan bakunan ciyarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;&gt;&quot;Chad&quot;. &lt;/ref&gt;

'Yan matan Chadi da ba su kai shekaru ba suna balaguro zuwa manyan garuruwa don neman aiki, inda daga baya wasu ke fuskantar karuwanci. Ana tilasta wa wasu 'yan mata yin aure ba tare da son ransu ba, sai kawai mazajen su tilasta musu yin bautar cikin gida ba tare da izini ba ko kuma aikin gona. A lokutan rahotonnin da suka gabata, masu fataucin sun yi jigilar yara daga Kamaru da CAR zuwa yankuna masu hakar mai na Chadi don yin lalata ta hanyar kasuwanci; ba a sani ba ko wannan aikin ya ci gaba a shekara ta 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;&gt;&quot;Chad&quot;. &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Kaciyar mata ===
Kashi 60 cikin 100 na matan Chadi an yi musu kaciya a shekarar 1995. Tsarin aikin al'ada ne yayin da yarinya ta fara girma kuma ana yin ta ba tare da la'akari da yanayin addini ba. Hakanan ya zama gama gari a tsakanin Musulmai, Krista da masu rayayye. Waɗanda suka yi girma ba tare da an lalata su ba gaba ɗaya suna guje wa hakan har abada.  Fiye da kashi 80 cikin ɗari na 'yan matan Chadi da suka kamu da kaciyar an yanke su tsakanin shekarun 5 zuwa 14. 

=== Rahoton Tazarar Jinsi ===
A cikin shekarar 2012, taron tattalin arziki na duniya ya sanya ƙasar Chadi cikin mafi munin yankuna a cikin Rahoton Gap ɗin Duniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women still face gender gap in jobs, wages: report |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C10%5C25%5Cstory_25-10-2012_pg7_23 |access-date=2021-06-09 |archive-date=2013-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020152039/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C10%5C25%5Cstory_25-10-2012_pg7_23 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Auren mace fiye da ɗaya ===
Auren mace fiye da ɗaya ya halatta a ƙasar Chadi, kuma an kiyasta cewa fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin uku na maza sun [[Aure|auri]] mata da yawa.

== Yarjejeniyar duniya ==
Chadi ta sanya hannu tare da amincewa da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata, Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa da sauran mugunta, Jin wulakanta mutane ko ladabtarwa, Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin yara da kuma Yarjejeniyar zabi ga Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkin Yaro akan Sayarwar Yara, Yin lalata da Yara da Batsa na yara.&lt;ref name='UN 8'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-8&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.  New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-8&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='UN 9'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-9&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.  New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-9&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='UN 11'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-11&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child.  New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-11&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='UN 11c'&gt;{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.  New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2013-12-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mata]]
[[Category:Mutanen Chadi]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Tarihin Chadi]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>n09w2bzae1nhpamhccnmyxlltjazai9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)</title>
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        <id>46515</id>
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      <text bytes="4752" sha1="n303qvu8ioz7n3kur61hpor1jv4ue86" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}{{hujja}}
'''Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)''' Cibiyar horar da sabis na tsaro ce ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro a Jamhuriyar [[Indiya]]. tana horar da hafsoshin dukkan ayyukan uku na Sojojin [[Indiya]] - (Sojan Indiya, Naval Service, Indian Airforce Service), wasu jami'ai da aka zaba daga Sojojin Sama da na Farar Hula da kuma jami'ai daga kasashen waje na abokan&lt;ref&gt;&quot;DSSC, Wellington – TIMELINE&quot; (PDF). DSSC. Retrieved 7 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;taka don ba da umarni da nadin ma'aikata.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Commandant&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Oneaya daga cikin tsoffin cibiyoyin soja a Indiya, an kafa ta ne a 1905 a matsayin kwalejin Sojoji a Deolali (kusa da Nashik). A cikin shekarar 1907, ta koma matsayinta na dindindin a Quetta (yanzu Pakistan). Bayan rabuwar Indiya da Pakistan a 1947, abubuwan Indiya na Kwalejin Ma'aikata, Quetta karkashin jagorancin babban malamin Sojan Indiya Kanar S D Verma suka koma Indiya. Verma ya sami daukaka zuwa Birgediya kuma an nada shi a matsayin kwamanda na farko sannan ya zabi Wellington Cantonment a cikin gundumar Nilgiris ta [[Tamil Nadu]] a matsayin wurin da Kwalejin Ma’aikata ke Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;DSSC History&quot;. DSSC&lt;/ref&gt;

Darasi na farko na ma'aikata ya fara a watan Afrilu 1948, watanni bayan motsi. Kundin farko yana da jami'ai 46 daga Sojojin Indiya da 2 kowane daga Sojan Ruwa na Indiya da Sojan Sama na Indiya. Wasu jami'ai biyu daga wannan kwas din - Manjo Tapishwar Narain Raina da Shugaban Rikicin Hrushikesh Moolgavkar sun ci gaba da jagorancin ayyukansu a matsayin Shugabanni. An kafa reshen iska a 1949 da Naval Wing a 1950 kuma kwalejin ta sake zama Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro. Kwalejin ta bude kofofinta ga jami'ai daga kasashen waje na abokantaka daga kwasa ta biyar da kuma ga ma'aikatan gwamnati daga kwas na shida. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;DEFENCE SERVICES STAFF COLLEGE TURNS GOLDEN&quot; (PDF). archive.pib.gov.in. 16 April 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;

DSSC tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Madras don kyautar M.Sc. digiri a cikin 'Tsaro da Nazarin Nazari' kuma an amince da ita a matsayin cibiyar bincike don digiri na MPhil da PhD tun daga 1990.

==Crest da taken Kwalejin Ma’aikata==
lokacin da a Quetta ta karɓi ƙa’idar Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Camberley wacce ta kasance ‘Mai Hikima ce’ tare da taken latin Tam Marte Quam Minerva. A cikin 1964, Owl ya hau kan takubbai masu ƙetare kuma taken Sanskrit Yuddham Pragya ya karɓa

'''kwamanda Babban labarin'''
Kwamandan Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro Kwamandan Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro shi ne shugaban makarantar. Kwamandan hafsan Soja ne mai mukamin Laftanar Janar.

'''Ungiya Kwamandan Kwalejin'''
yana samun taimako daga Manyan Malamai (CI) na Soja, Naval da Air Wings, duk nadin taurari biyu. CIs an samo su daga sabis ɗin daban. Income of the Administrative reshe (shima nadin tauraruwa biyu), da Birgediya Janar Staff (BGS) suma sun ba da rahoto zuwa Kwamandan.

==Tsoffin Daliban Manyan hafsoshin sojoji==
Filin Marshal Sam Manekshaw Janar P. P. Kumaramangalam Janar Tapishwar Narain Raina Janar Om Prakash Malhotra Janar Arun Shridhar Vaidya Janar K. V. Krishna Rao Janar Krishnaswamy Sundarji Janar Vishwa Nath Sharma Janar Sunith Francis Rodrigues Janar Bipin Chandra Joshi Janar Ved Prakash Malik Janar Sundararajan Padmanabhan Janar Nirmal Chander ViJanar J. J. Singh Janar Deepak Kapoor Janar V. K. Singh Janar Bikram Singh Janar Bipin Rawat Janar Manoj Mukund Naravane

'''Manyan hafsoshin sojojin ruwa'''
Admiral Ronald Lynsdale Pereira Admiral Oscar Stanley Dawson Admiral Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni
Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat Admiral Sushil Kumar Admiral Madhvendra SinghAdmiral Arun Prakash Admiral Sureesh Mehta Admiral Robin K. Dhowan Admiral Sunil Lanba Admiral Karambir Singh

'''Manyan hafsoshin sojojin sama'''
Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama Hrushikesh Moolgavkar Babban hafsan jirgin sama Marshal Idris Hasan Latif Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama Lakshman Madhav Katre Babban hafsan Sojan Sama Surinder MehraShugaban Sojan Sama Marshal S.K Kaul
Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama Satish Sareen Babban hafsan Sojan Sama Anil Yashwant Tipnis Babban hafsan Sojan Sama Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy Babban hafsan Air Marshal Shashindra Pal Tyagi Babban hafsan Air Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik Babban hafsan sojan sama Arup Raha Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama Birender Singh Dhanoa

'''Tsoffin Daliban Kasashen waje''' 
Hans-Christoph Ammon, Shugaban runduna ta musamman ta Jamus
[[Muhammadu Buhari]], Shugaban kasa kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa na mulkin soja [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Sitiveni Rabuka OBE, MSD, OStJ, Firayim Minista na 3 na Fiji Laftanar Kanar Gotabhaya Rajapaksa, RWP, RSP, GR - Shugaban Sri Lanka na yanzu Manjo Janar Matheus Alueendo Kwamanda na 7 na Sojojin Namibiya

==Duba kuma==
Jami'ar Tsaro ta Indiya Makarantun soja a Indiya Makarantar Sainik

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878082</id>
      <parentid>877502</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:27:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
      <origin>878082</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14901" sha1="4xmzd388g0uhb98x339lceirb68rpmg" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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|[[User:أبو القاسم الحجي|أبو القاسم الحجي]]
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|[[User:Карт-Хадашт|Карт-Хадашт]]
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|[[User:Anas Djab|Anas Djab]]
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|[[User:Նանե Չոփիկյան|Նանե Չոփիկյան]]
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  <page>
    <title>Kungiyar Lauyoyi Masu Bincike Na Kasa Da Kasa</title>
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Ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta lauyoyi da masu bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda burinsu shi ne &quot;yakar wadanda aka zalunta da keta hakkin dan adam tare da daukar matakan shari'a da ilimin jama'a&quot;. Babban abin da suka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne hukuncin kisa, tsarewa ba tare da fitina ba (kamar a hukumomi), ba da hukunci na musamman da kisan gilla.  ƙungiyarRefrieve da aka kafa tana cikin Burtaniya, sannan kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi a Amurka, Australia da [[Holland|Netherlands]], tare da ƙarin masu goyan baya da masu sa kai a duniya.

== Sake dawo da Burtaniya ==
Na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin ƙungiyoyin ragin, Reprieve UK, an kafa shi ne a shekarata 1999, shekara guda bayan da aka dakatar da hukuncin kisa a hukumance a Burtaniya (duk da cewa ba a aiwatar da shi tun a shekarata 1964), ta hannun lauya mai kare Haƙƙin dan'Adam Clive Stafford Smith . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jrct.org.uk/centenary_projects.asp?section=000100030001 Visionaries for a just and peaceful world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723160223/http://www.jrct.org.uk/centenary_projects.asp?section=000100030001 |date=2013-07-23 }}. [http://www.jrct.org.uk/core/documents/download.asp?id=549 ''Visions of the Future: six stories''. &quot;Clive Stafford Smith : bringing the rule of law back to Guantanamo Bay&quot;]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust]]. 1904 – 2004 Centennial Projects.&lt;/ref&gt; Smith ya wakilci sama da fursunoni  dari uku 300 da ke fuskantar hukuncin kisa a kudancin ƙasar Amurka kuma ya taimaka wajen sakin fursunoni Guantánamo Bay guda 65 da wasu da ke fadin duniya da aka tsare a wurare irin su Bagram Theater Internment Facility, [[Afghanistan]], wadanda ke ikirarin sun kasance gwamnatin Amurka ta azabtar da &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/15/terror-suspects-afghanistan-bagram Terror suspects held illegally' in Afghanistan prison named by charity]. By [[Richard Norton-Taylor]]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 15 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; .

Reprieve a halin yanzu tana aiki don wakiltar fursunoni guda 15 a cikin hukumomi Bay, da kuma yawan shari'ar da ake samu na abokan cinikin mutuwa a duk duniya. Tana bincika rikice-rikice na duniya a cikin fassarar &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.access-info.org/documents/Access_Docs/Using/Civil_Liberties/ROR/Rendition_on_Record_19_December_2011.pdf ''Rendition on Record''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208043920/http://www.access-info.org/documents/Access_Docs/Using/Civil_Liberties/ROR/Rendition_on_Record_19_December_2011.pdf |date=2012-02-08 }}. By Crofton Black and Lydia Medland. Reprieve/Access Info Europe, 19 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a kwanan nan, ta fara aiki tare da Foundation for the basic rights  a [[Pakistan]], da nufin ƙirƙirar tattaunawa game da amfani da jirage marasa matuka a can. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/12/22/court-of-appeal-rejects-first-uk-challenge-to-cias-drone-campaign/ High court rejects first UK challenge to CIA’s drone campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503165143/http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/12/22/court-of-appeal-rejects-first-uk-challenge-to-cias-drone-campaign/ |date=2014-05-03 }}. [[The Bureau of Investigative Journalism]]. By Alice K Ross. 22 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20121025/eu-britain-drone-strikes/ UK: Hearing into CIA drones would dent US ties ]. By David Stringer. ''[[The Huffington Post]]''. 25 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarata 2021, Reprieve UK ta tattara bayanai game da illar hare-hare da jiragen yaƙi na Amurka da ayyukan ta'addanci don gabatar da koke da bayanin sheda a madadin 34 Yemenis a Hukumar Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam.  Rahoton ya mayar da hankali ne kan koke-kokensa na hadin kai game da illolin kare hakkin bil'adama na hare-haren jirage marasa matuka na Amurka wadanda suka kashe fararen hula da dama, ciki har da &quot;yara tara da mambobi da dama na sojojin Yemen&quot; 

Batun Burtaniya yana da ma'aikata ashirin da biyar a London da kuma yan'uwansa bakwai a Amurka da Pakistan. Masu kula da ita sun haɗa da Martha Lane Fox, Jon Snow, Alan Bennett, Julie Christie{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2019}} da Roger Waters . 

'''Shari'o'in yanzu''' sun hada da Andy Tsege,  Ali al Nimr,  Sami al-Saadi na Libya, &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/13/libyan-dissident-mi6-aided-rendition Government pays Libyan dissident's family £2.2m over ][[MI6]]&lt;span&gt;-aided rendition&lt;/span&gt;. Sami al-Saadi, wife and four children were secretly flown from Hong Kong to Tripoli where he was tortured by Gaddafi police. By Richard Norton-Taylor. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;  Falasdinawan da ba shi da kasa Abu Zubaydah, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.reprieve.org.uk/cases/abuzubaydah/ |title=Case Abu Zubaydah |access-date=2021-07-12 |archive-date=2011-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201100748/http://www.reprieve.org.uk/cases/abuzubaydah/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Linda Carty,  Yunus Rahmatullah, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.headoflegal.com/2012/11/06/foreign-secretary-v-rahmatullah-reprieves-dodgy-press-release/ Foreign Secretary v Rahmatullah: Reprieve's dodgy press release], by Carl Gardner. ''Head of legal,'' 6 November 2012]&lt;/ref&gt; Krishna Maharaj, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/20/krishna-maharaj-miami-murder-conviction-appeal_n_2341531.html Krishna Maharaj, Jailed Briton, Appeals Murder Conviction Claiming He Was Framed By Miami Police] ''[[Reuters]]'' / ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', 20 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; da Malik Jalal . 

'''Shari’ar kwanan nan''' sun haɗa da Samantha Orobator, &lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/04/laos.british.woman.drugs.trial/index.html British woman could face Laos death penalty]. [[CNN]], 4 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Binyam Mohamed, &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6718375.stm Guantanamo inmate sues US company. A British resident held by the US is suing a company for allegedly organizing flights that took him to Guantanamo Bay.] ''[[BBC]]'', 4 June 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Muhammad Saad Iqbal, &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/03/humanrights.terrorism Complaint over British role in extraordinary rendition. MP demands information on role in secret US flights. Human rights group calls for detainees to be named]. By Duncan Campbell and Richard Norton-Taylor. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 3 June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; da Akmal Shaikh,  dan asalin EU da gwamnatin China ta zartar.

== Reprieve US ==
Sake shigar da Amurka an kafa ta a cikin shekarata 2001 ta hanyar lauyoyi masu yanke hukuncin kisa a New Orleans, Louisiana, a matsayin 501 (c) (3) ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin shari'a, wanda wahayi daga Reprieve UK. A cikin shekarata 2014 Reprieve US ta buɗe hedkwata a Birnin New York, kuma ta fara aiki kan tsare mutane ba bisa doka ba da kisan kai da kuma hukuncin kisa. Sake dawo da Amurka wata 'yar uwa ce mai zaman kanta don sake Burtaniya; ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da manufa ɗaya kuma suna aiki tare a hadin gwiwa.

Sanar da Amurka ta yi matuƙar adawa da sansanin Guantanamo Bay tun kafuwarta, kuma ta hanyar doka tana wakiltar da yawa daga waɗanda take tsare da su. Hakanan suna da martaba kan yawancin fursunonin ta. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.reprieve.org/guantanamo-bay/ Guantanamo Bay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126065431/https://reprieve.org/guantanamo-bay/ |date=2020-11-26 }}, ''Reprieve''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babban Hukuncin Addini ==
Babban Laifin Hukunci na Hukunci (wanda a da ya ba da Australiya) an kafa shi a [[Melbourne]] a cikin shekarata 2001 ta masu aikata laifuka Richard Bourke da Nick Harrington don ba da wakilcin doka da taimakon jin kai ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kisa. Da farko bayar da taimakon agaji ga shirye-shirye a Amurka, CPJP tun daga lokacin ya faɗaɗa zuwa Asiya. Julian McMahon ne ke jagorantar ƙungiyar a halin yanzu. 

== Sake dawo da Netherlands ==
Refrieve Netherlands an kafa ta a cikin shekarata 2006, shekaru ashirin da huɗu bayan Netherlands ta soke hukuncin kisa, ta ƙungiyar mutanen Holland waɗanda suka taɓa yin aiki a ofisoshin tsaron babban birnin Amurka. Ya raba maƙasudin sauran ƙungiyoyi masu ramawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2017}}

== Bayani ==
 

== Manazarta ==

* [https://reprieve.org/uk/ Sake dawo da Burtaniya]
* [https://reprieve.org/us/ Sake dawo da Amurka]
* [https://cpjp.org.au/ Babban Addinin Hukunci na Hukunci], wanda ya Buga Australia a da
* [https://reprieve.nl/ Sake dawo da Netherlands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711070953/https://reprieve.nl/ |date=2021-07-11 }}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[category:Shari'a]]
[[category:Shugabanci]]
[[category:Hukunci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ganga</title>
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        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
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[[Fayil:Night Watchman's Drum, Xi'an Drum Tower.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[File:Drum for cultural dance.jpg|thumb|hoton ganga]]
[[File:Drum set.svg|left|thumb|87x87px|gangar zamani]]
[[File:Jori Drum being Played.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Ambigram Drum Music.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:A traveler plays the drum among the Namibian Himba.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:An ancient drum of Vijayanagara Empire of Medival India.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Drum set.svg|thumb|ganguna]]
[[Fayil:Bass Drum.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum taken at Maharajpore, 1843.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Cenderawasih Bay.jpg|thumb|Ganga.]]
[[Fayil:Drumhead Coated on Tom Drum 01.png|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Wereldmuseum Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Apa drum, Papua New Guiney, late 19th century.jpg|thumb|apa drum]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum in Sultan Suriansyah Mosque.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Two damaha drums, a tyamko drum, a dholaki drum at a Hindu wedding in Nepal.jpg|thumb|makada]]
[[File:Giant Drum 0.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
'''Ganga''' ire irai ne ne na gungiyar kiɗa na kayan kida. A cikin tsarin rarraba Hornbostel-Sachs, wayar membrano ce.[1] Ganguna sun gunshi aqalla membrane guda daya, wanda ake kira digon ganga ko fatar ganga, wanda aka shimfida a kan harsashi kuma a buga, ko dai kai tsaye da hannun mai kunnawa, ko kuma tare da mallet, don samar da sauti. Yawancin lokaci akwai kan mai resonant a gefen ganga. An yi amfani da wasu dabaru don sa ganguna su yi sauti, kamar nadadden babban yatsan hannu. Ganguna su ne kayan kida mafi dadewa a duniya kuma mafi yawan kayan kida, kuma kirar asali ta kasance kusan ba ta canzawa tsawon dubban shekaru. {{Stub}}

==Manazarta==</text>
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[[Fayil:Night Watchman's Drum, Xi'an Drum Tower.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[File:Drum for cultural dance.jpg|thumb|hoton ganga]]
[[File:Drum set.svg|left|thumb|87x87px|gangar zamani]]
[[File:Jori Drum being Played.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Ambigram Drum Music.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:A traveler plays the drum among the Namibian Himba.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:An ancient drum of Vijayanagara Empire of Medival India.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Drum set.svg|thumb|ganguna]]
[[Fayil:Bass Drum.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum taken at Maharajpore, 1843.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Cenderawasih Bay.jpg|thumb|Ganga.]]
[[Fayil:Drumhead Coated on Tom Drum 01.png|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Wereldmuseum Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Apa drum, Papua New Guiney, late 19th century.jpg|thumb|apa drum]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum in Sultan Suriansyah Mosque.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Two damaha drums, a tyamko drum, a dholaki drum at a Hindu wedding in Nepal.jpg|thumb|makada]]
[[File:Giant Drum 0.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
'''Ganga''' ire irai ne ne na gungiyar kiɗa na kayan kida. A cikin tsarin rarraba Hornbostel-Sachs, wayar membrano ce.[1] Ganguna sun gunshi aqalla membrane guda daya, wanda ake kira digon ganga ko fatar ganga, wanda aka shimfida a kan harsashi kuma a buga, ko dai kai tsaye da hannun mai kunnawa, ko kuma tare da mallet, don samar da sauti. Yawancin lokaci akwai kan mai resonant a gefen ganga. An yi amfani da wasu dabaru don sa ganguna su yi sauti, kamar nadadden babban yatsan hannu. Ganguna su ne kayan kida mafi dadewa a duniya kuma mafi yawan kayan kida, kuma ƙirar asali ta kasance kusan ba ta canzawa tsawon dubban shekaru. {{Stub}}

==Manazarta==</text>
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[[Fayil:Night Watchman's Drum, Xi'an Drum Tower.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[File:Drum for cultural dance.jpg|thumb|hoton ganga]]
[[File:Drum set.svg|left|thumb|87x87px|gangar zamani]]
[[File:Jori Drum being Played.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Ambigram Drum Music.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:A traveler plays the drum among the Namibian Himba.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:An ancient drum of Vijayanagara Empire of Medival India.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Drum set.svg|thumb|ganguna]]
[[Fayil:Bass Drum.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum taken at Maharajpore, 1843.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Cenderawasih Bay.jpg|thumb|Ganga.]]
[[Fayil:Drumhead Coated on Tom Drum 01.png|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Wereldmuseum Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Apa drum, Papua New Guiney, late 19th century.jpg|thumb|apa drum]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum in Sultan Suriansyah Mosque.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Two damaha drums, a tyamko drum, a dholaki drum at a Hindu wedding in Nepal.jpg|thumb|makada]]
[[File:Giant Drum 0.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
'''Ganga''' ire irai ne ne na gungiyar kiɗa na kayan kida. A cikin tsarin rarraba Hornbostel-Sachs, wayar membrano ce.[1] Ganguna sun gunshi aqalla membrane guda ɗaya, wanda ake kira digon ganga ko fatar ganga, wanda aka shimfida a kan harsashi kuma a buga, ko dai kai tsaye da hannun mai kunnawa, ko kuma tare da mallet, don samar da sauti. Yawancin lokaci akwai kan mai resonant a gefen ganga. An yi amfani da wasu dabaru don sa ganguna su yi sauti, kamar nadadden babban yatsan hannu. Ganguna su ne kayan kida mafi dadewa a duniya kuma mafi yawan kayan kida, kuma ƙirar asali ta kasance kusan ba ta canzawa tsawon dubban shekaru. {{Stub}}

==Manazarta==</text>
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[[Fayil:Night Watchman's Drum, Xi'an Drum Tower.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[File:Drum for cultural dance.jpg|thumb|hoton ganga]]
[[File:Drum set.svg|left|thumb|87x87px|gangar zamani]]
[[File:Jori Drum being Played.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Ambigram Drum Music.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:A traveler plays the drum among the Namibian Himba.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:An ancient drum of Vijayanagara Empire of Medival India.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Drum set.svg|thumb|ganguna]]
[[Fayil:Bass Drum.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum taken at Maharajpore, 1843.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Cenderawasih Bay.jpg|thumb|Ganga.]]
[[Fayil:Drumhead Coated on Tom Drum 01.png|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Wereldmuseum Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Apa drum, Papua New Guiney, late 19th century.jpg|thumb|apa drum]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum in Sultan Suriansyah Mosque.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Two damaha drums, a tyamko drum, a dholaki drum at a Hindu wedding in Nepal.jpg|thumb|makada]]
[[File:Giant Drum 0.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
'''Ganga''' ire irai ne ne na gungiyar kiɗa na kayan kida. A cikin tsarin rarraba Hornbostel-Sachs, wayar membrano ce.[1] Ganguna sun gunshi aqalla membrane guda ɗaya, wanda ake kira digon ganga ko fatar ganga, wanda aka shimfida a kan harsashi kuma a buga, ko dai kai tsaye da hannun mai kunnawa, ko kuma tare da mallet, don a samar da sauti. Yawancin lokaci akwai kan mai resonant a gefen ganga. An yi amfani da wasu dabaru don sa ganguna su yi sauti, kamar nadadden babban yatsan hannu. Ganguna su ne kayan kida mafi dadewa a duniya kuma mafi yawan kayan kida, kuma ƙirar asali ta kasance kusan ba ta canzawa tsawon dubban shekaru. {{Stub}}

==Manazarta==</text>
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[[Fayil:Night Watchman's Drum, Xi'an Drum Tower.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[File:Drum for cultural dance.jpg|thumb|hoton ganga]]
[[File:Drum set.svg|left|thumb|87x87px|gangar zamani]]
[[File:Jori Drum being Played.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Ambigram Drum Music.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:A traveler plays the drum among the Namibian Himba.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:An ancient drum of Vijayanagara Empire of Medival India.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Drum set.svg|thumb|ganguna]]
[[Fayil:Bass Drum.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum taken at Maharajpore, 1843.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Cenderawasih Bay.jpg|thumb|Ganga.]]
[[Fayil:Drumhead Coated on Tom Drum 01.png|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Wereldmuseum Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Apa drum, Papua New Guiney, late 19th century.jpg|thumb|apa drum]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum in Sultan Suriansyah Mosque.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Two damaha drums, a tyamko drum, a dholaki drum at a Hindu wedding in Nepal.jpg|thumb|makada]]
[[File:Giant Drum 0.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
'''Ganga''' ire irai ne ne na gungiyar kiɗa na kayan kida. A cikin tsarin rarraba Hornbostel-Sachs, wayar membrano ce.[1] Ganguna sun gunshi aqalla membrane guda ɗaya, wanda ake kira digon ganga ko fatar ganga, wanda aka shimfida a kan harsashi kuma a buga, ko dai kai tsaye da hannun mai kunnawa, ko kuma tare da mallet, don a samar da sauti. Yawancin lokaci akwai kan mai resonant a gefen ganga. An yi amfani da wasu dabaru don sa ganguna su yi sauti, kamar nadadden babban yatsan hannu. Ganguna su ne kayan kida mafi dadewa a duniya kuma mafi yawan kayan kiɗa, kuma ƙirar asali ta kasance kusan ba ta canzawa tsawon dubban shekaru. {{Stub}}

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <id>878178</id>
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        <username>Mansir Yusuf</username>
        <id>19064</id>
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[[Fayil:Night Watchman's Drum, Xi'an Drum Tower.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[File:Drum for cultural dance.jpg|thumb|hoton ganga]]
[[File:Drum set.svg|left|thumb|87x87px|gangar zamani]]
[[File:Jori Drum being Played.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Ambigram Drum Music.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:A traveler plays the drum among the Namibian Himba.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:An ancient drum of Vijayanagara Empire of Medival India.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Drum set.svg|thumb|ganguna]]
[[Fayil:Bass Drum.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum taken at Maharajpore, 1843.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Cenderawasih Bay.jpg|thumb|Ganga.]]
[[Fayil:Drumhead Coated on Tom Drum 01.png|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Tifa drum, Wereldmuseum Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
[[Fayil:Apa drum, Papua New Guiney, late 19th century.jpg|thumb|apa drum]]
[[Fayil:Mosque drum in Asilulu.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Drum in Sultan Suriansyah Mosque.jpg|thumb|ganga]]
[[Fayil:Two damaha drums, a tyamko drum, a dholaki drum at a Hindu wedding in Nepal.jpg|thumb|makada]]
[[File:Giant Drum 0.jpg|thumb|Ganga]]
'''Ganga''' ire irai ne na gungiyar kiɗa humairah na kayan kida. A cikin tsarin rarraba Hornbostel-Sachs, wayar membrano ce.[1] Ganguna sun gunshi aqalla membrane guda ɗaya, wanda ake kira digon ganga ko fatar ganga, wanda aka shimfida a kan harsashi kuma a buga, ko dai kai tsaye da hannun mai kunnawa, ko kuma tare da mallet, don a samar da sauti. Yawancin lokaci akwai kan mai resonant a gefen ganga. An yi amfani da wasu dabaru don sa ganguna su yi sauti, kamar nadadden babban yatsan hannu. Ganguna su ne kayan kida mafi dadewa a duniya kuma mafi yawan kayan kiɗa, kuma ƙirar asali ta kasance kusan ba ta canzawa tsawon dubban shekaru. {{Stub}}

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kariya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878412</id>
      <parentid>814863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:18:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359693043|Protectory]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7129" sha1="g39lgbkats1endoq8pbrhwmwhjbrg3f" xml:space="preserve">Cibiyar '''kariya''' wata cibiyar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ce ta matsuguni da horar da matasa, wadda aka tsara don samar wa yara da aka yi watsi da su matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da kuma muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi ilimi a addini, ɗabi'u, kimiyya da horon hannu ko ayyukan masana'antu. Ana samun irin wannan cibiyoyi a yawancin dakunan karatu na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Yawanci ana buɗe su ne don karɓar marayu, waɗanda suka yi rashin lafiya, waɗanda suka yi laifi, da yara marasa galihu. Mafi girma, a yanzu, ita ce Kariyar Katolika da ke New York.

== Bayani ==
An kafa makarantun kariya na duniya ko na gyara, ko kuma waɗanda aka fi sani da &quot;makarantun horarwa&quot;, a Amurka a farkon kwata na ƙarni na sha tara. A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1825, an buɗe Gidan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da darussa masu dacewa a kan abin da yanzu ake kira Madison Square, [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] . Yara tara, waɗanda suka taru daga tituna, sun kasance a wurin kuma suka kafa cibiyar sabon wurin wanda daga baya ya girma sosai a Tsibirin Randalls . [[Boston]] ta biyo baya da irin wannan cibiyar a 1826; [[Philadelphia]] a 1828; kuma a 1855 an kafa gidan gyaran 'yan mata a Lancaster, Massachusetts bisa tsarin iyali ko gida, inda aka raba cibiyar zuwa gidaje uku daban-daban na 'yan mata talatin kowannensu, tare da ungozoma uku, duk a ƙarƙashin kulawar babban mai kula da su.  A mafi yawan lokuta cibiyoyin jama'a ne, amma a jihohi da dama an ba da jinginar da gyara laifuka gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare ga hukumomin sirri ko na addini.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa San Michéle, cibiyar kare matasa ta farko a Rome a shekarar 1704 ta hannun Paparoma Clement XI . Lokacin da John Howard, mai gyaran gidajen yari na Ingila (1726-90), ya ziyarci makarantar, ya karanta a sama da ƙofar wannan rubutu: &quot;Clement XI, Babban Paparoma, don gyara da ilmantar da matasa masu laifi, don haka waɗanda suka yi wa Gwamnati lahani a lokacin da ba su da aiki, za su iya, idan aka ba su horo da horo sosai, su zama masu amfani a gare ta. A shekarar Alheri ta 1704; na Paparoma, na huɗu&quot;. A kan wani dutse mai marmara da aka saka a cikin ɗaya daga cikin bangon ciki, ya ƙara karantawa: &quot;Ba shi da amfani a ɗaure masu laifi da hukunci, sai dai idan kun gyara su ta hanyar ilimi&quot;. Wannan ya zama jigon karatun zamani. Fursunonin suna aiki tare da rana a cikin babban zauren inda aka rataye su da manyan haruffa, waɗanda kowa zai iya gani, kalmar Latin ''silentium'', tana nuna cewa dole ne a ci gaba da aikin a shiru. Da dare suna kwana a cikin ɗakuna daban-daban. Wannan tsarin aiki mai alaƙa ko taruwa cikin shiru da rana da kuma rabuwar ƙwayoyin halitta da dare, wanda, a ƙarƙashin sunan Tsarin Auburn, an yi iƙirarin samun ƙwarewa mai yawa a fannin penology na Amurka, an ƙaddamar da shi a Roma a farkon ƙarni na sha takwas, fiye da shekaru ɗari kafin a fara amfani da hanyar a nan. Wannan limamin cocin ya kafa a haɗe da wannan gidauniyar San Michéle, kotu ta musamman don shari'ar masu laifi 'yan ƙasa da shekaru ashirin, shirin da ya sake bayyana a Kotunan Matasa da aka kafa a Amurka da wasu wurare don shari'ar masu laifi 'yan ƙasa da shekaru (17). 

== Misalai ==

=== Kariyar Katolika ta New York ===
[[Fayil:Cottage_and_congregate_institutions_for_children_(IA_cottagecongregat00hartrich).pdf|page=85|thumb|Kariyar Katolika ta New York]]
[[Fayil:The_Great_north_side,_or,_Borough_of_the_Bronx,_New_York_(1897)_(14764732012)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Kariyar Katolika ta New York, Bronx, New York (kimanin 1897)]]
A wani lokaci, ƙungiyar kare yara ta Katolika ta New York ita ce babbar ƙungiyar kare yara a ƙasar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1860, yara da yawa a birnin New York sun fito ne daga bakin haure da ke zaune a unguwannin da ke fama da rashin lafiya da kuma waɗanda ke fama da cututtuka. Abin da ya ƙara wa talaucin shi ne yadda waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon Yaƙin Basasa suka bar mata da yawa zawarawa da 'ya'yansu ba su da uba.  An kafa ƙungiyar &quot;Ƙungiyar Kare Yara Katolika na Roman da ke cikin Birnin New York&quot; a shekarar 1863.

=== Gidan St. Philip ===
An buɗe Gidan St. Philip a shekarar 1902 a 417 Broome Street da ke Manhattan a matsayin masauki na wucin gadi ga yara maza waɗanda suka &quot;tsallake daga&quot; gidan Kare. Babban ofishin Kare yana kan titin 415 Broome. Kiristoci 'Yan'uwa ne ke gudanar da shi kuma yana iya ɗaukar kimanin samari 100. A can tsofaffin ɗalibai an taimaka musu da wurin aiki da kuma gidaje ga waɗanda ba su da aikin yi ko marasa gida.  Wasu za su ziyarci a ƙarshen mako don amfani da ɗakin karatu ko wuraren nishaɗi. A cewar Rahoton Cibiyoyin Kyautatawa na 1910, samarin Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka sun kasance cikin mazauna 100. 

=== Makarantar Noma ta Lincolndale ===
A Makarantar Noma ta Lincoln, wata cibiya mai zaman kanta, yaran suna samun horo kan kiwon kiwo da sauran noma.

A shekarar 1938, saboda yawan kuɗaɗen makaranta da raguwar mazauna da sauran albarkatu da zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su, an rufe Sashen 'Yan Mata kuma aka mayar da 'yan Samari zuwa cibiyar Lincolndale. An sayar da babban harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 129 ga Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Metropolitan, wanda ya gina ginin gidaje da aka tsara a wurin.

=== Sauran kariya ===

* Bishop Thomas Albert Andrew Becker na Wilmington ne ya kafa St. James' Protection da ke Reybold, Delaware a watan Satumba na 1879 a matsayin gidan marayu ga yara maza.  'Yan'uwan St. Francis na Philadelphia ne ke gudanar da shi. 

* An kafa Gidan Yara Masu Aiki na St. Paul a shekarar 1887 ta hannun Patrick Feehan, Babban Bishop na Chicago don kula da yara maza masu aiki, 'yan jarida, da kuma masu hidima.  An fara gano gidaje na wucin gadi a saman ɗakin karatu na Katolika a titin LaSalle, kusa da Hukumar Kasuwanci. 

[[Fayil:StMarysPreFire.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayin Makarantar Masana'antu ta St. Mary's ga Maza tun farkon shekarun 1900]]

* An buɗe Makarantar Masana'antu ta St. Mary's ga Maza a Birnin Baltimore a shekarar 1866 ta Archdiocese na Baltimore. Makarantar ta kasance a matsayin makarantar marayu da kuma [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] ga maza, tana koya musu dabarun rayuwa da aiki. A lokacin, Archbishop Martin Spalding ya nuna buƙatar irin wannan makaranta, kuma ya nemi taimakon ' Yan'uwan Xaverian don taimakawa wajen gudanar da makarantar Archdiocese. Yayin da halartar makarantar ke ƙaruwa, an gina babban ginin dutse na asali na Victorian kuma ana amfani da shi a shekarar 1868.  [[Babe Ruth]] ta kasance mazauninta na tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga baya za ta dawo don ziyartar yaran, duka a nan da kuma a Kariya ta New York.

Makarantu makamantan haka sune: a Amurka, a Arlington, New Jersey (Diocese of Newark); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; da [[Utica|Utica, New York]] (Diocese of Syracuse). A Kanada, 4 a Archdiocese of Montreal. A Ingila: ga yara maza, a Walthamstow, Essex; Farnworth, Lancashire; Birkdale, Lancashire da Market Weighton, Yorkshire da kuma ga 'yan mata, a Bristol, Gloucestershire da Liverpool, Lancashire. A Scotland, a Parkhead, Glasgow. A Ireland: ga yara maza, a Glencree, Co. Wicklow, da Philipstown, King's Co.; ga 'yan mata, a Drumcondra, Co. Dublin.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Cibiyar '''kariya''' wata cibiyar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ce ta matsuguni da horar da matasa, wadda aka tsara don samar wa yara da aka yi watsi da su matsuguni, abinci, tufafi da kuma muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi ilimi a addini, ɗabi'u, kimiyya da horon hannu ko ayyukan masana'antu. Ana samun irin wannan cibiyoyi a yawancin dakunan karatu na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Yawanci ana buɗe su ne don karɓar marayu, waɗanda suka yi rashin lafiya, waɗanda suka yi laifi, da yara marasa galihu. Mafi girma, a yanzu, ita ce Kariyar Katolika da ke New York.

== Bayani ==
An kafa makarantun kariya na duniya ko na gyara, ko kuma waɗanda aka fi sani da &quot;makarantun horarwa&quot;, a Amurka a farkon kwata na ƙarni na sha tara. A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1825, an buɗe Gidan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da darussa masu dacewa a kan abin da yanzu ake kira Madison Square, [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] . Yara tara, waɗanda suka taru daga tituna, sun kasance a wurin kuma suka kafa cibiyar sabon wurin wanda daga baya ya girma sosai a Tsibirin Randalls . [[Boston]] ta biyo baya da irin wannan cibiyar a 1826; [[Philadelphia]] a 1828; kuma a 1855 an kafa gidan gyaran 'yan mata a Lancaster, Massachusetts bisa tsarin iyali ko gida, inda aka raba cibiyar zuwa gidaje uku daban-daban na 'yan mata talatin kowannensu, tare da ungozoma uku, duk a ƙarƙashin kulawar babban mai kula da su.  A mafi yawan lokuta cibiyoyin jama'a ne, amma a jihohi da dama an ba da jinginar da gyara laifuka gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare ga hukumomin sirri ko na addini.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa San Michéle, cibiyar kare matasa ta farko a Rome a shekarar 1704 ta hannun Paparoma Clement XI . Lokacin da John Howard, mai gyaran gidajen yari na Ingila (1726-90), ya ziyarci makarantar, ya karanta a sama da ƙofar wannan rubutu: &quot;Clement XI, Babban Paparoma, don gyara da ilmantar da matasa masu laifi, don haka waɗanda suka yi wa Gwamnati lahani a lokacin da ba su da aiki, za su iya, idan aka ba su horo da horo sosai, su zama masu amfani a gare ta. A shekarar Alheri ta 1704; na Paparoma, na huɗu&quot;. A kan wani dutse mai marmara da aka saka a cikin ɗaya daga cikin bangon ciki, ya ƙara karantawa: &quot;Ba shi da amfani a ɗaure masu laifi da hukunci, sai dai idan kun gyara su ta hanyar ilimi&quot;. Wannan ya zama jigon karatun zamani. Fursunonin suna aiki tare da rana a cikin babban zauren inda aka rataye su da manyan haruffa, waɗanda kowa zai iya gani, kalmar Latin ''silentium'', tana nuna cewa dole ne a ci gaba da aikin a shiru. Da dare suna kwana a cikin ɗakuna daban-daban. Wannan tsarin aiki mai alaƙa ko taruwa cikin shiru da rana da kuma rabuwar ƙwayoyin halitta da dare, wanda, a ƙarƙashin sunan Tsarin Auburn, an yi iƙirarin samun ƙwarewa mai yawa a fannin penology na Amurka, an ƙaddamar da shi a Roma a farkon ƙarni na sha takwas, fiye da shekaru ɗari kafin a fara amfani da hanyar a nan. Wannan limamin cocin ya kafa a haɗe da wannan gidauniyar San Michéle, kotu ta musamman don shari'ar masu laifi 'yan ƙasa da shekaru ashirin, shirin da ya sake bayyana a Kotunan Matasa da aka kafa a Amurka da wasu wurare don shari'ar masu laifi 'yan ƙasa da shekaru (17). 

== Misalai ==

=== Kariyar Katolika ta New York ===
[[Fayil:Cottage_and_congregate_institutions_for_children_(IA_cottagecongregat00hartrich).pdf|page=85|thumb|Kariyar Katolika ta New York]]
[[Fayil:The_Great_north_side,_or,_Borough_of_the_Bronx,_New_York_(1897)_(14764732012)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Kariyar Katolika ta New York, Bronx, New York (kimanin 1897)]]
A wani lokaci, ƙungiyar kare yara ta Katolika ta New York ita ce babbar ƙungiyar kare yara a ƙasar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1860, yara da yawa a birnin New York sun fito ne daga bakin haure da ke zaune a unguwannin da ke fama da rashin lafiya da kuma waɗanda ke fama da cututtuka. Abin da ya ƙara wa talaucin shi ne yadda waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon Yaƙin Basasa suka bar mata da yawa zawarawa da 'ya'yansu ba su da uba.  An kafa ƙungiyar &quot;Ƙungiyar Kare Yara Katolika na Roman da ke cikin Birnin New York&quot; a shekarar 1863.

=== Gidan St. Philip ===
An buɗe Gidan St. Philip a shekarar 1902 a 417 Broome Street da ke Manhattan a matsayin masauki na wucin gadi ga yara maza waɗanda suka &quot;tsallake daga&quot; gidan Kare. Babban ofishin Kare yana kan titin 415 Broome. Kiristoci 'Yan'uwa ne ke gudanar da shi kuma yana iya ɗaukar kimanin samari 100. A can tsofaffin ɗalibai an taimaka musu da wurin aiki da kuma gidaje ga waɗanda ba su da aikin yi ko marasa gida.  Wasu za su ziyarci a ƙarshen mako don amfani da ɗakin karatu ko wuraren nishaɗi. A cewar Rahoton Cibiyoyin Kyautatawa na 1910, samarin Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka sun kasance cikin mazauna 100. 

=== Makarantar Noma ta Lincolndale ===
A Makarantar Noma ta Lincoln, wata cibiya mai zaman kanta, yaran suna samun horo kan kiwon kiwo da sauran noma.

A shekarar 1938, saboda yawan kuɗaɗen makaranta da raguwar mazauna da sauran albarkatu da zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su, an rufe Sashen 'Yan Mata kuma aka mayar da 'yan Samari zuwa cibiyar Lincolndale. An sayar da babban harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 129 ga Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Metropolitan, wanda ya gina ginin gidaje da aka tsara a wurin.

=== Sauran kariya ===

* Bishop Thomas Albert Andrew Becker na Wilmington ne ya kafa St. James' Protection da ke Reybold, Delaware a watan Satumba na 1879 a matsayin gidan marayu ga yara maza.  'Yan'uwan St. Francis na Philadelphia ne ke gudanar da shi. 

* An kafa Gidan Yara Masu Aiki na St. Paul a shekarar 1887 ta hannun Patrick Feehan, Babban Bishop na Chicago don kula da yara maza masu aiki, 'yan jarida, da kuma masu hidima.  An fara gano gidaje na wucin gadi a saman ɗakin karatu na Katolika a titin LaSalle, kusa da Hukumar Kasuwanci. 

[[Fayil:StMarysPreFire.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayin Makarantar Masana'antu ta St. Mary's ga Maza tun farkon shekarun 1900]]

* An buɗe Makarantar Masana'antu ta St. Mary's ga Maza a Birnin Baltimore a shekarar 1866 ta Archdiocese na Baltimore. Makarantar ta kasance a matsayin makarantar marayu da kuma [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] ga maza, tana koya musu dabarun rayuwa da aiki. A lokacin, Archbishop Martin Spalding ya nuna buƙatar irin wannan makaranta, kuma ya nemi taimakon ' Yan'uwan Xaverian don taimakawa wajen gudanar da makarantar Archdiocese. Yayin da halartar makarantar ke ƙaruwa, an gina babban ginin dutse na asali na Victorian kuma ana amfani da shi a shekarar 1868.  [[Babe Ruth]] ta kasance mazauninta na tsawon shekaru da dama kuma daga baya za ta dawo don ziyartar yaran, duka a nan da kuma a Kariya ta New York.

Makarantu makamantan haka sune: a Amurka, a Arlington, New Jersey (Diocese of Newark); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; da [[Utica|Utica, New York]] (Diocese of Syracuse). A Kanada, 4 a Archdiocese of Montreal. A Ingila: ga yara maza, a Walthamstow, Essex; Farnworth, Lancashire; Birkdale, Lancashire da Market Weighton, Yorkshire da kuma ga 'yan mata, a Bristol, Gloucestershire da Liverpool, Lancashire. A Scotland, a Parkhead, Glasgow. A Ireland: ga yara maza, a Glencree, Co. Wicklow, da Philipstown, King's Co.; ga 'yan mata, a Drumcondra, Co. Dublin.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Addinan Ibrahimiyya</title>
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[[File:Three_Main_Abrahamic_Religions.svg|thumb|510x510px| Alamomin manyan addinan Ibrahim guda uku: Tauraron Yahudawa na Dawuda, gicciyen Kirista, da tauraro da jinjirin watan da ake amfani da su don wakiltar Musulunci.]]
[[File:4 Abrahamic symbols.svg|thumb|Ibrahimiyya]]
[[File:&quot;Family tree&quot; of the Abrahamic religions.png|thumb|Ibrahimmiyya]]
'''Addinin Ibrahim''' shine [[addini]] wanda mabiyansa suka yi imani da annabi [[Ibrahim]]. Sun yi imani Annabi Ibrahim da 'ya'yansa/jikokinsa suna da, muhimmiyar rawa a cigaban ruhaniya na ɗan adam. Mafi sanannun addinan Ibrahim sune Yahudanci, [[Kiristanci]] da [[Musulunci|Islama]]. Ƙananan al'adun addini wasu lokuta ana haɗa su kamar addinan Ibrahim sune [[Samariyawa]], [[Druze]], [[Rastafari]], [[Yazidi]], [[Bábi|Babism]] da [[Baha'i|Bahá'í]]. Addinin Mandeniya (addinin da ke riƙe da imanin Ibrahim da yawa) ba a ƙira shi Ibrahim saboda mabiyansa suna tunanin Ibrahim [[Manzo|annabin ƙarya ne.]]
[[File:MedinaBaayMosque.jpg|thumb|Ibrahimiyya]]
Addinan Ibrahim na gaskiya suna da tauhidi (imani cewa akwai Allah ɗaya). Sun kuma yi imani cewa ya kamata mutane su yi addu'a ga Allah kuma su yawaita bauta wa Allah. Daga cikin addinan tauhidi, addinin Annabi Ibrahim yana da mabiya mafi girma a duniya. Su ma duk da'a addinan tauhidi. Wannan yana nufin suna da dokoki waɗanda dole ne su bi.

==Yahudanci==

== Kiristanci ==
== Musulunci ==

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:106917_jerusalem_PikiWiki_Israel.png|Jerusalem a shekarun da
File:16-03-31-Bethlehem-RalfR-WAT_5516.jpg|Wuri mai tsarki na Kiristoci 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta== 
[[Category:Addini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Hassan</title>
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[[Fayil:Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub - beIN-Sports-Reklam (2021).png|thumb|Ahmed Hassan]]
[[Fayil:Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub 1.jpg|thumb|Ahmed Hassan]]
'''Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub Abdelmoneim'''  ({{Lang-ar|أحمد حسن محجوب}}) (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan  Maris,a  shekara ta 1993), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kouka'''  ko '''Koka''',  kwararren dan wasan kwallon [[Kwallan Kwando|kafa]] ne na ƙasar ￼￼Masar . wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa ga ƙungiyar Olympiacos, ta [[Girka]] da ƙungiyar ƙasar [[Masar]].

Ya fara aikinsa a ƙasarsa ta Masar a makarantar matasa, a Al Ahly amma ya koma ƙungiyar Rio Ave ta Portugal acikin shekara ta  2012 ba tare da ya fito daga ƙungiyar farko ba. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a Rio Ave a watan Satumba,acikin shekara ta  2012.Acikin shekara ta  2015, ya shiga ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Braga ta kasar Portugal, inda ya taimakawa ƙungiyar ta lashe Ta thea de Portugal a lokacin kakarsa ta farko a kulob din.
[[Fayil:Ahmed Hassan Al-Bakr, 1963.png|thumb|Ahmed Hassan]]
Ya wakilci Masar a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekaru  ashirin 20, da kuma' yan ƙasa da shekaru  ashirin da uku 23, kafin ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar wasa a watan Agusta, acikin shekara ta 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Uganda . Yana cikin tawagar Masar da ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Kofin Ƙasashen Afirka na shekara ta  2017.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub a ranar 5 ga watan Maris,  shekara ta 1993, a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar. An ba shi sunan laƙabi Kouka (wani lokacin ana rubuta Koka) saboda yana son abin sha mai laushi Coca-Cola tun yana yaro. 

== Klub din ==

=== Rio Ave ===
Kouka ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa tare da Al Ahly ..Ya yi atisaye akai-akai tare da ƙungiyar farko amma ya yi ƙoƙarin kutsawa gefe kamar yadda manajan Manuel José de Jesus daga baya ya yi sharhi cewa &quot;dalilin da ya sa bai yi mana wasa ba shi ne ina da kwararrun 'yan wasan gaba a Masar.&quot;  Rashin lokacin wasa ya sa Kouka barin Misira ya soke kwantiraginsa da ƙungiyar kafin, a watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, ya shiga makarantar matasa a ƙungiyar Rio Ave ta Portugal. 

Kouka ya taka leda a ƙungiyar matasa ta Rio Ave na tsawon kaka daya kuma an daga shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko a farkon kakar acikin shekara ta 2012,  zuwa 13 ga watan. inda ya fara zama kwararren dan wasa a ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2012,  da Paços de Ferreira . Shigar da wasan azaman maye gurbin marigayi,  ya ga ƙoƙari ya share layin a ƙarshen lokaci. Daga qarshe ya ci qwallo ta farko a raga a karo na uku da ya buga wa ƙungiyar, shan kashi da ci 3-2 a hannun Paços de Ferreira a gasar Taça de Portugal, inda ya zura kwallon da za ta yi sanyin gwiwa..Manufar sa ta farko a gasar ta zo ne a watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye mintuna uku bayan ya dawo a matsayin wanda aka sauya yayin wasan da aka doke Vitória da ci 3-1. Ya ci kwallaye shida a wasanni takwas na farko da ya fara bugawa, kafin gudu ya kare bayan an kore shi daga fili a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Braga a kan Vincent Sasso .  Ya gama kakarsa ta farko ta babbar kwallon kafa da kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa a Rio Ave. 

A farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa, Kouka ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kamfen din bayan da ya sauya fanareti a lokacin da aka doke Vitória Setúbal da ci 2-0.  Koyaya, da farko ya yi gwagwarmaya don sake buga kamanninsa daga kakarsa ta farko, yana jimre wa fari wanda ya shafe kusan watanni uku, yana zuwa karshe a cikin Nuwamba  shekara ta 2013. A rabi na biyu na kakar, Kouka ya taimaka wa Rio Ave ta kai wasan karshe na Taça da Liga, ya canza fanareti a lokacin da suka ci Braga 2-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe, da na karshe na Taça de Portugal, har ta kai ga wasan ƙarshe karo na biyu kawai a tarihin ƙungiyar. Koyaya, sun sha kashi a hannun Benfica a wasan karshe. 

Bayyano Rio Ave a wasan ƙarshe na Taça de Portugal a kakar wasan data gabata yasa kungiyar ta tsallake zuwa gasar Turai a karon farko a tarihinta. A wasan farko da kungiyar ta buga a Turai, wasan UEFA Europa League da kungiyar IFK Göteborg ta Sweden, Kouka ne ya zira kwallon daya tilo a wasan wanda ya baiwa Rio Ave jimillar kwallaye 1 - 0.  A wasan farko da kungiyar ta buga a kakar shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2015, Kouka ya zama dan wasan Masar na farko tun bayan Mohamed Zidan a shekara ta 2007,  da ya ci kwallaye uku-uku a gasar laliga ta saman Turai bayan ya zura kwallaye uku a yayin wasan da suka doke Estoril da ci 5-1.  Kouka ya ji daɗin ɗan wasan farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya ci ƙwallaye goma sha ɗaya a watan Janairu don wuce tarihin ƙwallafin nasa na ƙwallon ƙafa a baya kuma ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta kai matakin rukuni na Gasar Europa. Yanayin nasa ya sa ƙungiyar Sporting CP ta Portugal ta gabatar da tayin da bai yi nasara ba na of 1 miliyan don Kouka. 

Ya ci gaba da kammala kakar wasansa  ta shekara ta 2014, zuwa cikin shekara ta 2015,  da kwallaye goma sha biyu a jere, mai hadin gwiwa na biyar mafi girma a cikin rukuni,  da goma sha biyar a duk gasa duk da rashin watanni biyu na ƙarshe na kakar tare da rauni. Sporting CP ya nuna sha'awar sayan Kouka amma ya ki matsawa daga tayin su na Euro miliyan daya 1, ya fadi kasawar kimar Rio Ave.  A lokacin hadahadar bazara, kungiyar Benfica ta kasar Portugal ta nemi Kouka, tare da takwarorinta Ederson Moraes da Diego Lopes,  hadu kan farashin Rio Ave na Euro miliyan 1.5.  Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwantiragi na shekaru biyar, sauya Kouka ya jinkirta bayan likita ya nuna alamun rashin lafiyar zuciya. Ya sake yin gwajin lafiya karo na biyu kuma Rio Ave ya musanta duk wata matsalar zuciya amma daga baya aka soke matakin bayan Benfica ta yanke shawarar soke tayin nasu.  Tsohon kocin Al Ahly na Kouka, Manuel José de Jesus, daga baya ya bayyana imaninsa cewa Benfica ta fice daga canjin ne saboda kamanceceniya da Miklós Fehér, wanda ya fadi ya mutu yayin da yake wasa da Benfica saboda yanayin zuciya da ba a gano shi ba. 

=== Braga ===
A ranar 26 ga watan  Agustan shekara ta 2015, kwanaki bayan da ya ci kwallo a ragar kungiyar a Rio Ave,  Kouka ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Braga,  daga baya ya yi tsokaci kan matakin &quot;Yana da kyau a gare ni. Wannan bazarar ta kasance min wahala, amma ina farin ciki da zabin da na yi. ” Ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa ne a madadin a wasan da suka doke Boavista da ci 4-0, inda ya ci fanareti a wasan karshe na ƙungiyar.  Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke kungiyar FC Groningen ta Holland a gasar Europa League da ci 1 da 0. 

A ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, shekara 2015, ya ci kwallon farko a karawar da Braga ta ci Europa League 3-2 a gasar rukuni-rukuni da Olympique de [[Marseille]]. Cikin hawaye yayin bikin sa, Kouka ya sadaukar da burin ga mahaifinsa, wanda ya mutu ranar da ta gabata,  yana mai cewa &quot;Lokaci ne na musamman a wurina da iyalina. Ina nan saboda mahaifina. Ba na son in daina. Na yi kokarin zura masa kwallo a raga. ”  Bai halarci wasan da kulob din ya buga ba, da FC [[Porto]], don halartar jana'izar.  A kakarsa ta farko tare da Braga, Kouka ya ci kwallaye goma sha huɗu a duk gasa, gami da ƙarfafa gwiwa a kan Académica da tsohuwar ƙungiyar Rio Ave, taimaka wajan kai wa zagayen kwata fainal na Gasar Europa. Sun kuma ci gaba da lashe Taça de Portugal bayan da suka doke Porto a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan karshe . 

A kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kulob din ya samu matsala sakamakon rauni, wanda aka tilasta shi yin aikin sake gina bangon ciki,  kuma an sanya shi cikin tawagar Masar ta gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta shekara ta 2017 .  Ya kammala kakar wasan da kwallaye biyu a wasanni goma sha hudu da ya buga.  A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an cire Kouka daga kungiyar farko a karkashin sabon koci Abel Ferreira, wanda ya kasance mai sauyawa a duk tsawon shekara. Daga baya ya yi sharhi game da dangantakarsa da Ferreira, yana mai cewa &quot;Kullum ina da matsala da kocin (Ferreira).&quot;  A watan Maris shekara ta  2018, Kouka ya yi wasa na guda dari 100 a duk gasa don Braga da Moreirense . 

==== Lamuni na farko ga Olympiacos ====
A watan Agusta  shekara ta 2018, Kouka ya koma kungiyar Olympiacos ta Girka a kan aro na tsawon lokaci daga Braga kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya fara taka leda a kungiyar a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2018,  a matsayin mai maye gurbin Felipe Pardo a yayin da aka tashi 1-0 akan Levadiakos .  A ranar 25 ga watan  Fabrairun shekara ta  2019, Ahmed Hassan ya ci kwallaye uku yayin da Olympiacos ta doke OFI Crete da ci 5-1 a gidan Georgios Karaiskakis . 

==== Lamuni na biyu ga Olympiacos ====
A ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2020, Kouka ya koma Olympiacos a matsayin aro tare da zabin sayayya a lokacin rani kan € 2.5 miliyan. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2020, ya fito daga benci don zira ƙwallo mai nasara a wasan Olympiacos da Atromitos a wasan da aka tashi da ci 0-0 wanda ya ga baƙi sun rage zuwa playersan wasa guda goma 10 saboda jan katin kyaftin Omar Elabdellaoui yayin da ya rage mintoci  sha bakwai 17.  An yi amfani da shi a madadin Youssef El-Arabi na gaba kuma yana wasa tare da shi. Daga shiga Olympiacos har zuwa Afrilu ya ci kwallaye biyar kuma ya yi rijista daya a raga a wasanni 15.  A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, ya ba wa Pedro Martins 'kungiyar sake buga wasannin Super League a gida da ci 2-1 gidan OFI Crete ta hanyar jefa kwallaye biyu 

=== Olympiacos ===
A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2020, Kouka ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Olympiacos, farashin canja wurin ya kusan € 2 miliyan.  Watanni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2020, ya kamo wanda ya ci nasara a minti na 91 a kan Marseille a gasar zakarun Turai, bayan taimakon Mathieu Valbuena . 

A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara  ta 2021, Kouka ya zura kwallaye a minti na 88 mai wahalar shiga ba waje akan PSV, a wasan da kungiyar sa ta sha kashi daci 2-1 a wasan zagayen farko na cin Kofin Europa . Wannan kwallayen ne ya sanya Olympiacos ta samu nasara daci biyar da nema a jimillar cancantar su zuwa wasan karshe na gasar 16. 

== Ayyukan duniya ==
A matsayin dan wasan kasa da kasa na Masar na kasa da shekaru 20, Kouka na daga cikin kungiyar da ta kare ta uku a Gasar Afirka ta Matasan Afirka ta shekarar 2011 kuma ta cancanci zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta U-20 ta shekarar 2011 .  A lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 bayan shekara biyu bayan haka, ya ci kwallaye biyu a kan Iraki  da Ingila,  yayin da ya taimaka wa kasarsa daya tilo a ragar [[Chile]] yayin da aka fitar da Masar a wasan rukuni. 

Kouka ya karɓi kiransa na farko zuwa ga manyan 'yan wasan Masar daga manajan Bob Bradley a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2013 yana da shekara goma sha tara. Kasancewar ya buga manyan wasanni bakwai ne kawai a matakin kulob, an sanya shi cikin kungiyar da za ta buga wasan sada zumunci da Chile amma bai fito ba.  Ya fara buga wa Masar wasa ne a watan Agustan shekarar 2013, inda ya ci kwallo daya a wasan da suka doke Uganda da ci 3-0. A cikin shekara ta 2017, an ambaci Kouka a cikin tawagar Masar ta gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta shekarar 2017 . Koyaya, bayan da ya bayyana a nasarar da kasarsa ta samu a kan Morocco a wasan dab da na kusa da karshe,  an cire shi daga sauran wasannin tare da raunin cinya yayin da Masar ta kare a matsayin ta biyu. 

A watan Mayun shekara ta 2018, an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko na Masar don gasar [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekara ta 2018]] a Rasha amma kocin Héctor Cúper ya cire shi daga jerin' yan wasa guds ashirin da uku 23 na karshe. Daga baya Kouka ya nuna bacin ransa da aka cire shi, yana mai yin tsokaci &quot;Ina fatan babu wanda ya dandana abin da na ji bayan sanarwar kungiyar ta karshe ta 23.&quot; 
[[File:Ahmed_Hassan_Kouka.jpg|thumb|367x367px| Ahmed Hassan tare da tawagar kasar Masar]]

=== Kulab ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Rio Ave
|2012–13
|Primeira Liga
|17
|8
|2
|0
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|24
|10
|-
|2013–14
|Primeira Liga
|25
|3
|7
|1
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|36
|6
|-
|2014–15
|Primeira Liga
|22
|12
|3
|2
|1
|0
|9
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|35
|15
|-
|2015–16
|Primeira Liga
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!66
!24
!12
!3
!10
!4
!9
!1
!0
!0
!97
!32
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Braga
|2015–16
|Primeira Liga
|23
|10
|6
|0
|4
|1
|11
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|44
|14
|-
|2016–17
|Primeira Liga
|14
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
|6
|2
|1
|0
|23
|4
|-
|2017–18
|Primeira Liga
|20
|5
|1
|0
|3
|0
|10
|1
|0
|0
|34
|6
|-
|2019–20
|Primeira Liga
|6
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|7
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!63
!18
!8
!0
!8
!1
!28
!6
!1
!0
!108
!25
|-
|Olympiacos (loan)
|2018–19
|Super League Greece
|22
|11
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|32
|15
|-
|Olympiacos (loan)
|2019–20
|Super League Greece
|14
|6
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|18
|8
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Olympiacos
|2020–21
|Super League Greece
|25
|10
|5
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|7
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|37
|15
|-
|2021–22
|Super League Greece
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!190
!69
!33
!10
!18
!5
!54
!10
!1
!0
!295
!95
|}
&lt;references group=&quot;nb&quot; /&gt;

=== Na duniya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallaye ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara
! Teamungiyar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Ayyuka
! Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | Masar
| 2013
| 1
| 1
|-
| 2014
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 3
| 4
|-
| 2016
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 5
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2020
| 3
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimla
! 25
! 5
|}

: ''Kwallaye da dama da aka fitar sun zira kwallaye a ragar Masar a farko, rukunin maki ya nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin Hassan'' . 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Ahmed Hassan ya ci a duniya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kishiya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamakon
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasa
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 14 Agusta 2013
| Filin wasa na El Gouna, El Gouna, Misira
|&lt;/img&gt; Uganda
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 - 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3-0
| Abokai
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 11 Oktoba 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Filin wasa na Mohammed Bin Zayed, [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Zambiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 - 0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 3-0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Abokai
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 17 Nuwamba 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Filin wasa na Borg El Arab, [[Alexandria]], Egypt
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Chadi
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3-0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 4-0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2018
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4-0
|}

== Daraja ==

=== Kulab ===
'''Rio Ave FC'''

* Taça de Portugal wacce ta zo ta biyu: 2013-14
* Taça da Liga wacce ta zo ta biyu: 2013-14

'''Braga'''

* Taça de Portugal: 2015-16

'''Olympiacos'''

* Gasar Super League : 2019-20, 2020 - 21
* Kofin Girka : 2019-20

=== Na duniya ===
'''Masar'''

* Gasar U-20 ta Afirka : 2013
* Gasar cin Kofin Afirka wacce ta zo ta biyu: 2017 

== Bayani ==
 

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* Ahmed Hassan at ForaDeJogo 
* {{FIFA player|344660}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>fybf6hyq3c2eol2i7alkyaynv906sq8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khalid ibn al-Walid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878153</id>
      <parentid>749157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T05:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hon.Mubarak</username>
        <id>45736</id>
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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar  alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara a 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar  alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara al 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar  alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara al 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar  alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara al 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar  alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara al 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar  alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara ali 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara ali 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara ali 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S. ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A. ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A. ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A. ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta a 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A.W ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta a 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A.W ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta al 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A.W ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta ali 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A.W ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta alif 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A.W ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta alif 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylama da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A.W ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta alif 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylama da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikin su; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A.W ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta alif 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylama da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikin su; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gaba ɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

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[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid in Calligraphy.png|thumb|khalid bn walid]]
[[Fayil:Khālid ibn al-Walīd, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|khalid bn al walid]]
[[Fayil:Khalid ibn al-Walid Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
'''[[Khalid]] ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''' (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: ''Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī''; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin [[Larabawa]] a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad S.A.W]] da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekara  alif 632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a [[yakin Uhudu]] a shekara alif 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar  629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na [[Rumawa]] a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin [[Nasarar Makka|kwace Makka]] da [[yakin Hunayn]] a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a [[Yaƙin Buzakha]] a shekara 632 da Musaylima a [[Yakin Yamama|Yakin Aqraba]] a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), [[Damascus]] (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar  637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a [[Madinah|Madina]] ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gaba ɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

== Asali da farkon aikin soja ==
Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin &quot;mai izgili&quot; ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} musamman [[Yemen]] da Abisiniya (Habasha),{{sfn|Hinds|1991|pp=137–138}} kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Lammens|1993|p=171}} An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da &quot;ubangijin makka&quot; kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=137}} Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin &quot;mutum mai matsayi mai girma&quot; a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=23–24}}

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra (&quot;Lubaba Ƙarami&quot;, don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1998|pp=202–203}} Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

=== Adawar farko ga Muhammadu S.A.W ===
[[File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Uhud.JPG|thumb|Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta al 625]]
Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, [[Banu Hashim]] na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.{{sfn|Hinds|1991|p=138}} A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=53–54}} A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, &quot;Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti&quot; na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}}{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=37}} A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Robinson|2000|p=782}} Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.{{sfn|Hill|1975|p=39}} Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=23}}

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}} Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=109–110}} Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=110}} An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya]] a watan Maris.{{sfn|Watt|1971|p=539}}

=== Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu ===
A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27}} masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance &quot;watakila sun fi amintattu&quot;.{{sfn|Lecker|1989|p=27, note 25}} Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=121}} Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid &quot;ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi&quot;, a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=76}}

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jodan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.{{sfn|Crone|1978|p=928}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}} Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}} Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=71}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|pp=71–72}} Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=144}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=72}}{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}} Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa ''Sayf Allah'' (Takobin Allah).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1965|p=235}}
[[File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg|left|thumb|Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.]]
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=158}} A [[Yakin Hunayn|yaƙin Hunayn]] daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.{{sfn|Umari|1991|p=172}} A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.{{sfn|Umari|1991|pp=172–173}} A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima &quot;yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi&quot;.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=70}}

Daga baya a shekara ta alif 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.{{sfn|Vaglieri|1965|p=625}} A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}} Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.{{sfn|Schleifer|1971|p=223}}

== Kwamanda a yakin Ridda ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.|thumb|Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda]]
Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=44}} A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin [[Khalifofi|halifa]] sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, &quot;kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi&quot;.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=24}}

=== Yakin Buzakha ===
Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.{{sfn|Watt|1960|p=110}} A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}} Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.{{sfn|Bosworth|1960|p=1358}}

=== Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra ===
Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.{{sfn|Landau-Tasseron|1991|p=267}} Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=45}}

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

=== Kawar da Musaylama da cin Yamama ===
[[File:Yamama_english.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamama_english.jpg|thumb|Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin]]
Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=22–23}} wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=7–9, 28–29}} Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=23}} A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=23–25}} Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=29}}

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.{{sfn|Kister|2002|pp=46–47}} Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.{{sfn|Kister|2002|p=47}} Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yammah Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.{{sfn|Lecker|2004|p=694}}

== Kamfe a Iraki ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's_conquest_of_Iraq.PNG|alt=|thumb|Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.]]
Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

== Tafiya zuwa Siriya ==
[[File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid's(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG|alt=Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki]]

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da &quot;ma'ana&quot; kuma ta rubuta cewa &quot;da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya.&quot; Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada
Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja.
Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakuman su, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikin su; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna &quot;tabbas daidai&quot; a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu &quot;kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai&quot;.

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada &quot;ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara.&quot; Ya kara da cewa &quot;tabbas&quot; Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, &quot;wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji&quot;, kuma &quot;shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can&quot;. Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa &quot;wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya&quot; da kuma shaida &quot;Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda&quot;.

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda &quot;da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa&quot; masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga &quot;gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a&quot; da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar &quot;don samun kudin shiga.&quot; wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa&quot; tare da &quot;sanannen janar&quot;.

'''Yakin Siriya'''

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce &quot;ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince&quot; da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi.
Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

=== Siege na Damascus ===
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim-Byzantine_troop_movement_(635-636).svg|alt=Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.]]

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gaba ɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

=== Yaƙin Yarmuk ===
[[File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield_of_yarmouk-mohammad_adil.jpg|right|thumb|Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk]]
[[File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayton_BNF886_9v.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).]]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa &quot;watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi&quot; tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar &quot;kusa da lambobi&quot; tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da &quot;mafi girman jagoranci&quot; na sojojin musulmi, musamman &quot;hiza&quot; na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid &quot;daidai&quot;. tsammani&quot;. A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk &quot;shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama&quot;. Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin &quot;yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya&quot;, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

'''Ragewa'''

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin &quot;dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci&quot; a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa &quot;da dukkan gazawarsa na soja&quot;, da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi &quot;madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid&quot;. Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

===Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya===

Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

===Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid===

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance &quot;rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]&quot; kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin &quot;baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana&quot;.

===Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a===

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid
Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

== Legacy ==
Ana daukar Khalid &quot;daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci&quot; na Donner.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance &quot;hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=81}} Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=75–76}} A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin &quot;babban jarumin Musulunci&quot; a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid &quot;wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa&quot;,{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} Humphreys ya siffanta shi da &quot;watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=72, note 124}} Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.{{sfn|Mulder|2014|pp=92–93}}

=== Mausoleum a cikin Homs ===
Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.{{sfn|Blackburn|2005|p=75, note 195}} Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.{{sfn|Sirriya|1979|p=116}} Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1999|p=230}} A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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== Gidaje ==
Fim ɗin, wanda [[Joke Silva]] ke ba da labarinsa a wasu lokutan, yana ba da labarin gyarawa game da ɗan kasuwar bayi na Birtaniya John Newton ( Nick Moran ), wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa inda yanzu ake kira [[Najeriya]] don siyan bayi. Daga baya, ya ƙara mamakin muguntar [[bauta]], ya daina cinikin ya zama firist na Anglican .   Daga baya Newton ya rubuta waƙar fansa mai suna Amazing Grace kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan kawar da bauta.</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358814776|The Amazing Grace]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1345" sha1="0zitn1cxxjd92uhz5nezh5emgxus535" xml:space="preserve">
Fim ɗin '''''The Amazing Grace''''' fim ne na [[tarihi]] na Birtaniya da aka yi a Najeriya a shekarar 2006 wanda [[Jeta Amata]] da Nick Moran suka rubuta, wanda Jeta Amata suka ba da umarni kuma Jeta Amata da Alicia Arce suka shirya. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin taurari kamar [[Joke Silva]], Nick Moran, Scott Cleverdon, Mbong Odungide, Fred Amata da Zack Amata. Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓaɓɓun mutane 11 kuma ya lashe kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Achievement in Cinematography]] a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;      &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Grace (2006) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212116/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0zitn1cxxjd92uhz5nezh5emgxus535</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>877942</id>
      <parentid>877940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:18:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358814776|The Amazing Grace]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877942</origin>
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Fim ɗin '''''The Amazing Grace''''' fim ne na [[tarihi]] na Birtaniya da aka yi a Najeriya a shekarar 2006 wanda [[Jeta Amata]] da Nick Moran suka rubuta, wanda Jeta Amata suka ba da umarni kuma Jeta Amata da Alicia Arce suka shirya. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin taurari kamar [[Joke Silva]], Nick Moran, Scott Cleverdon, Mbong Odungide, Fred Amata da Zack Amata. Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓaɓɓun mutane 11 kuma ya lashe kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Achievement in Cinematography]] a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;      &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Grace (2006) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212116/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidaje ==</text>
      <sha1>bxezah5ugy896tfjlp1ux8x4a8tz44e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877943</id>
      <parentid>877942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:18:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358814776|The Amazing Grace]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1796" sha1="nd9zz01p7q35nwbkh0epkirxsskjzfz" xml:space="preserve">
Fim ɗin '''''The Amazing Grace''''' fim ne na [[tarihi]] na Birtaniya da aka yi a Najeriya a shekarar 2006 wanda [[Jeta Amata]] da Nick Moran suka rubuta, wanda Jeta Amata suka ba da umarni kuma Jeta Amata da Alicia Arce suka shirya. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin taurari kamar [[Joke Silva]], Nick Moran, Scott Cleverdon, Mbong Odungide, Fred Amata da Zack Amata. Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓaɓɓun mutane 11 kuma ya lashe kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Achievement in Cinematography]] a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;      &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Grace (2006) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212116/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidaje ==
Fim ɗin, wanda [[Joke Silva]] ke ba da labarinsa a wasu lokutan, yana ba da labarin gyarawa game da ɗan kasuwar bayi na Birtaniya John Newton ( Nick Moran ), wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa inda yanzu ake kira [[Najeriya]] don siyan bayi. Daga baya, ya ƙara mamakin muguntar [[bauta]], ya daina cinikin ya zama firist na Anglican .   Daga baya Newton ya rubuta waƙar fansa mai suna Amazing Grace kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan kawar da bauta.</text>
      <sha1>nd9zz01p7q35nwbkh0epkirxsskjzfz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877944</id>
      <parentid>877943</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358814776|The Amazing Grace]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2149" sha1="4g6wxbfl1t8qgmytm9esdhwiud35azg" xml:space="preserve">
Fim ɗin '''''The Amazing Grace''''' fim ne na [[tarihi]] na Birtaniya da aka yi a Najeriya a shekarar 2006 wanda [[Jeta Amata]] da Nick Moran suka rubuta, wanda Jeta Amata suka ba da umarni kuma Jeta Amata da Alicia Arce suka shirya. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin taurari kamar [[Joke Silva]], Nick Moran, Scott Cleverdon, Mbong Odungide, Fred Amata da Zack Amata. Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓaɓɓun mutane 11 kuma ya lashe kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Achievement in Cinematography]] a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;      &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Grace (2006) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212116/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidaje ==
Fim ɗin, wanda [[Joke Silva]] ke ba da labarinsa a wasu lokutan, yana ba da labarin gyarawa game da ɗan kasuwar bayi na Birtaniya John Newton ( Nick Moran ), wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa inda yanzu ake kira [[Najeriya]] don siyan bayi. Daga baya, ya ƙara mamakin muguntar [[bauta]], ya daina cinikin ya zama firist na Anglican .   Daga baya Newton ya rubuta waƙar fansa mai suna Amazing Grace kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan kawar da bauta.

n layi

* [[Nick Moran]] kamar John Newton
* [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Maria Davies
* [[Scott Cleverdon]] ya zama Oliver
* [[Mbong Amata|Mbong Odungide]] as Ansa
* [[Fred Amata]] a matsayin Etim
* Zack Amata a matsayin Firist na Kauye
* Itam Efa Williamson as Orok
* James Hicks kamar Simmons
* Ita Bassey a matsayin Shugaba
* Nick Goff ya zama Rupert</text>
      <sha1>4g6wxbfl1t8qgmytm9esdhwiud35azg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877945</id>
      <parentid>877944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:19:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358814776|The Amazing Grace]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877945</origin>
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Fim ɗin '''''The Amazing Grace''''' fim ne na [[tarihi]] na Birtaniya da aka yi a Najeriya a shekarar 2006 wanda [[Jeta Amata]] da Nick Moran suka rubuta, wanda Jeta Amata suka ba da umarni kuma Jeta Amata da Alicia Arce suka shirya. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin taurari kamar [[Joke Silva]], Nick Moran, Scott Cleverdon, Mbong Odungide, Fred Amata da Zack Amata. Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓaɓɓun mutane 11 kuma ya lashe kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Achievement in Cinematography]] a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;      &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Grace (2006) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212116/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidaje ==
Fim ɗin, wanda [[Joke Silva]] ke ba da labarinsa a wasu lokutan, yana ba da labarin gyarawa game da ɗan kasuwar bayi na Birtaniya John Newton ( Nick Moran ), wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa inda yanzu ake kira [[Najeriya]] don siyan bayi. Daga baya, ya ƙara mamakin muguntar [[bauta]], ya daina cinikin ya zama firist na Anglican .   Daga baya Newton ya rubuta waƙar fansa mai suna Amazing Grace kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan kawar da bauta.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Nick Moran]] kamar John Newton
* [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Maria Davies
* [[Scott Cleverdon]] ya zama Oliver
* [[Mbong Amata|Mbong Odungide]] as Ansa
* [[Fred Amata]] a matsayin Etim
* Zack Amata a matsayin Firist na Kauye
* Itam Efa Williamson as Orok
* James Hicks kamar Simmons
* Ita Bassey a matsayin Shugaba
* Nick Goff ya zama Rupert</text>
      <sha1>a1pmgp4n8rddne6yqkvoz6p4k42f5ce</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877946</id>
      <parentid>877945</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:20:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2183" sha1="t6fo5tut7c0js1o8b3nrewsgunutzde" xml:space="preserve"> {{Databox}}


Fim ɗin '''''The Amazing Grace''''' fim ne na [[tarihi]] na Birtaniya da aka yi a Najeriya a shekarar 2006 wanda [[Jeta Amata]] da Nick Moran suka rubuta, wanda Jeta Amata suka ba da umarni kuma Jeta Amata da Alicia Arce suka shirya. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin taurari kamar [[Joke Silva]], Nick Moran, Scott Cleverdon, Mbong Odungide, Fred Amata da Zack Amata. Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓaɓɓun mutane 11 kuma ya lashe kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Achievement in Cinematography]] a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;      &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Grace (2006) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212116/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidaje ==
Fim ɗin, wanda [[Joke Silva]] ke ba da labarinsa a wasu lokutan, yana ba da labarin gyarawa game da ɗan kasuwar bayi na Birtaniya John Newton ( Nick Moran ), wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa inda yanzu ake kira [[Najeriya]] don siyan bayi. Daga baya, ya ƙara mamakin muguntar [[bauta]], ya daina cinikin ya zama firist na Anglican .   Daga baya Newton ya rubuta waƙar fansa mai suna Amazing Grace kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan kawar da bauta.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Nick Moran]] kamar John Newton
* [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Maria Davies
* [[Scott Cleverdon]] ya zama Oliver
* [[Mbong Amata|Mbong Odungide]] as Ansa
* [[Fred Amata]] a matsayin Etim
* Zack Amata a matsayin Firist na Kauye
* Itam Efa Williamson as Orok
* James Hicks kamar Simmons
* Ita Bassey a matsayin Shugaba
* Nick Goff ya zama Rupert</text>
      <sha1>t6fo5tut7c0js1o8b3nrewsgunutzde</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877948</id>
      <parentid>877946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:20:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2197" sha1="h1hv4soenj0695jx98f1ynjpj03tmdf" xml:space="preserve"> {{Databox}}


Fim ɗin '''''The Amazing Grace''''' fim ne na [[tarihi]] na Birtaniya da aka yi a Najeriya a shekarar 2006 wanda [[Jeta Amata]] da Nick Moran suka rubuta, wanda Jeta Amata suka ba da umarni kuma Jeta Amata da Alicia Arce suka shirya. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin taurari kamar [[Joke Silva]], Nick Moran, Scott Cleverdon, Mbong Odungide, Fred Amata da Zack Amata. Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓaɓɓun mutane 11 kuma ya lashe kyautar [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Achievement in Cinematography]] a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;      &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Grace (2006) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212116/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidaje ==
Fim ɗin, wanda [[Joke Silva]] ke ba da labarinsa a wasu lokutan, yana ba da labarin gyarawa game da ɗan kasuwar bayi na Birtaniya John Newton ( Nick Moran ), wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa inda yanzu ake kira [[Najeriya]] don siyan bayi. Daga baya, ya ƙara mamakin muguntar [[bauta]], ya daina cinikin ya zama firist na Anglican .   Daga baya Newton ya rubuta waƙar fansa mai suna Amazing Grace kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan kawar da bauta.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Nick Moran]] kamar John Newton
* [[Joke Silva]] a matsayin Maria Davies
* [[Scott Cleverdon]] ya zama Oliver
* [[Mbong Amata|Mbong Odungide]] as Ansa
* [[Fred Amata]] a matsayin Etim
* Zack Amata a matsayin Firist na Kauye
* Itam Efa Williamson as Orok
* James Hicks kamar Simmons
* Ita Bassey a matsayin Shugaba
* Nick Goff ya zama Rupert


==Manazarta</text>
      <sha1>h1hv4soenj0695jx98f1ynjpj03tmdf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haƙƙoƙin Mata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28372</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878022</id>
      <parentid>861264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T19:36:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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      <origin>878022</origin>
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      <text bytes="38069" sha1="8yr8zv05a3jjaw487426wju2h77921w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:International_Day_for_Women_in_Maritime_2024_at_International_Maritime_Organization_(IMO)_Symposium_on_17_May_2024_-_9.jpg  |thumb|Ranar Mata ta Duniya a Maritime 2024 a International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Taro a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2024 ]] 
[[File:Demonstration_for_women%27s_rights_in_Piazza_del_Popolo,_Rome_Italy.jpg  |thumb|Zanga-zangar kare hakkin mata a Piazza del Popolo, Rome Italiya. ]] 
[[File:Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst.jpg|thumb| Annie Kenney da Christabel Pankhurst suna yakin neman zaben mata ]]
'''Haƙƙin Mata'''

[[Haƙƙoƙi|Haƙƙoƙin mata]] da suke dashi a cikin al'umma da kuma 'yan mata a dukannin duniya. Sun kafa ginshiƙin yunƙurin ƴancin mata a ƙarni na (19) da ƙungiyoyin mata a ƙarni na ashirin (20) da kuma na ashirin da ɗaya (21). A wasu ƙasashe, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ana kafa su ne ko kuma suna goyon bayan doka, al'adar gida, da ɗabi'a yayin da kuma a wasu ake watsi da su kuma ana danne su. Sun bambanta da manyan ra'ayoyi game da [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta hanyar iƙirarin nuna ƙyama na tarihi dana al'ada game da aiwatar da haƙƙin mata da ƴan mata, don goyon bayan maza da mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hosken&quot;&gt;Hosken, Fran P., 'Towards a Definition of Women's Rights' in ''Human Rights Quarterly'', Vol. 3, No. 2. (May 1981), pp. 1–10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UN Women. (2021). ''Women’s rights are human rights''. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/6/women-s-rights-are-human-rights&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UN Women. ''Women’s Rights Are Human Rights''. United Nations, 2021, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/6/women-s-rights-are-human-rights&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Batutuwa fiye haɗe da ra'ayi na mata hakkin sun haɗa da 'yancin jiki, mutunci da ƴancin kai, ya zama free daga jima'i cin zarafi, zuwa zaɓe, ya riƙe jama'a ofishin, shiga cikin shari'a kwangila, don samun dai dai ƴancin a cikin dokar iyali, aiki, ko [[Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai|daidaiton albashi]], samun haƙƙin haifuwa, [[Hakkin Mallakar Ƙasa|mallakar dukiya]], da ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;quarterly2&quot;&gt;Lockwood, Bert B. (ed.), ''Women's Rights: A &quot;Human Rights Quarterly&quot; Reader'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8374-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Human Rights Watch. (2020). ''World Report 2020: Women’s Rights''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon tarihi ===

==== Mesopotamiya ====
[[File:Disk_of_Enheduanna_(2).jpg|right|thumb| Hoton bas-relief na tsohuwar Sumerian da ke nuna mawaƙin Enheduanna]]
Mata a zamanin Sumer za su iya saya, mallaka, sayarwa, da gadon dukiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Kramer|first1=Samuel Noah|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|year=1963|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-0-226-45238-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/78 78]|url=https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/78}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna iya shiga cikin kasuwanci&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot; /&gt; kuma subayar da shaida a kotu a matsayin shaidu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, mazajensu za [[Saki|su iya sake]] su don rashin kuskure,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot; /&gt; kuma mijin da ya sake aure zai iya sake auren wata mace cikin sauƙi, muddin matarsa ta farko ba ta haifa masa zuriya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan bautar mata, irin su Inanna, sun kasance suna bauta wa ko'ina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Nemet-Nejat|first=Karen Rhea|author-link=Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat|year=1998|title=Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Greenwood|series=Daily Life|isbn=978-0313294976|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|182}}Mawaƙin Akkadian Enheduanna, firist ɗin Inanna kuma 'yar Sargon, ita ce fitacciyar mawaƙi wanda aka rubuta sunansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Binkley|first=Roberta|date=2004|title=Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791460993|page=47|chapter=Reading the Ancient Figure of Enheduanna}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohuwar dokokin Babila sun yarda miji ya saki matarsa a kowane hali,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|140}}amma yin hakan yana bukatar ya mayar mata da dukiyoyinta, wani lokacin kuma ya biya ta tara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|140}}Yawancin dokoki sun hana mace ta nemi mijinta ya sake ta kuma sun tilasta wa macen da ta nemi saki kamar yadda aka kama ta tana zina .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|140}}Wasu dokokin Babila da na Assuriya, sun ba wa mata ’yancin kashe aure da maza, kuma suna bukatar su biya tarar daidai gwargwado. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|140}}Yawancin alloli na Gabas Semitic maza ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|179}}

==== Masar ====
[[File:Hatshepsut.jpg|left|thumb| Mutum-mutumin fir'auna Hatshepsut na mace da aka nuno a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan]]
A zamanin da Misira, mata suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi ɗaya a ƙarƙashin doka kamar na namiji, duk da haka haƙƙin haƙƙin ya dogara da tsarin zamantakewa . Dukiyoyin ƙasa sun gangaro ne a cikin layin mata daga uwa zuwa diya, kuma mata suna da damar gudanar da nasu dukiyar. Mata a Misira ta d  a za su iya saya, sayarwa, zama abokin tarayya a kwangilar doka, zama masu zartarwa a cikin wasiyya da shaida ga takardun shari'a, kawo ƙarar kotu, da kuma renon yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Joshua J. Mark|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/623/|title=Women in Ancient Egypt|publisher=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|date=4 November 2016|access-date=26 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Indiya ====
Mata a lokacin farkon zamanin Vedic &lt;ref name=&quot;infochange_women2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Madhok|first=Sujata|title=Women: Background &amp; Perspective|url=http://www.infochangeindia.org/WomenIbp.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724121920/http://www.infochangeindia.org/WomenIbp.jsp|work=InfoChange India|archive-date=24 July 2008|access-date=24 December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; jin daɗin matsayi daidai da maza a kowa ne fanni na rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;vedam_towards_gender2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Mishra|first=R. C.|title=Women in India: towards gender equality|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi|year=2006|isbn=9788172733063}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101029125524/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43902.htm Details.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyuka na tsohuwar nahawu na [[Indiya]] irin su Patanjali da Katyayana sun nuna cewa mata sun sami ilimi a farkon zamanin Vedic. &lt;ref&gt;''Varttika'' by [[Katyayana]], 125, 2477&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Comments to Ashtadhyayi 3.3.21 and 4.1.14 by [[Patanjali]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun nuna cewa mata sun yi aure tun balagagge kuma suna da ƴancin zabar mazajen nasu a wata al'ada da ake kira swayamvar ko kuma dangantaka ta rayuwa mai suna Gandharva aure .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|editor-first2=A.D.|oclc=500545168|location=Bombay|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=394|title=The history and culture of the Indian people, volume I, the Vedic age|editor-link1=R. C. Majumdar|editor-last2=Pusalker|first1=R.C.|editor-first1=R.C.|editor-last1=Majumdar|contribution=Chapter XX: Language and literature|year=1951|author-link1=R. C. Majumdar|first2=A.D.|last2=Pusalker|title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Girka ====
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width:292px;max-width:292px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:174px;max-width:174px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:167px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:114px;max-width:114px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:167px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot; style=&quot;display:flex&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt; Ana tsammanin matan [[Athens]] masu daraja su sa kansu cikin ayyukan gida kamar wanke tufafi (hagu); a gaskiya, da yawa sun yi aiki (dama).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images]]
Ko da yake yawancin mata ba su da ƴancin siyasa da dai-daita a cikin biranen ƙasar Girka ta dā, sun sami ƴancin yin motsi har zuwa zamanin Archaic . &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women of Ancient Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryseri00donn_0|url-access=registration|last=Nardo|first=Don|publisher=Lucent Books|year=2000|location=San Diego|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryseri00donn_0/page/28 28]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, bayanan sun kasance na mata a zamanin d Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara, da Sparta mallakar ƙasar, mafi girman nau'i na dukiya mai zaman kansa a lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gerhard|first=Ute|title=Debating women's equality: toward a feminist theory of law from a European perspective|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMohyLfGDDsC&amp;q=women+right+to+property|isbn=978-0-8135-2905-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bayan zamanin Archaic, 'yan majalisa sun fara kafa dokoki masu tilasta wariyar jinsi, wanda ya haifar da raguwar haƙƙin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mata a Athens na gargajiya ba su da mutuniyar doka kuma an ɗauka su zama wani ɓangare na ''oikos'' ''wanda kyrios'' namiji ke jagoranta. Har zuwa aure, mata suna ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsu ko wani ɗan'uwan namiji. Da zarar ya yi aure, mijin ya zama ''kyrios'' mace . Kamar yadda aka hana mata gudanar da shari'a, ''kyrios'' za su yi hakan a madadinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;google1142&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Blundell|first=Sue|title=Women in ancient Greece, Volume 1995, Part 2|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1995|page=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfx1VaSIOgQC&amp;q=women+ancient+greece|isbn=978-0-674-95473-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan Atinewa ba za su iya samun haƙƙoƙin dukiya ba ta hanyar kyauta, sadaki, da gado, kodayake ''kyrios ɗinta'' na da hakkin zubar da dukiyar mace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Blundell|first=Sue|title=Women in ancient Greece, Volume 1995, Part 2|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1995|page=115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfx1VaSIOgQC&amp;q=women+ancient+greece|isbn=978-0-674-95473-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan Atinewa kawai za su iya shiga kwangilar da bai kai darajar “ ''ma’auni'' na sha’ir” (ma’auni na hatsi), ba da damar mata su shiga ƙananan ciniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;google1142&quot; /&gt; An cire mata daga tsohuwar dimokaraɗiyya ta Athens, a bisa manufa da kuma a aikace. Bayi za su iya zama ƴan ƙasar Atina bayan an 'yanta su, amma babu wata mace da ta taɓa samun zama ɗan ƙasa a tsohuwar Athens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Eric W.|title=Ancient Greek democracy: readings and sources|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2004|page=302|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jug6crxEImIC&amp;q=Aristophanes+ecclesiazusae+women%27s+rights|isbn=978-0-631-23394-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Athens na gargajiya kuma an hana mata zama mawaƙa, masana, 'yan siyasa, ko masu fasaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://digitalcommons.apus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&amp;context=saberandscroll|title=Social and Political Roles of Women in Athens and Sparta|last=Pry|first=Kay O|year=2012|journal=Sabre and Scroll|volume=1|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513082146/http://digitalcommons.apus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&amp;context=saberandscroll|archive-date=13 May 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin Hellenistic a Athens, masanin falsafa Aristotle yana tunanin cewa mata za su kawo rikici da mugunta, don haka yana da kyau a ware mata daga sauran al'umma. Wannan rabuwa zai ƙunshi zama a cikin daki da ake kira ''gynaikeion'', yayin da yake kula da ayyuka a cikin gida kuma yana da ɗan ƙaramin haske tare da duniyar namiji. Hakan kuma ya kasance don tabbatar da cewa mata sun sami halaltattun ‘ya’ya daga mazajensu. Matan Atinewa ba su sami ilimi kaɗan ba, in ban da koyar da gida don ƙwarewa na yau da kullun kamar su dunƙule, saƙa, girki, da wasu ilimin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Ko da yake an cire matan Spartan a hukumance daga aikin soja da na siyasa, sun sami babban matsayi na uwayen jaruman Spartan. Yayin da maza ke yin aikin soja, mata sun ɗauki nauyin tafiyar da gidaje. Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da aka daɗe a ƙarni na huɗu&amp;nbsp;BC, matan Spartan sun mallaki kusan kashi 35% zuwa 40% na duk filaye da kadarori na Spartan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tierney|first=Helen|title=Women's studies encyclopaedia, Volume 2|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1999|pages=609–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bDxJW3x4f8C&amp;q=spartan+women|isbn=978-0-313-31072-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin Hellenistic, wasu daga cikin mafi arziƙin Spartans mata ne. &lt;ref&gt;Pomeroy, Sarah B. ''Spartan Women''. Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 137 &lt;/ref&gt; Matan Spartan sun mallaki dukiyoyin nasu, da kuma dukiyoyin dangin maza da ba su da sojoji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy&quot;&gt;Pomeroy, Sarah B. ''Goddess, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity''. New York: Schocken Books, 1975. pp. 60–62.&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan mata, da maza, sun sami ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pomeroy|2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma duk da ƴancin yancin motsi ga matan Spartan, rawar da suke takawa a fagen siyasa iri ɗaya ce da matan Athenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

[[Plato|Plato ya]] yarda cewa ba wa mata yancin farar hula da na siyasa zai canza yanayin gida da na jihar sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Eric W.|title=Ancient Greek democracy: readings and sources|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2004|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jug6crxEImIC&amp;q=Aristophanes+ecclesiazusae+women%27s+rights|isbn=978-0-631-23394-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aristotle, wanda Plato ya koyar, ya musanta cewa mata bayi ne ko kuma suna ƙarƙashin dukiya, yana mai cewa &quot;dabi'a ta bambanta tsakanin mace da bawa&quot;, amma ya ɗauki mata a matsayin &quot;sayi&quot;. Ya kara da cewa babban abin da mata ke yi a fannin tattalin arziki shi ne na kiyaye dukiyoyin gida da maza suka kirkira. A cewar Aristotle, aikin da mata ke yi bai ƙara wani amfani ba saboda &quot;fasahar sarrafa gida ba ta kama da fasahar samun arziki ba, domin ɗayan yana amfani da kayan da ɗayan ke bayarwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gerhard|first=Ute|title=Debating women's equality: toward a feminist theory of law from a European perspective|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001|pages=32–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMohyLfGDDsC&amp;q=women+right+to+property|isbn=978-0-8135-2905-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabanin ra'ayin Plato, masana falsafa na Stoic sunyi jayayya akan dai-daiton jinsi, rashin daidaiton jima'i yana cikin ra'ayinsu ya saba wa dokokin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colish2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages: Stoicism in classical Latin literature|last=Colish|first=Marcia L.|year=1990|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09327-0|pages=37–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WY-2MeZqoK0C&amp;q=stoics%2Bslavery&amp;pg=PA36}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yin haka, sun bi ’yan Cynics, waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa maza da mata su sanya tufafi iri ɗaya kuma su sami ilimi iri ɗaya. Har ila yau, suna ganin aure a matsayin abokantaka na ɗabi'a a tsakanin daidaikun mutane maimakon larura ta halitta ko zamantakewa kuma suna aiwatar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin a rayuwarsu da kuma koyarwarsu. Stoics sun karɓi ra'ayoyin Cynics kuma sun ƙara su cikin ra'ayoyinsu na dabi'ar ɗan adam, don haka sanya daidaiton jima'i akan tushen falsafanci mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colish2&quot; /&gt;

==== Roma ====
[[File:Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg|right|thumb| Mata da ke aiki tare da wani mutum a wani kantin rini ( ''fullonica'' ), a kan wani zanen bango daga Pompeii]]
Dokokin Romawa, kwatankwacin dokar Atheniya, maza ne suka ƙirƙira su don goyon bayan maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;/&gt; Mata ba su da muryar jama'a kuma ba su da wani matsayi na jama'a, wanda ya inganta bayan karni na farko zuwa karni na 6 KZ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[A. N. Sherwin-White]], ''Roman Citizenship'' (Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 211, 268; Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 31–32, 457, ''et passim''.&lt;/ref&gt; Matan da aka [[Romawa na Da|haifa a Roma ta dā]] ƴan ƙasa ne da suke more hakki na doka da kuma kāre da ba su kai ga waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba ko kuma bayi . Al'ummar Romawa, duk da haka, ta kasance ta ubangida, kuma mata ba za su iya yin zabe ba, ba za su iya rike mukaman gwamnati, ko kuma su yi aikin soja ba. &lt;ref&gt;[[A.N. Sherwin-White]], ''Roman Citizenship'' (Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 211 and 268; Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 31–32, 457, ''et passim''.&lt;/ref&gt; Matan manyan mutane sun yi tasiri a siyasance ta hanyar aure da uwa. A lokacin Jamhuriyar Roma, an lura da iyayen ’yan’uwan Gracchus da na Julius Kaisar a matsayin mata masu kyau da suka ci gaba da aikin ƴaƴansu. A lokacin daular mulkin mallaka, matan dangin sarki na iya samun iko na siyasa da yawa kuma ana nuna su akai-akai a cikin fasahar hukuma da kuma tsabar kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;Walter Eck, &quot;The Emperor and His Advisors&quot;, ''Cambridge Ancient History'' (Cambridge University History, 2000), p. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban jigon al’ummar Romawa shi ne ’yan ''uwa uba'' ko kuma shugaban gidan da yake ba da ikonsa bisa dukan ƴaƴansa, bayinsa, da matarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;/&gt; Ƴan mata suna da hakkin gado daidai da maza idan mahaifinsu ya mutu ba tare da barin wasiyya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;David Johnston 1999 p. 134&quot;&gt;David Johnston, ''Roman Law in Context'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), chapter 3.3; Frier and McGinn, '' A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', Chapter IV; Yan Thomas, &quot;The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law&quot;, in ''A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints'' (Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika da matan Athenia, matan Romawa suna da mai kula da su ko kuma kamar yadda ake kira &quot;masu koyarwa&quot; wanda ke kula da duk ayyukanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Se|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|location=London, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/422 422–25]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/422}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan horon yana da iyakacin ayyukan mata amma a ƙarni na farko zuwa karni na shida KZ, koyarwa ya zama mai annashuwa sosai kuma an karɓi mata don shiga ƙarin ayyukan jama'a kamar mallaka ko sarrafa dukiya ko kuma yin aiki a matsayin masu kula da birni don wasannin gladiator da sauran ayyukan nishaɗi &lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;/&gt; Jiha ta samu kwarin gwiwar haihuwa. A shekara ta ( 27-14) KZ, ''ius tritium liberorum'' (&quot;haƙƙin doka na 'ya'ya uku&quot;) ya ba da daraja ta alama da gata na shari'a ga macen da ta haifi 'ya'ya uku kuma ta 'yantar da ita daga kowane matsayi na namiji. &lt;ref&gt;Yan Thomas, &quot;The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law&quot;, in ''A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints'' (Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 133.&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon lokacin Jamhuriyar Romawa, amarya ta wuce daga ikon mahaifinta zuwa &quot;hannu&quot; ''(manus)'' na mijinta. Daga nan sai ta zama mai biyayya ga ''potestas'' mijinta, ko da yake zuwa wani karami mataki fiye da ƴaƴansu. &lt;ref&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi watsi da wannan babban nau'i na ''auren manus'' a zamanin [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]], lokacin da mace ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mahaifinta ta doka ko da ta koma gidan mijinta. Wannan tsarin yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa matan Romawa suka sami ’yancin kai. &lt;ref&gt;[[Eva Cantarella]], ''Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 140–41; J.P. Sullivan, &quot;Martial's Sexual Attitudes&quot;, ''Philologus'' 123 (1979), p. 296, specifically on sexual freedom.&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa mata sai sun amsa wa ubanninsu a cikin al’amuran shari’a, amma ba su da cikakken bincikensa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, &lt;ref&gt;Beryl Rawson, &quot;The Roman Family&quot;, in ''The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives'' (Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mazajensu ba su da ikon shari’a a kansu. &lt;ref&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', pp. 19–20, 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da mahaifin mace ya rasu, sai ta sami ƴanci a shari'a ''( sui iuris )'' . Matar aure tana riƙe da mallakar duk wata dukiya da ta kawo cikin auren. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated19&quot;&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', pp. 19–20.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƴan mata suna da hakkin gado daidai da maza idan mahaifinsu ya mutu ba tare da barin wasiyya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;David Johnston 1999 p. 134&quot;&gt;David Johnston, ''Roman Law in Context'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), chapter 3.3; Frier and McGinn, '' A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', Chapter IV; Yan Thomas, &quot;The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law&quot;, in ''A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints'' (Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin dokar Romawa na gargajiya, miji ba shi da ikon cin zarafin matarsa ta jiki ko tilasta mata ta yi jima'i. &lt;ref&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt; Dukan matar ya isa dalilin rabuwar aure ko wani hukunci na shari'a akan mijin. &lt;ref&gt;Garrett G. Fagan, &quot;Violence in Roman Social Relations&quot;, in ''The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations'' (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 487.&lt;/ref&gt;

Domin matsayinsu na doka na ƴan ƙasa da kuma matakin da za su iya ƴantar da su, mata a Roma ta dā za su iya mallakar dukiya, su shiga kwangila, da kuma yin kasuwanci. &lt;ref&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law,'' p. 461; W.V. Harris, &quot;Trade&quot;, in ''The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire A.D. 70–192'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000), vol. 11, p. 733.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu sun samu kuma sun zubar da dukiya mai yawa, kuma an rubuta su cikin rubuce-rubuce a matsayin masu amfana wajen ba da gudummawar manyan ayyukan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;Margaret L. Woodhull, &quot;Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire: The Case of Salvia Postuma&quot;, in ''Women's Influence on Classical Civilization'' (Routledge, 2004), p. 77.&lt;/ref&gt; Matan Romawa suna iya zuwa kotu kuma su yi gardama, ko da yake al’ada ce mutum ya wakilce su. &lt;ref&gt;Richard A. Bauman, ''Women and Politics in Ancient Rome'' (Routledge, 1992, 1994), p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda kuma an yi watsi da su a matsayin jahilci da raunan hankali don aiwatar da doka, kuma masu aiki da tasiri a cikin al'amuran shari'a - wanda ya haifar da wata doka da ta iyakance mata zuwa gudanar da shari'o'i a madadin kansu maimakon wasu'. &lt;ref&gt;Bauman, ''Women and Politics'', pp. 50–51; Juvenal, ''Satire'' 6, on women busy in the courts.&lt;/ref&gt; Amma ko da bayan an sanya wannan takunkumin, akwai misalai da yawa na mata suna ɗaukar matakai na sanin yakamata a cikin lamuran shari'a, gami da faɗar dabarun shari'a ga mazajensu. &lt;ref&gt;Bauman, ''Women and Politics'', pp. 51–52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Roma ta amince da fyaɗe a matsayin laifi wanda wanda aka azabtar ba shi da wani laifi &lt;ref&gt;Ariadne Staples, ''From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion'' (Routledge, 1998), pp. 81–82; Jane F. Gardner, ''Women in Roman Law and Society'' (Indiana University Press, 1991), pp. 118ff. Roman law also recognized [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#The rape of men|rape committed against males]].&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma babban laifi. &lt;ref&gt;Amy Richlin, &quot;Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the ''cinaedus'' and the Roman Law against Love between Men&quot;, ''Journal of the History of Sexuality'' 3.4 (1993), pp. 562–63.&lt;/ref&gt; An dauki fyaden da aka yi wa wata mata a matsayin hari ga danginta da mutuncin mahaifinta, kuma an kunyata wadanda aka yi wa fyaɗe saboda sun bar sunan mahaifinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;/&gt; A matsayin doka, za a iya yin fyaɗe ga ɗan ƙasa kawai. Za a iya gurfanar da fyaden da aka yi wa bawa ne kawai a matsayin lalacewa ga dukiyar mai ita. &lt;ref&gt;Under the ''[[Lex Aquilia]];'' Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 314; Gardner, ''Women in Roman Law and Society'', p. 119.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Bronze_young_girl_reading_CdM_Paris.jpg|thumb| Hoton tagulla na wata budurwa tana karatu (karni na farko)]]
Sarkin Roma na farko, [[Augustus]], ya tsara hawansa zuwa ikonsa kawai a matsayin komawa ga ɗabi'a na al'ada, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita halin mata ta hanyar dokokin ɗabi'a. Zina, wanda ya kasance al'amarin iyali mai zaman kansa a ƙarƙashin jamhuriyar, an yi masa laifi, &lt;ref&gt;Beth Severy, ''Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire'' (Routledge, 2002; Taylor &amp; Francis, 2004), p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin haramtacciyar jima'i ''(stuprum)'' wanda ya faru tsakanin ɗan ƙasa da matar aure, ko tsakanin matar aure da kowane namiji. fiye da mijinta. Saboda haka, mace mai aure za ta iya yin jima'i da mijinta kawai, amma mai aure bai yi zina ba sa'ad da ya yi jima'i da karuwa, bawa, ko wani mutum mai daraja ''(infamis)'' . &lt;ref&gt;Thomas McGinn, &quot;Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery&quot;, ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 121 (1991), p. 342; Nussbaum, &quot;The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus&quot;, p. 305, noting that custom &quot;allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change&quot;; [[Elaine Fantham]], &quot;''Stuprum'': Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome&quot;, in ''Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian'' (Walter de Gruyter, 2011), p. 124, citing [[Papinian]], ''De adulteriis'' I and [[Modestinus]], ''Liber Regularum'' I. [[Eva Cantarella]], ''Bisexuality in the Ancient World'' (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. 104; Catherine Edwards, ''The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 34–35.&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin karuwai a Romawa ta dā bayi ne, ko da yake wasu bayi an kare su daga tilasta yin karuwanci ta hanyar wani sashe na kwangilar tallace-tallace. &lt;ref&gt;McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law'', pp. 288ff.&lt;/ref&gt; Mace mai ƴanci da ta yi aiki a matsayin karuwa ko mai ''shayarwa ta rasa matsayinta na zamantakewa kuma ta zama maras kyau'', &quot;marasa mutunci&quot;; ta hanyar ba da gawarta a bainar jama'a, ta yadda ta mika hakkinta na kare ta daga cin zarafi ko cin zarafi ta jiki. &lt;ref&gt;Gardner, ''Women in Roman Law and Society'', p. 119; McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome'', p. 326.&lt;/ref&gt;

Falsafar Stoic ta rinjayi ci gaban dokar Romawa. Stoics na zamanin Imperial kamar Seneca da Musonius Rufus sun haɓaka ka'idodin alaƙa kawai . Duk da yake ba suna ba da shawarar daidaito a cikin al'umma ko a ƙarƙashin doka ba, sun ɗauka cewa yanayi yana ba wa maza da mata daidaitattun iyawa ga nagarta da kuma daidaitattun wajibai don yin aiki nagari, don haka maza da mata suna da bukata daidai ga ilimin falsafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colish2&quot;/&gt; Ana ganin wadannan ɗabi’un falsafa a tsakanin masu mulki sun taimaka wajen inganta matsayin mata a karkashin Daular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ratnapala|first=Suri|title=Jurisprudence|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|pages=134–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNwdWlXxZt8C&amp;q=Stoic+law+women|isbn=978-0-521-61483-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roma ba ta da tsarin makarantun da gwamnati ke tallafawa, kuma ilimi yana samuwa ga waɗanda za su iya biya kawai. Da alama ƴaƴan ' yan majalisar dattawa da na dattawa sun sami ilimin firamare akai-akai (shekaru 7 zuwa 12). &lt;ref&gt;[[Marietta Horster]], &quot;Primary Education&quot;, in ''The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World'' (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, mutane kaɗan ne suka sami ilimi fiye da wannan matakin. Ana iya koyar da ƴan mata da ba su da tawali’u don su taimaka da sana’ar iyali ko kuma su koyi karatu da zai taimaka musu su yi aiki a matsayin marubuta da sakatarori. &lt;ref&gt;Beryl Rawson, ''Children and Childhood in Roman Italy'' (Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 80.&lt;/ref&gt; Matar da ta samu matsayi mafi girma a zamanin d ¯ a don koyonta ita ce Hypatia ƴar Iskandariya, wacce ta koyar da samari darussa da suka ci gaba da kuma ba da shawara ga sarakunan Romawa na Masar kan harkokin siyasa. Tasirinta ya sa ta yi rikici da bishop na Iskandariya, Cyril, wanda wataƙila ya kasance yana da hannu wajen mutuwarta ta tashin hankali a shekara ta 415 a hannun ƴan gungun Kiristoci. &lt;ref&gt;Teresa Morgan, &quot;Education&quot;, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Dextrorum_iunctio_edited.JPG|thumb| Ma'aurata suna haɗa hannu cikin aure, waɗanda Romawa suka tsara a matsayin tubalin ginin al'umma kuma a matsayin haɗin gwiwar abokan hulɗar da suke aiki tare don haifa da renon yara, gudanar da al'amuran yau da kullum, gudanar da rayuwa mai kyau, da jin daɗin soyayya &lt;ref&gt;[[Martha C. Nussbaum]], &quot;The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman&quot;, in ''The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome'' (University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 300; Sabine MacCormack, &quot;Sin, Citizenship, and the Salvation of Souls: The Impact of Christian Priorities on Late-Roman and Post-Roman Society&quot;, ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 39.4 (1997), p. 651.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

==== Daular Byzantine ====
Tun da ainihin dokar Byzantine ta dogara ne akan dokar Romawa, matsayin shari'a na mata bai canza sosai ba daga ayyukan ƙarni na 6. Amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da takura wa mata a rayuwar jama'a da kuma kiyayya ga mata masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|location=London, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/440 440–42]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/440}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tasiri na al'adun Girkanci ya ba da gudummawa ga tsauraran halaye game da matsayin mata na cikin gida maimakon zama na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Haka kuma an samu karuwar mata wadanda ba karuwai ba, bayi ko masu nishadantarwa da ake lullube su gaba daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Kamar dokar Roman da ta gabata, mata ba za su iya zama shaidu na doka ba, gudanar da mulki ko gudanar da aikin banki amma har yanzu suna iya gadon kadarori da mallakar filaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinka na mai mulki, an yi amfani da tasirin ikkilisiya don goyon bayan kawar da nakasa da tsohuwar doka ta gindaya game da rashin aure da rashin haihuwa, na ƙarin wurare don shiga rayuwar addini, da kuma tanadin da ya dace ga matar. Ikklisiya ta kuma tallafa wa ikon siyasa na waɗanda suke abokantaka da limaman coci. Justinian ya ba da izini nadin iyaye mata da kakanni a matsayin masu koyarwa.

Constantine ya tsawaita dokar hana auren ƴan majalisar dattawa da wasu mazan da ke da mata masu karamin ƙarfi amma Justinian ya cire shi gaba daya . An hana aure na biyu, musamman ta hanyar sanya doka ta sanya sharadin cewa hakkin gwauruwa na mallakar dukiya ya daina yin aure, kuma kundin tsarin mulkin Leonine a karshen karni na 9 ya sanya hukuncin auren uku. Haka tsarin mulki ya sa kyautar firist ya zama abin da ya dace na bikin aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Women|volume=23|pages=782&amp;ndash;788; see page 783|quote=The chief differences between canon and Roman law were in the law of marriage... The benediction of a priest was made a necessary part of the ceremony}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== China ====
[[File:Bound_feet_(X-ray).jpg|right|thumb| Daure kafa, al'adar da aka saba yi wa matan kasar Sin a tsakanin karni na 10 zuwa farkon karni na 20. Hoton yana nuna X-ray mai ƙafa biyu masu ɗaure.]]
Mata a cikin tarihi da tsohuwar ƙasar Sin ana daukar su a matsayin ƙasa kuma suna da matsayi na doka bisa [[Konfushiyanci|ka'idar Confucian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|location=London, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/426 426–27]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/426}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Imperial China, &quot; Biyayya ta Uku &quot; ta ciyar da ƴaƴa mata su yi biyayya ga ubanninsu, mata su yi biyayya ga mazajensu, da gwauraye su yi biyayya ga ƴaƴansu. Mata ba za su iya gadon kasuwanci ko dukiya ba &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; kuma dole ne maza su ɗauki ɗa don irin waɗannan dalilai na kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; Marigayi dokar daular ta kuma ƙunshi nau'ikan saki bakwai daban-daban. Ana iya korar mace idan ta kasa haifi ɗa, ta yi zina, ta yi rashin biyayya ga surukanta, ta yi magana fiye da kima, ta yi sata, ta yi kishi mai yawa, ko kuma ta yi fama da wata cuta da ba za ta warke ba ko kuma ta sha wahala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; Amma kuma akwai iyakoki ga miji – misali, ba zai iya saki ba idan ta lura da wuraren makokin surukanta, idan ba ta da iyali da za ta koma, ko kuma dangin miji sun kasance matalauta kuma tun daga lokacin sun zama matalauta. mai arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt;

Matsayin mata a kasar Sin ma ya yi kadan, saboda al'adar daure kafa .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2015}} Game da 45% na kasar Sin da mata ya daure ƙafãfunsu a cikin karni na 19th. Ga manyan azuzuwan, kusan 100%. A shekara ta 1912, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da umarnin dakatar da daurin kafa. Haɗin ƙafa ya haɗa da canza tsarin kashi ta yadda ƙafafu suka kasance kusan inci huɗu kawai. Ƙafafun da aka ɗaure sun haifar da wahalar motsi, don haka ya iyakance ayyukan mata sosai.

Saboda al'adar zamantakewar jama'a cewa maza da mata kada su kasance kusa da juna, matan kasar Sin sun ƙi yarda da jinya daga likitocin likitocin Yammacin Turai. Wannan ya haifar da babbar buƙata ga likitocin mata na likitancin Yammacin Turai a China. Don haka, mace mai wa'azin likitanci Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04TOSAAACAAJ|title=Inasmuch|author=Mary H. Fulton|editor=The United Study of Forring|publisher=BiblioBazaar|year=2010|isbn=978-1140341796}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta aiko da Hukumar Ofishin Jakadancin Ƙasashen Waje na Cocin Presbyterian (Amurka) don samo kwalejin likitanci na farko ga mata a China. An san shi da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Hakkin Mata (夏葛女子醫學院), &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=PANG Suk Man|url=http://lib-nt2.hkbu.edu.hk/cil-image/theses/abstracts/b15564174a.pdf|title=The Hackett Medical College for Women in China (1899–1936)|publisher=Hong Kong Baptist University|date=February 1998|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016090221/http://lib-nt2.hkbu.edu.hk/cil-image/theses/abstracts/b15564174a.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cqvip.com/qk/83891A/200203/6479902.html|title=中国近代第一所女子医学院－－夏葛医学院-【维普网】-仓储式在线作品出版平台-www.cqvip.com|publisher=Cqvip.com|access-date=9 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ba da kwalejin a Guangzhou, China, ta babban gudummawa daga Edward AK Hackett (1851-1916) na Indiana, Amurka. Makasudin kwalejin an yi shi ne don yada addinin Kiristanci da likitancin zamani da daukaka martabar matan Sinawa a cikin al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;RebeccaChan&quot;&gt;Rebecca Chan Chung, Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong, &quot;Piloted to Serve&quot;, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=纪念钟陈可慰 100 周年 (1920-2020)|url=http://www.cnac.org/rebeccachan_piloted_to_serve_01.pdf|access-date=2020-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A zamanin jamhuriyar Sin (1912-49) da kuma gwamnatocin ƙasar Sin da suka gabata, an sayo mata da sayar da su bauta bisa ka'ida ta hanyar bautar gida. Waɗannan matan an san su da Mui Tsai . Wata ƴar kasar Amurka Agnes Smedley ce ta rubuta rayuwar Mui Tsai a cikin littafinta na ''Hotunan Matan Sinawa a cikin juyin juya hali'' . &lt;ref&gt;Parts of this book are available online here, at Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, a shekarar 1949 da ƴasar Sin da aka kifar da kwaminisanci guerillas jagorancin Mao Zedong, da kuma [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin]] da aka kafa a wannan shekara. A watan Mayu na shekarar 1950, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta kafa sabuwar dokar aure don magance sayar da mata cikin bauta. Wannan ya haramta auren ta hanyar wakili kuma ya sanya auren ya zama halal muddin ma'auratan biyu sun yarda. Sabuwar dokar aure ta ɗaga shekarun aure zuwa 20 ga maza da 18 na mata. Wannan wani muhimmin bangare ne na sake fasalin filaye na karkara domin ba za a iya sayar da mata bisa doka ba ga masu gidaje. Taken a hukumance shi ne &quot;Maza da mata daidai suke; kowa ya cancanci gishirin sa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=The Developing Economies|volume=48|number=2|date=June 2010|page=B5|first=Noboro|last=Niida|title=Land Reform and New Marriage Law in China|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Periodicals/De/pdf/64_01_01.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403010912/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Periodicals/De/pdf/64_01_01.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Female education]]
* ''[[Wahre und Falsche &quot;Frauen-Emanzipation&quot;]]'', an early essay
* [[Gender apartheid]]
* [[Gender Inequality Index]]
* [[Gendercide]]
* [[History of feminism]]
* [[Index of feminism articles]]
* [[Legal rights of women in history]]
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[List of feminists]]
* [[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]
* [[List of women's organizations]]
* [[List of women's rights activists]]
* [[Men's rights movement]]
* [[Misogyny]]
* [[Pregnant patients' rights]]
* [[Sex workers' rights]]
* [[Simone de Beauvoir Prize]]
* [[Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)]]
* [[Timeline of women's suffrage]]
* [[Women's rights in 2014]]
* [[Women's Social and Political Union]]
{{div col end}}


 {{reflist|group=note}}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]]
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* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 00:03, 24 ga Janairu, 2022 (UTC)</text>
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[[File:Mexican man kneeling beside dead body (6211347747).jpg|thumb|hoton gawar da ta kashe kanta]]
'''Kisan kai,''' Shine da gangan ya yi sanadin mutuwar wani ko kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cututtukan tunani-ciki har da baƙin ciki, cuta mai bipolar, Autism, schizophrenia, rikicewar ɗabi'a, rikicewar tashin hankali, da shaye-shaye-ciki har da barasa da kuma amfani da benzodiazepines-sune abubuwan haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawton K, van Heeringen K | s2cid = 208790312 | title = Suicide | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9672 | pages = 1372–81 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19376453 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | s2cid = 25741716 | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu masu kashe kansu ayyuka ne masu ban sha'awa saboda damuwa, kamar daga matsalolin kuɗi, matsalolin dangantaka, kamar rabuwa, ko kuma zalunci.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗanda suka yi yunkurin kashe kansu a baya suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don yunƙurin nan gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Ƙoƙarin rigakafin kashe kansa mai inganci ya haɗa da iyakance damar yin amfani da hanyoyin kashe kansa—kamar bindigogi, ƙwayoyi, da guba; magance matsalolin tunani da rashin amfani da abu; rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru a hankali game da kashe kansa; da inganta yanayin tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa layukan tarzoma sun zama ruwan dare, ba a yi nazari sosai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanyar kashe kansa da aka fi amfani da ita ta kuma bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe, kuma tana da alaƙa da samun ingantattun hanyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na kashe kansa sun haɗa da rataye, gubar magungunan kashe qwari, da bindigogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan kai ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 828,000 a duniya a shekarar 2015, adadin da ya karu daga 712,000 da suka mutu a shekarar 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|collaboration=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya sa kashe kansa ya zama na 10 da ke haddasa mace-mace a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan 1.5% na mutane suna mutuwa ta hanyar kashe kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kusan kashi 12 cikin 100,000 ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Yawan kashe kashe kansa gabaɗaya ya fi girma a tsakanin maza fiye da na mata, wanda ya ninka sau 1.5 a ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa sau 3.5 a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan kai ya fi zama ruwan dare a tsakanin wadanda suka haura shekaru 70; duk da haka, a wasu ƙasashe, masu shekaru tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 suna cikin haɗari mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Turai ce ta fi kowace yanki yawan kashe kai a cikin 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 10 zuwa 20 na yunkurin kashe kansu a duk shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na marasa mutuwa na iya haifar da rauni da naƙasa na dogon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kasashen yammacin duniya, yunkurin ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin matasa da kuma tsakanin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Jakub Schikaneder - Murder in the House.JPG|thumb|Kisan kai]]
Ra'ayi game da kashe kansa ya sami tasiri ga jigogi masu fa'ida kamar addini, girmamawa, da ma'anar rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tomer|first1=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last1=Ritzer|editor-first1=George|editor-last2=Stepnisky|editor-first2=Jeffrey|name-list-format=vanc|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addinai na Ibrahim a al'ada suna ɗaukar kashe kansa a matsayin laifi ga Allah, saboda imani da tsarkakar rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin samurai a kasar Japan, an mutunta wani nau'in kashe kansa da ake kira seppuku (''harakiri'') a matsayin hanyar yin kasawa ko kuma wani nau'i na zanga-zanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Colt|first1=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sati, al'adar da Rajan Biritaniya ta haramta, ta yi tsammanin bazawarar Indiya za ta kashe kanta a gobarar jana'izar mijinta, da son rai ko kuma ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga danginta da al'ummarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan kai da yunƙurin kashe kansa, yayin da a baya ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba ya wanzu a yawancin ƙasashen yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance laifin aikata laifi a wasu ƙasashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin karni na 20 da 21, an yi amfani da kunar bakin wake a lokuta da ba kasafai ba a matsayin wani nau'i na zanga-zangar, kuma ana amfani da kamikaze da kunar bakin wake a matsayin dabarar soja ko ta'addanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anarsa. ==
Kashe kaii, wanda aka samo daga Latin {{Lang|la|suicidium}} , shine &quot;aikin kashe kansa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sted20062&quot;&gt;Lester D (2006). &quot;Suicide and islam&quot;. ''Archives of Suicide Research''. '''10''' (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 16287698&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 35754641&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Aggarwal N (2009). &quot;Rethinking suicide bombing&quot;. ''Crisis''. '''30''' (2): 94–7. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 19525169&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 35560934&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙoƙarin kashe kaii ko halin kashe kansa ba tare da kisa ba ya kai ga [[Illar kai|cutar da kai]] tare da aƙalla sha’awar kawo ƙarshen rayuwar da ba ta haifar da mutuwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Krug2002&quot;&gt;Russell N (May 1968). &quot;The Taboo of Suicide&quot;. ''Psychiatry''. '''31''' (2): 173–183. doi:10.1080/00332747.1968.11023545&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot;&gt;Vaughan M. &quot;The 'discovery' of suicide in Africa&quot;. ''BBC''. Retrieved 16 June 2020&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taimakawa kashe kansa|Taimakon kashe kansa]] yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ɗaya ya taimaka wa wani ya kawo mutuwarsu a kaikaice ta hanyar ba da ko dai shawara ko hanyar zuwa ƙarshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gullota2002&quot;&gt;''Issues in Law &amp; Medicine, Volume 3''. National Legal Center for the Medically Dependent &amp; Disabled, Incorporated, and the Horatio R. Storer Foundation, Incorporated. 1987. p. 39&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bambanta da [[euthanasia]], inda wani mutum ya dauki nauyin da ya fi dacewa wajen kawo mutuwar mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gullota2002&quot; /&gt; [[Tunanin kashe kansa]] shine tunanin kawo karshen rayuwar mutum amma ba yin wani kokari na yin hakan ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Krug2002&quot; /&gt; Yana iya ko bazai ƙunshi ainihin tsari ko niyya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tur2016&quot; /&gt; A cikin [[Kisa – kashe kansa|kisan kai-kashe]] (ko kisan kai-kashe), mutum yana da niyyar ɗaukar rayukan wasu a lokaci guda. Wani lamari na musamman na wannan shi ne tsawaita kashe kansa, inda kisan ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ganin mutanen da aka kashe a matsayin kari na kansu. &lt;ref&gt;Krug E (2002). ''World Report on Violence and Health''. Vol. 1. Genève: World Health Organization. p. 185&lt;/ref&gt; Kashe kansa wanda dalilin shi ne cewa mutum yana jin cewa ba sa cikin al'umma an san shi da [[Kashe kai (littafin Durkheim)|kisan kai mai girman kai]] . &lt;ref&gt;Krug E (2002). ''World Report on Violence and Health''. Vol. 1. Genève: World Health Organization. p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:The murder of Emily Coombes.png|thumb|Kisan kai]]
A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Rigakafin Kashe Kashe a Kanada ta gano cewa kalma ta yau da kullun a cikin binciken masana da aikin jarida don aikin kashe kansa an ''kashe shi'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Olsen 2011&quot;&gt;Turecki G, Brent DA (March 2016). &quot;Suicide and suicidal behaviour&quot;. ''Lancet''. '''387''' (10024): 1227–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00234-2. PMC 5319859. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 26385066&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Beaton 2013&quot;&gt;Gullota TP, Bloom M (2002). ''Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion''. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p. 1112. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-306-47296-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; A gefe guda, tsarin ilimin halayyar Amurka &quot;sun kashe kashe kansa&quot; a matsayin lokaci don gujewa saboda shi &quot;firam [firam! &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da sharuɗɗan ''ya kashe kansa/ta'', ''ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa'', ko kuma ''ya kashe kansa'' maimakon ''ya kashe kansa'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Beck 1974&quot;&gt;Stein G, Wilkinson G (2007). ''Seminars in general adult psychiatry'' (2nd ed.). London: Gaskell. p. 144. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-904671-44-2&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NIMH 2001&quot;&gt;Olson R (2011). &quot;Suicide and Language&quot;. ''Centre for Suicide Prevention''. InfoExchange (3): 4. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Time To Change 2008&quot;&gt;Beaton S, Forster P, Maple M (February 2013). &quot;Suicide and Language: Why we Shouldn't Use the 'C' Word&quot;. ''In Psych''. '''35''' (1): 30–31. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Associated Press Stylebook]] ya ba da shawarar gujewa &quot;yin kashe kansa&quot; sai dai a cikin maganganun kai tsaye daga hukumomi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=apstylebook|title=Avoid &quot;committed suicide&quot; except in direct quotes from authorities. Alternatives: &quot;killed himself,&quot; &quot;took her own life,&quot; &quot;died by suicide.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagororin salon ''[[The Guardian|masu gadi]]'' da ''[[The Observer|masu lura]]'' sun hana amfani da &quot;aiki&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Guardian and Observer style guide: S|url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-s|work=The Guardian|date=4 May 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar yadda [[CNN]] ke yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|vauthors=Ravitz J|title=The words to say -- and not to say -- about suicide|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/09/health/suicide-language-words-matter/index.html|work=CNN|date=11 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu adawa da ''aikata laifin'' suna jayayya cewa yana nufin cewa kashe kansa laifi ne, zunubi, ko kuma rashin ɗabi'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ball 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan dazasu iya jawo hakan ==
Abubuwan da ke shafar haɗarin kashe kansa sun haɗa da rikice-rikice na tunani, rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[Yanayin tunani|jihohin tunani]], al'adu, yanayin iyali da zamantakewa, kwayoyin halitta, abubuwan da suka faru na rauni ko asara, da kuma [[nihilism]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=2373–82}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Zal20162&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=646–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cututtukan tunani da rashin amfani da abubuwa akai-akai suna kasancewa tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Drug2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=197–202}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da yin ƙoƙarin kashe kansa a baya, &lt;ref name=&quot;EB20112&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1–23; quiz 23–4}}&lt;/ref&gt; shirye-shiryen samar da hanyar ɗaukar ran mutum, tarihin iyali na kashe kansa, ko kasancewar [[Raunin ƙwaƙwalwa mai rauni|raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1335–51}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, an gano adadin kashe kansa ya yi yawa a gidajen da ke da bindigogi fiye da wadanda ba su da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Miller 393–408&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=393–408}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Αυτοκτονία με την λήψη φαρμάκου-δηλητηρίου.jpg|thumb]]

== Manazarta. ==</text>
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    <title>Reflection (fim na 2021 )</title>
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'''''Shirin''''' '''''Reflection''''' (Ukraine) fim din [[wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Ukrainian wanda Valentyn Vasyanovych ya bayar da umarni. An fara haska shirin, a ranar 6 ga Satumban shekarar 2021 &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2021/program-cinema-2021-pass-holders/vidblysk-reflection-2021-09-06-19-30 Vidblysk (Reflection). 6 September 2021 at 19:30 at Sala Darsena]. labiennale.org/en/. 6 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt; a bikin Fim na [[Duniya]] na Venice na 78, inda aka zabi shirin don shiga gasar&lt;a href=&quot;./Golden%20Lion&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Golden Lion&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;119&quot;&gt;Golden Lion&lt;/a&gt; .  &lt;ref name=&quot;labiennale_Leone.d.Oro&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727202946/https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2021/venezia-78-competition Venezia 78 Competition 2021]. labiennale.org/en/. 2021&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;labiennale_vidblysk&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usfa_labiennale_2021_ukr&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210726150039/https://usfa.gov.ua/press-center/u-konkursnykh-programakh-78-go-veneciyskogo-kinofestyvalyu-svitovi-prem-yery-trokh-ukrainskykh-i11502 Світові прем'єри нових фільмів Валентина Васяновича та Олега Сенцова відбудуться на Венеційському кінофестивалі]. usfa.gov.ua. 26 July 2021 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara shi don samun sakin wasan kwaikwayo mai faɗi a cikin Ukraine a cikin 2022.

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne kan Serhiy, wani likita soja mai tiyata ɗan kasar [[Ukraine]] wanda sojojin Rasha suka kama a shekarar 2014, a ɗaya daga cikin fadace-fadacen da aka yi, a yakin Rasha da Ukraine, a gabashin Ukraine. A lokacin da yake fursuna na yaƙi, Serhiy ya shaida abubuwan ban tsoro na azabtarwa, fyaɗe da sauran misalan wasu halaye na wulakanta mutane ga POWs. Ba da daɗewa ba, a matsayin wani ɓangare na musayar fursunoni tsakanin Rasha da Ukraine, Serhiy ya sami ƙwazo daga zaman talala kuma ya koma rayuwarsa ta yau da kullum kafin yaƙin, sai kawai ya gano cewa munanan abubuwan da ya gani a matsayin fursuna har yanzu suna farautarsa. Don taimakawa yaƙin bayan yaƙin PTSD Serhiy ya yanke shawarar ƙoƙarin gyara dangantakarsa da tsohuwar matarsa da ɗiyarsa mai shekaru 12, mai suna Polina wadda ke fama da asarar kuɗaɗen kwanan nan a yaƙin. Yayinda Serhiy ke ƙarin lokaci tare da Polina kuma yana ƙoƙarin taimaka mata ta cigaba daga asarar ƙaunataccen, a hankali ya fara fuskantar nasa tsoro da damuwa bayan tashin hankali.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dzygamdb.com/uk/site/films-single?id=3919 Reflection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206184751/https://dzygamdb.com/uk/site/films-single?id=3919 |date=2021-12-06 }}. dzygamdb.com/uk/. 2021 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;reflection_neweuropefilmsales&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727065846/http://neweuropefilmsales.com/movies/reflection/ Reflection / Відблиск (2021)]. neweuropefilmsales.com. 2021&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;labiennale_vidblysk&quot;/&gt;

== Ma'aikatan shirin ==
{{Div col}}
* Director: [[Valentyn Vasyanovych]]
* Writer: Valentyn Vasyanovych
* Cinematographer: Valentyn Vasyanovych
* Editor: Valentyn Vasyanovych
* Producers: Valentyn Vasyanovych, Iya Myslyts'ka, Volodymyr Yatsenko, Anna Sobolevska
* Production designer: Vladlen Odudenko
* Sound director: Serhiy Stepanksyi
* Costume designer: Olena Hermanenko
* Make-up: Hanna Lukashenko
* Camera man: Yuriy Dunay
* Casting: Tetiana Symon
{{Div col end}}

== 'Yan wasa ==

* {{Interlanguage link|Roman Lutskyi|uk|Луцький Роман Михайлович}} as Serhiy
* Nika Myslyts'ka as Polina
* Nadiya Levchenko as Olha
* Andriy Rymaruk as Andriy
* Oleksandr Danyliuk a matsayin likitan tiyata
* Andrii Senchuk a matsayin Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam
* Igor Shulha a matsayin shugaban gidan yari
* Dmytro Sova a matsayin azabtar da fursunoni Ukrainian
* Stanislav Aseyev a matsayin jami'in FSB na Rasha

== Kasafin kudi ==
Aikin fim din ''Reflection'' ya lashe wuri na 11th a jerin fina-finan gwamnatin  ; 25. mil. An bayar da tallafin UAH na jihar, wanda ke wakiltar 80% na jimillar kasafin kuɗi na ₴ miliyan 31.3. UAH (€ 1 miliyan EUR). &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211526/https://detector.media/production/article/169408/2019-07-29-chornobyl-gamlet-i-pidlitkovi-trudnoshchi-pyatyy-den-11-go-pitchyngu-derzhkino/ Чорнобиль, Гамлет і підліткові труднощі. П'ятий день 11-го пітчингу Держкіно]. detector.media. 29 липня 2019 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211548/https://detector.media/production/article/169689/2019-08-08-nazvano-peremozhtsiv-11-go-pitchyngu-derzhkino-povnyy-perelik/ Названо переможців 11-го пітчингу Держкіно (ПОВНИЙ ПЕРЕЛІК)]. detector.media. 8 серпня 2019 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190630043010/http://dergkino.gov.ua/media/text/Vidblisk.pdf Заявка на участь у конкурсному відборі (пітчингу): Відблиск]. dergkino.gov.ua. 2019 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samar da shirin ==
''Reflection'' ya fito ne daga Valentyn Vasyanovych da Iya Myslyts'ka (Harmata Films/Arsenal Films) da Volodymyr Yatsenko da Anna Sobolevska (Limelite/ForeFilms). Shirye-shiryen fitowar fim ɗin ya faru a watan Mayu 2020. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210728045610/https://mbr.com.ua/uk/news/cr/2536-tocka-nul-novini-kontentu «Точка нуль», «Відблиск», «Їх було двоє» і «Вовченята». Новини контенту]. mbr.com.ua/uk/. 22 травня 2020&lt;/ref&gt; An fara yin fim a farkon bazara na 2020 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Janairun, 2021. A watan Yuli, 2021 masu shirya fina-finai sun bayar da sanarwar cewa sun riga sun kammala shirye-shiryen da kuma fara gyara fim ɗin. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727002339/http://nrcu.gov.ua/schedule/play-archive.html?periodItemID=2860335 Кінозал: Тріумф фільму «Атлантида» й робота над новою стрічкою «Відблиск»&amp;nbsp;— Валентин Васянович]. UA: Українське радіо. 2 липня 2021 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210814161121/http://schedule.nrcu.gov.ua/audio_slice/AIR-UR3/20210702/2860335.mp3 mp3]) (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba kamar Vasyanovych ta fim ɗin da ya gabata ba, Atlantis (2019) inda mafi yawan ƴan wasan kwaikwayon ainihin mayaƙan Russo-Ukrainian War, a cikin ''Tunani'' mafi yawan 'yan wasan da ke da hannu sun kasance masu sana'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;venezia_daily_vasyanovych&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210907002815/https://daily2021.venezianews.it/en/interviste/valentyn-vasyanovych/ Valentyn Vasyanovych. Of love and war]. daily2021.venezianews.it/en/. 6 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727210330/https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/kultura/veneciya-ukrayinske-vtorgnennya Венеція: українське вторгнення. Наш кінематограф буде представлений на безпрецедентному рівні на найстарішому кінофестивалі світу]. day.kyiv.ua/uk/. 2021 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210728050041/https://lb.ua/blog/young_filmcritics/472179_rezhiser_atlantidi_valentin.html Режисер «Атлантиди» Валентин Васянович: «Мій фільм треба дивитися на великому екрані»]. lb.ua. 3 грудня 2020 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, don tabbatar da ainihin ma'anar yakin Russo-Ukrainian, Vasyanovych ya dogara sosai ga masu ba da shawara na soja, waɗanda suka shiga yakin Russo-Ukrainian; daya daga cikin sanannun mashawarcin fim din shi ne Stanislav Aseyev, wanda da kansa ya shafe fiye da shekaru biyu a matsayin fursuna na yakin Rasha a tsakanin 2017-2019. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210728191353/https://nv.ua/ukr/art/vasyanovich-poyasniv-chomu-film-vidblisk-prisvyacheniy-viyni-rosiji-i-ukrajini-novini-ukrajini-50173925.html «Війна — найпотужніша тема». Васянович пояснив, чому вирішив присвятити свій новий фільм конфлікту на Донбасі]. nv.ua/ukr/. 27 липня 2021 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauka fim ɗin a cikin jerin alamar kasuwanci na Vasyanovych na tsaye, hotuna guda ɗaya; A cewar ƙwararrun Varity &quot;Waiwaye&quot; ya ƙunshi hotuna 29 a tsaye. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210906190745/https://variety.com/2021/film/global/valentyn-vasyanovych-venice-reflection-1235057321/ Ukrainian Director Valentyn Vasyanovych on Venice Competition Entry ‘Reflection’]. variety.com. Sep 6, 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

== Talla ==

=== Ci gaba ===
A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan, 2021 mai rarraba fina-finai na kasa da kasa Sabon Tallan Fina-Finan Turai ya ƙaddamar da fosta na farko na fim ɗin na duniya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/NewEuropeFilmSales/posts/232343862231757 We are thrilled to unveil the artwork of REFLECTION by Valentyn Vasyanovych. World premiere: 7 September 2021. #BiennaleCinema2021]. [[New Europe Film Sales]]'s offciial Facebook page. 27 August 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, kwana ɗaya gabanin fitowar fim din a Bikin Fina-Finan duniya na Venice karo na 78, mai rarraba fina-finai na kasa da kasa New Turai Film Sales ya fitar da tirela ta farko ta internation ta mujallar masana'antu ''ScreenDaily'' ; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukEVqlPhgaw Перший офіційний міжнародний трейлер фільму «Відблиск» (2021)]. youtube.com. 5 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210905170354/https://www.screendaily.com/news/reflection-first-trailer-for-valentyn-vasyanovychs-venice-competition-title-exclusive/5163004.article ‘Reflection’: first trailer for Valentyn Vasyanovych’s Venice Competition title (exclusive)]. screendaily.com. 5 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210905231904/https://www.the-village.com.ua/village/culture/culture-news/315729-divitsya-pershiy-treyler-filmu-vidblisk-valentina-vasyanovicha Дивіться перший трейлер фільму «Відблиск» Валентина Васяновича]. the-village.com.ua. 5 вересня 2021 (In Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; da yake tsokaci game da sakin tirelar mai tallata masana'antar Sipaniya ''Cinemaldito'' ya lura cewa Daraktan fim ɗin Vasyanovych wataƙila ɗayan manyan sunaye ne a cikin sashin hukuma na 78th Venice Film Festival, &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210906162333/https://www.cinemaldito.com/trailer-para-reflection-de-valentyn-vasyanovych/ Trailer para Reflection de Valentyn Vasyanovych]. cinemaldito.com. September 6, 2021 (in Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt; yayinda aka buga masana'antar Turkiyya. ''Masu sha'awar fina-finai'' sun lura cewa bayan cin nasara a cikin 2020 babban kyautar - Golden Tulip - a bikin fina-finai na [[Istanbul]] karo na 39 Vasyanovych ya kasance ba ya halartar bikin fina-finai, kusan shekaru biyu, amma yanzu ya dawo kan babban allo tare da sabon shiga ''Wasan'' kwaikwayo, kodayake buga alama, cewa shi ne ma daga trailer ko ''Tunani'' yana da isasshen zuwa tare da 78th Golden Lion a Venice. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210906155235/https://filmloverss.com/atlantisin-yonetmeni-valentyn-vasyanovychin-reflection-filminden-ilk-fragman-yayinlandi/ Atlantis’in Yönetmeni Valentyn Vasyanovych’in Reflection Filminden İlk Fragman Yayınlandı]. filmloverss.com. 6 September 2021 (in Turkish)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fitowa ==

=== Fitowa a Bikin Fina-finai (Film Festival) ===
A cikin Janairu 2020 ''Reflection'' ya sami lambar yabo ta Alphapanda Audience Engagement Award a Les Arcs ' ''Works in Progress 2020'' . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.screendaily.com/festivals/venice-2021-preview-screens-guide-to-the-competition-titles/5162757.article Venice 2021 preview: Screen’s guide to the Competition titles]. screendaily.com. 27 August 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a cikin Janairu-Fabrairu 2020 An gabatar da ''Tunani'' a kasuwar hada-hadar fina-finai a bikin Fim na Berlinale . &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211936/https://detector.media/production/article/174919/2020-02-20-vidblysk-valentyna-vasyanovycha-vidibraly-do-koproduktsiynogo-marketu-v-ramkakh-berlinale/ «Відблиск» Валентина Васяновича відібрали до копродукційного маркету в рамках «Берлінале»]. detector.media. 20 лютого 2020 (In Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200220104859/https://telekritika.ua/uk/kino/vidblisk-valentina-vasyanovicha-vidibrali-do-pro%d1%94ktiv-berlinale-co-production-market/ «Відблиск» Валентина Васяновича відібрали до проєктів Berlinale Co-production Market]. telekritika.ua/uk/. 20 February 2020 (In Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727212114/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive-selection/archive-2020/press-releases-2020/press-release-detail-2020_28949.html Berlinale Co-Production Market Brings 36 International Feature Film Projects Into Play]. berlinale.de/en/. 15 січня 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon Yuli 2021 an ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin rarraba fina-finai New Turai Film Sales ya karɓi haƙƙin rarrabawar kasa da kasa don ''Reflection''. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727210758/https://detector.media/rinok/article/189976/2021-07-09-ievropeyskyy-dystrybyutor-prydbav-prava-na-vidblysk-vasyanovycha/ Європейський дистриб'ютор придбав права на «Відблиск» Васяновича].m detector.media. 9 липня 2021&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;reflection_neweuropefilmsales&quot;/&gt; A wannan watan, a cikin Yuli, 2021, an kuma ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin rarraba fina-finai na ''Arthouse Traffic'' ya karɓi haƙƙin rarraba na Yukren.

A karshen watan Yulin, 2021 daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai, Volodymyr Yatsenko, ya bayyana cewa a halin yanzu akwai gasa da ke gudana tsakanin bikin fina-finan Cannes da bikin fina-finai na Venice don 'yancin zama wurin zama na Firimiya ''na'' Duniya; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210723143807/https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/kultura/nasha-meta-stvoryty-brend-ukrayinskogo-kina «Наша мета – створити бренд українського кіна». Розмова з Володимиром Яценком про щастя і прокляття професії кінопродюсера]. day.kyiv.ua/uk/. 23 липня 2021 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; a ƙarshe na ƙarshe ya ci nasara kuma saboda haka fim ɗin ya fara fitowa duniya a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2021 a bikin 78th na Venice International Film Festival, inda aka zaɓi shi don yin gasa don Golden Lion .  &lt;ref name=&quot;labiennale_Leone.d.Oro&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;labiennale_vidblysk&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210825005736/https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2021/lineup/venezia-78-competition/vidblysk-reflection Vidblysk / Reflection (2021)]. labiennale.org/en/. 2021&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usfa_labiennale_2021_ukr&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://suspilne.media/150519-vidblisk-valentina-vasanovica-bere-ucast-u-konkursnij-programi-venecijskogo-festivalu/ Ганна Мамонова. «Відблиск» Валентина Васяновича бере участь у конкурсній програмі Венеційського фестивалю] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726183300/https://suspilne.media/150519-vidblisk-valentina-vasanovica-bere-ucast-u-konkursnij-programi-venecijskogo-festivalu/ |date=2021-07-26 }}. suspilne.media. 26 липня 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba, an gabatar da fim ɗin a 50th Montreal Festival du nouveau cinéma a matsayin wani ɓangare na sashin Incontournables.

=== Sakin wasan kwaikwayo ===
An saita fim ɗin don samun fitowar wasan kwaikwayo mai tasiri a Ukraine a cikin 2022; Mai rarraba Ukrainian - Traffic Arthouse.

== liyafar fitowa ==
Fim ɗin ya fito ne a watan Satumba na 2021 zuwa gaba ɗayan ra'ayoyin da suka dace daga masu yada fim. A kan shafin yanar gizon aggregator na bita Rotten [[Tumatir]], fim ɗin yana riƙe da ƙimar yarda na 100% bisa ga sake dubawa na 5, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 8/10.  A kan shafin yanar gizon aggregator na bita Metacritic, fim din yana da matsakaicin  nauyin TBA daga 100, dangane da sake dubawa na TBA.  A farkon fim ɗin duniya a Venice fim ɗin ya sami karɓuwa na mintuna goma. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210908165222/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/intervyu-z-ukrayinskym-rezhyserom-valentynom-vasyanovychem/31449344.html Наше завдання – розповісти світу про катування в Європі, у Донецьку – режисер «Відблиску» Васянович]. radiosvoboda.org. 8 September 2021 (in Ukrainian)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210909134715/https://fostylen.com/en/culture-en/war-drama-reflection-causes-10-minute-standing-ovation-venice/ War drama &quot;Reflection&quot; causes a 10-minute standing ovation in Venice]. fostylen.com/en/. 09.09.2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Leslie Felperin, rubutawa ga ''The Hollywood Reporter'', ya yabawa fim din da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya raira waƙa da ayyukan Roman Lutskyi kuma yana cewa &quot;labari mai zurfi, mafi mahimmanci [...] game da cin amana da fansa, jinƙai da rayuwa [an] duk sun buga. tare da babban kamewa godiya ga dabarar aikin Lutskyi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210909192055/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/reflection-vidblysk-venice-2021-1235010416/ Venice 2021: ‘Reflection’ (‘Vidblysk’): Film Review]. hollywoodreporter.com. 9 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Jessica Kiang, ta rubuta wa ''Iri-iri'', ya yaba da labarin fim din da kuma cinematography, ta kira shi &quot;wani mai ban mamaki duk da haka rai evocation na PTSD-in-ci gaba&quot; inda &quot;Ukrainian darektan Valentyn Vasyanovych tambaya, tare da m austerity, abin da ya faru da ran mutum - da wata al'umma - a yaki&quot;. Kiang ya jaddada gaskiyar cewa shine &quot;tashin hankali tsakanin labari mai ban mamaki da kuma wani lokacin rashin tausayi na visceral kowane yanayi yana ƙunshe da kuma a hankali la'akari da shi, yadda za a yi la'akari da shi - yana haskakawa a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin zane-zane, hasken Caravaggian - wanda ya sa &quot;Tunani&quot; irin wannan. wata sanarwa mai karfi game da mugayen rikice-rikice na makami, musamman a nan [a] farkon lokacin yakin Russo-Ukrainian da ke ci gaba da gudana&quot; kuma ya kammala da cewa &quot;[Tunawa] yana da mahimmanci, kalubale kuma, idan kun kasance a shirye., daya daga cikin fina-finan da suka fi tunzura hankali da samun lada a gasar Venice ta bana&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210907192257/https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/reflection-review-vidblysk-1235056989/ ‘Reflection’ Review: A Stark Yet Soulful Evocation of PTSD-in-Progress]. variety.com. 7 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Jonathan Romney, wanda ya rubuta wa ''ScreenDaily'', ya yaba da tarihin fim din, yana mai cewa &quot;fim mai banƙyama na musamman daga rashin daidaituwa kuma mai haske Valentyn Vasyanovych&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210907154421/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/reflection-venice-review/5163077.article ‘Reflection’: Venice Review]. screendaily.com. 7 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Anna Smith, rubuce-rubuce don ''Ƙarshe'', ya yaba da sabon aikin Vasyanovych wanda ya kira shi &quot;fim mai tunani&quot; inda &quot;marubuci-darektan-cinematographer Vasyanovych ya gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shiru, al'amarin gaskiya, duka biyu suna kwaikwayon yanayin sanyi na masu tayar da hankali da kuma jaddadawa. kasancewar wadannan ta'addancin [yaki] ba sa bukatar abin burgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210907154457/https://deadline.com/2021/09/reflection-review-venice-film-festival-1234828155/ Venice Review: Valentyn Vasyanovych’s ‘Reflection’]. deadline.com. 7 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Nicholas Bell, ya rubuta wa ''IONCINEMA'', ya yaba da sabon aikin Vasyanovych yana mai cewa &quot;Vasyanovych yana da ikon [don] ya sa mu cikin damuwa amma abin da ya dace ya wuce bayanan karshe na fim mai ban tsoro, da kyau harbi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210909192203/https://www.ioncinema.com/reviews/valentyn-vasyanovych-reflection-review Reflection | 2021 Venice Film Festival Review]. ioncinema.com. 9 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan fara fim ɗin a Venice a watan Satumbar 2021, mafi yawan masu sukar fim ɗin Ukrain sun yi magana game da goyon bayan fim ɗin. Alex Malyshenko daga Bird A cikin Jirgin ya yaba da fim din, inda ya kira shi &quot;daya daga cikin manyan fina-finai na Ukrainian na shekara ta [2022] mai zuwa&quot;, amma ya lura cewa ra'ayin fim din na iya bambanta saboda, a cewar Malyshenko, kallon &quot;Tunani&quot;, ku suna iya tunanin yakin zalunci da zabi na sirri, game da mutuwa da rayuwa bayansa, game da ra'ayin Buddha da Kiristanci game da rai har ma kadan game da fatalwowi &quot;kuma&quot; ga wasu zai zama kwarewa mai dadi na nutsewa, kuma wasu za su kasance. fama da dogayen al'amuran da sarkakkun yaren silima. 

== Kyaututtuka da naɗi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background: LightSteelBlue;&quot; |Kyauta
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
! Kyauta
! Date of ceremony
! Rukuni
! Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaɓa
! Sakamako
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bikin Fim na Venice 
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 6 ga Satumba, 2021
| Zakin Zinariya
| Valentyn Vasyanovych | {{Pending}}
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{IMDb title|14225832|Refection}}  
* Refection  Ruɓaɓɓen 
* Refection  
* ''[https://dzygamdb.com/uk/site/films-single?id=3919 Tunani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206184751/https://dzygamdb.com/uk/site/films-single?id=3919 |date=2021-12-06 }}'' a DzygaMDB (a cikin Ukrainian)
* ''[http://neweuropefilmsales.com/movies/reflection/ Waiwaye]'' a Sabon Tallan Fina-finan Turai
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Fina-finan harsunan Ukraine]]
[[Category:Fina-finan Ukrai]]
[[Category:Wasannin kwaikwayo na]]
[[Category:Fina-finan 2021]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kira Muratova</title>
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      <text bytes="17218" sha1="iulacol23lfx7hlx1tc5az4kb8qwvvz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:MasterClassMuratova_OdFest.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Master Class Muratova Fest]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Year
!Title (Original)
!Title (English)
!Director
!Writer
!Actress
!Notes
|-
|1961
|''У Крутого Яра''
|''By the Steep Ravine''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|With Aleksandr Muratov
|-
|1964
|''Наш честный хлеб''
|''Our Honest Bread''
|Yes
|
|as Agapa
|With Aleksandr Muratov
|-
|1967
|''Короткие встречи''
|''Brief Encounters''
|Yes
|Yes
|as Valentina Ivanovna
|
|-
|1971
|''Долгие проводы''
|''The Long Farewell''
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|1972
|''Россия''
|''Russia''
|
|
|
|Documentary; with Theodore Holcomb
|-
|1978
|''Познавая белый свет''
|''Getting to Know the Big, Wide World''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Среди серых камней''
|''Among Grey Stones''
|Yes
|
|
|Renounced by Muratova after major political censorship (credited to &quot;Ivan Sidorov&quot; )
|-
|1987
|''Перемена участи''
|''Change of Fate''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Астенический синдром''
|''The Asthenic Syndrome''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Чувствительный милиционер''
|''The Sentimental Policeman''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Увлеченья''
|''Passions''
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|1997
|''Три истории''
|''Three Stories''
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|1999
|''Письмо в Америку''
|''Letter to America''
|Yes
|
|
|Short
|-
|2001
|''Второстепенные люди''
|''Minor People''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|2002
|''Чеховские мотивы''
|''Chekhov's Motifs''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|2004
|''Настройщик''
|''The Tuner''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Справка''
|''Certification''
|Yes
|
|
|Short
|-
|2006
|''Кукла''
|''Dummy''
|Yes
|
|
|Short
|-
|2007
|''Два в одном''
|''Two in One''
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|2009
|''Мелодия для шарманки''
|''Melody for a Street-organ''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Вечное возвращение''
|''Eternal Return''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|}
{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Kira Muratova&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;honorific-suffix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal; display:inline;&quot;&gt; Mutane Artist na Ukraine&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;&quot; | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] : ''Kira Gueórguievna Muratova''
|- class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |&lt;/img&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt; Kira Muratova a 2006&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Haihuwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; Kira Gueórguievna Korotkova&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;( &lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1934-11-05&lt;/span&gt; )&lt;/span&gt; 5 Nuwamba 1934&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; [[Soroca]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Masarautar Romania]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Yanzu [[Moldova]] )&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;bday&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ya mutu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 6 Yuni 2018 &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(2018-06-06)&lt;/span&gt; (shekaru&amp;nbsp;83)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;deathplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sana'a
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | [[Film director|Daraktan fim]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Screenwriter|Marubucin allo]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Actress|Yar wasan kwaikwayo]]
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shekaru&amp;nbsp;aiki
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 1961-2018
|}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Kira Georgievna Muratova''' ( {{Lang-ru|Кира Георгиевна Муратова}}   ; 'yar Roma ce; Ukraine   ; née '''Korotkova''', 5 Nuwamba 1934 - 6 Yuni 2018 &lt;ref&gt;[https://meduza.io/news/2018/06/06/umerla-rezhisser-kira-muratova Умерла Кира Муратова]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kira-muratova-dead-renowned-ukrainian-director-was-83-1117898 Kira Muratova, Renowned Ukrainian Director, Dies at 83]&lt;/ref&gt; ) ɗan [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] ne - [[Ukraniya|Ukrainian]]   &lt;ref&gt;[[William Taubman#Personal life|Taubman, Jane A]]. “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/130736 The Cinema of Kira Muratova].” The Russian Review, vol. 52, no. 3, 1993, pp. 367–381.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Roberts, Graham. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gigjwq-7v9EC The Meaning of Death: Kira Muratova's Cinema of the Absurd]. // B. Beumers (Ed.). Russia on Reels: The Russian Idea in Post-Soviet Cinema. London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|I.B.Tauris]]. 220 p.: pp. 144–160.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Darakta|daraktan fim ɗin]] da ya ci lambar yabo, marubucin allo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na zuriyar Romanian/Yahudanci, sananne ga salon shugabanci nata da ba a saba gani ba. Fina-finan Muratova sun yi ta yin katsalandan a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]],  duk da haka Muratova ya sami nasarar fitowa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin fina-finan Rasha na zamani kuma ya sami damar gina aikin fim mai nasara daga 1960s gaba. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/muratova-kira-1934 Muratova, Kira 1934-2018 (Kira Georgievna Korotkova)]. encyclopedia.com. 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Muratova, tare da Nikita Mikhalkov, Vadim Abdrashitov, Aleksandr Sokurov, Aleksei Jamus, da Aleksei Balabanov ana ganin su ne manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Rasha waɗanda suka fuskanci rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet duk da haka sun sami nasarar ci gaba da aikinsu na fim daga farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;muratova_recent.russian.cinema&quot; /&gt;

An kwatanta ayyukanta a matsayin mai yiyuwa 'daya daga cikin fitattun fitattun fina-finai na fina-finai na duniya.' 

Muratova ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta na fasaha a Odessa, inda ya kirkiro mafi yawan fina-finanta a Odesa Film Studios . 

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko da aiki ===
An haifi Kira Korotkova a cikin shekara ta 1934 a Soroca, Romania ( [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]] a yau) ga mahaifin Rasha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2005/05/weird-and-wild/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |archive-date=2017-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211180532/http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/2005/05/weird-and-wild/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da mahaifiyar [[Romainiya|Romania]] (an asalin Bayahude Bessarabian ). &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210801024606/https://www.filmmuseum.at/en/film_program/scope?schienen_id=1571190632956 Kira Muratova. The More Things Change ...]. filmmuseum.at/en/. 2019&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ilegalisti.ro/ilegalist/5158 Illegal Communist Movement in Prewar Romania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710152148/http://www.ilegalisti.ro/ilegalist/5158 |date=2020-07-10 }}: Natalia Reznic Korotkova (1906–1981).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.observatorcultural.ro/articol/viata-si-moartea-unui-comunist-basarabean-iuri-korotkov-tatal-kirei-muratova/ Viața și moartea unui comunist basarabean Iuri Korotkov, tatăl Kirei Muratova]&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta duka ƴan gurguzu ne kuma membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci . Mahaifinta, Yuri Korotkov, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar fascist a yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin Romania sun kama su kuma suka harbe bayan tambayoyi. Bayan yakin, Kira ta zauna a [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] tare da mahaifiyarta, likitan mata, wanda ya bi aikin gwamnati a cikin Socialist Romania .
[[Fayil:KiraMuratova OdFest.jpg|thumb|Kira Muratova]]
A 1959, Kira ta kammala karatun ta daga Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography a [[Moscow]], qware a cikin shiryarwa.  Bayan kammala karatun Korotkova ya sami matsayi na darekta tare da Odessa Film Studio a Odessa, tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a Bahar Black kusa da 'yar asalinta Bessarabia . Ta ba da umarnin fim ɗin ƙwararrunta na farko a cikin 1961 kuma ta yi aiki tare da ɗakin studio har sai da rikici ya sa ta koma [[Saint-Petersburg|Leningrad]] a 1978. A can ta yi fim daya tare da Lenfilm Studio, amma daga baya ya koma Odessa. Fina-finan Muratova sun kasance ƙarƙashin zargi akai-akai ga jami'an Soviet saboda yaren fim ɗinta na wauta wanda bai bi ka'idodin gurguzanci ba. Masanin fina-finai Isa Willinger ya kwatanta tsarin fim na Muratova da Soviet Avant-garde, musamman ga Eisenstein na abubuwan jan hankali.  Sau da yawa an dakatar da Muratova daga yin aiki a matsayin darekta na tsawon shekaru a kowane lokaci.

Kira ta auri 'yar'uwarta darektan studiyo na Odessa wato Oleksandr Muratov a farkon shekarun 1960 kuma ta hada fina-finai da yawa tare da shi. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar, Marianna, amma nan da nan suka sake aure kuma Muratov ya koma Kiev inda ya fara aiki tare da Dovzhenko Film Studios . Kira Muratova ta kiyaye sunan tsohon mijinta duk da aurenta da mai zane na Leningrad kuma mai tsarawa Evgeny Golubenko.

=== Bayan zamanin Soviet ===
A cikin 1990s, lokaci mai mahimmanci yazo wa  Muratova a lokacin da ta daukar sabon fim bayan kowane shekaru biyu ko uku, sau da yawa tana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ma'aikatan jirgin.  Aikinta ''The Asthenic Syndrome'' (1989) an kwatanta shi a matsayin 'babban aikin banza' kuma shine kawai fim ɗin da aka dakatar (saboda tsiraici na maza da mata) a lokacin Tarayyar Soviet perestroika .  Sauran fina-finan nata da aka fitar a wannan lokacin sun hada da misali, ''The Sentimental Policeman'' (1992), ''Passions'' (1994), ''Three Stories'' (1997) da kuma gajeren ''wasiƙa (1999) zuwa Amurka.'' 

'Yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu Muratova take fito dasu acikin shirye-shirye su ne Renata Litvinova da Natalya Buzko . Muratova ta fina-finan yawanci productions na Ukraine ko co-productions tsakanin Ukraine da kuma Rasha, ko da yaushe a cikin [[Rashanci|Rasha harshen]], ko da yake Muratova iya magana da Ukrainian kuma bai ƙin Ukrainianization na [[Sinimar kasar Ukraine|Ukrainian cinema.]] &lt;ref&gt;Більше читайте тут: https://tsn.ua/glamur/rezhiser-kira-muratova-ya-na-boci-cogo-narodu-ya-z-maydanom-341183.html&lt;/ref&gt; Muratova ya goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar Euromaidan da juyin juya halin Ukrainian na 2014 masu zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;Більше читайте тут: https://tsn.ua/glamur/rezhiser-kira-muratova-ya-na-boci-cogo-narodu-ya-z-maydanom-341183.html&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar da fina-finan Muratova a Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya a Berlin (1990, 1997),   Cannes,  Moscow,  Rome, Venice da dai sauransu.

Kusa da Aleksandr Sokurov, An dauki Muratova a matsayin darektan fina-finai na harshen Rashanci na zamani.  Ana iya ganin ayyukanta a matsayin postmodern, yin amfani da eclecticism, parody, gyare-gyare na dakatarwa, rugujewar labari da ƙwaƙƙwaran gani da sauti,  da 'ɗaucin ɓacin rai da ke nuna tashin hankali, rashin ƙauna, al'umma mara kyau.  A cikin fim dinta, ''Labari Uku'', ta bincika 'mugunta an ɓoye a cikin wani kyakkyawan harsashi marar laifi, kuma gawawwakin sun zama wani ɓangare na kayan ado.'  Ta kasance mai sha'awar [[Sergei Parajanov]] kuma ta mayar da hankali kan 'ornamentalism' an kwatanta shi da nasa kuma ya kasance mai adawa da gaskiya, tare da 'maimaitawa yana ba da siffar kowane yiwuwar', tare da fim ɗin ta na ƙarshe, ''Maɗaukaki Gida mai'' kyau game da cinema kanta ba ta ƙare ba. kamar a ce 'spool of cinema ta ci gaba da zare da ƙwanƙwasa, zare da ƙwanƙwasa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Nadi da kyaututtuka ===
Sai kawai a lokacin gasar ''Perestroyka'' ne Muratova ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a da kuma lambar yabo ta farko. A cikin 1988, bikin fina-finai na mata na duniya Créteil (Faransa) ya nuna na farko game da ayyukanta. Fim ''ɗinta Daga cikin Grey Stones'' an nuna shi a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1988 Cannes Film Festival . 

A cikin shekara ta 1990, Fim ɗinta na ''Asthenic Syndrome'' ya lashe kyautar Silver Bear Jury Grand Prix a Berlinale .   A cikin 1994, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Leopard of Honor don rayuwarta oeuvre a Locarno International Film Festival (Switzerland) kuma a cikin 2000, an ba ta kyautar Andrzej Wajda Freedom Award.  A cikin 1997, an shigar da fim ''ɗinta Labaru Uku'' a cikin Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 47 . 

Fim ɗinta na shekara ta2002 ''Chekhov's Motifs'' an shigar dashi cikin bikin fina-finai na duniya na Moscow na 24th na Moscow   An nuna fim ''ɗinta The Tuner'' a bikin Fim na Venice a 2004. Fina-finan nata sun sami lambar yabo ta &quot;Nika&quot; ta Rasha a 1991, 1995, 2005, 2007, 2009 da 2013. A cikin 2005, an nuna wani bita a Cibiyar Lincoln a Birnin New York.  A cikin 2013, an nuna cikakken kallon fina-finanta a bikin Fim na Duniya na Rotterdam .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Order of Prince Yaroslav mai hikima
* Order of Friendly
* Mutane Artist na Ukraine
* 1993 Shevchenko National Prize

An yi watsi da ayyukanta a bisa kuskure a cikin darussan Nazarin Fim ko kuma a cikin tattaunawa kan 'manyan masu shirya fina-finai na kowane lokaci' a cewar mai sukar fina-finai na kwanan nan, Bianca Garner.
[[File:KiraMuratova_OdFest.jpg|thumb| Muratova a shekara ta 2010 yana gudanar da karatunsa na sirri a Odessa International Film Festival .]]

== Fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Year
!Title (Original)
!Title (English)
!Director
!Writer
!Actress
!Notes
|-
|1961
|''У Крутого Яра''
|''By the Steep Ravine''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|With Aleksandr Muratov
|-
|1964
|''Наш честный хлеб''
|''Our Honest Bread''
|Yes
|
|as Agapa
|With Aleksandr Muratov
|-
|1967
|''Короткие встречи''
|''Brief Encounters''
|Yes
|Yes
|as Valentina Ivanovna
|
|-
|1971
|''Долгие проводы''
|''The Long Farewell''
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|1972
|''Россия''
|''Russia''
|
|
|
|Documentary; with Theodore Holcomb
|-
|1978
|''Познавая белый свет''
|''Getting to Know the Big, Wide World''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Среди серых камней''
|''Among Grey Stones''
|Yes
|
|
|Renounced by Muratova after major political censorship (credited to &quot;Ivan Sidorov&quot; )
|-
|1987
|''Перемена участи''
|''Change of Fate''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Астенический синдром''
|''The Asthenic Syndrome''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Чувствительный милиционер''
|''The Sentimental Policeman''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Увлеченья''
|''Passions''
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|1997
|''Три истории''
|''Three Stories''
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|1999
|''Письмо в Америку''
|''Letter to America''
|Yes
|
|
|Short
|-
|2001
|''Второстепенные люди''
|''Minor People''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|2002
|''Чеховские мотивы''
|''Chekhov's Motifs''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|2004
|''Настройщик''
|''The Tuner''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Справка''
|''Certification''
|Yes
|
|
|Short
|-
|2006
|''Кукла''
|''Dummy''
|Yes
|
|
|Short
|-
|2007
|''Два в одном''
|''Two in One''
|Yes
|
|
|
|-
|2009
|''Мелодия для шарманки''
|''Melody for a Street-organ''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Вечное возвращение''
|''Eternal Return''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|
|}

== Littattafai ==
A kan wani yunƙuri na majiɓincin fasaha Yuri Komelkov, Atlant UMC ya buga wani kundi a kan aikin Kira Muratova. A cikin wannan kundin, marubucin hotuna, Konstantin Donin, ya tsare kansa a cikin firam ɗin fim ɗin, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na allo na fim ɗin ''Biyu-in-one'' . &lt;ref&gt;[[#Literature]].&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2005, IB Tauris ya buga wani bincike kan rayuwa da aikin Muratova a cikin jerin Sahabbai na KINOfiles Filmmakers. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen daraktoci mata
* Fim din mata
* Sinima na Rasha
* [[Sinimar kasar Ukraine|Cinema na Ukraine]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Adabi ==

* Donin [Донин, К. A.]. Кадр за кадром: Кира Муратова. Хроника одного фильма. К.: ООО «Атлант-ЮЭми», 2007. 119 с.  . {{In lang|ru}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Kira Muratova}}&lt;/img&gt;   
* Kira Muratova  
* [http://kira-muratova.narod.ru Kira Muratova fan site (Rasha) - fina-finai, biography, labarai, tambayoyi, articles, photo gallery]
* [http://www.isawillinger.de/Interview.htm Hira da Muratova]
* [http://www.kinonika.com/index.html 2006 Nika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418031256/http://www.kinonika.com/index.html |date=2007-04-18 }} {{In lang|ru}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162848/http://www.uwtoday.com.ua/article.asp?LID=1&amp;NID=1031&amp;CG=2&amp;SCG=98 Takaitacciyar Biyu cikin Daya] {{In lang|uk}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606120500/http://tabloid.com.ua/news/2007/3/29/1441.htm Hotunan Muratova]
* [https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/kira-muratova-and-the-communist-love-triangle Kira Muratova da Ƙaunar Ƙaunar Kwaminisanci]
* [http://sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/muratova/ Kira Muratova]


{{1993 Shevchenko National Prize}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mutuwar 2018]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1934]]
[[Category:Mutane daga Soroca]]
[[Category:Studiyon fina-finai na Odessa]]
[[Category:Darektocin fim na kasar Russi]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Freedom From Religion Foundation</title>
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[[Fayil:Freedom From Religion Foundation logo.svg|thumb|yancin yin addini]]
The '''Freedom From Religion Foundation''' ('''FFRF''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, wacce ke ba da shawarwari ga [[Mulhidanci|waɗanda basu yarda]] da Allah ba, wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba, da wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba . An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1976, FFRF tana haɓaka rarrabuwar coci da jiha, kuma tana ƙalubalantar halaccin shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka dogara da bangaskiya. Tana tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi irin su ɗalibai marasa addini da limaman coci waɗanda suke so su bar imaninsu.

== Tarihi. ==
An kafa FFRF tare da Anne Nicol Gaylor da 'yarta, Annie Laurie Gaylor, a cikin 1976, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙasa a ranar 15, ga Afrilu, 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;corp&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=6F09055&amp;hash=323751401&amp;searchFunctionID=89065bfa-1f2e-4fad-ae59-11a3c0d78a46&amp;type=Simple&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114015141/https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=6F09055&amp;hash=323751401&amp;searchFunctionID=89065bfa-1f2e-4fad-ae59-11a3c0d78a46&amp;type=Simple&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation |date=2023-11-14 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ƙungiyar ta sami goyon bayan mambobi sama da 19,000, a cikin 2012.   kuma ta yi aiki daga wani gini na 1855, a Madison, Wisconsin, wanda ya taɓa yin hidima a matsayin rectory na coci.

A cikin Maris 2011, FFRF, tare da Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, sun fara aikin Clergy Project, al'umma mai sirri na kan layi wanda ke tallafawa malamai yayin da suke barin bangaskiyarsu.  A cikin 2012, ta ba da 'Yanci na Farko Daga Gidauniyar Addini da Aikin Limamai na &quot;Kyaucewa Kyauta&quot; ga Jerry DeWitt, tsohon Fasto wanda ya bar ma'aikatar don shiga ƙungiyar masu yarda da Allah. 

FFRF tana ba da tallafin kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, ƙungiyar da ke da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ga ɗaliban da ba su da addini a makarantun koleji. 

A cikin 2015, FFRF ta sanar da Nonbelief Relief, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa wacce ta samu kuma daga baya ta ba da matsayinta na keɓe haraji na tarayya. Taimakon rashin imani bai yi nasara ba a cikin ƙarar da aka yi wa IRS saboda ba ta da tsayin daka don ƙalubalantar keɓantawar Form 990, wanda ya shafi majami'u.  Relief Nonbelief wata hukuma ce ta jin kai ga waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, masu tunanin yanci, da magoya bayansu.  Kwamitin zartarwa na FFRF ne ya ƙirƙiri Taimakon Ƙarfafa Imani don dai-daita yanayin wahalar ɗan adam da rashin adalci a duniya, walau sakamakon bala'o'i, ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma bin ƙa'idodin addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;corp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aboutCalling&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= The atheists' calling the Madison-based Freedom From Religion Foundation is taking its latest battle to the U.S. Supreme court. It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high. |url= http://host.madison.com/news/the-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation/article_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html |date= February 25, 2010 |last= Erickson |first= Doug |newspaper= [[Wisconsin State Journal]] |location= Madison |access-date= June 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;captimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last= Elbow |first= Steven |title= Crime and Courts: Madison group ramps up national fight against religion in government |url= http://host.madison.com/news/local/crime_and_courts/blog/crime-and-courts-madison-group-ramps-up-national-fight-against/article_795c5fd8-dbec-11e1-b406-001a4bcf887a.html |newspaper= [[The Capital Times]] |location= Madison, Wisconsin |access-date= June 29, 2013 |date= August 2, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;triblive1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= Those who don't believe just as adamant as religious folk |url= http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html |last= Aubele |first= Michael |newspaper= [[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |date= April 1, 2012 |access-date= June 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Those who don't believe just as adamant as religious folk {{!}} TribLIVE|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212113626/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-12|date=2013-12-12|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-30/national/35451816_1_pastors-daniel-dennett-faith | title=For clergy, lost faith can lead to lost family, jobs | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 30, 2012 | access-date=August 6, 2013 | last=Winston | first=Kimberly | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216054008/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-30/national/35451816_1_pastors-daniel-dennett-faith | archive-date=December 16, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Jerry DeWitt receives Freedom from Religion Foundation, Clergy Project Hardship Grant |url= http://www.clergyproject.org/news/2012/10/31/jerry-dewitt-receives-freedom-from-religion-foundation-clergy-project-hardship-grant/ |work= The Clergy Project website |author= &lt;!-- no byline The Clergy Project staff --&gt; |date= October 31, 2012 |access-date= June 30, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130602235512/http://www.clergyproject.org/news/2012/10/31/jerry-dewitt-receives-freedom-from-religion-foundation-clergy-project-hardship-grant/ |archive-date= June 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Non-believers taking college campuses by storm|url=https://www.salon.com/2013/02/16/non_believers_taking_college_campuses_by_storm_partner/|date=2013-02-16|website=Salon|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest Form 990 Exemption Challenge Dismissed on Technical Grounds|url=https://www.churchlawandtax.com/web/2020/january/latest-form-990-exemption-challenge-dismissed.html|last1=Branaugh|first1=Matthew|website=Church Law &amp; Tax|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805070603/https://www.churchlawandtax.com/web/2020/january/latest-form-990-exemption-challenge-dismissed.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Church seeks to intervene in lawsuit over IRS tax exemption|url=https://baptistnews.com/article/church-seeks-to-intervene-in-lawsuit-over-irs-tax-exemption/|date=2018-11-26|website=Baptist News Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FFRF Suing IRS for Tax Exemption|url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/ffrf-suing-irs-tax-exemption|date=2018-10-12|website=World Religion News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafe. ==
FFRF tana buga jarida, ''Freethought A Yau'', sau goma a shekara.  Tun a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin Freethought Radio Network, FFRF ta samar da ''Freethought Radio'' show, na tsawon sa'a daya watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a WXXM-FM Asabar da karfe 11, na safe. CDT. Hakanan an watsa shi akan Air America kafin wannan sabis ɗin ya daina aiki a cikin Maris, 2010. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar shugabannin FFRF, Dan Barker da Annie Laurie Gaylor . Siffofin yau da kullun sun haɗa da &quot;Faɗakarwar Theocracy&quot; da &quot;Freethinkers Almanac.&quot; Ƙarshen yana haskaka masu tunani na tarihi, waɗanda yawancin su ma marubutan waƙa ne. Gabatarwar nunin da fitar da shirin suna amfani da &quot; Imagine &quot; na John Lennon .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Freethought Today|url=https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today|publisher=Freedom From Religion Foundation|access-date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130224030/https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Susan|date=August 4, 2009|title=Out, atheist and American|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/04/atheism-us-religion-hypatia?|access-date=July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-shugaban FFRF, ita ce marubucin ''Mata Ba tare da camfi: Babu Gods - Babu Masters'' da kuma littafin da ba na fiction a kan limamai cin zarafin yara cin ''amana: Clergy Abuse of Children'' (babu buga) da kuma edita na anthology. ''Kaicon Mata'' . Ta gyara jaridar FFRF ''Freethought A Yau'' har zuwa Yuli 2008. Mijinta, Dan Barker, marubucin ''Rasa Bangaskiya ga Bangaskiya: Daga Mai Wa'azi zuwa Atheist'', ''Mara Allah: Yadda Mai Wa'azin Bishara Ya Zama Daya Daga Cikin Manyan Masu Rashin Allahntakar Allah'', ''Mai Kyawun Atheist: Rayuwa Mai Cika Manufa Ba tare da Allah ba'', &quot;Manufar Rayuwa&quot;, &quot;Allah: Mafi Mummunan Hali a cikin Duk Fiction&quot;, kuma ''kawai Pretend: Littafin Freethought ga Yara'', mawaƙa ne kuma marubucin mawaƙa, tsohon ministan Kirista na Pentikostal, kuma shugaban FFRF.

== Shari'a da batutuwa. ==

=== Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa ===

==== Ayyukan zamantakewa ====
A cikin watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, FFRF ta ƙalubalanci tsarin mulki na Ofishin Fadar White House na tushen Bangaskiya da Ƙaddamarwar Al'umma . Koken na gidauniyar ya yi zargin cewa “amfani da kuɗaɗen da Majalisa ta ware a karkashin sashe na 1, sashe na 8, don daukar nauyin tarukan da hukumomin zartarwa daban-daban ke gudanarwa don tallata shirin Shugaba Bush na ‘Faith-Based and Community Initiatives’ ya ci karo da gyara na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt; Kotun ta kara da cewa jami’an da ake tuhumar sun karya dokar kafa ta hanyar shirya tarukan kasa da na shiyya inda aka ware ƙungiyoyin masu imani da cewa sun cancanci tallafin tarayya musamman saboda tsarin addini, kuma imani da Allah yana daukaka. bambance tasirin da ake da'awar na ayyukan zamantakewa na tushen imani.&quot;  FFRF ta kuma yi zargin cewa &quot;jami'an da ake tuhuma&quot; suna yin ayyuka da yawa, kamar gabatar da jawabai a bainar jama'a, a duk faɗin Amurka, da nufin haɓakawa da bayar da shawarwari don samar da kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin bangaskiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt; FFRF ta kara da cewa, &quot;ana amfani da kuɗaɗen majalisa don tallafawa ayyukan waɗanda ake tuhuma.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt;  A cikin 2007, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci 5-4, cewa masu biyan haraji ba su da ikon kalubalantar kundin tsarin mulki na kashe kudaden da bangaren zartarwa ya yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=June 25, 2007|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1551942482802042711}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

. 

==== Kula da lafiya ====
A cikin Afrilu 2003, FFRF, a madadin mazauna Montana, ta kai karar Ofishin Montana na Kiwon Lafiyar Karkara da babban darektan ta David M. Young tare da Jami'ar Jihar Montana-Bozeman da Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. An yi zargin cewa Young ya goyi bayan shirye-shiryen Ikklesiya na reno na tushen bangaskiya don tallafin jihohi.  A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2004, Kotun Lardi na Tarayya na Gundumar Montana ta gudanar da cewa &quot;kudin kai tsaye da fifikon tallafin shirye-shiryen jinya na Ikklesiya na zahiri da kuma mamaye addini an gudanar da shi don dalilai mara izini, kuma yana da tasirin da ba zai yuwu ba, na fifita da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa addini cikin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na duniya.&quot; A cewar kotun, tallafin da jihar ke bayarwa na kiwon lafiya na tushen imani ya saba wa kwaskwarimar farko. 

A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta kai ƙara don ƙalubalantar haɗakar da &quot;ruhaniya&quot; cikin kula da lafiya ta Sashen Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji. Musamman bayyana cewa al'adar tambayar marasa lafiya game da addininsu a cikin kima na ruhaniya, amfani da limamai don kula da marasa lafiya, da shirye-shiryen maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa waɗanda suka haɗa da addini sun keta rarrabuwar ƙasa da coci.  Daga baya an yi watsi da shari’ar bayan yanke hukuncin da Hein ya yanke saboda rashin tsayawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v Nicholson 7th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Nicholson|date=August 5, 2008|court=7th Cir.|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1209983.html|opinion=07-1292}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ilimi. ====
A cikin shekara ta 2001, FFRF, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san sunansu ba, ta kai ƙarar gundumar Rhea County School District. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa ana gudanar da azuzuwan Littafi Mai Tsarki na mako-mako ga dukkan ɗaliban da ke makarantun firamare.  A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Shida ta tabbatar da hukuncin gunduma cewa bai dace ba ga gundumar makaranta ta “koyar da Littafi Mai Tsarki a matsayin gaskiya ta zahiri” ga ɗalibai, gami da ƴan aji na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v_Doe&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=June 7, 2004|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/370/558/522158/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Minnesota saboda haɗin kai tare da Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Minnesota, haɗin gwiwa tare da Lutheran Seminary, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Lutheran Church of America, da Fairview Health Services, yana bayyana cewa mai biyan haraji na jihar. kuɗaɗe suna taimakawa don tallafawa ƙungiyar da ta dogara da bangaskiya. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, Jami'ar ta amince da kawo ƙarshen haɗin gwiwa da kuma dakatar da koyarwa &quot;darussan kan tsaka-tsakin bangaskiya da lafiya&quot;, tare da FFRF ta amince da janye ƙarar ta.  

A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan Sashen Ilimi na Amurka saboda rabon kuɗi zuwa Kwalejin Kirista ta Alaska, kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Cocin Ikklisiya na Alƙawari na Alaska ke gudanarwa. Gidauniyar ta bayyana cewa a shekarar farko da daliban suka yi a kwalejin, suna ɗaukar kwasa-kwasan da suka shafi addini ne kawai, kuma a waccan shekarar suna kammala karatunsu ne da takardar shaidar karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kwalejin, in ji gidauniyar, &quot;ba ta bayar da kwasa-kwasan kwalejoji na gargajiya, kamar lissafi ko Ingilishi&quot;.  A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2005, FFRF da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka sun daidaita karar, tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta amince ba a raba $435,000, ba.  na kuɗin tarayya zuwa Kwalejin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7igqAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3597,784968&amp;dq=rhea+county+board+of+education+ffrf&amp;hl=en | title=Federal appeals court in Tennessee affirms ban on Bible class at county's public schools |location= Bowling Green, KY | newspaper=Daily News | date= June 7, 2004 | access-date= August 1, 2013 | last=Poovey |first= Bill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v_Doe&quot;&gt;{{cite court |litigants= Doe v. Porter |vol= 370 |reporter= F.3d |opinion= 558 |court= 6th Cir. |date= June 7, 2004 |url= http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/370/558/522158/ |access-date= July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lederman|first=Doug|title=Faith and health part II|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/09/12/minn|work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date= September 12, 2005|access-date=July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Malladi|first=Sundeep|title=Madison-based group sues University of Minnesota|url=http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/03/31/madisonbased_group_s.php|newspaper=[[The Badger Herald]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070307033401/http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/03/31/madisonbased_group_s.php |archive-date= March 7, 2007 |date= March 31, 2005|location= Madison, WI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/04/28/alaska | title=Church, state and the academic pork barrel | work=Inside Higher Ed | date= April 28, 2005 | access-date= August 1, 2013 | last=Lederman |first= Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lederman|first=Doug|title=Education Dept. suspends grant to Christian college|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/10/11/alaska|work=Inside Higher Ed|access-date= July 1, 2013 |date= October 11, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Labari na Disambar shekara ta 2020, ta Hemant Mehta ya bayyana ƙoƙarin FFRF kwanan nan. ''FFRF'' ta yi jayayya da iyakance aikin Fasto Mark Thornton a jihar Boise . Wasiƙar da Lauyan Ma'aikatan FFRF Chris Line ya aike ya haɗa da: &quot;'Yan wasan kwallon ƙafa na jihar Boise ba su da wani nauyi da gwamnati ta dora musu a kan addininsu, don haka babu bukatar - ko halastaccen dalili na shari'a - jihar Boise ta ba su limamin coci.&quot; Lauyan shari'a na Jami'ar ya amsa da haka: &quot;Mun kasance muna tattaunawa da Sashen Wasanni don ba da ilimantarwa game da wannan batu da kuma tabbatar da cewa an dauki matakai a yanzu da kuma nan gaba don warware matsalar da kuma kafa iyakokin da suka dace. Mista Thornton bai yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa wasanmu na baya-bayan nan a Wyoming ba kuma jami'ar ba za ta ƙara haɗa da limamin coci a cikin liyafar ta ba. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi wa Mista Thornton a matsayin limamin kungiyar kwallon kafa an riga an cire shi ko kuma ana kan aiwatar da cirewa kuma ba za a yi wani bayani a nan gaba a rubuce ko akasin haka ba.” Mehta ya ci gaba da cewa: Babu ɗayan wannan yana nufin ɗalibai ba za su iya neman Thornton da kansu ba. Sun kasance suna da 'yanci don yin hakan. Amma Thornton ba zai iya - kuma bai kamata ba - yana da kowane irin rawar hukuma a wurin.

==== Shirye-shiryen shari'ar laifuka. ====
A cikin Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, FFRF ta kawo ƙara, a matsayin masu biyan haraji a cikin jihar Wisconsin, a kan Ayyukan bangaskiya da ke Milwaukee. Shari'ar tasu ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da shirin maganin jaraba na bangaskiya a matsayin tsarin kulawa da kotu ta ba da umarnin yin amfani da kudaden masu biyan haraji ba.  A watan Janairun shekara 2002, an yanke hukuncin ne bisa yardar FFRF; cewa karɓar dubban daruruwan daloli a cikin kudaden jama'a ya saba wa Tsarin Kafa. Alkalin ya rubuta &quot;Saboda na gano cewa tallafin da Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ma'aikata ta bayar ga Ayyukan Imani ya ƙunshi ba tare da iyakancewa ba, tallafin kai tsaye na ƙungiyar da ke shiga cikin koyarwar addini, na kammala cewa wannan tallafin kuɗi ya saba wa ka'idar kafa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision-result/?xmldoc/20021129179FSupp2d950_11052.xml/docbase/CSLWAR2-1986-2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kan daukaka kara, a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2003, Sashe na Bakwai daga baya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF a kan kunkuntar batun ko fursunoni sun shiga takamaiman shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya bisa yancin kansu na tilastawa gwamnati amincewa da addini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/324/324.F3d.880.02-3102.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar ta FFRF ta kawo kara kan bada tallafin gwamnatin tarayya ga ƙungiyar MentorKids USA, ƙungiyar da ke bayar da shawarwari ga yaran fursunoni, inda ta yi zargin cewa malaman addinin Kirista ne kawai ake ɗaukar hayar, kuma za su rika ba da rahoton ayyukan addini na yara duk wata. . 

A cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta shigar da kara a gaban Ofishin Fursunoni na Tarayya inda ta yi zargin cewa shawarar da ta yanke na bayar da Kuɗaɗe ba wai kawai shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya ba har ma da tsarin addini ɗaya ya saba wa ƙa'idojin tsarin mulki na raba ƙasa da coci.  Daga baya bangarorin sun amince da yin watsi da waccan da'awar, amma an ci gaba da ci gaba da yin ƙarin kirga a cikin ƙarar, da ake zargi da keta haddi daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Addini a fagen jama'a ===

==== Matsalolin aiki. ====
A cikin shekara ta 1995, FFRF ta kai ƙarar jihar Wisconsin don ayyana Good Friday a matsayin hutun shari'a na jiha. A cikin shekara ta 1996, kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa hutun Jumma'a mai kyau na Wisconsin ya kasance cin zarafi na Farko saboda, dangane da dokar hutun Jumma'a mai kyau ta Wisconsin, &quot;ci gaba da Kiristanci shine ainihin dalilin doka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=February 23, 1996|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision-result/?xmldoc/19961889920FSupp969_11749.xml/docbase/CSLWAR2-1986-2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin jama'a. ====
FFRF ya yi adawa da birnin Versailles, Kentucky yana taimakawa coci don samun tallafin tarayya don ƙirƙirar cibiyar agajin bala'i. 

==== Nunin addini akan kadarorin jama'a. ====
A cikin Disambar shekara ta 2007, FFRF, a madadin gungun mazauna Green Bay da suka damu da kuma kiran haƙƙin Gyaran Farko na duk mazauna birnin, sun kai ƙarar birnin saboda sanya wurin haihuwa a zauren taron Green Bay. Kafin a saurari karar, birnin ya cire wurin da aka haifi haihuwar. Daga nan ne alkalin ya yi watsi da karar saboda rashin hurumin shari’a. Tunda an riga an cire wurin haihuwar kuma an sanya dokar hana fita a nan gaba, babu wani tushe na ci gaba da jayayya. Ya ci gaba da cewa, &quot; ''masu shigar da kara sun riga sun yi nasara'' ...Masu gabatar da kara sun samu gagarumar nasara wadda ta sauya al'amura a kasa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. City of Green Bay|opinion=07-C-1151|date=2008|court=E.D. Wis.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2011, don mayar da martani ga kin birnin Warren, Michigan, don cire nuni na haihuwa a cikin cibiyar jama'a, FFRF ya nemi sanya nunin solstice na hunturu. Magajin garin ya ki amincewa da bukatar kuma FFRF ta kawo ƙarar. Alƙali Zatkoff na Kotun Lardin Amurka ya yi watsi da karar; Kotun da'a ta 6, ta Amurka ta amince da korar a cikin 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF_v_Warren6th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=February 25, 2013|url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/13a0049p-06.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2011, FFRF, tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU), sun kai ƙarar gundumar Giles, Virginia, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san su ba. An sanya nunin [[Dokokin nan goma|Dokoki Goma]] tare da kwafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a makarantun gwamnati na gundumar Giles. Kafin shigar da karar, a watan Janairu da Yuni 2011, FFRF da ACLU sun aika da wasiku ga hukumar makarantar suna neman a cire nunin. Shugaban makarantar ya ba da umarnin a cire nunin Dokoki Goma. Hukumar makarantar Giles County ta gana a watan Yunin 2011, kuma ta kada kuri'a don soke shawarar da babban jami'in ya yanke na cire nunin.  Bayan da aka shigar da karar, hukumar makarantar a shekarar 2012, ta amince da cire hoton da kuma biyan kudaden lauyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Gwamnan Wisconsin Scott Walker ya kira bishiyar Kirsimeti ta Capitol a matsayin &quot;itacen Kirsimeti&quot; maimakon &quot;itacen biki.&quot; FFRF, wa

A cikin Mayu 2012, FFRF, wanda ke aiki a kan wani ƙorafi daga mazaunin, ya tambayi birnin Woonsocket, Rhode Island, don cire giciye na Latin daga yakin duniya na II da na II a kan ƙasar jama'a.  Birnin ya ki yin haka. Hukumar ta FFRF ta bayyana cewa a halin yanzu tana neman mai shigar da kara a yankin da zai wakilci kara,  wanda har yanzu FFRF din ba ta yi ba, inda ta yi nuni da irin wahalar da aka samu da wata karar da ta faru da wata mai shigar da kara a jihar, Jessica Ahlquist, a cikin shari'ar ''Ahlquist v.'' ''Cranston'' .

A ranar 24, ga Yuli, 2012, bayan samun wasiƙa daga FFRF, Steubenville, Ohio, majalisar birni ta yanke shawarar cire hoton Kristi King Chapel a Jami'ar Franciscan na Steubenville daga tambarin garin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}

A watan Agustan 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin, ta yi barazanar ƙarar da ke kalubalantar giciye na Latin da aka nuna a saman hasumiya na ruwa na Whiteville, Tennessee . Bayan da FFRF ta rubuta wasiku na farko guda uku, amma kafin a shigar da ƙarar, garin ya cire hannu daya na giciye.  Cire garin ya ci $4,000, kuma a wani bangare na sasantawar garin ya biya $20,000, a cikin kudaden lauyoyin FFRF.  Garin ya kuma amince da cewa ba za a taba maye gurbin hannun da ya bace ba, sannan kuma kada a sanya wasu giciye a kan kadarorin jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Whiteville Settles Cross Lawsuit&quot; /&gt;

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin Montana, ta kai ƙarar Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka. An ba da izinin amfani na musamman don sanya mutum-mutumin Yesu a ƙasar tarayya a cikin 1954, bisa buƙatar Knights na Columbus .  Ma'aikatar daji ta ci gaba da ba da sabunta izinin har zuwa 2010. Lokacin da Sabis ɗin ya ƙi sabuntawa, Knights sun ƙi cire mutum-mutumin suna ambaton &quot;al'ada&quot; da ƙimar &quot;tarihi&quot; na mutum-mutumi.   Bayan zanga-zangar ta kan layi an ba wa mutum-mutumin izinin zama kuma an ba da izini. FFRF ta shigar da kara a watan Fabrairun 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. United States Forest Service|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Yunin 2013, wani alkali na tarayya ya samu goyon bayan wadanda ake kara, inda ya kyale mutum-mutumin ya ci gaba da kasancewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. United States Forest Service|date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2013, FFRF ta shigar da kara kan hukuncin.  Kotun daukaka kara ta tara ta ki amincewa da hujjojin FFRF kuma ta amince da abin tunawa. 

A cikin shekara ta 2012, FFRF ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Prudhommes, a Columbia, Pennsylvania, yana bayyana cewa bayar da rangwamen 10% ga majiɓintan Lahadi waɗanda ke gabatar da sanarwar coci ya saba wa dokar jiha da tarayya, musamman Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 . Mutumin da ya gabatar da lamarin ga FFRF ya shigar da ƙorafin nuna wariya ga Hukumar Hulda da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania. FFRF ta kasance cikin ikon ba da shawara kawai.  Hukumar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania ta shiga oda ta ƙarshe ta baiwa gidan abincin damar ci gaba da rangwamen taswirar cocin. 

Gundumar ta cire gicciye mai haske a wurin shakatawa na jama'a a Honesdale, Pennsylvania, a cikin 2018, bayan korafi daga FFRF. Ba da nisa da wurin shakatawar wani mazaunin garin ya kafa giciye mai tsawon kafa 28, mai amfani da hasken rana a kan kadarorinsa. 

==== Addu'a a cikin gwamnati/makarantu. ====
A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2008, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan gwamnatin Amurka game da dokar kafa Ranar Sallah ta Kasa (NDoP). A cikin shekara ta 2010, alkali na tarayya Barbara Brandriff Crabb ya yanke hukuncin cewa bai dace da tsarin mulki ba saboda &quot;aikin addini ne na asali wanda ba ya aiki na duniya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDoP&quot;&gt;National Day of Prayer:
&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Amurka ta ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan hukunci. A watan Afrilun 2011, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Bakwai ta Amurka ta yi watsi da kalubalantar FFRF ga NDoP, tana mai cewa FFRF ba ta da tsayayye don kalubalantar dokar NDoP ko shela kuma shugaban kasa ne kawai ya ji rauni har ya kalubalanci dokar NDoP. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v Obama 7th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=April 14, 2011|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1209983.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hukumar ta FFRF, a cikin Janairun shekara ta 2013, bayan ta sami ƙara daga wurin wani mazaunin garin, ta nemi majalisar birnin Rapid City, South Dakota, ta kawar da al’adarta ta soma kowace majalisar birni da addu’ar Kirista. Bayan da FFRF ta aike da wasika ta biyu a watan Fabrairun 2013, magajin garin ya bayyana a wancan lokacin cewa za a ci gaba da addu’a. 

=== Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida ===

==== Keɓewar Ikklesiya. ====
FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS game da keɓantawa na Ikklesiya wanda ke ba da damar “ma’aikatan bishara” su karɓi wani ɓangare na albashinsu a matsayin alawus ɗin gidaje mara haraji. An fara shigar da wannan ne a cikin 2009, a California, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Geithner|vol=715|reporter=F.Supp2d.|opinion=1051|court=E.D. Cal.|date=May 21, 2010|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11603417398422872068&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Geithner|vol=644|reporter=F.3d|opinion=836|court=9th Cir.|date=May 9, 2011|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14163518758100128154&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation+v.+Geithner&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2,10&amp;as_vis=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan daga baya ya faɗi kuma ya sake shigar da shi a cikin 2011, a Wisconsin,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Geithner|opinion=11-CV-626|court=W.D. Wis.|date=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda tsayawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, wani alkali na tarayya ya ce ƙarar za ta iya ci gaba. A cikin watan Agustan 2013, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta yi jayayya cewa shugabannin ƙungiyar da ba su yarda da Allah ba na iya cancanci samun keɓewar Ikklesiya. Gaylor ya ce &quot;ba haka muke ba&quot;,  ya ci gaba da cewa bai kamata gwamnati ta baiwa kungiyoyin addini wani kulawa ta musamman ba. 

A ranar 21, ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 2013, wani alkalin tarayya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=FFRF, Inc., Annie Laurie Gaylor and Dan Barker, v. Jacob Lew and Daniel Werfel|court=W.D. Wis.|date=23 November 2013|url=https://ffrf.org/images/FFRF%20v%20Geithner%20-%20Parsonage%20Exemption.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta shigar da kara a kotun tarayya.  A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2014, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka na Zartarwa ta Bakwai ta ba da shawararta, inda ta kammala cewa tanadin kundin haraji na tarayya da ke kula da alawus-alawus na gidaje da coci-coci ke bayarwa ga ministoci a matsayin rashin harajin shiga dole ne ya tsaya. 

==== Zaɓe. ====
A cikin Nuwambar shekara ta 2012, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS saboda rashin aiwatar da nata dokokin zaben . FFRF a cikin kwat da wando ya ba da sanarwar sanya cikakken tallace-tallacen shafi na Billy Graham Evangelistic Association; Diocese da ke bukatar limaman coci su karanta wata sanarwa da ta bukaci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika su kada kuri’a; da kuma ma'aikata na &quot;Pulpit Freedom Lahadi&quot;. Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da ka’idojin haraji na tarayya da suka haramta wa kungiyoyin addinai da ba su haraji shiga zabe ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Farko.   Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa kara shigar da cibiyoyin addini a harkokin siyasa &quot;na nuni ne a fili da gangan wajen hana zaben&quot;.  IRS ta gabatar da bukatar yin watsi da shi a kotun tarayya, amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, an yanke shawarar cewa karar za ta iya ci gaba da bayyana cewa FFRF &quot;tana tsaye don neman odar da ke bukatar IRS ta kula da ƙungiyoyin addini da kyau fiye da yadda take bi da Gidauniyar. &quot;.  A cikin shekara ta 2014, alkalin kotun tarayya ya yi watsi da karar bayan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. 
[[File:FFRF's_Bill_of_Rights_Nativity.jpg|thumb| Dokar Hakki na FFRF]]

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. ==

* {{Official website}}
{{Skeptic organizations}}
[[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]]
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      <text bytes="30437" sha1="ip4614s44v1cf383x13vpue5jy48dir" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Freedom From Religion Foundation logo.svg|thumb|yancin yin addini]]
The '''Freedom From Religion Foundation''' ('''FFRF''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, wacce ke ba da shawarwari ga [[Mulhidanci|waɗanda basu yarda]] da Allah ba, wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba, da wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba. An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1976, FFRF tana haɓaka rarrabuwar coci da jiha, kuma tana ƙalubalantar halaccin shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka dogara da bangaskiya. Tana tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi irin su ɗalibai marasa addini da limaman coci waɗanda suke so su bar imaninsu.

== Tarihi. ==
An kafa FFRF tare da Anne Nicol Gaylor da 'yarta, Annie Laurie Gaylor, a cikin 1976, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙasa a ranar 15, ga Afrilu, 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;corp&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=6F09055&amp;hash=323751401&amp;searchFunctionID=89065bfa-1f2e-4fad-ae59-11a3c0d78a46&amp;type=Simple&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114015141/https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=6F09055&amp;hash=323751401&amp;searchFunctionID=89065bfa-1f2e-4fad-ae59-11a3c0d78a46&amp;type=Simple&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation |date=2023-11-14 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ƙungiyar ta sami goyon bayan mambobi sama da 19,000, a cikin 2012.   kuma ta yi aiki daga wani gini na 1855, a Madison, Wisconsin, wanda ya taɓa yin hidima a matsayin rectory na coci.

A cikin Maris 2011, FFRF, tare da Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, sun fara aikin Clergy Project, al'umma mai sirri na kan layi wanda ke tallafawa malamai yayin da suke barin bangaskiyarsu.  A cikin 2012, ta ba da 'Yanci na Farko Daga Gidauniyar Addini da Aikin Limamai na &quot;Kyaucewa Kyauta&quot; ga Jerry DeWitt, tsohon Fasto wanda ya bar ma'aikatar don shiga ƙungiyar masu yarda da Allah. 

FFRF tana ba da tallafin kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, ƙungiyar da ke da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ga ɗaliban da ba su da addini a makarantun koleji. 

A cikin 2015, FFRF ta sanar da Nonbelief Relief, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa wacce ta samu kuma daga baya ta ba da matsayinta na keɓe haraji na tarayya. Taimakon rashin imani bai yi nasara ba a cikin ƙarar da aka yi wa IRS saboda ba ta da tsayin daka don ƙalubalantar keɓantawar Form 990, wanda ya shafi majami'u.  Relief Nonbelief wata hukuma ce ta jin kai ga waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, masu tunanin yanci, da magoya bayansu.  Kwamitin zartarwa na FFRF ne ya ƙirƙiri Taimakon Ƙarfafa Imani don dai-daita yanayin wahalar ɗan adam da rashin adalci a duniya, walau sakamakon bala'o'i, ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma bin ƙa'idodin addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;corp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aboutCalling&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= The atheists' calling the Madison-based Freedom From Religion Foundation is taking its latest battle to the U.S. Supreme court. It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high. |url= http://host.madison.com/news/the-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation/article_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html |date= February 25, 2010 |last= Erickson |first= Doug |newspaper= [[Wisconsin State Journal]] |location= Madison |access-date= June 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;captimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last= Elbow |first= Steven |title= Crime and Courts: Madison group ramps up national fight against religion in government |url= http://host.madison.com/news/local/crime_and_courts/blog/crime-and-courts-madison-group-ramps-up-national-fight-against/article_795c5fd8-dbec-11e1-b406-001a4bcf887a.html |newspaper= [[The Capital Times]] |location= Madison, Wisconsin |access-date= June 29, 2013 |date= August 2, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;triblive1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= Those who don't believe just as adamant as religious folk |url= http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html |last= Aubele |first= Michael |newspaper= [[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |date= April 1, 2012 |access-date= June 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Those who don't believe just as adamant as religious folk {{!}} TribLIVE|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212113626/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-12|date=2013-12-12|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-30/national/35451816_1_pastors-daniel-dennett-faith | title=For clergy, lost faith can lead to lost family, jobs | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 30, 2012 | access-date=August 6, 2013 | last=Winston | first=Kimberly | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216054008/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-30/national/35451816_1_pastors-daniel-dennett-faith | archive-date=December 16, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Jerry DeWitt receives Freedom from Religion Foundation, Clergy Project Hardship Grant |url= http://www.clergyproject.org/news/2012/10/31/jerry-dewitt-receives-freedom-from-religion-foundation-clergy-project-hardship-grant/ |work= The Clergy Project website |author= &lt;!-- no byline The Clergy Project staff --&gt; |date= October 31, 2012 |access-date= June 30, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130602235512/http://www.clergyproject.org/news/2012/10/31/jerry-dewitt-receives-freedom-from-religion-foundation-clergy-project-hardship-grant/ |archive-date= June 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Non-believers taking college campuses by storm|url=https://www.salon.com/2013/02/16/non_believers_taking_college_campuses_by_storm_partner/|date=2013-02-16|website=Salon|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest Form 990 Exemption Challenge Dismissed on Technical Grounds|url=https://www.churchlawandtax.com/web/2020/january/latest-form-990-exemption-challenge-dismissed.html|last1=Branaugh|first1=Matthew|website=Church Law &amp; Tax|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805070603/https://www.churchlawandtax.com/web/2020/january/latest-form-990-exemption-challenge-dismissed.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Church seeks to intervene in lawsuit over IRS tax exemption|url=https://baptistnews.com/article/church-seeks-to-intervene-in-lawsuit-over-irs-tax-exemption/|date=2018-11-26|website=Baptist News Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FFRF Suing IRS for Tax Exemption|url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/ffrf-suing-irs-tax-exemption|date=2018-10-12|website=World Religion News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafe. ==
FFRF tana buga jarida, ''Freethought A Yau'', sau goma a shekara.  Tun a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin Freethought Radio Network, FFRF ta samar da ''Freethought Radio'' show, na tsawon sa'a daya watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a WXXM-FM Asabar da karfe 11, na safe. CDT. Hakanan an watsa shi akan Air America kafin wannan sabis ɗin ya daina aiki a cikin Maris, 2010. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar shugabannin FFRF, Dan Barker da Annie Laurie Gaylor . Siffofin yau da kullun sun haɗa da &quot;Faɗakarwar Theocracy&quot; da &quot;Freethinkers Almanac.&quot; Ƙarshen yana haskaka masu tunani na tarihi, waɗanda yawancin su ma marubutan waƙa ne. Gabatarwar nunin da fitar da shirin suna amfani da &quot; Imagine &quot; na John Lennon .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Freethought Today|url=https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today|publisher=Freedom From Religion Foundation|access-date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130224030/https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Susan|date=August 4, 2009|title=Out, atheist and American|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/04/atheism-us-religion-hypatia?|access-date=July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-shugaban FFRF, ita ce marubucin ''Mata Ba tare da camfi: Babu Gods - Babu Masters'' da kuma littafin da ba na fiction a kan limamai cin zarafin yara cin ''amana: Clergy Abuse of Children'' (babu buga) da kuma edita na anthology. ''Kaicon Mata'' . Ta gyara jaridar FFRF ''Freethought A Yau'' har zuwa Yuli 2008. Mijinta, Dan Barker, marubucin ''Rasa Bangaskiya ga Bangaskiya: Daga Mai Wa'azi zuwa Atheist'', ''Mara Allah: Yadda Mai Wa'azin Bishara Ya Zama Daya Daga Cikin Manyan Masu Rashin Allahntakar Allah'', ''Mai Kyawun Atheist: Rayuwa Mai Cika Manufa Ba tare da Allah ba'', &quot;Manufar Rayuwa&quot;, &quot;Allah: Mafi Mummunan Hali a cikin Duk Fiction&quot;, kuma ''kawai Pretend: Littafin Freethought ga Yara'', mawaƙa ne kuma marubucin mawaƙa, tsohon ministan Kirista na Pentikostal, kuma shugaban FFRF.

== Shari'a da batutuwa. ==

=== Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa ===

==== Ayyukan zamantakewa ====
A cikin watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, FFRF ta ƙalubalanci tsarin mulki na Ofishin Fadar White House na tushen Bangaskiya da Ƙaddamarwar Al'umma . Koken na gidauniyar ya yi zargin cewa “amfani da kuɗaɗen da Majalisa ta ware a karkashin sashe na 1, sashe na 8, don daukar nauyin tarukan da hukumomin zartarwa daban-daban ke gudanarwa don tallata shirin Shugaba Bush na ‘Faith-Based and Community Initiatives’ ya ci karo da gyara na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt; Kotun ta kara da cewa jami’an da ake tuhumar sun karya dokar kafa ta hanyar shirya tarukan kasa da na shiyya inda aka ware ƙungiyoyin masu imani da cewa sun cancanci tallafin tarayya musamman saboda tsarin addini, kuma imani da Allah yana daukaka. bambance tasirin da ake da'awar na ayyukan zamantakewa na tushen imani.&quot;  FFRF ta kuma yi zargin cewa &quot;jami'an da ake tuhuma&quot; suna yin ayyuka da yawa, kamar gabatar da jawabai a bainar jama'a, a duk faɗin Amurka, da nufin haɓakawa da bayar da shawarwari don samar da kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin bangaskiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt; FFRF ta kara da cewa, &quot;ana amfani da kuɗaɗen majalisa don tallafawa ayyukan waɗanda ake tuhuma.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt;  A cikin 2007, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci 5-4, cewa masu biyan haraji ba su da ikon kalubalantar kundin tsarin mulki na kashe kudaden da bangaren zartarwa ya yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=June 25, 2007|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1551942482802042711}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

. 

==== Kula da lafiya ====
A cikin Afrilu 2003, FFRF, a madadin mazauna Montana, ta kai karar Ofishin Montana na Kiwon Lafiyar Karkara da babban darektan ta David M. Young tare da Jami'ar Jihar Montana-Bozeman da Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. An yi zargin cewa Young ya goyi bayan shirye-shiryen Ikklesiya na reno na tushen bangaskiya don tallafin jihohi.  A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2004, Kotun Lardi na Tarayya na Gundumar Montana ta gudanar da cewa &quot;kudin kai tsaye da fifikon tallafin shirye-shiryen jinya na Ikklesiya na zahiri da kuma mamaye addini an gudanar da shi don dalilai mara izini, kuma yana da tasirin da ba zai yuwu ba, na fifita da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa addini cikin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na duniya.&quot; A cewar kotun, tallafin da jihar ke bayarwa na kiwon lafiya na tushen imani ya saba wa kwaskwarimar farko. 

A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta kai ƙara don ƙalubalantar haɗakar da &quot;ruhaniya&quot; cikin kula da lafiya ta Sashen Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji. Musamman bayyana cewa al'adar tambayar marasa lafiya game da addininsu a cikin kima na ruhaniya, amfani da limamai don kula da marasa lafiya, da shirye-shiryen maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa waɗanda suka haɗa da addini sun keta rarrabuwar ƙasa da coci.  Daga baya an yi watsi da shari’ar bayan yanke hukuncin da Hein ya yanke saboda rashin tsayawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v Nicholson 7th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Nicholson|date=August 5, 2008|court=7th Cir.|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1209983.html|opinion=07-1292}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ilimi. ====
A cikin shekara ta 2001, FFRF, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san sunansu ba, ta kai ƙarar gundumar Rhea County School District. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa ana gudanar da azuzuwan Littafi Mai Tsarki na mako-mako ga dukkan ɗaliban da ke makarantun firamare.  A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Shida ta tabbatar da hukuncin gunduma cewa bai dace ba ga gundumar makaranta ta “koyar da Littafi Mai Tsarki a matsayin gaskiya ta zahiri” ga ɗalibai, gami da ƴan aji na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v_Doe&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=June 7, 2004|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/370/558/522158/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Minnesota saboda haɗin kai tare da Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Minnesota, haɗin gwiwa tare da Lutheran Seminary, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Lutheran Church of America, da Fairview Health Services, yana bayyana cewa mai biyan haraji na jihar. kuɗaɗe suna taimakawa don tallafawa ƙungiyar da ta dogara da bangaskiya. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, Jami'ar ta amince da kawo ƙarshen haɗin gwiwa da kuma dakatar da koyarwa &quot;darussan kan tsaka-tsakin bangaskiya da lafiya&quot;, tare da FFRF ta amince da janye ƙarar ta.  

A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan Sashen Ilimi na Amurka saboda rabon kuɗi zuwa Kwalejin Kirista ta Alaska, kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Cocin Ikklisiya na Alƙawari na Alaska ke gudanarwa. Gidauniyar ta bayyana cewa a shekarar farko da daliban suka yi a kwalejin, suna ɗaukar kwasa-kwasan da suka shafi addini ne kawai, kuma a waccan shekarar suna kammala karatunsu ne da takardar shaidar karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kwalejin, in ji gidauniyar, &quot;ba ta bayar da kwasa-kwasan kwalejoji na gargajiya, kamar lissafi ko Ingilishi&quot;.  A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2005, FFRF da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka sun daidaita karar, tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta amince ba a raba $435,000, ba.  na kuɗin tarayya zuwa Kwalejin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7igqAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3597,784968&amp;dq=rhea+county+board+of+education+ffrf&amp;hl=en | title=Federal appeals court in Tennessee affirms ban on Bible class at county's public schools |location= Bowling Green, KY | newspaper=Daily News | date= June 7, 2004 | access-date= August 1, 2013 | last=Poovey |first= Bill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v_Doe&quot;&gt;{{cite court |litigants= Doe v. Porter |vol= 370 |reporter= F.3d |opinion= 558 |court= 6th Cir. |date= June 7, 2004 |url= http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/370/558/522158/ |access-date= July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lederman|first=Doug|title=Faith and health part II|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/09/12/minn|work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date= September 12, 2005|access-date=July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Malladi|first=Sundeep|title=Madison-based group sues University of Minnesota|url=http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/03/31/madisonbased_group_s.php|newspaper=[[The Badger Herald]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070307033401/http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/03/31/madisonbased_group_s.php |archive-date= March 7, 2007 |date= March 31, 2005|location= Madison, WI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/04/28/alaska | title=Church, state and the academic pork barrel | work=Inside Higher Ed | date= April 28, 2005 | access-date= August 1, 2013 | last=Lederman |first= Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lederman|first=Doug|title=Education Dept. suspends grant to Christian college|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/10/11/alaska|work=Inside Higher Ed|access-date= July 1, 2013 |date= October 11, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Labari na Disambar shekara ta 2020, ta Hemant Mehta ya bayyana ƙoƙarin FFRF kwanan nan. ''FFRF'' ta yi jayayya da iyakance aikin Fasto Mark Thornton a jihar Boise . Wasiƙar da Lauyan Ma'aikatan FFRF Chris Line ya aike ya haɗa da: &quot;'Yan wasan kwallon ƙafa na jihar Boise ba su da wani nauyi da gwamnati ta dora musu a kan addininsu, don haka babu bukatar - ko halastaccen dalili na shari'a - jihar Boise ta ba su limamin coci.&quot; Lauyan shari'a na Jami'ar ya amsa da haka: &quot;Mun kasance muna tattaunawa da Sashen Wasanni don ba da ilimantarwa game da wannan batu da kuma tabbatar da cewa an dauki matakai a yanzu da kuma nan gaba don warware matsalar da kuma kafa iyakokin da suka dace. Mista Thornton bai yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa wasanmu na baya-bayan nan a Wyoming ba kuma jami'ar ba za ta ƙara haɗa da limamin coci a cikin liyafar ta ba. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi wa Mista Thornton a matsayin limamin kungiyar kwallon kafa an riga an cire shi ko kuma ana kan aiwatar da cirewa kuma ba za a yi wani bayani a nan gaba a rubuce ko akasin haka ba.” Mehta ya ci gaba da cewa: Babu ɗayan wannan yana nufin ɗalibai ba za su iya neman Thornton da kansu ba. Sun kasance suna da 'yanci don yin hakan. Amma Thornton ba zai iya - kuma bai kamata ba - yana da kowane irin rawar hukuma a wurin.

==== Shirye-shiryen shari'ar laifuka. ====
A cikin Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, FFRF ta kawo ƙara, a matsayin masu biyan haraji a cikin jihar Wisconsin, a kan Ayyukan bangaskiya da ke Milwaukee. Shari'ar tasu ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da shirin maganin jaraba na bangaskiya a matsayin tsarin kulawa da kotu ta ba da umarnin yin amfani da kudaden masu biyan haraji ba.  A watan Janairun shekara 2002, an yanke hukuncin ne bisa yardar FFRF; cewa karɓar dubban daruruwan daloli a cikin kudaden jama'a ya saba wa Tsarin Kafa. Alkalin ya rubuta &quot;Saboda na gano cewa tallafin da Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ma'aikata ta bayar ga Ayyukan Imani ya ƙunshi ba tare da iyakancewa ba, tallafin kai tsaye na ƙungiyar da ke shiga cikin koyarwar addini, na kammala cewa wannan tallafin kuɗi ya saba wa ka'idar kafa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision-result/?xmldoc/20021129179FSupp2d950_11052.xml/docbase/CSLWAR2-1986-2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kan daukaka kara, a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2003, Sashe na Bakwai daga baya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF a kan kunkuntar batun ko fursunoni sun shiga takamaiman shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya bisa yancin kansu na tilastawa gwamnati amincewa da addini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/324/324.F3d.880.02-3102.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar ta FFRF ta kawo kara kan bada tallafin gwamnatin tarayya ga ƙungiyar MentorKids USA, ƙungiyar da ke bayar da shawarwari ga yaran fursunoni, inda ta yi zargin cewa malaman addinin Kirista ne kawai ake ɗaukar hayar, kuma za su rika ba da rahoton ayyukan addini na yara duk wata. . 

A cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta shigar da kara a gaban Ofishin Fursunoni na Tarayya inda ta yi zargin cewa shawarar da ta yanke na bayar da Kuɗaɗe ba wai kawai shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya ba har ma da tsarin addini ɗaya ya saba wa ƙa'idojin tsarin mulki na raba ƙasa da coci.  Daga baya bangarorin sun amince da yin watsi da waccan da'awar, amma an ci gaba da ci gaba da yin ƙarin kirga a cikin ƙarar, da ake zargi da keta haddi daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Addini a fagen jama'a ===

==== Matsalolin aiki. ====
A cikin shekara ta 1995, FFRF ta kai ƙarar jihar Wisconsin don ayyana Good Friday a matsayin hutun shari'a na jiha. A cikin shekara ta 1996, kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa hutun Jumma'a mai kyau na Wisconsin ya kasance cin zarafi na Farko saboda, dangane da dokar hutun Jumma'a mai kyau ta Wisconsin, &quot;ci gaba da Kiristanci shine ainihin dalilin doka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=February 23, 1996|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision-result/?xmldoc/19961889920FSupp969_11749.xml/docbase/CSLWAR2-1986-2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin jama'a. ====
FFRF ya yi adawa da birnin Versailles, Kentucky yana taimakawa coci don samun tallafin tarayya don ƙirƙirar cibiyar agajin bala'i. 

==== Nunin addini akan kadarorin jama'a. ====
A cikin Disambar shekara ta 2007, FFRF, a madadin gungun mazauna Green Bay da suka damu da kuma kiran haƙƙin Gyaran Farko na duk mazauna birnin, sun kai ƙarar birnin saboda sanya wurin haihuwa a zauren taron Green Bay. Kafin a saurari karar, birnin ya cire wurin da aka haifi haihuwar. Daga nan ne alkalin ya yi watsi da karar saboda rashin hurumin shari’a. Tunda an riga an cire wurin haihuwar kuma an sanya dokar hana fita a nan gaba, babu wani tushe na ci gaba da jayayya. Ya ci gaba da cewa, &quot; ''masu shigar da kara sun riga sun yi nasara'' ...Masu gabatar da kara sun samu gagarumar nasara wadda ta sauya al'amura a kasa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. City of Green Bay|opinion=07-C-1151|date=2008|court=E.D. Wis.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2011, don mayar da martani ga kin birnin Warren, Michigan, don cire nuni na haihuwa a cikin cibiyar jama'a, FFRF ya nemi sanya nunin solstice na hunturu. Magajin garin ya ki amincewa da bukatar kuma FFRF ta kawo ƙarar. Alƙali Zatkoff na Kotun Lardin Amurka ya yi watsi da karar; Kotun da'a ta 6, ta Amurka ta amince da korar a cikin 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF_v_Warren6th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=February 25, 2013|url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/13a0049p-06.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2011, FFRF, tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU), sun kai ƙarar gundumar Giles, Virginia, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san su ba. An sanya nunin [[Dokokin nan goma|Dokoki Goma]] tare da kwafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a makarantun gwamnati na gundumar Giles. Kafin shigar da karar, a watan Janairu da Yuni 2011, FFRF da ACLU sun aika da wasiku ga hukumar makarantar suna neman a cire nunin. Shugaban makarantar ya ba da umarnin a cire nunin Dokoki Goma. Hukumar makarantar Giles County ta gana a watan Yunin 2011, kuma ta kada kuri'a don soke shawarar da babban jami'in ya yanke na cire nunin.  Bayan da aka shigar da karar, hukumar makarantar a shekarar 2012, ta amince da cire hoton da kuma biyan kudaden lauyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Gwamnan Wisconsin Scott Walker ya kira bishiyar Kirsimeti ta Capitol a matsayin &quot;itacen Kirsimeti&quot; maimakon &quot;itacen biki.&quot; FFRF, wa

A cikin Mayu 2012, FFRF, wanda ke aiki a kan wani ƙorafi daga mazaunin, ya tambayi birnin Woonsocket, Rhode Island, don cire giciye na Latin daga yakin duniya na II da na II a kan ƙasar jama'a.  Birnin ya ki yin haka. Hukumar ta FFRF ta bayyana cewa a halin yanzu tana neman mai shigar da kara a yankin da zai wakilci kara,  wanda har yanzu FFRF din ba ta yi ba, inda ta yi nuni da irin wahalar da aka samu da wata karar da ta faru da wata mai shigar da kara a jihar, Jessica Ahlquist, a cikin shari'ar ''Ahlquist v.'' ''Cranston'' .

A ranar 24, ga Yuli, 2012, bayan samun wasiƙa daga FFRF, Steubenville, Ohio, majalisar birni ta yanke shawarar cire hoton Kristi King Chapel a Jami'ar Franciscan na Steubenville daga tambarin garin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}

A watan Agustan 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin, ta yi barazanar ƙarar da ke kalubalantar giciye na Latin da aka nuna a saman hasumiya na ruwa na Whiteville, Tennessee . Bayan da FFRF ta rubuta wasiku na farko guda uku, amma kafin a shigar da ƙarar, garin ya cire hannu daya na giciye.  Cire garin ya ci $4,000, kuma a wani bangare na sasantawar garin ya biya $20,000, a cikin kudaden lauyoyin FFRF.  Garin ya kuma amince da cewa ba za a taba maye gurbin hannun da ya bace ba, sannan kuma kada a sanya wasu giciye a kan kadarorin jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Whiteville Settles Cross Lawsuit&quot; /&gt;

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin Montana, ta kai ƙarar Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka. An ba da izinin amfani na musamman don sanya mutum-mutumin Yesu a ƙasar tarayya a cikin 1954, bisa buƙatar Knights na Columbus .  Ma'aikatar daji ta ci gaba da ba da sabunta izinin har zuwa 2010. Lokacin da Sabis ɗin ya ƙi sabuntawa, Knights sun ƙi cire mutum-mutumin suna ambaton &quot;al'ada&quot; da ƙimar &quot;tarihi&quot; na mutum-mutumi.   Bayan zanga-zangar ta kan layi an ba wa mutum-mutumin izinin zama kuma an ba da izini. FFRF ta shigar da kara a watan Fabrairun 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. United States Forest Service|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Yunin 2013, wani alkali na tarayya ya samu goyon bayan wadanda ake kara, inda ya kyale mutum-mutumin ya ci gaba da kasancewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. United States Forest Service|date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2013, FFRF ta shigar da kara kan hukuncin.  Kotun daukaka kara ta tara ta ki amincewa da hujjojin FFRF kuma ta amince da abin tunawa. 

A cikin shekara ta 2012, FFRF ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Prudhommes, a Columbia, Pennsylvania, yana bayyana cewa bayar da rangwamen 10% ga majiɓintan Lahadi waɗanda ke gabatar da sanarwar coci ya saba wa dokar jiha da tarayya, musamman Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 . Mutumin da ya gabatar da lamarin ga FFRF ya shigar da ƙorafin nuna wariya ga Hukumar Hulda da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania. FFRF ta kasance cikin ikon ba da shawara kawai.  Hukumar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania ta shiga oda ta ƙarshe ta baiwa gidan abincin damar ci gaba da rangwamen taswirar cocin. 

Gundumar ta cire gicciye mai haske a wurin shakatawa na jama'a a Honesdale, Pennsylvania, a cikin 2018, bayan korafi daga FFRF. Ba da nisa da wurin shakatawar wani mazaunin garin ya kafa giciye mai tsawon kafa 28, mai amfani da hasken rana a kan kadarorinsa. 

==== Addu'a a cikin gwamnati/makarantu. ====
A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2008, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan gwamnatin Amurka game da dokar kafa Ranar Sallah ta Kasa (NDoP). A cikin shekara ta 2010, alkali na tarayya Barbara Brandriff Crabb ya yanke hukuncin cewa bai dace da tsarin mulki ba saboda &quot;aikin addini ne na asali wanda ba ya aiki na duniya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDoP&quot;&gt;National Day of Prayer:
&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Amurka ta ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan hukunci. A watan Afrilun 2011, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Bakwai ta Amurka ta yi watsi da kalubalantar FFRF ga NDoP, tana mai cewa FFRF ba ta da tsayayye don kalubalantar dokar NDoP ko shela kuma shugaban kasa ne kawai ya ji rauni har ya kalubalanci dokar NDoP. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v Obama 7th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=April 14, 2011|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1209983.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hukumar ta FFRF, a cikin Janairun shekara ta 2013, bayan ta sami ƙara daga wurin wani mazaunin garin, ta nemi majalisar birnin Rapid City, South Dakota, ta kawar da al’adarta ta soma kowace majalisar birni da addu’ar Kirista. Bayan da FFRF ta aike da wasika ta biyu a watan Fabrairun 2013, magajin garin ya bayyana a wancan lokacin cewa za a ci gaba da addu’a. 

=== Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida ===

==== Keɓewar Ikklesiya. ====
FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS game da keɓantawa na Ikklesiya wanda ke ba da damar “ma’aikatan bishara” su karɓi wani ɓangare na albashinsu a matsayin alawus ɗin gidaje mara haraji. An fara shigar da wannan ne a cikin 2009, a California, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Geithner|vol=715|reporter=F.Supp2d.|opinion=1051|court=E.D. Cal.|date=May 21, 2010|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11603417398422872068&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Geithner|vol=644|reporter=F.3d|opinion=836|court=9th Cir.|date=May 9, 2011|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14163518758100128154&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation+v.+Geithner&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2,10&amp;as_vis=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan daga baya ya faɗi kuma ya sake shigar da shi a cikin 2011, a Wisconsin,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Geithner|opinion=11-CV-626|court=W.D. Wis.|date=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda tsayawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, wani alkali na tarayya ya ce ƙarar za ta iya ci gaba. A cikin watan Agustan 2013, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta yi jayayya cewa shugabannin ƙungiyar da ba su yarda da Allah ba na iya cancanci samun keɓewar Ikklesiya. Gaylor ya ce &quot;ba haka muke ba&quot;,  ya ci gaba da cewa bai kamata gwamnati ta baiwa kungiyoyin addini wani kulawa ta musamman ba. 

A ranar 21, ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 2013, wani alkalin tarayya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=FFRF, Inc., Annie Laurie Gaylor and Dan Barker, v. Jacob Lew and Daniel Werfel|court=W.D. Wis.|date=23 November 2013|url=https://ffrf.org/images/FFRF%20v%20Geithner%20-%20Parsonage%20Exemption.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta shigar da kara a kotun tarayya.  A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2014, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka na Zartarwa ta Bakwai ta ba da shawararta, inda ta kammala cewa tanadin kundin haraji na tarayya da ke kula da alawus-alawus na gidaje da coci-coci ke bayarwa ga ministoci a matsayin rashin harajin shiga dole ne ya tsaya. 

==== Zaɓe. ====
A cikin Nuwambar shekara ta 2012, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS saboda rashin aiwatar da nata dokokin zaben . FFRF a cikin kwat da wando ya ba da sanarwar sanya cikakken tallace-tallacen shafi na Billy Graham Evangelistic Association; Diocese da ke bukatar limaman coci su karanta wata sanarwa da ta bukaci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika su kada kuri’a; da kuma ma'aikata na &quot;Pulpit Freedom Lahadi&quot;. Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da ka’idojin haraji na tarayya da suka haramta wa kungiyoyin addinai da ba su haraji shiga zabe ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Farko.   Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa kara shigar da cibiyoyin addini a harkokin siyasa &quot;na nuni ne a fili da gangan wajen hana zaben&quot;.  IRS ta gabatar da bukatar yin watsi da shi a kotun tarayya, amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, an yanke shawarar cewa karar za ta iya ci gaba da bayyana cewa FFRF &quot;tana tsaye don neman odar da ke bukatar IRS ta kula da ƙungiyoyin addini da kyau fiye da yadda take bi da Gidauniyar. &quot;.  A cikin shekara ta 2014, alkalin kotun tarayya ya yi watsi da karar bayan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. 
[[File:FFRF's_Bill_of_Rights_Nativity.jpg|thumb| Dokar Hakki na FFRF]]

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. ==

* {{Official website}}
{{Skeptic organizations}}
[[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]]
[[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Freedom From Religion Foundation logo.svg|thumb|yancin yin addini]]
The '''Freedom From Religion Foundation''' ('''FFRF''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, wacce ke ba da shawarwari ga [[Mulhidanci|waɗanda basu yarda]] da Allah ba, wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba, da wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba. An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1976, FFRF tana haɓaka rarrabuwar coci da jiha, kuma tana ƙalubalantar halaccin shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka dogara da bangaskiya. Tana tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi irin su ɗalibai marasa addini da limaman coci waɗanda suke so su bar imaninsu.

== Tarihi. ==
An kafa FFRF tare da Anne Nicol Gaylor da 'yarta, Annie Laurie Gaylor, a cikin 1976, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙasa a ranar 15, ga Afrilu, 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;corp&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=6F09055&amp;hash=323751401&amp;searchFunctionID=89065bfa-1f2e-4fad-ae59-11a3c0d78a46&amp;type=Simple&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114015141/https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=6F09055&amp;hash=323751401&amp;searchFunctionID=89065bfa-1f2e-4fad-ae59-11a3c0d78a46&amp;type=Simple&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation |date=2023-11-14 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ƙungiyar ta sami goyon bayan mambobi sama da 19,000, a cikin 2012.   kuma ta yi aiki daga wani gini na 1855, a Madison, Wisconsin, wanda ya taɓa yin hidima a matsayin rectory na coci.

A cikin Maris 2011, FFRF, tare da Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, sun fara aikin Clergy Project, al'umma mai sirri na kan layi wanda ke tallafawa malamai yayin da suke barin bangaskiyarsu.  A cikin 2012, ta ba da 'Yanci na Farko Daga Gidauniyar Addini da Aikin Limamai na &quot;Kyaucewa Kyauta&quot; ga Jerry DeWitt, tsohon Fasto wanda ya bar ma'aikatar don shiga ƙungiyar masu yarda da Allah. 

FFRF tana ba da tallafin kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, ƙungiyar da ke da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ga ɗaliban da ba su da addini a makarantun koleji. 

A cikin 2015, FFRF ta sanar da Nonbelief Relief, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa wacce ta samu kuma daga baya ta ba da matsayinta na keɓe haraji na tarayya. Taimakon rashin imani bai yi nasara ba a cikin ƙarar da aka yi wa IRS saboda ba ta da tsayin daka don ƙalubalantar keɓantawar Form 990, wanda ya shafi majami'u.  Relief Nonbelief wata hukuma ce ta jin kai ga waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, masu tunanin yanci, da magoya bayansu.  Kwamitin zartarwa na FFRF ne ya ƙirƙiri Taimakon Ƙarfafa Imani don dai-daita yanayin wahalar ɗan adam da rashin adalci a duniya, walau sakamakon bala'o'i, ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma bin ƙa'idodin addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;corp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aboutCalling&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= The atheists' calling the Madison-based Freedom From Religion Foundation is taking its latest battle to the U.S. Supreme court. It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high. |url= http://host.madison.com/news/the-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation/article_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html |date= February 25, 2010 |last= Erickson |first= Doug |newspaper= [[Wisconsin State Journal]] |location= Madison |access-date= June 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;captimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last= Elbow |first= Steven |title= Crime and Courts: Madison group ramps up national fight against religion in government |url= http://host.madison.com/news/local/crime_and_courts/blog/crime-and-courts-madison-group-ramps-up-national-fight-against/article_795c5fd8-dbec-11e1-b406-001a4bcf887a.html |newspaper= [[The Capital Times]] |location= Madison, Wisconsin |access-date= June 29, 2013 |date= August 2, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;triblive1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= Those who don't believe just as adamant as religious folk |url= http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html |last= Aubele |first= Michael |newspaper= [[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |date= April 1, 2012 |access-date= June 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Those who don't believe just as adamant as religious folk {{!}} TribLIVE|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212113626/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-12|date=2013-12-12|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-30/national/35451816_1_pastors-daniel-dennett-faith | title=For clergy, lost faith can lead to lost family, jobs | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 30, 2012 | access-date=August 6, 2013 | last=Winston | first=Kimberly | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216054008/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-30/national/35451816_1_pastors-daniel-dennett-faith | archive-date=December 16, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Jerry DeWitt receives Freedom from Religion Foundation, Clergy Project Hardship Grant |url= http://www.clergyproject.org/news/2012/10/31/jerry-dewitt-receives-freedom-from-religion-foundation-clergy-project-hardship-grant/ |work= The Clergy Project website |author= &lt;!-- no byline The Clergy Project staff --&gt; |date= October 31, 2012 |access-date= June 30, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130602235512/http://www.clergyproject.org/news/2012/10/31/jerry-dewitt-receives-freedom-from-religion-foundation-clergy-project-hardship-grant/ |archive-date= June 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Non-believers taking college campuses by storm|url=https://www.salon.com/2013/02/16/non_believers_taking_college_campuses_by_storm_partner/|date=2013-02-16|website=Salon|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest Form 990 Exemption Challenge Dismissed on Technical Grounds|url=https://www.churchlawandtax.com/web/2020/january/latest-form-990-exemption-challenge-dismissed.html|last1=Branaugh|first1=Matthew|website=Church Law &amp; Tax|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805070603/https://www.churchlawandtax.com/web/2020/january/latest-form-990-exemption-challenge-dismissed.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Church seeks to intervene in lawsuit over IRS tax exemption|url=https://baptistnews.com/article/church-seeks-to-intervene-in-lawsuit-over-irs-tax-exemption/|date=2018-11-26|website=Baptist News Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FFRF Suing IRS for Tax Exemption|url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/ffrf-suing-irs-tax-exemption|date=2018-10-12|website=World Religion News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafe. ==
FFRF tana buga jarida, ''Freethought A Yau'', sau goma a shekara.  Tun a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin Freethought Radio Network, FFRF ta samar da ''Freethought Radio'' show, na tsawon sa'a daya watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a WXXM-FM Asabar da karfe 11, na safe. CDT. Hakanan an watsa shi akan Air America kafin wannan sabis ɗin ya daina aiki a cikin Maris, 2010. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar shugabannin FFRF, Dan Barker da Annie Laurie Gaylor . Siffofin yau da kullun sun haɗa da &quot;Faɗakarwar Theocracy&quot; da &quot;Freethinkers Almanac.&quot; Ƙarshen yana haskaka masu tunani na tarihi, waɗanda yawancin su ma marubutan waƙa ne. Gabatarwar nunin da fitar da shirin suna amfani da &quot; Imagine &quot; na John Lennon .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Freethought Today|url=https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today|publisher=Freedom From Religion Foundation|access-date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130224030/https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Susan|date=August 4, 2009|title=Out, atheist and American|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/04/atheism-us-religion-hypatia?|access-date=July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-shugaban FFRF, ita ce marubucin ''Mata Ba tare da camfi: Babu Gods - Babu Masters'' da kuma littafin da ba na fiction a kan limamai cin zarafin yara cin ''amana: Clergy Abuse of Children'' (babu buga) da kuma edita na anthology. ''Kaicon Mata'' . Ta gyara jaridar FFRF ''Freethought A Yau'' har zuwa Yuli 2008. Mijinta, Dan Barker, marubucin ''Rasa Bangaskiya ga Bangaskiya: Daga Mai Wa'azi zuwa Atheist'', ''Mara Allah: Yadda Mai Wa'azin Bishara Ya Zama Daya Daga Cikin Manyan Masu Rashin Allahntakar Allah'', ''Mai Kyawun Atheist: Rayuwa Mai Cika Manufa Ba tare da Allah ba'', &quot;Manufar Rayuwa&quot;, &quot;Allah: Mafi Mummunan Hali a cikin Duk Fiction&quot;, kuma ''kawai Pretend: Littafin Freethought ga Yara'', mawaƙa ne kuma marubucin mawaƙa, tsohon ministan Kirista na Pentikostal, kuma shugaban FFRF.

== Shari'a da batutuwa. ==

=== Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa ===

==== Ayyukan zamantakewa ====
A cikin watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, FFRF ta ƙalubalanci tsarin mulki na Ofishin Fadar White House na tushen Bangaskiya da Ƙaddamarwar Al'umma . Koken na gidauniyar ya yi zargin cewa “amfani da kuɗaɗen da Majalisa ta ware a karkashin sashe na 1, sashe na 8, don daukar nauyin tarukan da hukumomin zartarwa daban-daban ke gudanarwa don tallata shirin Shugaba Bush na ‘Faith-Based and Community Initiatives’ ya ci karo da gyara na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt; Kotun ta kara da cewa jami’an da ake tuhumar sun karya dokar kafa ta hanyar shirya tarukan kasa da na shiyya inda aka ware ƙungiyoyin masu imani da cewa sun cancanci tallafin tarayya musamman saboda tsarin addini, kuma imani da Allah yana daukaka. bambance tasirin da ake da'awar na ayyukan zamantakewa na tushen imani.&quot;  FFRF ta kuma yi zargin cewa &quot;jami'an da ake tuhuma&quot; suna yin ayyuka da yawa, kamar gabatar da jawabai a bainar jama'a, a duk faɗin Amurka, da nufin haɓakawa da bayar da shawarwari don samar da kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin bangaskiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt; FFRF ta kara da cewa, &quot;ana amfani da kuɗaɗen majalisa don tallafawa ayyukan waɗanda ake tuhuma.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt;  A cikin 2007, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci 5-4, cewa masu biyan haraji ba su da ikon kalubalantar kundin tsarin mulki na kashe kudaden da bangaren zartarwa ya yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=June 25, 2007|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1551942482802042711}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

. 

==== Kula da lafiya ====
A cikin Afrilu 2003, FFRF, a madadin mazauna Montana, ta kai karar Ofishin Montana na Kiwon Lafiyar Karkara da babban darektan ta David M. Young tare da Jami'ar Jihar Montana-Bozeman da Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. An yi zargin cewa Young ya goyi bayan shirye-shiryen Ikklesiya na reno na tushen bangaskiya don tallafin jihohi.  A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2004, Kotun Lardi na Tarayya na Gundumar Montana ta gudanar da cewa &quot;kudin kai tsaye da fifikon tallafin shirye-shiryen jinya na Ikklesiya na zahiri da kuma mamaye addini an gudanar da shi don dalilai mara izini, kuma yana da tasirin da ba zai yuwu ba, na fifita da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa addini cikin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na duniya.&quot; A cewar kotun, tallafin da jihar ke bayarwa na kiwon lafiya na tushen imani ya saba wa kwaskwarimar farko. 

A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta kai ƙara don ƙalubalantar haɗakar da &quot;ruhaniya&quot; cikin kula da lafiya ta Sashen Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji. Musamman bayyana cewa al'adar tambayar marasa lafiya game da addininsu a cikin kima na ruhaniya, amfani da limamai don kula da marasa lafiya, da shirye-shiryen maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa waɗanda suka haɗa da addini sun keta rarrabuwar ƙasa da coci.  Daga baya an yi watsi da shari’ar bayan yanke hukuncin da Hein ya yanke saboda rashin tsayawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v Nicholson 7th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Nicholson|date=August 5, 2008|court=7th Cir.|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1209983.html|opinion=07-1292}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ilimi. ====
A cikin shekara ta 2001, FFRF, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san sunansu ba, ta kai ƙarar gundumar Rhea County School District. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa ana gudanar da azuzuwan Littafi Mai Tsarki na mako-mako ga dukkan ɗaliban da ke makarantun firamare.  A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Shida ta tabbatar da hukuncin gunduma cewa bai dace ba ga gundumar makaranta ta “koyar da Littafi Mai Tsarki a matsayin gaskiya ta zahiri” ga ɗalibai, gami da ƴan aji na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v_Doe&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=June 7, 2004|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/370/558/522158/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Minnesota saboda haɗin kai tare da Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Minnesota, haɗin gwiwa tare da Lutheran Seminary, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Lutheran Church of America, da Fairview Health Services, yana bayyana cewa mai biyan haraji na jihar. kuɗaɗe suna taimakawa don tallafawa ƙungiyar da ta dogara da bangaskiya. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, Jami'ar ta amince da kawo ƙarshen haɗin gwiwa da kuma dakatar da koyarwa &quot;darussan kan tsaka-tsakin bangaskiya da lafiya&quot;, tare da FFRF ta amince da janye ƙarar ta.  

A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan Sashen Ilimi na Amurka saboda rabon kuɗi zuwa Kwalejin Kirista ta Alaska, kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Cocin Ikklisiya na Alƙawari na Alaska ke gudanarwa. Gidauniyar ta bayyana cewa a shekarar farko da daliban suka yi a kwalejin, suna ɗaukar kwasa-kwasan da suka shafi addini ne kawai, kuma a waccan shekarar suna kammala karatunsu ne da takardar shaidar karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kwalejin, in ji gidauniyar, &quot;ba ta bayar da kwasa-kwasan kwalejoji na gargajiya, kamar lissafi ko Ingilishi&quot;.  A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2005, FFRF da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka sun daidaita karar, tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta amince ba a raba $435,000, ba.  na kuɗin tarayya zuwa Kwalejin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7igqAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3597,784968&amp;dq=rhea+county+board+of+education+ffrf&amp;hl=en | title=Federal appeals court in Tennessee affirms ban on Bible class at county's public schools |location= Bowling Green, KY | newspaper=Daily News | date= June 7, 2004 | access-date= August 1, 2013 | last=Poovey |first= Bill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v_Doe&quot;&gt;{{cite court |litigants= Doe v. Porter |vol= 370 |reporter= F.3d |opinion= 558 |court= 6th Cir. |date= June 7, 2004 |url= http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/370/558/522158/ |access-date= July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lederman|first=Doug|title=Faith and health part II|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/09/12/minn|work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date= September 12, 2005|access-date=July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Malladi|first=Sundeep|title=Madison-based group sues University of Minnesota|url=http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/03/31/madisonbased_group_s.php|newspaper=[[The Badger Herald]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070307033401/http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/03/31/madisonbased_group_s.php |archive-date= March 7, 2007 |date= March 31, 2005|location= Madison, WI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/04/28/alaska | title=Church, state and the academic pork barrel | work=Inside Higher Ed | date= April 28, 2005 | access-date= August 1, 2013 | last=Lederman |first= Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lederman|first=Doug|title=Education Dept. suspends grant to Christian college|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/10/11/alaska|work=Inside Higher Ed|access-date= July 1, 2013 |date= October 11, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Labari na Disambar shekara ta 2020, ta Hemant Mehta ya bayyana ƙoƙarin FFRF kwanan nan. ''FFRF'' ta yi jayayya da iyakance aikin Fasto Mark Thornton a jihar Boise . Wasiƙar da Lauyan Ma'aikatan FFRF Chris Line ya aike ya haɗa da: &quot;'Yan wasan kwallon ƙafa na jihar Boise ba su da wani nauyi da gwamnati ta dora musu a kan addininsu, don haka babu bukatar - ko halastaccen dalili na shari'a - jihar Boise ta ba su limamin coci.&quot; Lauyan shari'a na Jami'ar ya amsa da haka: &quot;Mun kasance muna tattaunawa da Sashen Wasanni don ba da ilimantarwa game da wannan batu da kuma tabbatar da cewa an dauki matakai a yanzu da kuma nan gaba don warware matsalar da kuma kafa iyakokin da suka dace. Mista Thornton bai yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa wasanmu na baya-bayan nan a Wyoming ba kuma jami'ar ba za ta ƙara haɗa da limamin coci a cikin liyafar ta ba. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi wa Mista Thornton a matsayin limamin kungiyar kwallon kafa an riga an cire shi ko kuma ana kan aiwatar da cirewa kuma ba za a yi wani bayani a nan gaba a rubuce ko akasin haka ba.” Mehta ya ci gaba da cewa: Babu ɗayan wannan yana nufin ɗalibai ba za su iya neman Thornton da kansu ba. Sun kasance suna da 'yanci don yin hakan. Amma Thornton ba zai iya - kuma bai kamata ba - yana da kowane irin rawar hukuma a wurin.

==== Shirye-shiryen shari'ar laifuka. ====
A cikin Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, FFRF ta kawo ƙara, a matsayin masu biyan haraji a cikin jihar Wisconsin, a kan Ayyukan bangaskiya da ke Milwaukee. Shari'ar tasu ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da shirin maganin jaraba na bangaskiya a matsayin tsarin kulawa da kotu ta ba da umarnin yin amfani da kudaden masu biyan haraji ba.  A watan Janairun shekara 2002, an yanke hukuncin ne bisa yardar FFRF; cewa karɓar dubban daruruwan daloli a cikin kudaden jama'a ya saba wa Tsarin Kafa. Alkalin ya rubuta &quot;Saboda na gano cewa tallafin da Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ma'aikata ta bayar ga Ayyukan Imani ya ƙunshi ba tare da iyakancewa ba, tallafin kai tsaye na ƙungiyar da ke shiga cikin koyarwar addini, na kammala cewa wannan tallafin kuɗi ya saba wa ka'idar kafa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision-result/?xmldoc/20021129179FSupp2d950_11052.xml/docbase/CSLWAR2-1986-2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kan daukaka kara, a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2003, Sashe na Bakwai daga baya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF a kan kunkuntar batun ko fursunoni sun shiga takamaiman shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya bisa yancin kansu na tilastawa gwamnati amincewa da addini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/324/324.F3d.880.02-3102.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar ta FFRF ta kawo kara kan bada tallafin gwamnatin tarayya ga ƙungiyar MentorKids USA, ƙungiyar da ke bayar da shawarwari ga yaran fursunoni, inda ta yi zargin cewa malaman addinin Kirista ne kawai ake ɗaukar hayar, kuma za su rika ba da rahoton ayyukan addini na yara duk wata. . 

A cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta shigar da kara a gaban Ofishin Fursunoni na Tarayya inda ta yi zargin cewa shawarar da ta yanke na bayar da Kuɗaɗe ba wai kawai shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya ba har ma da tsarin addini ɗaya ya saba wa ƙa'idojin tsarin mulki na raba ƙasa da coci.  Daga baya bangarorin sun amince da yin watsi da waccan da'awar, amma an ci gaba da ci gaba da yin ƙarin kirga a cikin ƙarar, da ake zargi da keta haddi daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Addini a fagen jama'a ===

==== Matsalolin aiki. ====
A cikin shekara ta 1995, FFRF ta kai ƙarar jihar Wisconsin don ayyana Good Friday a matsayin hutun shari'a na jiha. A cikin shekara ta 1996, kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa hutun Jumma'a mai kyau na Wisconsin ya kasance cin zarafi na Farko saboda, dangane da dokar hutun Jumma'a mai kyau ta Wisconsin, &quot;ci gaba da Kiristanci shine ainihin dalilin doka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=February 23, 1996|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision-result/?xmldoc/19961889920FSupp969_11749.xml/docbase/CSLWAR2-1986-2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin jama'a. ====
FFRF ya yi adawa da birnin Versailles, Kentucky yana taimakawa coci don samun tallafin tarayya don ƙirƙirar cibiyar agajin bala'i. 

==== Nunin addini akan kadarorin jama'a. ====
A cikin Disambar shekara ta 2007, FFRF, a madadin gungun mazauna Green Bay da suka damu da kuma kiran haƙƙin Gyaran Farko na duk mazauna birnin, sun kai ƙarar birnin saboda sanya wurin haihuwa a zauren taron Green Bay. Kafin a saurari karar, birnin ya cire wurin da aka haifi haihuwar. Daga nan ne alkalin ya yi watsi da karar saboda rashin hurumin shari’a. Tunda an riga an cire wurin haihuwar kuma an sanya dokar hana fita a nan gaba, babu wani tushe na ci gaba da jayayya. Ya ci gaba da cewa, &quot; ''masu shigar da kara sun riga sun yi nasara'' ...Masu gabatar da kara sun samu gagarumar nasara wadda ta sauya al'amura a kasa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. City of Green Bay|opinion=07-C-1151|date=2008|court=E.D. Wis.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2011, don mayar da martani ga kin birnin Warren, Michigan, don cire nuni na haihuwa a cikin cibiyar jama'a, FFRF ya nemi sanya nunin solstice na hunturu. Magajin garin ya ki amincewa da bukatar kuma FFRF ta kawo ƙarar. Alƙali Zatkoff na Kotun Lardin Amurka ya yi watsi da karar; Kotun da'a ta 6, ta Amurka ta amince da korar a cikin 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF_v_Warren6th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=February 25, 2013|url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/13a0049p-06.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2011, FFRF, tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU), sun kai ƙarar gundumar Giles, Virginia, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san su ba. An sanya nunin [[Dokokin nan goma|Dokoki Goma]] tare da kwafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a makarantun gwamnati na gundumar Giles. Kafin shigar da karar, a watan Janairu da Yuni 2011, FFRF da ACLU sun aika da wasiku ga hukumar makarantar suna neman a cire nunin. Shugaban makarantar ya ba da umarnin a cire nunin Dokoki Goma. Hukumar makarantar Giles County ta gana a watan Yunin 2011, kuma ta kada kuri'a don soke shawarar da babban jami'in ya yanke na cire nunin.  Bayan da aka shigar da karar, hukumar makarantar a shekarar 2012, ta amince da cire hoton da kuma biyan kudaden lauyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Gwamnan Wisconsin Scott Walker ya kira bishiyar Kirsimeti ta Capitol a matsayin &quot;itacen Kirsimeti&quot; maimakon &quot;itacen biki.&quot; FFRF, wa

A cikin Mayu 2012, FFRF, wanda ke aiki a kan wani ƙorafi daga mazaunin, ya tambayi birnin Woonsocket, Rhode Island, don cire giciye na Latin daga yakin duniya na II da na II a kan ƙasar jama'a.  Birnin ya ki yin haka. Hukumar ta FFRF ta bayyana cewa a halin yanzu tana neman mai shigar da kara a yankin da zai wakilci kara,  wanda har yanzu FFRF din ba ta yi ba, inda ta yi nuni da irin wahalar da aka samu da wata karar da ta faru da wata mai shigar da kara a jihar, Jessica Ahlquist, a cikin shari'ar ''Ahlquist v.'' ''Cranston'' .

A ranar 24, ga Yuli, 2012, bayan samun wasiƙa daga FFRF, Steubenville, Ohio, majalisar birni ta yanke shawarar cire hoton Kristi King Chapel a Jami'ar Franciscan na Steubenville daga tambarin garin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}

A watan Agustan 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin, ta yi barazanar ƙarar da ke kalubalantar giciye na Latin da aka nuna a saman hasumiya na ruwa na Whiteville, Tennessee . Bayan da FFRF ta rubuta wasiku na farko guda uku, amma kafin a shigar da ƙarar, garin ya cire hannu daya na giciye.  Cire garin ya ci $4,000, kuma a wani bangare na sasantawar garin ya biya $20,000, a cikin kudaden lauyoyin FFRF.  Garin ya kuma amince da cewa ba za a taba maye gurbin hannun da ya bace ba, sannan kuma kada a sanya wasu giciye a kan kadarorin jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Whiteville Settles Cross Lawsuit&quot; /&gt;

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin Montana, ta kai ƙarar Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka. An ba da izinin amfani na musamman don sanya mutum-mutumin Yesu a ƙasar tarayya a cikin 1954, bisa buƙatar Knights na Columbus .  Ma'aikatar daji ta ci gaba da ba da sabunta izinin har zuwa 2010. Lokacin da Sabis ɗin ya ƙi sabuntawa, Knights sun ƙi cire mutum-mutumin suna ambaton &quot;al'ada&quot; da ƙimar &quot;tarihi&quot; na mutum-mutumi.   Bayan zanga-zangar ta kan layi an ba wa mutum-mutumin izinin zama kuma an ba da izini. FFRF ta shigar da kara a watan Fabrairun 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. United States Forest Service|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Yunin 2013, wani alkali na tarayya ya samu goyon bayan wadanda ake kara, inda ya kyale mutum-mutumin ya ci gaba da kasancewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. United States Forest Service|date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2013, FFRF ta shigar da kara kan hukuncin.  Kotun daukaka kara ta tara ta ki amincewa da hujjojin FFRF kuma ta amince da abin tunawa. 

A cikin shekara ta 2012, FFRF ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Prudhommes, a Columbia, Pennsylvania, yana bayyana cewa bayar da rangwamen 10% ga majiɓintan Lahadi waɗanda ke gabatar da sanarwar coci ya saba wa dokar jiha da tarayya, musamman Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 . Mutumin da ya gabatar da lamarin ga FFRF ya shigar da ƙorafin nuna wariya ga Hukumar Hulda da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania. FFRF ta kasance cikin ikon ba da shawara kawai.  Hukumar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania ta shiga oda ta ƙarshe ta baiwa gidan abincin damar ci gaba da rangwamen taswirar cocin. 

Gundumar ta cire gicciye mai haske a wurin shakatawa na jama'a a Honesdale, Pennsylvania, a cikin 2018, bayan korafi daga FFRF. Ba da nisa da wurin shakatawar wani mazaunin garin ya kafa giciye mai tsawon kafa 28, mai amfani da hasken rana a kan kadarorinsa. 

==== Addu'a a cikin gwamnati/makarantu. ====
A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2008, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan gwamnatin Amurka game da dokar kafa Ranar Sallah ta Kasa (NDoP). A cikin shekara ta 2010, alkali na tarayya Barbara Brandriff Crabb ya yanke hukuncin cewa bai dace da tsarin mulki ba saboda &quot;aikin addini ne na asali wanda ba ya aiki na duniya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDoP&quot;&gt;National Day of Prayer:
&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Amurka ta ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan hukunci. A watan Afrilun 2011, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Bakwai ta Amurka ta yi watsi da kalubalantar FFRF ga NDoP, tana mai cewa FFRF ba ta da tsayayye don kalubalantar dokar NDoP ko shela kuma shugaban kasa ne kawai ya ji rauni har ya kalubalanci dokar NDoP. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v Obama 7th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=April 14, 2011|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1209983.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hukumar ta FFRF, a cikin Janairun shekara ta 2013, bayan ta sami ƙara daga wurin wani mazaunin garin, ta nemi majalisar birnin Rapid City, South Dakota, ta kawar da al’adarta ta soma kowace majalisar birni da addu’ar Kirista. Bayan da FFRF ta aike da wasika ta biyu a watan Fabrairun 2013, magajin garin ya bayyana a wancan lokacin cewa za a ci gaba da addu’a. 

=== Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida ===

==== Keɓewar Ikklesiya. ====
FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS game da keɓantawa na Ikklesiya wanda ke ba da damar “ma’aikatan bishara” su karɓi wani ɓangare na albashinsu a matsayin alawus ɗin gidaje mara haraji. An fara shigar da wannan ne a cikin 2009, a California, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Geithner|vol=715|reporter=F.Supp2d.|opinion=1051|court=E.D. Cal.|date=May 21, 2010|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11603417398422872068&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Geithner|vol=644|reporter=F.3d|opinion=836|court=9th Cir.|date=May 9, 2011|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14163518758100128154&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation+v.+Geithner&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2,10&amp;as_vis=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan daga baya ya faɗi kuma ya sake shigar da shi a cikin 2011, a Wisconsin,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Geithner|opinion=11-CV-626|court=W.D. Wis.|date=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda tsayawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, wani alkali na tarayya ya ce ƙarar za ta iya ci gaba. A cikin watan Agustan 2013, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta yi jayayya cewa shugabannin ƙungiyar da ba su yarda da Allah ba na iya cancanci samun keɓewar Ikklesiya. Gaylor ya ce &quot;ba haka muke ba&quot;,  ya ci gaba da cewa bai kamata gwamnati ta baiwa kungiyoyin addini wani kulawa ta musamman ba. 

A ranar 21, ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 2013, wani alkalin tarayya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=FFRF, Inc., Annie Laurie Gaylor and Dan Barker, v. Jacob Lew and Daniel Werfel|court=W.D. Wis.|date=23 November 2013|url=https://ffrf.org/images/FFRF%20v%20Geithner%20-%20Parsonage%20Exemption.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta shigar da kara a kotun tarayya.  A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2014, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka na Zartarwa ta Bakwai ta ba da shawararta, inda ta kammala cewa tanadin kundin haraji na tarayya da ke kula da alawus-alawus na gidaje da coci-coci ke bayarwa ga ministoci a matsayin rashin harajin shiga dole ne ya tsaya. 

==== Zaɓe. ====
A cikin Nuwambar shekara ta 2012, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS saboda rashin aiwatar da nata dokokin zaben . FFRF a cikin kwat da wando ya ba da sanarwar sanya cikakken tallace-tallacen shafi na Billy Graham Evangelistic Association; Diocese da ke bukatar limaman coci su karanta wata sanarwa da ta bukaci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika su kada kuri’a; da kuma ma'aikata na &quot;Pulpit Freedom Lahadi&quot;. Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da ka’idojin haraji na tarayya da suka haramta wa kungiyoyin addinai da ba su haraji shiga zabe ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Farko.   Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa kara shigar da cibiyoyin addini a harkokin siyasa &quot;na nuni ne a fili da gangan wajen hana zaben&quot;.  IRS ta gabatar da bukatar yin watsi da shi a kotun tarayya, amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, an yanke shawarar cewa karar za ta iya ci gaba da bayyana cewa FFRF &quot;tana tsaye don neman odar da ke bukatar IRS ta kula da ƙungiyoyin addini da kyau fiye da yadda take bi da Gidauniyar. &quot;.  A cikin shekara ta 2014, alkalin kotun tarayya ya yi watsi da karar bayan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. 
[[File:FFRF's_Bill_of_Rights_Nativity.jpg|thumb| Dokar Hakki na FFRF]]

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. ==

* {{Official website}}
{{Skeptic organizations}}
[[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]]
[[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Freedom From Religion Foundation logo.svg|thumb|yancin yin addini]]
The '''Freedom From Religion Foundation''' ('''FFRF''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, wacce ke ba da shawarwari ga [[Mulhidanci|waɗanda basu yarda]] da Allah ba, wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba, da wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba. An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1976, FFRF tana haɓaka rarrabuwar coci da jiha, kuma tana ƙalubalantar halaccin shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka dogara da bangaskiya. Tana tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi irin su ɗalibai marasa addini da limaman coci waɗanda suke so su bar imaninsu.

== Tarihi. ==
An kafa FFRF tare da Anne Nicol Gaylor da 'yarta, Annie Laurie Gaylor, a cikin 1976, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙasa a ranar 15, ga Afrilu, 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;corp&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=6F09055&amp;hash=323751401&amp;searchFunctionID=89065bfa-1f2e-4fad-ae59-11a3c0d78a46&amp;type=Simple&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114015141/https://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=6F09055&amp;hash=323751401&amp;searchFunctionID=89065bfa-1f2e-4fad-ae59-11a3c0d78a46&amp;type=Simple&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation |date=2023-11-14 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  Ƙungiyar ta sami goyon bayan mambobi sama da 19,000, a cikin 2012.   kuma ta yi aiki daga wani gini na 1855, a Madison, Wisconsin, wanda ya taɓa yin hidima a matsayin rectory na coci.

A cikin Maris 2011, FFRF, tare da Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, sun fara aikin Clergy Project, al'umma mai sirri na kan layi wanda ke tallafawa malamai yayin da suke barin bangaskiyarsu.  A cikin 2012, ta ba da 'Yanci na Farko Daga Gidauniyar Addini da Aikin Limamai na &quot;Kyaucewa Kyauta&quot; ga Jerry DeWitt, tsohon Fasto wanda ya bar ma'aikatar don shiga ƙungiyar masu yarda da Allah. 

FFRF tana ba da tallafin kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, ƙungiyar da ke da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ga ɗaliban da ba su da addini a makarantun koleji. 

A cikin 2015, FFRF ta sanar da Nonbelief Relief, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa wacce ta samu kuma daga baya ta ba da matsayinta na keɓe haraji na tarayya. Taimakon rashin imani bai yi nasara ba a cikin ƙarar da aka yi wa IRS saboda ba ta da tsayin daka don ƙalubalantar keɓantawar Form 990, wanda ya shafi majami'u.  Relief Nonbelief wata hukuma ce ta jin kai ga waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, masu tunanin yanci, da magoya bayansu.  Kwamitin zartarwa na FFRF ne ya ƙirƙiri Taimakon Ƙarfafa Imani don dai-daita yanayin wahalar ɗan adam da rashin adalci a duniya, walau sakamakon bala'o'i, ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma bin ƙa'idodin addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;corp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aboutCalling&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= The atheists' calling the Madison-based Freedom From Religion Foundation is taking its latest battle to the U.S. Supreme court. It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high. |url= http://host.madison.com/news/the-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation/article_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html |date= February 25, 2010 |last= Erickson |first= Doug |newspaper= [[Wisconsin State Journal]] |location= Madison |access-date= June 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;captimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last= Elbow |first= Steven |title= Crime and Courts: Madison group ramps up national fight against religion in government |url= http://host.madison.com/news/local/crime_and_courts/blog/crime-and-courts-madison-group-ramps-up-national-fight-against/article_795c5fd8-dbec-11e1-b406-001a4bcf887a.html |newspaper= [[The Capital Times]] |location= Madison, Wisconsin |access-date= June 29, 2013 |date= August 2, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;triblive1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= Those who don't believe just as adamant as religious folk |url= http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html |last= Aubele |first= Michael |newspaper= [[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |date= April 1, 2012 |access-date= June 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Those who don't believe just as adamant as religious folk {{!}} TribLIVE|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212113626/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_789342.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-12|date=2013-12-12|access-date=2020-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-30/national/35451816_1_pastors-daniel-dennett-faith | title=For clergy, lost faith can lead to lost family, jobs | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=April 30, 2012 | access-date=August 6, 2013 | last=Winston | first=Kimberly | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216054008/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-04-30/national/35451816_1_pastors-daniel-dennett-faith | archive-date=December 16, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Jerry DeWitt receives Freedom from Religion Foundation, Clergy Project Hardship Grant |url= http://www.clergyproject.org/news/2012/10/31/jerry-dewitt-receives-freedom-from-religion-foundation-clergy-project-hardship-grant/ |work= The Clergy Project website |author= &lt;!-- no byline The Clergy Project staff --&gt; |date= October 31, 2012 |access-date= June 30, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130602235512/http://www.clergyproject.org/news/2012/10/31/jerry-dewitt-receives-freedom-from-religion-foundation-clergy-project-hardship-grant/ |archive-date= June 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Non-believers taking college campuses by storm|url=https://www.salon.com/2013/02/16/non_believers_taking_college_campuses_by_storm_partner/|date=2013-02-16|website=Salon|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest Form 990 Exemption Challenge Dismissed on Technical Grounds|url=https://www.churchlawandtax.com/web/2020/january/latest-form-990-exemption-challenge-dismissed.html|last1=Branaugh|first1=Matthew|website=Church Law &amp; Tax|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805070603/https://www.churchlawandtax.com/web/2020/january/latest-form-990-exemption-challenge-dismissed.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Church seeks to intervene in lawsuit over IRS tax exemption|url=https://baptistnews.com/article/church-seeks-to-intervene-in-lawsuit-over-irs-tax-exemption/|date=2018-11-26|website=Baptist News Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FFRF Suing IRS for Tax Exemption|url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/ffrf-suing-irs-tax-exemption|date=2018-10-12|website=World Religion News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafe. ==
FFRF tana buga jarida, ''Freethought A Yau'', sau goma a shekara.  Tun a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin Freethought Radio Network, FFRF ta samar da ''Freethought Radio'' show, na tsawon sa'a daya watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a WXXM-FM Asabar da karfe 11, na safe. CDT. Hakanan an watsa shi akan Air America kafin wannan sabis ɗin ya daina aiki a cikin Maris, 2010. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar shugabannin FFRF, Dan Barker da Annie Laurie Gaylor . Siffofin yau da kullun sun haɗa da &quot;Faɗakarwar Theocracy&quot; da &quot;Freethinkers Almanac.&quot; Ƙarshen yana haskaka masu tunani na tarihi, waɗanda yawancin su ma marubutan waƙa ne. Gabatarwar nunin da fitar da shirin suna amfani da &quot; Imagine &quot; na John Lennon .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Freethought Today|url=https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today|publisher=Freedom From Religion Foundation|access-date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130224030/https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Susan|date=August 4, 2009|title=Out, atheist and American|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/04/atheism-us-religion-hypatia?|access-date=July 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-shugaban FFRF, ita ce marubucin ''Mata Ba tare da camfi: Babu Gods - Babu Masters'' da kuma littafin da ba na fiction a kan limamai cin zarafin yara cin ''amana: Clergy Abuse of Children'' (babu buga) da kuma edita na anthology. ''Kaicon Mata'' . Ta gyara jaridar FFRF ''Freethought A Yau'' har zuwa Yuli 2008. Mijinta, Dan Barker, marubucin ''Rasa Bangaskiya ga Bangaskiya: Daga Mai Wa'azi zuwa Atheist'', ''Mara Allah: Yadda Mai Wa'azin Bishara Ya Zama Daya Daga Cikin Manyan Masu Rashin Allahntakar Allah'', ''Mai Kyawun Atheist: Rayuwa Mai Cika Manufa Ba tare da Allah ba'', &quot;Manufar Rayuwa&quot;, &quot;Allah: Mafi Mummunan Hali a cikin Duk Fiction&quot;, kuma ''kawai Pretend: Littafin Freethought ga Yara'', mawaƙa ne kuma marubucin mawaƙa, tsohon ministan Kirista na Pentikostal, kuma shugaban FFRF.

== Shari'a da batutuwa. ==

=== Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa ===

==== Ayyukan zamantakewa ====
A cikin watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, FFRF ta ƙalubalanci tsarin mulki na Ofishin Fadar White House na tushen Bangaskiya da Ƙaddamarwar Al'umma . Koken na gidauniyar ya yi zargin cewa “amfani da kuɗaɗen da Majalisa ta ware a karkashin sashe na 1, sashe na 8, don daukar nauyin tarukan da hukumomin zartarwa daban-daban ke gudanarwa don tallata shirin Shugaba Bush na ‘Faith-Based and Community Initiatives’ ya ci karo da gyara na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt; Kotun ta kara da cewa jami’an da ake tuhumar sun karya dokar kafa ta hanyar shirya tarukan kasa da na shiyya inda aka ware ƙungiyoyin masu imani da cewa sun cancanci tallafin tarayya musamman saboda tsarin addini, kuma imani da Allah yana daukaka. bambance tasirin da ake da'awar na ayyukan zamantakewa na tushen imani.&quot;  FFRF ta kuma yi zargin cewa &quot;jami'an da ake tuhuma&quot; suna yin ayyuka da yawa, kamar gabatar da jawabai a bainar jama'a, a duk faɗin Amurka, da nufin haɓakawa da bayar da shawarwari don samar da kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin bangaskiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt; FFRF ta kara da cewa, &quot;ana amfani da kuɗaɗen majalisa don tallafawa ayyukan waɗanda ake tuhuma.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pet. Cert&quot; /&gt;  A cikin 2007, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci 5-4, cewa masu biyan haraji ba su da ikon kalubalantar kundin tsarin mulki na kashe kudaden da bangaren zartarwa ya yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=June 25, 2007|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1551942482802042711}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

. 

==== Kula da lafiya ====
A cikin Afrilu 2003, FFRF, a madadin mazauna Montana, ta kai karar Ofishin Montana na Kiwon Lafiyar Karkara da babban darektan ta David M. Young tare da Jami'ar Jihar Montana-Bozeman da Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. An yi zargin cewa Young ya goyi bayan shirye-shiryen Ikklesiya na reno na tushen bangaskiya don tallafin jihohi.  A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2004, Kotun Lardi na Tarayya na Gundumar Montana ta gudanar da cewa &quot;kudin kai tsaye da fifikon tallafin shirye-shiryen jinya na Ikklesiya na zahiri da kuma mamaye addini an gudanar da shi don dalilai mara izini, kuma yana da tasirin da ba zai yuwu ba, na fifita da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa addini cikin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na duniya.&quot; A cewar kotun, tallafin da jihar ke bayarwa na kiwon lafiya na tushen imani ya saba wa kwaskwarimar farko. 

A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta kai ƙara don ƙalubalantar haɗakar da &quot;ruhaniya&quot; cikin kula da lafiya ta Sashen Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji. Musamman bayyana cewa al'adar tambayar marasa lafiya game da addininsu a cikin kima na ruhaniya, amfani da limamai don kula da marasa lafiya, da shirye-shiryen maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa waɗanda suka haɗa da addini sun keta rarrabuwar ƙasa da coci.  Daga baya an yi watsi da shari’ar bayan yanke hukuncin da Hein ya yanke saboda rashin tsayawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v Nicholson 7th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Nicholson|date=August 5, 2008|court=7th Cir.|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1209983.html|opinion=07-1292}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ilimi. ====
A cikin shekara ta 2001, FFRF, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san sunansu ba, ta kai ƙarar gundumar Rhea County School District. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa ana gudanar da azuzuwan Littafi Mai Tsarki na mako-mako ga dukkan ɗaliban da ke makarantun firamare.  A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Shida ta tabbatar da hukuncin gunduma cewa bai dace ba ga gundumar makaranta ta “koyar da Littafi Mai Tsarki a matsayin gaskiya ta zahiri” ga ɗalibai, gami da ƴan aji na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v_Doe&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=June 7, 2004|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/370/558/522158/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Minnesota saboda haɗin kai tare da Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Minnesota, haɗin gwiwa tare da Lutheran Seminary, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Lutheran Church of America, da Fairview Health Services, yana bayyana cewa mai biyan haraji na jihar. kuɗaɗe suna taimakawa don tallafawa ƙungiyar da ta dogara da bangaskiya. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, Jami'ar ta amince da kawo ƙarshen haɗin gwiwa da kuma dakatar da koyarwa &quot;darussan kan tsaka-tsakin bangaskiya da lafiya&quot;, tare da FFRF ta amince da janye ƙarar ta.  

A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan Sashen Ilimi na Amurka saboda rabon kuɗi zuwa Kwalejin Kirista ta Alaska, kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Cocin Ikklisiya na Alƙawari na Alaska ke gudanarwa. Gidauniyar ta bayyana cewa a shekarar farko da daliban suka yi a kwalejin, suna ɗaukar kwasa-kwasan da suka shafi addini ne kawai, kuma a waccan shekarar suna kammala karatunsu ne da takardar shaidar karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kwalejin, in ji gidauniyar, &quot;ba ta bayar da kwasa-kwasan kwalejoji na gargajiya, kamar lissafi ko Ingilishi&quot;.  A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2005, FFRF da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka sun daidaita karar, tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta amince ba a raba $435,000, ba.  na kuɗin tarayya zuwa Kwalejin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7igqAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3597,784968&amp;dq=rhea+county+board+of+education+ffrf&amp;hl=en | title=Federal appeals court in Tennessee affirms ban on Bible class at county's public schools |location= Bowling Green, KY | newspaper=Daily News | date= June 7, 2004 | access-date= August 1, 2013 | last=Poovey |first= Bill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v_Doe&quot;&gt;{{cite court |litigants= Doe v. Porter |vol= 370 |reporter= F.3d |opinion= 558 |court= 6th Cir. |date= June 7, 2004 |url= http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/370/558/522158/ |access-date= July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lederman|first=Doug|title=Faith and health part II|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/09/12/minn|work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date= September 12, 2005|access-date=July 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Malladi|first=Sundeep|title=Madison-based group sues University of Minnesota|url=http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/03/31/madisonbased_group_s.php|newspaper=[[The Badger Herald]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070307033401/http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/03/31/madisonbased_group_s.php |archive-date= March 7, 2007 |date= March 31, 2005|location= Madison, WI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/04/28/alaska | title=Church, state and the academic pork barrel | work=Inside Higher Ed | date= April 28, 2005 | access-date= August 1, 2013 | last=Lederman |first= Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lederman|first=Doug|title=Education Dept. suspends grant to Christian college|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/10/11/alaska|work=Inside Higher Ed|access-date= July 1, 2013 |date= October 11, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Labari na Disambar shekara ta 2020, ta Hemant Mehta ya bayyana ƙoƙarin FFRF kwanan nan. ''FFRF'' ta yi jayayya da iyakance aikin Fasto Mark Thornton a jihar Boise . Wasiƙar da Lauyan Ma'aikatan FFRF Chris Line ya aike ya haɗa da: &quot;'Yan wasan kwallon ƙafa na jihar Boise ba su da wani nauyi da gwamnati ta dora musu a kan addininsu, don haka babu bukatar - ko halastaccen dalili na shari'a - jihar Boise ta ba su limamin coci.&quot; Lauyan shari'a na Jami'ar ya amsa da haka: &quot;Mun kasance muna tattaunawa da Sashen Wasanni don ba da ilimantarwa game da wannan batu da kuma tabbatar da cewa an dauki matakai a yanzu da kuma nan gaba don warware matsalar da kuma kafa iyakokin da suka dace. Mista Thornton bai yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa wasanmu na baya-bayan nan a Wyoming ba kuma jami'ar ba za ta ƙara haɗa da limamin coci a cikin liyafar ta ba. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi wa Mista Thornton a matsayin limamin kungiyar kwallon kafa an riga an cire shi ko kuma ana kan aiwatar da cirewa kuma ba za a yi wani bayani a nan gaba a rubuce ko akasin haka ba.” Mehta ya ci gaba da cewa: Babu ɗayan wannan yana nufin ɗalibai ba za su iya neman Thornton da kansu ba. Sun kasance suna da 'yanci don yin hakan. Amma Thornton ba zai iya - kuma bai kamata ba - yana da kowane irin rawar hukuma a wurin.

==== Shirye-shiryen shari'ar laifuka. ====
A cikin Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, FFRF ta kawo ƙara, a matsayin masu biyan haraji a cikin jihar Wisconsin, a kan Ayyukan bangaskiya da ke Milwaukee. Shari'ar tasu ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da shirin maganin jaraba na bangaskiya a matsayin tsarin kulawa da kotu ta ba da umarnin yin amfani da kudaden masu biyan haraji ba.  A watan Janairun shekara 2002, an yanke hukuncin ne bisa yardar FFRF; cewa karɓar dubban daruruwan daloli a cikin kudaden jama'a ya saba wa Tsarin Kafa. Alkalin ya rubuta &quot;Saboda na gano cewa tallafin da Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ma'aikata ta bayar ga Ayyukan Imani ya ƙunshi ba tare da iyakancewa ba, tallafin kai tsaye na ƙungiyar da ke shiga cikin koyarwar addini, na kammala cewa wannan tallafin kuɗi ya saba wa ka'idar kafa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision-result/?xmldoc/20021129179FSupp2d950_11052.xml/docbase/CSLWAR2-1986-2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kan daukaka kara, a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2003, Sashe na Bakwai daga baya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF a kan kunkuntar batun ko fursunoni sun shiga takamaiman shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya bisa yancin kansu na tilastawa gwamnati amincewa da addini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/324/324.F3d.880.02-3102.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar ta FFRF ta kawo kara kan bada tallafin gwamnatin tarayya ga ƙungiyar MentorKids USA, ƙungiyar da ke bayar da shawarwari ga yaran fursunoni, inda ta yi zargin cewa malaman addinin Kirista ne kawai ake ɗaukar hayar, kuma za su rika ba da rahoton ayyukan addini na yara duk wata. . 

A cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta shigar da kara a gaban Ofishin Fursunoni na Tarayya inda ta yi zargin cewa shawarar da ta yanke na bayar da Kuɗaɗe ba wai kawai shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya ba har ma da tsarin addini ɗaya ya saba wa ƙa'idojin tsarin mulki na raba ƙasa da coci.  Daga baya bangarorin sun amince da yin watsi da waccan da'awar, amma an ci gaba da ci gaba da yin ƙarin kirga a cikin ƙarar, da ake zargi da keta haddi daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Addini a fagen jama'a ===

==== Matsalolin aiki. ====
A cikin shekara ta 1995, FFRF ta kai ƙarar jihar Wisconsin don ayyana Good Friday a matsayin hutun shari'a na jiha. A cikin shekara ta 1996, kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa hutun Jumma'a mai kyau na Wisconsin ya kasance cin zarafi na Farko saboda, dangane da dokar hutun Jumma'a mai kyau ta Wisconsin, &quot;ci gaba da Kiristanci shine ainihin dalilin doka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=February 23, 1996|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision-result/?xmldoc/19961889920FSupp969_11749.xml/docbase/CSLWAR2-1986-2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tallafin jama'a. ====
FFRF ya yi adawa da birnin Versailles, Kentucky yana taimakawa coci don samun tallafin tarayya don ƙirƙirar cibiyar agajin bala'i. 

==== Nunin addini akan kadarorin jama'a. ====
A cikin Disambar shekara ta 2007, FFRF, a madadin gungun mazauna Green Bay da suka damu da kuma kiran haƙƙin Gyaran Farko na duk mazauna birnin, sun kai ƙarar birnin saboda sanya wurin haihuwa a zauren taron Green Bay. Kafin a saurari karar, birnin ya cire wurin da aka haifi haihuwar. Daga nan ne alkalin ya yi watsi da karar saboda rashin hurumin shari’a. Tunda an riga an cire wurin haihuwar kuma an sanya dokar hana fita a nan gaba, babu wani tushe na ci gaba da jayayya. Ya ci gaba da cewa, &quot; ''masu shigar da kara sun riga sun yi nasara'' ...Masu gabatar da kara sun samu gagarumar nasara wadda ta sauya al'amura a kasa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. City of Green Bay|opinion=07-C-1151|date=2008|court=E.D. Wis.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2011, don mayar da martani ga kin birnin Warren, Michigan, don cire nuni na haihuwa a cikin cibiyar jama'a, FFRF ya nemi sanya nunin solstice na hunturu. Magajin garin ya ki amincewa da bukatar kuma FFRF ta kawo ƙarar. Alƙali Zatkoff na Kotun Lardin Amurka ya yi watsi da karar; Kotun da'a ta 6, ta Amurka ta amince da korar a cikin 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF_v_Warren6th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=February 25, 2013|url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/13a0049p-06.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2011, FFRF, tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU), sun kai ƙarar gundumar Giles, Virginia, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san su ba. An sanya nunin [[Dokokin nan goma|Dokoki Goma]] tare da kwafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a makarantun gwamnati na gundumar Giles. Kafin shigar da karar, a watan Janairu da Yuni 2011, FFRF da ACLU sun aika da wasiku ga hukumar makarantar suna neman a cire nunin. Shugaban makarantar ya ba da umarnin a cire nunin Dokoki Goma. Hukumar makarantar Giles County ta gana a watan Yunin 2011, kuma ta kada kuri'a don soke shawarar da babban jami'in ya yanke na cire nunin.  Bayan da aka shigar da karar, hukumar makarantar a shekarar 2012, ta amince da cire hoton da kuma biyan kudaden lauyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Gwamnan Wisconsin Scott Walker ya kira bishiyar Kirsimeti ta Capitol a matsayin &quot;itacen Kirsimeti&quot; maimakon &quot;itacen biki.&quot; FFRF, wa

A cikin Mayu 2012, FFRF, wanda ke aiki a kan wani ƙorafi daga mazaunin, ya tambayi birnin Woonsocket, Rhode Island, don cire giciye na Latin daga yakin duniya na II da na II a kan ƙasar jama'a.  Birnin ya ki yin haka. Hukumar ta FFRF ta bayyana cewa a halin yanzu tana neman mai shigar da kara a yankin da zai wakilci kara,  wanda har yanzu FFRF din ba ta yi ba, inda ta yi nuni da irin wahalar da aka samu da wata karar da ta faru da wata mai shigar da kara a jihar, Jessica Ahlquist, a cikin shari'ar ''Ahlquist v.'' ''Cranston'' .

A ranar 24, ga Yuli, 2012, bayan samun wasiƙa daga FFRF, Steubenville, Ohio, majalisar birni ta yanke shawarar cire hoton Kristi King Chapel a Jami'ar Franciscan na Steubenville daga tambarin garin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}

A watan Agustan 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin, ta yi barazanar ƙarar da ke kalubalantar giciye na Latin da aka nuna a saman hasumiya na ruwa na Whiteville, Tennessee . Bayan da FFRF ta rubuta wasiku na farko guda uku, amma kafin a shigar da ƙarar, garin ya cire hannu daya na giciye.  Cire garin ya ci $4,000, kuma a wani bangare na sasantawar garin ya biya $20,000, a cikin kudaden lauyoyin FFRF.  Garin ya kuma amince da cewa ba za a taba maye gurbin hannun da ya bace ba, sannan kuma kada a sanya wasu giciye a kan kadarorin jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Whiteville Settles Cross Lawsuit&quot; /&gt;

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin Montana, ta kai ƙarar Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka. An ba da izinin amfani na musamman don sanya mutum-mutumin Yesu a ƙasar tarayya a cikin 1954, bisa buƙatar Knights na Columbus .  Ma'aikatar daji ta ci gaba da ba da sabunta izinin har zuwa 2010. Lokacin da Sabis ɗin ya ƙi sabuntawa, Knights sun ƙi cire mutum-mutumin suna ambaton &quot;al'ada&quot; da ƙimar &quot;tarihi&quot; na mutum-mutumi.   Bayan zanga-zangar ta kan layi an ba wa mutum-mutumin izinin zama kuma an ba da izini. FFRF ta shigar da kara a watan Fabrairun 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. United States Forest Service|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Yunin 2013, wani alkali na tarayya ya samu goyon bayan wadanda ake kara, inda ya kyale mutum-mutumin ya ci gaba da kasancewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. United States Forest Service|date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2013, FFRF ta shigar da kara kan hukuncin.  Kotun daukaka kara ta tara ta ki amincewa da hujjojin FFRF kuma ta amince da abin tunawa. 

A cikin shekara ta 2012, FFRF ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Prudhommes, a Columbia, Pennsylvania, yana bayyana cewa bayar da rangwamen 10% ga majiɓintan Lahadi waɗanda ke gabatar da sanarwar coci ya saba wa dokar jiha da tarayya, musamman Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 . Mutumin da ya gabatar da lamarin ga FFRF ya shigar da ƙorafin nuna wariya ga Hukumar Hulda da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania. FFRF ta kasance cikin ikon ba da shawara kawai.  Hukumar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania ta shiga oda ta ƙarshe ta baiwa gidan abincin damar ci gaba da rangwamen taswirar cocin. 

Gundumar ta cire gicciye mai haske a wurin shakatawa na jama'a a Honesdale, Pennsylvania, a cikin 2018, bayan korafi daga FFRF. Ba da nisa da wurin shakatawar wani mazaunin garin ya kafa giciye mai tsawon kafa 28, mai amfani da hasken rana a kan kadarorinsa. 

==== Addu'a a cikin gwamnati/makarantu. ====
A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2008, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan gwamnatin Amurka game da dokar kafa Ranar Sallah ta Kasa (NDoP). A cikin shekara ta 2010, alkali na tarayya Barbara Brandriff Crabb ya yanke hukuncin cewa bai dace da tsarin mulki ba saboda &quot;aikin addini ne na asali wanda ba ya aiki na duniya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDoP&quot;&gt;National Day of Prayer:
&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Amurka ta ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan hukunci. A watan Afrilun 2011, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Bakwai ta Amurka ta yi watsi da kalubalantar FFRF ga NDoP, tana mai cewa FFRF ba ta da tsayayye don kalubalantar dokar NDoP ko shela kuma shugaban kasa ne kawai ya ji rauni har ya kalubalanci dokar NDoP. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFRF v Obama 7th&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|date=April 14, 2011|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1209983.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hukumar ta FFRF, a cikin Janairun shekara ta 2013, bayan ta sami ƙara daga wurin wani mazaunin garin, ta nemi majalisar birnin Rapid City, South Dakota, ta kawar da al’adarta ta soma kowace majalisar birni da addu’ar Kirista. Bayan da FFRF ta aike da wasika ta biyu a watan Fabrairun 2013, magajin garin ya bayyana a wancan lokacin cewa za a ci gaba da addu’a. 

=== Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida ===

==== Keɓewar Ikklesiya. ====
FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS game da keɓantawa na Ikklesiya wanda ke ba da damar “ma’aikatan bishara” su karɓi wani ɓangare na albashinsu a matsayin alawus ɗin gidaje mara haraji. An fara shigar da wannan ne a cikin 2009, a California, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Geithner|vol=715|reporter=F.Supp2d.|opinion=1051|court=E.D. Cal.|date=May 21, 2010|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11603417398422872068&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Geithner|vol=644|reporter=F.3d|opinion=836|court=9th Cir.|date=May 9, 2011|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14163518758100128154&amp;q=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation+v.+Geithner&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2,10&amp;as_vis=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan daga baya ya faɗi kuma ya sake shigar da shi a cikin 2011, a Wisconsin,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Geithner|opinion=11-CV-626|court=W.D. Wis.|date=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda tsayawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, wani alkali na tarayya ya ce ƙarar za ta iya ci gaba. A cikin watan Agustan 2013, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta yi jayayya cewa shugabannin ƙungiyar da ba su yarda da Allah ba na iya cancanci samun keɓewar Ikklesiya. Gaylor ya ce &quot;ba haka muke ba&quot;,  ya ci gaba da cewa bai kamata gwamnati ta baiwa kungiyoyin addini wani kulawa ta musamman ba. 

A ranar 21, ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 2013, wani alkalin tarayya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=FFRF, Inc., Annie Laurie Gaylor and Dan Barker, v. Jacob Lew and Daniel Werfel|court=W.D. Wis.|date=23 November 2013|url=https://ffrf.org/images/FFRF%20v%20Geithner%20-%20Parsonage%20Exemption.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta shigar da kara a kotun tarayya.  A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2014, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka na Zartarwa ta Bakwai ta ba da shawararta, inda ta kammala cewa tanadin kundin haraji na tarayya da ke kula da alawus-alawus na gidaje da coci-coci ke bayarwa ga ministoci a matsayin rashin harajin shiga dole ne ya tsaya. 

==== Zaɓe. ====
A cikin Nuwambar shekara ta 2012, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS saboda rashin aiwatar da nata dokokin zaben . FFRF a cikin kwat da wando ya ba da sanarwar sanya cikakken tallace-tallacen shafi na Billy Graham Evangelistic Association; Diocese da ke bukatar limaman coci su karanta wata sanarwa da ta bukaci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika su kada kuri’a; da kuma ma'aikata na &quot;Pulpit Freedom Lahadi&quot;. Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da ka’idojin haraji na tarayya da suka haramta wa kungiyoyin addinai da ba su haraji shiga zabe ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Farko.   Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa kara shigar da cibiyoyin addini a harkokin siyasa &quot;na nuni ne a fili da gangan wajen hana zaben&quot;.  IRS ta gabatar da bukatar yin watsi da shi a kotun tarayya, amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, an yanke shawarar cewa karar za ta iya ci gaba da bayyana cewa FFRF &quot;tana tsaye don neman odar da ke bukatar IRS ta kula da ƙungiyoyin addini da kyau fiye da yadda take bi da Gidauniyar. &quot;.  A cikin shekara ta 2014, alkalin kotun tarayya ya yi watsi da karar bayan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. 
[[File:FFRF's_Bill_of_Rights_Nativity.jpg|thumb| Dokar Hakki na FFRF]]

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. ==

* {{Official website}}
[[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]]
[[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]]
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    <title>Kasuwancin shara a duniya</title>
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[[Fayil:Mixed-waste-bg1.jpg  |thumb|Shara]] 
[[File:Graffiti_about_waste,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.jpg  |thumb|Graffiti about waste, Christchurch, New Zealand ]]
Kasuwancin '''shara a duniya''' shine kasuwancin [[Shara|sharar gida]] tsakanin ƙasashe dan ƙarin magani, zubarwa, ko sake amfani dasu. Ƙasashe masu tasowa ne sukan shigo da shara masu guba ko [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|masu hadari.]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;daga kasashen da suka ci gaba a harkokin [[Gyaran daji a Najeriya|gyara]] muhalli.

Rahoton [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin]] Duniya ''Menene Sharar gida: Binciken Duniya na Gudanar da Shara'' ya bayyana adadin dattin da aka samar a wata ƙasa. Musamman kasashen da ke samar da dattin datti sun fi ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban masana'antu. &lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot;&gt;&quot;What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management.&quot; World Bank: 8–13. Urban Development. Web. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/Chap3.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, &quot;gaba daya, yayin da karuwar tattalin arziki da kuma karuwar al'ummar birane, mafi yawan sharar da ake samarwa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt; Don haka, ne, ƙasashe a Arewacin Duniya, waɗanda suka fi haɓaka tattalin arziƙi da ƙauyuka, suna samar da datti fiye da ƙasashen Kudancin Duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank&quot; /&gt;

Hanyoyin kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a halin yanzu suna bin tsarin sharar da ake samarwa a Arewacin Duniya da kuma fitarwa zuwa da zubar da su a Kudancin Duniya. Dalilai da yawa sun shafi ƙasashen da suke samar da sharar gida kuma a wane girma, sannan kuma gami da wurin yanki, matakin masana'antu, da matakin haɗa kai cikin tattalin arzikin duniya.

Masana da masu bincike da dama sun danganta karuwar kasuwancin sharar gida da kuma mummunan tasirin sharar da yaduwar manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal. &lt;ref name=&quot;nixon&quot;&gt;Nixon, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2011. 1. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;ref name=&quot;blumm&quot;&gt;15 Harv. J. L. &amp; Pub. Pol'y 373 (1992)Fallacies of Free Market Environmentalism, The ; Blumm, Michael C.&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da babban sauyin tattalin arziƙin zuwa manufofin tattalin arziƙin Neoliberal a cikin shekarun 1980, sauye-sauyen manufar “kasuwa mai ‘yanci” ya sauƙaƙe haɓakar kasuwancin sharar gida a duniya. Henry Giroux, Shugaban Nazarin Al'adu a Jami'ar McMaster, sannan kuma ya ba da ma'anarsa game da manufofin tattalin arziki neoliberal:&lt;ref&gt;https://thunderbird.asu.edu/ha/lifelong-learning/100-million-learners/global-entrepreneurship&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Neoliberalism yana kawar da tattalin arziki da kasuwanni daga maganganun wajibai da tsadar zamantakewa. A matsayin tsarin siyasa da siyasa, to Amman tsarin mulkin neoliberalism yana da alaƙa da mayar da ayyukan jama'a na gwamnati, sayar da ayyukan gwamnati, soke tsarin kuɗi da aiki, kawar da jin dadin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi, sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci a cikin kayayyaki da zuba jari, da tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace inganta rayuwar al'umma.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Polychroniou, CJ. &quot;Neoliberalism and the Politics of Higher Education: An Interview With Henry A. Giroux.&quot; Truthout. N.p., 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. &lt;http://truth-out.org/news/item/15237-predatory-capitalism-and-the-attack-on-higher-education-an-interview-with-henry-a-giroux&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan dandali na tattalin arziki na mayar da ‘yan kasuwa, neoliberalism ya ta’allaka ne kan fadada yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin ‘yanci da kafa kan iyakokin kasashen duniya da kasuwannin cinikayya. Kuma 'Yancin ciniki, manufar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal wanda a cikinta ya rushe kasuwancin gaba daya, ba tare da barin haraji, ƙididdiga, ko wasu ƙuntatawa kan cinikayyar kasa da kasa ba, an tsara shi don haɓaka tattalin arzikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da kuma haɗa su cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Masu sukar lamirin sun yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da cewa an ƙirƙiri ́yancin gudanar da kasuwanci cikin 'yanci ne domin baiwa kowace ƙasa damar kaiwa ga nasara a fannin tattalin arziki, amma sakamakon waɗannan manufofin ya yi illa ga ƙasashen duniya ta Kudu, wanda a zahiri ya gurgunta tattalin arzikinsu a matsayin bautar da yankin Arewacin Duniya ke yi.  Ko da magoya bayan irin su Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, &quot;ci gaban haɗin kai ya kasance marar daidaituwa duk a cikin 'yan shekarun nan&quot; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries – An IMF Issues Brief. International Monetary Fund. Nov. 2001. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm#i&lt;/ref&gt;

Musamman kasashe masu tasowa sun yi niyya da manufofin sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci don shigo da sharar gida a matsayin hanyar fadada tattalin arziki . &lt;ref name=&quot;cato&quot;&gt;Johnson, J. “Potential Gains from Trade in Dirty Industries: Revisiting Lawrence Summers’ Memo.” 398–402. Cato Institute.&lt;/ref&gt; Manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal da ke jagorantar manufofin tattalin arziki na jayayya cewa hanyar da za a shigar da ita cikin tattalin arzikin duniya ita ce shiga cikin 'yanci da musayar kasuwanci a kasuwannin cinikayya na kasa da kasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;cato&quot; /&gt; Da'awarsu ita ce, Kuma ƙananan ƙasashe, masu ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa, ƙarancin wadata, da ƙarancin masana'antu, yakamata su ɗauki ɓarna masu haɗari a matsayin hanyar haɓaka riba da haɓaka tattalin arzikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;cato&quot; /&gt;

== Muhawarar da ake yi a halin yanzu kan cinikin sharar gida a duniya ==

=== Hujja a cikin goyon baya ===
Masu goyon bayan cinikin sharar duniya a halin yanzu suna jayayya cewa shigo da sharar wata hanya ce ta tattalin arziki wacce za ta iya amfanar da kasashen da ke da karancin baiwa tattalin arzikin duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;cato&quot;&gt;Johnson, J. “Potential Gains from Trade in Dirty Industries: Revisiting Lawrence Summers’ Memo.” 398–402. Cato Institute.&lt;/ref&gt; Kasashen da ba su da karfin samar da kayayyaki masu inganci za su iya shigo da sharar gida don bunkasa tattalin arzikinsu.

Lawrence Summers, tsohon shugaban jami'ar Harvard kuma babban masanin tattalin arziki na bankin duniya, ya fitar da wata takarda ta sirri da ke jayayya game da cinikin sharar duniya a shekarar 1991. Takardar ta ce:&lt;blockquote&gt;“Ina ganin dabarar tattalin arziki da ke tattare da zubar da kaya masu guba a cikin kasar mafi karancin albashi abu ne mara kyau kuma ya kamata mu fuskanci hakan. . . A koyaushe ina tunanin cewa ƙasashe a Afirka suna cikin ƙazantar ƙazanta; ingancin iska ɗin su tabbas yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin inganci idan aka kwatanta da Los Angeles. . . Kawai tsakanina da ku bai kamata bankin duniya ya kara karfafa kaura daga masana'antu masu datti zuwa kasashe mafi karancin ci gaba ba?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nixon&quot;&gt;Nixon, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2011. 1. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wannan matsayi, wanda ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki da kuma riba musamman na kudi, ya nuna babbar hujjar cinikin sharar gida a duniya. Cibiyar Cato ta buga labarin da ke tallafawa kasuwancin sharar gida a duniya yana mai nuni da cewa &quot;akwai kadan shaida cewa sharar gida masu hatsari, wadanda galibi cututtukan carcinogen ne, ke haifar da yawan mace-mace a kasashe masu tasowa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;cato&quot;&gt;Johnson, J. “Potential Gains from Trade in Dirty Industries: Revisiting Lawrence Summers’ Memo.” 398–402. Cato Institute.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake kuma karin haske kan wannan batu, labarin ya yi nuni da cewa &quot;mutane a kasashe masu tasowa bisa hankali za su amince da karuwar kamuwa da gurbacewar yanayi don musanya da damar da za su kara yawan to amfanin da suke samu - kuma, saboda haka, kudin shiga.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;cato&quot; /&gt;

Gabaɗaya, hujjar cinikin sharar duniya ta ta'allaka ne a kan hasashen cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa na buƙatar ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Magoya bayan sun ba da shawarar cewa, a cikin harkokin kasuwancin sharar gida, Kuma kasashe masu tasowa na Kudancin Duniya za su fadada tattalin arzikinsu tare da kara samun riba. &lt;ref name=&quot;cato&quot;&gt;Johnson, J. “Potential Gains from Trade in Dirty Industries: Revisiting Lawrence Summers’ Memo.” 398–402. Cato Institute.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sukar ===
Masu sukar cinikin sharar duniya suna jayayya cewa rashin tsari da gazawar manufofin da suka sa kasashe masu tasowa su zama matsugunin juji masu guba don sharar gida mai hatsari. To amman Adadin da ake yi na jigilar datti zuwa kasashe masu tasowa na kara yawan hadarin da mutanen wadannan kasashe ke fuskanta. Masu sukar illolin da cinikin sharar duniya ke haifarwa sun nanata yawan barnar da jama'a ke fama da su a kasashe masu fama da talauci. Sun yi nuni da cewa yawancin sharar da ake samu a duniya, kasashen yamma ne (Amurka da Turai) ne ke samar da su, amma duk da haka mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya daga wadannan sharar sun fito ne daga kasashe matalauta da ba su samar da sharar ba.

Peter Newell, Farfesa na Nazarin Ci gaba, ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;rashin daidaituwa na muhalli yana ƙarfafawa kuma, a lokaci guda kuma yana nunawa, wasu nau'o'in matsayi da amfani tare da layi, jinsi da jinsi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;newell&quot;&gt;Newell, Peter. &quot;Race, Class, and the Global Politics of Environmental Inequality.&quot; Global Environmental Politics 5.3 (2005): 70–94. MIT Press Journals. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. &lt;http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/1526380054794835&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Masu sukar sharar sharar ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa illar da ke haifar da illar da ke tattare da sharar sharar ta shafi marasa galihu fiye da sauran, masu sukar sharar sharar ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa illar zubar da shara tana da matukar tasiri sosai ga mutane masu launin fata, mata da masu karamin karfi musamman. &lt;ref name=&quot;newell&quot; /&gt;

Dangane da cinikin sharar duniya don sake haifar da rashin daidaito a duniya, yawancin masu fafutuka, masu shiryawa, da masu kare muhalli daga yankuna da abin ya shafa a Kudancin Duniya sun bayyana rashin jin dadinsu game da manufofin cinikin sharar duniya. Evo Morales, kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Bolivia, yana jayayya da tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu da ke tilasta wa kasarsa da al'ummarsa cin moriyar kasa. Yana cewa:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Idan muna son ceto duniyar duniyar, don ceton rayuka da bil'adama, muna da alhakin kawo karshen tsarin jari-hujja. Sai dai idan ba mu kawo karshen tsarin jari hujja ba, ba zai taba yiwuwa a yi tunanin za a samu daidaito da adalci a wannan duniyar tamu ba. To Don haka ne nake ganin yana da muhimmanci a kawo karshen cin zarafin bil’adama da sace-sacen albarkatun kasa, da kawo karshen yake-yake na barna a kasuwanni da albarkatun kasa, da wawashe makamashi, musamman ma burbushin halittu. ga yawan cin kaya da kuma tarin sharar gida. Tsarin jari-hujja yana ba mu damar tara sharar gida kawai.” &lt;ref&gt;Stefan. &quot;Material World: Evo Morales:A Call for Socialism?&quot; World Socialist Movement. The Socialist Party of Great Britain, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. &lt;http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/2000s/2008/no-1246-june-2008/material-world-evo-moralesa-call-socialism&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Jean Francois Kouadio, ɗan asalin Afirka da ke zaune kusa da wurin da ake zubar da guba a ƙasar Ivory Coast, ya bayyana abin da ya samu game da illar abubuwa masu guba da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin al'ummarsa. Yayin da manyan kamfanonin kasashen Yamma ke zubar da shara masu guba a Ivory Coast, Kuoadio ya rasa yara biyu sakamakon sharar guba. Ya bayyana asarar 'yarsa ta biyu Ama Grace, da kuma yadda likitocin &quot;sun ce ta yi fama da matsananciyar glycemia ta hanyar [[sharar gida mai guba]].&quot;  Baya ga masu suka daga Kudancin Duniya, masu bincike da masana a Yamma sun fara yin tsokaci game da rashin daidaituwar rarraba mummunan tasirin wadannan mummunar zubar da sharar da ke haifarwa. Dorceta Taylor, Farfesa a Jami'ar Michigan, ta yi jayayya game da yadda waɗannan manufofin ke shafar mata masu launi a ƙasar Amurka:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Mata masu launin fata sun kasance a sahun gaba wajen gwagwarmaya don jawo hankali ga al'amuran da ke lalata al'ummomin tsiraru - batutuwa irin su zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari, bayyanar da guba; . . . Al'ummomin su, wasu daga cikin mafi ƙasƙantar muhalli ... su ne ma'ajin kayan sharar gida na samar da jari-hujja da yawan amfani da su. Sakamakon haka, sun kasance cikin sahun gaba wajen fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a muhalli; su ne wadanda suka kafa kungiyoyin muhalli, masu fafutuka na asali, masu bincike, masu shirya taro, shugabannin taron bita, masu fafutuka, da masu gudanar da yakin neman zabe da al'umma.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Dorceta E. &quot;Women of Color, Environmental Justice, and Ecofeminism.&quot; In K. Warren (ed.) ''Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature''(1997), pages 58–70.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;TV Reed, Farfesa na Turanci da Nazarin Amirka a Jami'ar Jihar Washington, ya ba da hujjar cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin mulkin mallaka na tarihi da mulkin mallaka mai guba ya ta'allaka ne akan hasashe na ƙasa na asali a matsayin 'sharar gida'. &lt;ref name=&quot;reed&quot;&gt;Toxic Colonialism, Environmental Justice, and Native Resistance in Silko's &quot;Almanac of the Dead&quot; T. V. Reed MELUS, Vol. 34, No. 2, Ethnicity and Ecocriticism (Summer, 2009), pp. 25–42. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20532677.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi nuni da cewa al'adun yammacin duniya sun dauki kasar 'yan asali a matsayin &quot;marasa cigaba&quot; da &quot;marasa amfani&quot;, don haka mutanen da ke cikinta ba su da &quot;wayewa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;reed&quot; /&gt; Yin amfani da wuraren tarihi na mulkin mallaka, mai guba ya sake haifar da waɗannan gardama guda ɗaya ta hanyar ayyana ƙasa ta Kudu ta Kudu a matsayin wacce za a iya kashewa ga sharar ƙasashen yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;reed&quot; /&gt;

==== Mulkin mallaka mai guba ====
Mulkin mallaka mai guba, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin tsarin da &quot;kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin da ba su da tsada don fitarwa ko zubar da gurbataccen sharar da kasashe masu ci gaba ke yi,&quot; shi ne babban abin zargi a kan cinikin sharar duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pratt&quot;&gt;Laura A. Pratt, Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste, 35 Wm. &amp; Mary Envtl. L. &amp; Pol'y Rev. (2011), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol35/iss2/5&lt;/ref&gt; Mulkin mallaka mai guba yana wakiltar manufofin neocolonial wanda ke ci gaba da kiyaye rashin daidaito a duniya a yau ta hanyar tsarin cinikayya mara kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;pratt&quot; /&gt; Turawan mulkin mallaka mai guba yana amfani da kalmar mulkin mallaka saboda &quot;halayen mulkin mallaka, da suka shafi dogaro da tattalin arziki, cin gajiyar aiki, da rashin daidaiton al'adu suna da alaƙa sosai a cikin sabon yanayin mulkin mallaka na sharar guba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;pratt&quot; /&gt;

== Sharar gida ==
Sharar lantarki, wanda kuma aka sani da e-sharar gida, tana nufin na'urorin lantarki da aka zubar. Ragi mai saurin girma na sharar lantarki a duniya ya haifar da saurin bunƙasa ci gaban fasaha, canje-canje a kafofin watsa labarai (kaset, software, MP3), faɗuwar farashin, da kuma tsarin tsufa . An kiyasta kimanin tan miliyan 50 na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Amurka da Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;developing&quot;&gt;Sthiannopkao S, Wong MH. (2012) Handling e-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences. Sci Total Environ.&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin wannan sharar lantarki ana jigilar su zuwa kasashe masu tasowa na [[Asiya]] da Afirka don sarrafa su da sake sarrafa su. &lt;ref name=&quot;developing&quot; /&gt;

Nazari daban-daban sun yi bincike kan illar muhalli da lafiya da wannan sharar ta e-sharar ta haifar ga mutanen da ke rayuwa da aiki a kusa da juji na lantarki. Karafa masu nauyi, gubobi, da sinadarai suna zubowa daga wadannan kayayyakin da aka jefar zuwa cikin magudanan ruwa da ruwan karkashin kasa, suna jefa mutanen yankin guba . &lt;ref name=&quot;E-Waste&quot;&gt;Wong, M.h., S.c. Wu, W.j. Deng, X.z. Yu, Q. Luo, A.o.w. Leung, C.s.c. Wong, W.j. Luksemburg, and A.s. Wong. &quot;Export of Toxic Chemicals – A Review of the Case of Uncontrolled Electronic-Waste Recycling.&quot; Environmental Pollution 149.2 (2007): 131–40. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke aiki a cikin wannan juji, yaran gida da ke neman kayan da za su sayar, da Kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin al’ummomin da ke kewaye duk suna fuskantar wannan gubar mai kisa.

Wani birni da ke fama da mummunan sakamakon cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari shine Guiyu, China, wanda ake kira da juji na lantarki na duniya. Yana iya zama juji na e-sharar gida mafi girma a duniya, tare da ma'aikata suna tarwatsa sama da fam guda miliyan 1.5 na kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu da sauran na'urorin lantarki a kowace shekara. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;China's Electronic Waste Village – Photo Essays.&quot; Time. Time Inc., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. &lt;http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0%2C29307%2C1870162_1822153%2C00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513033552/http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0%2C29307%2C1870162_1822153%2C00.html |date=2021-05-13 }}&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toka mai ƙonewa ==
Tokar innarator ita ce tokar da ake samarwa a lokacin da masu ƙonewa suka ƙone datti don zubar da shi. Konewa yana da tasirin gurɓatawa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sakin iskar gas iri-iri, ƙarfe mai nauyi, da sulfur dioxide .

=== Lamarin da ya faru a ''Tekun Khian'' ===
Misalin tokar wutar lantarki da ake zubarwa a Kudancin Duniya daga Arewacin Duniya a cikin musayar cinikayya ta rashin adalci shine lamarin zubar da sharar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwmg&quot;&gt;Tekun Khian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . Dauke da  kimanin ton 14,000 na toka daga wani incinerator a [[Philadelphia]], jirgin dakon kaya, ''Tekun Khian'', zai zubar da sharar sa. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ash From Khian Sea Is On The Move Again The 14-year-old Philadelphia Waste, Dumped In Haiti 12 Years Ago, Is On Its Way To Be Disposed Of In Louisiana&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bayan da Jamhuriyar Dominican, Panama, Honduras, Bermuda, Guinea Bissau, da kuma tsibirin Antilles na Holland suka ki amincewa da su, a ƙarshe ma'aikatan jirgin sun zubar da wani yanki na toka a kusa da Haiti.  Bayan canza sunan jirgin sau biyu don gwadawa da ɓoye ainihin asalin, ƙasashen, [[Senegal]], Morocco, Yemen, Sri Lanka, da Singapore sun hana shigar da jirgin. &lt;ref name=&quot;mcgraw&quot; /&gt; Bayan kin amincewa da akai-akai, an yi imanin an zubar da tokar a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;Reeves, Hope (2001-02-18). &quot;A Trail of Refuse&quot;. New York Times – Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan bala'i na kula da sharar gida, gwamnatin Haiti ta hana duk wani sharar da aka shigo da shi, wanda ke jagorantar wani yunkuri na gane duk munanan sakamakon da wannan sharar ta haifar a duniya. Dangane da lamarin zubar da sharar ''tekun Khian'' da makamantansu, an rubuta yarjejeniyar Basel don tsayayya da abin da kasashe masu tasowa suka sani da 'yan mulkin mallaka mai guba.' &lt;ref&gt;Dalyell, Tam (July 2, 1992). &quot;Thistle Diary: Toxic Wastes and Other Ethical Issues&quot;. New Scientist: 50.&lt;/ref&gt; An buɗe don sanya hannu a cikin Maris shekarata 1989 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Mayu shekarar 1992.  Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da ita ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;basel&quot; /&gt;

== Sharar sinadarai ==
[[Sinadarin shara|Sharar sinadarai ita ce sharar]] da ba za a iya amfani da ita ba daga sinadarai masu haɗari, galibi waɗanda manyan masana'antu ke samarwa. Yana da matukar wahala da tsada a zubar dashi. Yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa da haɗarin lafiya yayin fallasa, sannan kuma dole ne a kula da shi a hankali a wuraren sarrafa shara mai guba.

=== Italiya na zubar da sinadarai masu hadari a Najeriya ===
Misali daya na sharar sinadarai da ake fitarwa daga Arewacin Duniya zuwa Kudancin Duniya shine taron wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Italiya da ke neman gujewa ka'idojin tattalin arzikin Turai. &lt;ref&gt;Clapp, J. &quot;Africa, NGOs, and the International Toxic Waste Trade.&quot; The Journal of Environment &amp; Development 3.2 (1994): 17–46. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana zargin cewa yana fitar da ton 4,000 na datti mai guba, dauke da tan 150 na polychlorinated biphenyls, ko PCBs, dan kasuwar dan kasar Italiya ya yi jigilar dala miliyan 4.3 a cikin jigilar datti zuwa Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;okaru&quot;&gt;Okaru, Valentina O. &quot;The Basil Convention: Controlling the Movement of Hazardous Wastes to Developing Countries.&quot; Fordham Environmental Law Review 6th ser. 4.2 (2011): 138. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Jaridar Fordham Environmental Law Review ta buga labarin da ke yin bayani dalla-dalla kan illar dattin da aka yi wa Najeriya:&lt;blockquote&gt;“Sakamakon batan shara a matsayin taki, kamfanin na kasar Italiya ya yaudari wani ma’aikacin katako mai ritaya/ jahiliya ya amince ya ajiye gubar a bayan gidansa dake tashar ruwan Koko ta Najeriya akan kudi kadan da dala har 100 duk wata. Wadannan sinadarai masu guba an fallasa su ga rana mai zafi da kuma yara masu wasa a kusa. Sun kutsa cikin ruwan Koko wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutanen kauye goma sha tara da suka ci gurbatacciyar shinkafa daga wata gona da ke kusa.” &lt;ref name=&quot;okaru&quot;&gt;Okaru, Valentina O. &quot;The Basil Convention: Controlling the Movement of Hazardous Wastes to Developing Countries.&quot; Fordham Environmental Law Review 6th ser. 4.2 (2011): 138. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wannan misali ɗaya ne na yadda ɗimbin ciniki na gargajiya, daga ƙasashen Yammacin Turai da suka ci gaba ya yi mugun tasiri, rashin adalci, da rashin daidaituwar tasiri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa a Kudancin Duniya.

=== Tashin hankali a Asiya ===
[[File:Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_(8).JPG|thumb| Tashin hankali a [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh]]
Wani hatsari ga kasashe masu tasowa shi ne batun fasa- kwaurin jiragen ruwa, wanda ke faruwa musamman a Asiya. Kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu da ke neman yin ritaya jiragen ruwa da aka yi amfani da su suna samun saukin aika wadannan jiragen zuwa Asiya don wargajewa. Ana kallon [[Sin|ƙasashen China]] da [[Bangladesh]] a matsayin cibiyoyi biyu na fasa kwaurin jiragen ruwa a Asiya. Daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan dai shi ne yadda wadannan jiragen ruwa da a yanzu suka tsufa ba za su iya ci gaba ba, an yi su ne a daidai lokacin da karancin ka'idojin muhalli. A cikin takardar gaskiyar muhalli, masu bincike sun nuna gagarumin tasirin wannan sabon sashin ciniki mai guba kan ma'aikata da muhalli. Na ɗaya, tsofaffin jiragen ruwa sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu lahani lafiya kamar asbestos, gubar oxide, zinc chromates, mercury, arsenic, da tributyltin .  Bugu da kari, ma'aikatan da ke fasa ruwa a kasar Sin da sauran kasashe masu tasowa bisa ga al'ada ba su da ingantattun kayan aiki ko na'urorin kariya yayin da ake sarrafa wadannan abubuwa masu guba. &lt;ref name=&quot;jones&quot; /&gt;

== Sharar gida ==
An bayyana cinikin dattin robobi a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da sharar ruwa. {{Efn|&quot;Campaigners have identified the global trade in plastic waste as a main culprit in marine litter, because the industrialised world has for years been shipping much of its plastic “recyclables” to developing countries, which often lack the capacity to process all the material.&quot;{{sfn|Clive Cookson|2019}}}} Ƙasashen da ke shigo da robobin sharar gida galibin su ba su da ikon sarrafa duk kayan. Sakamakon haka, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta sanya dokar hana cinikin robobi sai dai idan ta cika wasu sharudda. {{Efn|&quot;The new UN rules will effectively prevent the US and EU from exporting any mixed plastic waste, as well plastics that are contaminated or unrecyclable — a move that will slash the global plastic waste trade when it comes into effect in January 2021.&quot;{{sfn|Clive Cookson|2019}}}}

== Tasiri ==
Kasuwancin sharar gida na duniya ya yi mummunan tasiri ga mutane da yawa, musamman a kasashe matalauta, masu tasowa. Wadannan kasashe sau da yawa ba su da amintattun hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su ko wuraren aiki, kuma mutane suna sarrafa sharar guba da hannayensu. &lt;ref&gt;Grossman, Elizabeth. &quot;Where Computers Go to Die — and Kill.&quot; Salon. N.p., 10 Apr. 2006. Web. &lt;http://www.salon.com/2006/04/10/ewaste&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin sharar da ba a zubar da su ko kuma a kula da su yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da guba ga muhallin da ke kewaye da kuma haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa a cikin mutane da dabbobi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frazzoli&quot;&gt;Frazzoli, Chiara, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Roberto Dragone, and Alberto Mantovani. &quot;Diagnostic Health Risk Assessment of Electronic Waste on the General Population in Developing Countries' Scenarios.&quot; Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30 (2010): 388–99. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da yawa sosai sun fuskanci cututtuka ko mutuwa saboda rashin tsaro yadda ake sarrafa waɗannan sharar gida masu haɗari.

=== Tasiri kan muhalli ===
Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari yana da mummunan tasiri a kan yanayi da yanayin halittu. Nazari daban-daban sun yi la'akari da yadda yawan gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta ya haifar da guba a yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren zubar da ruwa, inda suka kashe tsuntsaye da yawa, kifi, da sauran namun daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frazzoli&quot;&gt;Frazzoli, Chiara, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Roberto Dragone, and Alberto Mantovani. &quot;Diagnostic Health Risk Assessment of Electronic Waste on the General Population in Developing Countries' Scenarios.&quot; Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30 (2010): 388–99. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai Kuma nau'ikan sinadarai masu nauyi a cikin iska, ruwa, ƙasa, da laka a cikin da kewayen waɗannan wuraren juji masu guba, kuma matakan tattara ƙarfe masu nauyi a waɗannan wuraren suna da yawa kuma suna da guba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frazzoli&quot; /&gt;

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiyar ɗan adam ===
Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari yana da mummunar illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasashe masu tasowa na iya zama mafi haɗari ga haɗari mai haɗari na cinikin sharar gida, kuma suna cikin haɗari musamman daga tasowa matsalolin lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frazzoli&quot;&gt;Frazzoli, Chiara, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Roberto Dragone, and Alberto Mantovani. &quot;Diagnostic Health Risk Assessment of Electronic Waste on the General Population in Developing Countries' Scenarios.&quot; Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30 (2010): 388–99. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin zubar da wadannan sharar gida masu guba a kasashe masu tasowa suna fallasa yawan jama'a (ciki har da al'ummomi masu zuwa) ga sinadarai masu guba. To Ana zubar da waɗannan sharar gida mai guba a buɗaɗɗen wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, ana ƙone su a cikin injina, ko kuma a wasu matakai masu haɗari. Ma’aikata suna sanye da kayan kariya kaɗan kaɗan lokacin sarrafa waɗannan sinadarai masu guba, kuma suna fuskantar waɗannan gubar ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye, shakar numfashi, hulɗa da ƙasa da ƙura, da kuma shan gurɓataccen abinci da ruwan sha a cikin gida. &lt;ref&gt;Grossman, Elizabeth. &quot;Where Computers Go to Die — and Kill.&quot; Salon. N.p., 10 Apr. 2006. Web. &lt;http://www.salon.com/2006/04/10/ewaste/&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke haifar da waɗannan sharar gida masu haɗari suna shafar mutane ta hanyar haifar da ciwon daji, ciwon sukari, sauye-sauye a cikin ma'auni na neurochemical, rushewar hormone daga masu rushewar endocrin, Kuma sauye-sauyen fata, neurotoxicity, lalacewar koda, lalacewar hanta, cutar kashi, emphysema, ovotoxicity, lalacewar haihuwa, da dai sauransu. cututtuka masu mutuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frazzoli&quot; /&gt; Yin zubar da waɗannan sharar gida da ba daidai ba yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya masu mutuwa, kuma yana da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a.

=== A siyasa ===
A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2018, Shugaba Rodrigo Duterte na Philippines, ya yi barazanar shelanta yaki idan Kanada ta kasa sake kwato dattin tan 64 na datti da suka yi kuskuren lakabi a matsayin mai sake yin amfani da su. An ce kayan dattin daga Kanada wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya sake sarrafa kayan filastik a cikin shekarar 2016 da ya gabata. An riga an san Duterte game da kalamai masu tsauri da muguwar ɗabi'a. A yayin taron ASEAN da aka shirya a Manila na kasar Philippines, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya halarci inda aka tambaye shi ko wane mataki za su iya yi don magance wannan batu. Trudeau ya yi alƙawarin cewa za su dawo da dattin Kanada daga Philippines amma bayan shekaru biyu an daidaita shi. Duterte ya bai wa gwamnatin Canada har zuwa ranar 30 ga Mayu ko kuma kotun kolin ta Philippine za ta kara dagula lamarin a kotun kasa da kasa. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da yaƙin sharar gida na Philippine-Canada .

Bayan wata guda, Malaysia ita ce kasa ta biyu a Asiya da ta ta'azzara cinikin sharar ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Canada, UK, [[Japan]] da Amurka. A cewar ministan muhalli na Malaysia; Yeo Bee Yin ya yi kakkausar murya cewa 'yan Malaysia ba za su karbi shara daga kasashen da suka ci gaba ba saboda hakan ya saba wa hakkin dan Adam.

Kasar Sin ta kuma takaita shigo da datti daga kasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma a halin yanzu kasashen Asiya irinsu Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam da Myanmar sun zama jaji na gaba na kasashen da suka ci gaba wanda hakan bai dace ba.

== martani na kasa da kasa game da batutuwan cinikin sharar gida ==
An sami martani daban-daban na kasa da kasa game da matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da cinikin sharar gida na duniya da kuma ƙoƙarin daidaita shi sama da shekaru talatin. Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari ya tabbatar da cewa yana da wuyar daidaitawa saboda akwai sharar da ake sayar da ita, kuma sau da yawa dokoki suna da wuyar aiwatar da su. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ana samun manyan lalurori a cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke ba ƙasashe da kamfanoni damar zubar da shara masu haɗari ta hanyoyi masu haɗari. To amman Babban yunƙurin da ya fi fice don daidaita kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari shine Yarjejeniyar Basel . &lt;ref name=&quot;Basel&quot;&gt;Abrams, David J. &quot;Regulating the International Hazardous Waste Trade: A Proposed Global Solution.&quot; Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 28 (1990): 801–46. Hein Online. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da dokar kasuwanci masu dacewa ===

==== Taron Basel ====
Yarjejeniyar Basel akan Sarrafa Matsalolin Matsala na Tsararru masu haɗari da zubar da su, wanda akafi sani da '''Yarjejeniyar Basel''', yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita ƙauran ƙaura na ɓarna mai haɗari. An kafa yarjejeniyar Basel ne a shekara ta 1989 da kuma ƙoƙarin daidaita ma'amalar sharar gida mai haɗari, musamman don hana zubar da datti daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Basel&quot;&gt;Abrams, David J. &quot;Regulating the International Hazardous Waste Trade: A Proposed Global Solution.&quot; Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 28 (1990): 801–46. Hein Online. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; An samar da yarjejeniyar ta Basel ne biyo bayan wasu manyan batutuwan da aka yi ta fama da su inda aka rika jibge sharar guba masu yawa a cikin kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba, lamarin da ke jefa mutane da muhalli guba. &lt;ref&gt;Krueger, Jonathan. &quot;The Basel Convention and the International Trade in Hazardous Wastes.&quot; YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (2001/2002): 43–51. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar dai na neman rage samar da barna masu hadari, da sarrafa tare da rage cinikinta a kan iyakokin kasar.

An buɗe Yarjejeniyar don sanya hannu a ranar 22 ga Maris Na shekarar 1989, kuma ta fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 5 ga Mayu shekarata 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;Basel&quot;&gt;Abrams, David J. &quot;Regulating the International Hazardous Waste Trade: A Proposed Global Solution.&quot; Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 28 (1990): 801–46. Hein Online. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga watan Mayun  shekarata 2014, jihohi 180 da Tarayyar Turai ne ke cikin yarjejeniyar.  Haiti da Amurka sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amma ba su amince da shi ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Basel2&quot; /&gt;

==== SHARRI ====
Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli don Haɓaka Ƙa'ida ta Ƙa'ida akan Haramtacciyar hanya (ENFORCE) wata hukuma ce da ƙwararrun masana masu dacewa ke aiki don inganta yarda da Yarjejeniyar Basel. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENFORCE&quot;&gt;ENFORCE. Terms of Reference for Cooperative Arrangements on Preventing and Combating Illegal Traffic: The Environmental Network for Optimizing Regulatory Compliance on Illegal Traffic (ENFORCE). By UNEP. Bangkok, 2013. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka ƙirƙira don magance batutuwan da ke kan iyaka na cinikin sharar ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda batun cinikin sharar da ke tsakanin kasa da kasa ya ratsa kan iyakoki da dama kuma ya shafi kasashe da dama, kuma yana da muhimmanci sosai a samu wata kungiya ta kasa-da-kasa, wadda ke jagorantar wadannan al'amura. Mambobin ENFORCE sun haɗa da wakilai ɗaya daga kowane yanki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda biyar waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar da kuma wakilai biyar daga cibiyoyin Basel Convention na yanki da masu daidaitawa, bisa ga daidaiton wakilcin yanki. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENFORCE&quot; /&gt; Membobin kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), Hukumar ‘Yan Sanda ta Kasa da Kasa (INTERPOL), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don hanawa da dakatar da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa irin su Basel Action Network (BAN), da sauran kungiyoyi da dama su ma sun cancanci zama mambobi. na ENFORCE. &lt;ref&gt;ENFORCE. Report of the First Meeting of the Environmental Network for Optimizing Regulatory Compliance on Illegal Traffic (ENFORCE). Bangkok, 2013. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yarjejeniya kan Alhaki da Ramuwa ====
A cikin shekarar 1999 Yarjejeniyar Basel ta zartar da Yarjejeniya kan Alhaki da Ramuwa wanda ke neman inganta matakan tsari da mafi kyawun kare mutane daga sharar gida mai haɗari. Yarjejeniyar kan Alhaki da ramuwa tana ƙoƙarin &quot;ƙaddamar da hanyoyin da suka dace lokacin da ƙetare iyakokin sharar gida ke haifar da lahani ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot;&gt;Pratt, Laura A. &quot;Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste.&quot; William &amp; Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 35.2 (2011): n. pag. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar &quot;tana sanya tsauraran alhaki ga diyya a cikin yanayin da ya shafi ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Basel, amma sai dai yayin da suke kula da sharar fage ta hanyar sanar da su, jigilar su, ko zubar da su.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot; /&gt; Yana neman daidaitawa da tabbatar da bin ka'idodin ƙasashe da na kamfanoni da dokokin Basel. Koyaya, kuma yawancin ƙasashe ba su sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya ba, don haka amfanin sa yana da iyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot; /&gt;

==== Yarjejeniyar Lomé IV da Yarjejeniyar Cotonou ====
A kokarin kare kansu daga zubar da sharar da ba ta dace ba, kasashen Afirka, Caribbean, da Pasifik (ACP) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lome IV, wacce ke zama kari ga Yarjejeniyar Basel kuma ta haramta “fitar da datti mai hadari daga Tarayyar Turai zuwa kasashen Turai. Jihohin ACP.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot;&gt;Pratt, Laura A. &quot;Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste.&quot; William &amp; Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 35.2 (2011): n. pag. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan Yarjejeniya dai wani yunkuri ne na kasashe masu tasowa na kare kansu daga kasashen yammacin duniya da ke fitar da shararsu zuwa kasashe matalauta ta hanyar safarar sharar da ke da hadari. Lokacin da yarjejeniyar Lomé IV ya kare a shekara ta 2000, kasashen ACP da kasashen Turai sun kulla sabuwar yarjejeniya da aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Cotonou, wadda ta amince da wanzuwar kasadar da ba ta dace ba a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma sha'awar kare kariya daga jigilar kaya masu haɗari masu haɗari zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe. .” &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot; /&gt;

==== Taron Bamako ====
A shekara ta 1991 kasashe masu tasowa da yawa a Afirka sun yi taro don tattauna rashin gamsuwarsu da yarjejeniyar Basel wajen tsara yadda ake zubar da datti a cikin kasashensu, tare da tsara dokar hana shigo da datti zuwa kasashensu mai suna Yarjejeniyar Bamako . Yarjejeniyar Bamako ta sha bamban da na Basel a cewar Bamako “ainihin ta haramta shigo da duk wata sharar da ake samarwa a wajen OAU (Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka) don zubarwa ko sake amfani da ita kuma tana ɗaukar duk wani shigo da shi daga wata Jam’iyya ba bisa ka’ida ba. aiki.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot;&gt;Pratt, Laura A. &quot;Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste.&quot; William &amp; Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 35.2 (2011): n. pag. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Kuma waɗannan ƙasashe ba za su iya aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba za su iya hana zubar da shara masu guba ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da kuma rashin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Don haka, aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Bamako yana da iyaka.

=== Sukar wadannan martani ===
Laura Pratt, kwararre kan cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari, ta yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da ƙoƙarin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa na daidaita kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari,  Kuma &quot;yarjejeniyoyi na duniya na yanzu, duka da tartsatsi, yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace da doka da kuma ajandar ad hoc tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe, ba su samu ba. ya kasance mai nasara wajen kawar da mulkin mallaka mai guba kamar yadda masu goyon bayan za su yi fata.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot;&gt;Pratt, Laura A. &quot;Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste.&quot; William &amp; Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 35.2 (2011): n. pag. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana cewa akwai madogara daban-daban a tsarin da ake da shi a halin yanzu da ke ba da damar ci gaba da zubar da barasa, da kuma rashin kula da mulkin mallaka mai guba. Wasu daga cikin matsalolin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun haɗa da cigaba da jigilar kayayyaki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da rashin ma'anar sharuddan.

==== Kayan jigilar kayayyaki na yaudara da ɓoyewa ====
Pratt ya bayyana cewa duk da yunƙurin daidaita zubar da shara ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, “[o] sau da yawa ana yin ɓarna mai haɗari ne kawai a ƙarƙashin izinin ƙarya, cin hanci, lakabin da bai dace ba, ko ma da hujjar ‘sake yin amfani da su,’ wanda ke daɗa girma.” &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot;&gt;Pratt, Laura A. &quot;Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste.&quot; William &amp; Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 35.2 (2011): n. pag. Web.&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanoni sukan fitar da barnar da suke da ita zuwa kasashe matalauta ta hanyar fasa-kwauri ba bisa ga ka'ida ba. &lt;ref&gt;Rosenthal, Elisabeth. &quot;Smuggling Europe’s Waste to Poorer Countries.&quot; The New York Times. N.p., 26 Sept. 2009. Web. &lt;http://www.mrwmd.org/archives/2009%20Board%20Meeting/October/MRWMDSep09_6a_Smuggling_Europe.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305195730/http://www.mrwmd.org/archives/2009%20Board%20Meeting/October/MRWMDSep09_6a_Smuggling_Europe.pdf |date=2016-03-05 }}&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙoƙarin daidaita wannan kasuwa ya fuskanci cikas sakamakon rashin iya sa ido a harkar kasuwancin, saboda yawancin ƙasashe ba su da wata hukuma ta doka da za ta hana ko ladabtar da fataucin barasa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, Pratt ya yi bayanin cewa ba tare da haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin kasa da kasa don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin ba, sannan  Kuma yana da matukar wahala ga ƙasashe su &quot;mallakar da cinikin haramtacciyar sharar gida, saboda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin albarkatun tilastawa da daidaiton tsari.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot; /&gt; Kasashe masu tasowa har yanzu sun fi daukar nauyin wannan haramtaccen aiki, kuma galibi ba su da wadata ko karfin kare kansu.

==== Matsaloli tare da ma'anar doka ====
Wani batu tare da yarjejeniyar Basel da sauran yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa don daidaita cinikin sharar shine wahalar samar da fayyace ma'anoni iri ɗaya game da sharar gida. Kuma Wadannan ma'anoni masu fadi da ma'ana suna haifar da matsala tare da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, yayin da bangarori daban-daban ke fassara harshen yarjejeniyoyin daban don haka suna aiki daidai da haka. Misali, “rashin bambamta tsakanin ‘sharar gida’ da ‘kayayyaki’ a cikin yarjejeniyar da ma’auni na ‘masu haɗari’ sun ba da damar ci gaba da fitar da ‘sharar lafiya’ a ƙarƙashin lakabin kayayyaki ko albarkatun ƙasa, duk da ana cewa waɗannan sharar gida har yanzu suna haifar da haɗarin muhalli da lafiya ga ƙasashe masu tasowa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pratt&quot;&gt;Pratt, Laura A. &quot;Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste.&quot; William &amp; Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 35.2 (2011): n. pag. Web.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba wasu abubuwan ==

* Electronic waste § Batutuwan kasuwancin duniya
* zubar da muhalli
* Adalci na muhalli
* Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli
* Rashin daidaiton muhalli na duniya
* Rashin gurɓatawa sun sami hasashe
* ''Gurbacewa mulkin mallaka ne''
* Yanki hadaya
* Mulkin mallaka mai guba

== Bayanan kula ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Sources ==

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    <title>Makarantun yanci</title>
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[[Fayil:Soldiers pay a special visit to about 300 children at Baghdad Airport Prima DVIDS10081.jpg|thumb|Makarantu masu yanci]]
'''Makarantun Ƴanci''' sun kasance na wucin gadi, a madadi na makarantun kyauta ga [[Afirkawan Amurka|Amurkawa]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cd14d4z14rko.amp&amp;ved=2ahUKEwimo6-D8PuGAxW2WUEAHbh3DvcQyM8BKAB6BAgMEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1QAeK_7xQYPB0tC6Nq_6zr&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[[Afirkawan Amurka|, Afirka]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/babban-jamiin-jks-ya-gana-da-tawagar-alkalai-daga-afrika/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjjvbGn8PuGAxXCaEEAHcs0AfcQxfQBKAB6BAgLEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw349FxgdP9OCoBKS7yHKXjM&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; galibi a [[Kudu]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://aminiya.ng/abin-da-ke-hana-yan-arewa-cin-gajiyar-siyasa-a-kudu/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjs6p3J8PuGAxWaU0EAHQK7DUcQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1On7_irExTQtO79H5gWzlx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Asalinsu wani bangare ne na wani yunƙuri na ƙasa baki daya a lokacin Kungiyoyin Hakkin Bil'adama don tsara [[Amurkawa]] na [[Afirka]] don cimma daidaiton zamantakewa, [[siyasa]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://hausa.legit.ng/siyasa/1599283-ba-ku-tsoron-allah-malamin-musulunci-ya-kunyata-yan-siyasa-a-zaman-makokin-tsohon-gwamna/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi91-jk8PuGAxWyQ0EAHTUEAkYQxfQBKAB6BAgHEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1jK4heoBF9wUxoWu5qqZ36&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da [[tattalin arziki]] a cikin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Babban misali na Makarantun Ƴanci shine a [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]] a lokacin bazara na alif ɗari tara da sittin da huɗu (1964).

== Asalin ==
Duk da hukuncin Kotun Koli na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da huɗu (1954) a cikin ''Brown v.'' Shari'ar ''Hukumar Ilimi'' ta lalata tsarin makarantun kebe, a tsakiyar shekarar 1960s Mississippi har yanzu tana kiyaye tsarin makarantar farare da &quot;launi mara daidaituwa. A matsakaita, jihar ta kashe $81.66 don ilimantar da dalibi farar fata idan aka kwatanta da $21.77 kawai ga dalibi bakar fata.  Mississippi ta kasance daya daga cikin jihohi biyu kacal a cikin kungiyar da ba su da dokar ilimi ta tilas kuma yara da yawa a yankunan karkara an tura su aiki a fagen kuma basu sami karancin ilimi kwata-kwata. Hatta manhajar karatu ta banbanta na fari da baki. A matsayin misali na yau da kullun, hukumar makarantar farar fata ta Bolivar County ta ba da umarnin cewa &quot;Ba za a koyar da harsunan waje ko al'ada a makarantun Negro ba. Kuma ba za a koyar da tarihin Amurka daga shekarata 1860 zuwa 1875 ba.&quot; 

A karshen shekarata 1963, Charles Cobb,  mai fafutuka na Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), ya ba da shawarar kungiyar ta dauki nauyin hanyar sadarwa na Makarantun 'Yanci, wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar misalan ra'ayi da aka yi amfani da su a baya a wasu garuruwa. A lokacin bazara na shekarata 1963, hukumar ilimi ta gundumar Prince Edward County, Virginia ta rufe makarantun jama'a maimakon hada su bayan an gurfanar da su a shari'ar da ta biyo bayan ''Brown vs.'' ''Hukumar Ilimi'', don haka Makarantun 'Yanci suka bullo a madadinsu. A cikin Satumba, shekarar 1963, kimanin dalibai 3,000 ne suka halarci zanga-zangar Stay Out for [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|Freedom]] a [[Boston]], maimakon su halarci Makarantun 'Yanci na al'umma.  A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, shekarata 1963, wanda aka fi sani da Ranar 'Yanci, sama da dalibai 200,000 suka kaura cewa Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago don nuna adawa da wariya da karancin yanayin makaranta, tare da wasu suna halartar Makarantun 'Yanci maimakon.  Daga baya, a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, shekarar 1964 a wata zanga-zangar ranar 'Yanci makamanciyar wannan, sama da dalibai 450,000 suka halarci kaura cewa makarantun jama'a na birnin New York a cikin abin da ya kasance mafi girman zanga-zangar 'yancin dan adam na shekarata 1960s,  kuma har zuwa dalibai 100,000 sun halarci madadin. Makarantun 'Yanci.

== Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi ==
An habaka Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi a matsayin wani bangare na shekarata 1964 Freedom Summer yancin aikin, wani gagarumin kokari wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da ilmantar da daliban Mississippi don canjin zamantakewa. Majalisar Kungiyoyin Kasa (COFO) &amp;#x2014; kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a na masu fafutuka da kudade da aka samo daga SNCC, CORE, NAACP, da SCLC &amp;#x2014; a tsakanin sauran kungiyoyi, hadin gwiwar Freedom Summer. 

Ainihin aikin ya kasance yakin neman rajistar masu kada kuri’a a duk fadin jihar, kuma masu shirya zaben sun bukaci masu sa kai dubu daya su taimaka wajen gudanar da wannan aiki. Kuma Masu fafutuka sun yi shirin gudanar da Zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Demokradiyya mai kama da juna, saboda bakar fata masu jefa kuri'a cikin tsari ya haifar da wakilai masu farar fata zuwa Zaben shugaban kasa. Wadannan kokarce-kokarce sun kare a kirkirar Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party . Duka wakilan hukuma da Jam'iyyar Democratic Democratic Party ta Mississippi sun tafi taron a shekarata1964 na Democratic Democratic a Atlantic City, [[New Jersey]] .

A cikin Disamba Shekarata 1963, a lokacin shirye-shiryen shirin bazara na 'Yanci mai zuwa, Charles Cobb ya ba da shawarar hanyar sadarwa ta &quot;Makarantar 'Yanci&quot; wacce za ta habaka shiga siyasa tsakanin daliban firamare da sakandare na Mississippi, baya ga bayar da darussan ilimi da tattaunawa. Masu fafutuka da ke shirya aikin bazara na 'Yanci sun yarda da shawarar Cobb kuma a cikin Maris 1964 sun shirya taron tsara tsarin karatu a [[New York (birni)|New York]] a karkashin tallafin Majalisar Ikklisiya ta kasa . Farfesan tarihi na Kwalejin Spelman Staughton Lynd an nada shi Daraktan shirin Makarantar 'Yanci.

A tsawon lokacin bazarar 'Yanci, an kafa Makarantun 'Yanci sama da 40 a cikin al'ummomin baki a duk fadin Mississippi. Manufar ita ce a yi kokarin kawo karshen kaura na siyasa na Amurkawa na Afirka ta hanyar karfafa dalibai su zama Yan kasa masu himma da shiga cikin al'umma a cikin al'umma. Sama da daliban Amurkawa 3,000 na Afirka sun halarci wadannan makarantu a lokacin rani na shekarata 1964. Dalibai sun kasance tun daga kanana yara zuwa manya masu matsakaicin shekaru 15. Malamai sun kasance masu aikin sa kai, yawancin su daliban koleji ne da kansu. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64b.htm#1964freeschool Freedom Schools] ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufar siyasa da ilimi ==
An tsara Makarantun 'Yanci tare da manufofin siyasa da na ilimi. Malaman Makarantun 'Yanci za su ilimantar da daliban firamare da sakandare don zama wakilan canjin zamantakewa da za su shiga cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a da ke gudana, galibi a kokarin rajistar masu zabe. Kuma An raba tsarin karatun da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa sassa bakwai na asali wadanda suka yi nazarin yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arzikin dangantakar kabilanci da kuma Kungiyar Hakkin Bil Adama. An karfafa habakar jagoranci, ban da karin kwarewar ilimi na gargajiya. Ilimin a Makarantun 'Yanci ya shafi dalibai ne kuma ya dace da al'ada. Sannan  An gina manhajar karatu da koyarwa bisa bukatun daliban, an karfafa tattaunawa tsakanin dalibai da malamai (maimakon lacca) sannan masu tsara manhajoji sun karfafa wa malamai kwarin gwiwar yin koyarwa bisa kwarewar dalibansu.

== Tsarin karatu ==
Bunkasa manhajar karatu ya ta’allaka ne da taron manhajar karatu, wanda ya kunshi malamai da daraktoci suna tattaunawa kan irin ilimin da za a koyar a makarantun ‘yanci. Dole ne malamai su rubuta jita-jita don tsara tsarin karatun su. An gaya musu su tuna yadda rayuwa take a Mississippi da dan gajeren lokacin da suke da shi don koyar da kayan. Dole ne tsarin karatun ya kasance mai son malamai kuma ya zama mai amfani ga dalibai nan da nan, tare da dogara kan tambayoyi da ayyuka. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tambayoyi da tattaunawa maimakon haddar gaskiya da kwanan wata. Kuma Umarnin ga malamai sun haɗa da:

: Game da tsarin aji, tambaya shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci. Ba shi da ma'ana a cika daliban da bayanan da ba zai iya fahimta ba; tambaya ita ce hanyar wayewa. . . Darajar Makarantun 'Yanci za su samu ne daga abin da malamai ke iya ba wa dalibai ta fuskar fahimta da bayyana abubuwan da suka faru. 

Tun da taron manhajar ya tattaro Yan kasa na asali da asali daban-daban, kayyadaddun tsarin koyarwa na karshe ya kunshi abubuwa daga asali daban-daban kuma ya kunshi sassa daban-daban guda uku.

Bangarorin uku na manhajar Makarantun ‘Yanci su ne manhajar Ilimi, manhajar zama dan kasa, da Kuma manhajar nishadi. Manufar wadannan sassan shine don koya wa dalibai canjin zamantakewa a cikin makarantar; tarihin yanki; tarihin bakar fata; yadda ake amsa budaddiyar tambayoyi; da bunkasa fasahar ilimi. Manhajar Ilimi ta kunshi karatu, rubutu, da ayyukan baki wadanda suka dogara kan abubuwan da daliban ya samu. Tsarin karatun zama dan kasa shine don karfafa dalibai su yi tambayoyi game da al'umma. Tsarin Nishadi ya bukaci daliban ya kasance mai motsa jiki.

A yawancin makarantu, Manhajar zama dan kasa ta mai da hankali kan nau'ikan tambayoyi biyu masu alaka don tattaunawar aji:

: Me yasa muke (malamai da dalibai) a Makarantun 'Yanci?
: Menene Kungiyar 'Yanci?
: Wadanne hanyoyi ne kungiyar Freedom Movement ke ba mu?

: Menene yawancin al'adun da muke so?
: Menene yawancin al'adun da ba mu so?
: Menene muke da shi da muke so mu kiyaye? 

== Shekara ta farko ==
An bude Makarantun 'Yanci a makon farko na Yuli shekarata 1964, bayan kusan malaman sa kai na Makarantar 'Yanci 250 sun halarci zaman horo na mako guda a Kwalejin Mata ta Yamma a Oxford, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] . Shirye-shiryen na asali sun yi tsammanin Makarantun 'Yanci 25 da dalibai 1,000; a karshen bazara, an bude makarantu 41 ga dalibai sama da 2,500.

An kafa Makarantun 'Yanci tare da taimako da jajircewar al'ummomin yankin, wadanda suka samar da gine-gine daban-daban na makarantu da gidaje ga malaman sa kai. Yayin da ake gudanar da wasu makarantun a wuraren shakatawa, dakunan girki, da gidajen zama, da kuma karkashin bishiyoyi, yawancin azuzuwan ana gudanar da su ne a cikin majami'u ko ginshiƙan coci.  Halartar ta bambanta a duk lokacin bazara. Wasu makarantu sun sami daidaiton halarta, amma banda wannan. Saboda halartan taron bai zama tilas ba, daukar ma'aikata da kuma kula da zuwan kila shine kalubalen firamare da makarantun suka fuskanta. Kuma A Clarksdale, Mississippi, alal misali, matsakaicin yawan halartar dalibai a cikin makon farko ya kasance goma sha biyar, mako na biyu kuma takwas ne, amma a kowane lokaci a lokacin bazara, makarantar na iya samun halartar dalibai kusan talatin da biyar. Ba kasafai ba ne manya su rika zuwa aji akai-akai.

An canza umarni bisa yanayin gida. A yankunan karkara da ake sa ran dalibai za su yi aiki a lokacin makaranta, yawanci ana yin karatu da daddare. A makarantun da ke kula da lokutan makaranta na al'ada, yawanci a cikin birane, ana ba da tsarin karatun zama dan kasa da kwasa-kwasan ilimi na gargajiya da safe kuma ana ba da azuzuwan na musamman kamar kida, wasan kwaikwayo, Kuma da buga rubutu da rana. A yawancin lokuta, za a kebe duk kwanakin makaranta don kokarin yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a. Ya zama wajibi ga masu fafutuka na SNCC cewa za a saka hannun jari ga dalibai a ayyukan hakkin jama'a saboda ana sa ran wannan dalibai zai ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jihar don aiwatar da canjin zamantakewa.

A ƙarshen lokacin Makarantar 'Yanci, masu fafutuka da dalibai sun shirya taron jagorancin dalibai a ranar 8 ga Agusta, shekarata 1964, ranar bayan jana'izar James Chaney, daya daga cikin wadanda aka kashe a kisan Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner . An gudanar da taron a Meridian, Mississippi, a tsohuwar Makarantar Baptist ta Meridian . An bayyana makarantar a matsayin &quot;fadar da'irar Makarantar 'Yanci.&quot; Kowace Makarantar 'Yanci ta aika wakilai uku zuwa taron don samar da dandalin matasa don Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party. Wakilan daliban sun tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi ayyuka, makarantu, harkokin kasashen waje, da matsugunan jama'a tare da ba da shawarwari ga jam'iyyar jihar. A karshen taron, dalibai sun shirya wata sanarwa da ta bukaci samun masaukin jama'a, Kuma ka'idojin gine-gine na kowane gida, hadaddiyar makarantu, tsarin ayyukan jama'a, da kuma nada kwararrun baki zuwa mukaman jihohi.

Malaman Makarantun 'Yanci da dalibai sun ci gaba da jajircewa kan manufar Makarantar 'Yanci. A farkon watan Agustan shekarata 1964, an shirya shirye-shiryen ci gaba da Makarantun 'Yanci a cikin shekarar makaranta mai zuwa, kuma wasu malaman sa kai sun riga sun amince su zauna. Dalibai sun yanke shawarar, duk da haka, yayin taron Makarantar 'Yanci a farkon watan Agusta don ba za su ci gaba da makarantun ba. Duk da haka dalibai sun aiwatar da jagoranci da gwagwarmayar da suka samu a lokacin bazara a makarantunsu. Wasu daliban sun koma makaranta kuma sun bukaci ingantattun kayan aiki da karin kwasa-kwasai. Dalibai a Philadelphia, Mississippi, sun dawo makaranta sanye da maballan &quot;Mutum daya, Kuri'a daya&quot; SNCC &amp;#x2014; wanda aka kore su. 

== Makarantar Ranar Makarantar Freedom, Philadelphia ==
John E. Churchville ne ya kafa Laburaren 'Yanci na Philadelphia a shekarata 1964.  A cikin Yan shekaru masu zuwa ya fara ba da azuzuwan yamma kuma daga karshe ya mai da dakin karatu zuwa makaranta. Bayan kafuwar wannan makaranta, ya shirya gajerun kasidu da aka buga a cikin littafin, ''What Black Educators Are Saying'', wanda [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/24/obituaries/nathan-wright-jr-black-power-advocate-dies-at-81.html Nathan Wright Jr. ya] shirya kuma aka buga a shekarata 1970.  Wannan makala ta kunshi yawancin tunanin Churchville game da yanayin motsi na Black Power da kuma ra'ayoyinsa na koyarwa na sabuwar Makarantar 'Yanci. Ya raina ra'ayoyin duka kungiyoyin al'adu da masu ci gaban kasa a matsayin facade kuma ba hakora ba. A gare shi, Harkar kishin kasa ta juyin juya hali wacce ta yi kira ga cikakken juyin juya hali a nan da kuma ko'ina a doron kasa, ita ce mafi inganci da gaskiya ga ka'idojinta. Sun gano batutuwan cikin rukuni da na daidaikun mutane da ke fuskantar bakar fata a Amurka kuma hanya daya tilo ta zama dan juyin juya hali da gaske ita ce ta sake haihuwa; wani iko na waje ya yi aiki wanda ya fara kawar da ku daga wadannan gazawar. Makarantun da kansu sun dogara ne akan tsari mai sauki na fifiko. Idan ilimi shine shigar matasa cikin tsarin akida, to dole ne Makarantar 'Yanci ta sake ilmantar da yaran bakaken fata su yi watsi da babbar akida tare da gina sabon tsari. Don yin wannan, kashi na farko na koyarwa da za a kafa dole ne ya zama sabuwar akidar makarantar. Bayan haka, Kuma dole ne a nemo malaman da za su iya dinke barakar da ke tsakanin asali da kuma ketare, kasancewar su darasi ne ga dalibansu na ciki da wajen aji. A karshe, an tsara tsarin karatun don bayyana ainihin halin da baƙar fata ke ciki da kuma koyar da kayan aiki da kwarewa don magance wannan gaskiyar. Tsarin karatun kamar yadda Churchville ya bayyana abin hawa ne kawai don koyar da gaskiyar juyin juya hali; abubuwan da ke ciki galibi basu da mahimmanci kamar yadda bincike ne wanda zai nuna gaskiyar. Hukumar FBI ta kai farmaki makarantar ne a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, shekarata 1966, bisa zargin tanada kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda. Bayan farmakin, Churchville ya daina fafutuka.

== Gado ==
Za a iya ganin wani bangare na gadon Makarantar 'Yanci a cikin makarantun da ke rike da suna a yau: Akwesasne Freedom School a kan Mohawk Indian ajiyar ; Makarantun 'Yanci a St. Louis, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] da [[Chicago]], Illinois, Tyree Scott Freedom School a Seattle, Washington, da Makarantar 'Yanci ta Paulo Freire a Tucson, Arizona.

Asusun Tsaron Yara (CDF) yana gudanar da shirin Makarantar 'Yanci na zamani a duk fadin kasar. An hada wannan shirin ta hanyar bakar fata Al'umma na Crusade don Yara na Asusun Tsaro na Yara. Shirin Makarantun 'Yanci na CDF na kasa yana aiki sama da wuraren shirye-shiryen bazara 130 a cikin jihohi 24 a fadin kasar wadanda ke hidima ga yara kusan 12,000. 

A [[Michigan]] kungiyar Black Radical Congress a [[Detroit]] ta kaddamar da kamfen don kirkirar samfuri bisa ga Makarantun 'Yanci.

Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia yunƙuyri ne na ilimin al'umma mai zaman kansa wanda ke aiki da sigar zamani na tsarin karatun Mississippi tare da mai da hankali kan tallafin karatu, Kuma aikin zamantakewa da jagoranci tsakanin tsararraki. Ana shirya Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;http://www.philadelphiafreedomschools.blogs.com&lt;/ref&gt; ta hanyar hukumar jagora, Al'umma A Makarantu. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.cisphl.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami'ar 'Yanci [[Atlanta|ta Atlanta]], makarantar 'yanci ta zamani kuma makaranta ce kawai a cikin duniya inda duk dalibai ba su da takardar izinin shiga ba tare da izini ba, suna ba da kyauta na koyarwa, sannan  tsarin karatun koleji na 'yanci wanda ke taimakawa matasa marasa izini su sami ilimi mafi girma.

== Duba wasu abubuwan ==

* Ruleville, Mississippi
* Gluckstadt, Mississippi
* Carthage, Mississippi

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Ci gaba da karatu ==

* William Sturkey da Jon N. Hale (eds. ), ''Don Rubuta cikin Hasken 'Yanci: Jaridu na Makarantun 'Yancin Mississippi na 1964.'' Jackson, MS: Jami'ar Jami'ar Mississippi, 2015.
* Jon N. Hale, ''Makarantun 'Yanci: Masu fafutuka na dalibai a cikin Kungiyar Hakkin Bil'adama ta Mississippi'' . (New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2016)

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://educationanddemocracy.org/ED_FSC.html 1964 MS Freedom School Curriculum]
* [http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/missippi.html/ Tarihin Makarantar 'Yanci ta Mississippi &amp; Lokacin bazara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203045010/http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/missippi.html |date=2020-02-03 }}
* [http://www.commoncouragepress.com/index.cfm?action=book&amp;bookid=388 Darussa daga Lokacin bazara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115163305/http://www.commoncouragepress.com/index.cfm?action=book&amp;bookid=388 |date=2017-01-15 }} ~ tallafin littafin karatu don nazarin Tsarin Makarantun 'Yanci na 1964
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAschoolF.htm Wurin Ilimi na Spartacus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104091730/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAschoolF.htm |date=2013-11-04 }}
* [http://www.sfacs.us/ Sankofa Freedom Academy Charter School]
* [http://www.haleyfarm.org/freedom.html Bayani game da Bakin Al'umma Crusade ga Yara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030027/http://www.haleyfarm.org/freedom.html |date=2016-03-04 }}
* [http://www.educationanddemocracy.org/FSCfiles/A_02_Introduction.htm Lokacin bazara da Makarantun 'Yanci]
* [http://philadelphiafreedomschools.blogs.com/home/pd.html Bayanin Shirin Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422005845/http://philadelphiafreedomschools.blogs.com/home/pd.html |date=2008-04-22 }}
* [http://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64b.htm#1964freeschool Makarantun 'Yanci] ~ Taskar 'Yancin Jama'a
* [http://chicagofreedomschool.org/ Makarantar 'Yanci ta Chicago]
* [http://garyfreedomschool.org/ Makarantar Gary Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116002045/http://garyfreedomschool.org/ |date=2017-11-16 }}
* [http://educationanddemocracy.org/sffreedomschool/ San Francisco Freedom School]
* [http://www.sunflowerfreedom.org Aikin Yancin Yankin Sunflower]
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[[Fayil:Commission Decision of 14 April 2011 on the members of the advisory group on the food chain and animal and plant health established by Decision 2004-613-EC (2011-242-EU) (EUD 2011-242).pdf|thumb|takadda akan via campesina]]
'''La Vía Campesina''' (daga harshen kasar Spaniya, lit. '     kungiya ce ta manoma ta duniya wacce aka kafa ta a [[1993]] a Mons, [[Beljik|Belgium]], wadda kungiyoyi 182 suka kafa a kasashe 81,&lt;ref&gt;'''Members of La Via Campesina''' as of 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma bayyana kanta a matsayin &quot;ƙungiya manoma ta duniya wacce ke gudanar da harkokin kananan manoma da tsaka-tsakinsu, ma'aikatan noma, matan karkara, da al'ummomi asali na nahiyar Asiya, Afirka, Amurka, da Turai&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Global Small-Scale Farmers' Movement Developing New Trade Regimes&quot;, [[Food First]] ''News &amp; Views'', Volume 28, Number 97 Spring/Summer 2005, p.2.&lt;/ref&gt;

Via Campesina tana ba da shawarwari ga noman gandu, kuma ita ce ƙungiyar da ta ƙirƙira kalmar &quot;mulkin abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Global Small-Scale Farmers' Movement Developing New Trade Regimes&quot;, [[Food First]] ''News &amp; Views'', Volume 28, Number 97 Spring/Summer 2005, p.2.&lt;/ref&gt; La Vía Campesina na gudanar da kamfen don kare [[Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma|haƙƙin da manoma ke na samun iri]], da dakatar da cin zarafi da cin zarafin mata, da yin gyare-gyaren noma, da ma gaba ɗaya don amincewa da [[Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma|haƙƙin manoma]]. &lt;ref&gt;Borras Jr., Saturnino M. &quot;La Vía Campesina and its Global Campaign for Agrarian Reform..&quot; ''Journal of Agrarian Change'' 8, no. 2/3 (April 2008): 258-289.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Asali da kuduri ===
[[File:ViaCampesinaMembersMap.svg|right|thumb|{{Legend0|#008000|Map of countries with a member organization of La Vía Campesina}}]]
Tun daga shekarun 1980 gwamnatocin ba su ƙara shiga tsakani a cikin karkarar gefen gari, wanda ya raunana ikon kamfanoni a kan ƙungiyoyin manoma yayin da suke rayuwa a cikin aikin gona ya zama mai wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Martínez-Torres, María Elena; Rosset, Peter (2010). &quot;La Vía Campesina: the birth and evolution of a transnational social movement&quot;. ''The Journal of Peasant Studies''. '''37''': 149–175. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1080/03066150903498804. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 143767689.&lt;/ref&gt;  Sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin manoma na kasa sun fara kulla alaka da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, tun daga Latin Amurka sannan kuma a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ƙananan manoma sun fito ne daga sabon fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙin da ya taso a cikin 1990s; a lokacin, haƙƙin ɗan adam da tsare-tsaren ci gaba sun haɗu waɗanda suka faɗaɗa daga haƙƙin siyasa da na jama'a don haɗawa da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Shawki, Noha (2014). &quot;New Rights Advocacy and the Human Rights of Peasants: La Via Campesina and the Evolution of New Human Rights Norms&quot;. ''Journal of Human Rights Practice''. '''6''' (2): 311. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1093/jhuman/huu009.&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar manoman noma ta yi yunkurin kalubalantar akidar hegemonic na neoliberalism a fannin tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma samo hanyoyin da za su kare hakkin ma'aikata a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Dangantaka da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ===
Kungiyoyin manoma daga Turai, Latin Amurka, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka, Amurka ta tsakiya da Afirka ne suka kafa kungiyar a cikin 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Organisation. Published 9 Feb. 2011. Retrieved from &lt;http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/organisation-mainmenu-44 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710021151/https://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/organisation-mainmenu-44 |date=2017-07-10 }}&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gidauniyar ta biyo bayan taron da aka yi na babban yarjejeniyar haraji da kasuwanci ta Uruguay (GATT), inda aka rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyar kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya (WTO) kan aikin noma da kasuwanci mai alaka da yancin mallakar fasaha (TRIPS).&lt;ref&gt;Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2003). &quot;The Via Campesina: Peasant Women on the Frontiers of Food Sovereignty&quot;. ''Canadian Woman Studies''. '''23''' (1): 140–145. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0713-3235.&lt;/ref&gt;  Wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun haifar da koma baya daga mutane da yawa a duniya saboda mayar da hankali kan matsalolin fasaha maimakon 'yancin ɗan adam na samun abinci, musamman ga waɗanda ke zaune a Kudancin Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Hawkes, Shona; Plahe, Jagjit Kaur (2013). &quot;Worlds apart: The WTO's Agreement on Agriculture and the right to food in developing countries&quot;. ''International Political Science Review''. '''34''' (1): 21–38. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1177/0192512112445238. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 154496914.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ana ci gaba da dunkulewar duniya a wannan lokaci, wanda ya shafi masana'antu da dama ciki har da noma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; La Vía Campesina ta bai wa ƙananan manoma fage don jin muryoyinsu game da yadda waɗannan canje-canje ke tasiri rayuwarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wannan yunkuri ya bunkasa kuma yanzu an amince da shi a matsayin wani bangare na tattaunawar duniya kan abinci da noma. An gabatar da shi a fage da dama na duniya, kamar:

* Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO);&lt;ref&gt;[[FAO]]. &quot;&quot;La société civile et les biotechnologies&quot;, interview of Guy Kastler, La Via Campesina, intervenant de la société civile à l'occasion du Symposium international sur le rôle des biotechnologies agricoles&quot;. ''[[FAO]]''. Retrieved 5 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Sabbin Tsirrai (UPOV);&lt;ref&gt;UPOV (5 August 2016). &quot;European Coordination Via Campesina (Mr. Guy Kastler), on UPOV&quot;. ''[[UPOV]] website''. [[Geneva]]. Retrieved 5 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (HRC); &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Ƙirar Hannu ta Duniya (WIPO).

Via Campesina ta shiga cikin tattaunawar&lt;ref&gt;&quot;UNITED NATIONS: Third Committee approves the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas&quot;. ''Via Campesina''. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;  na [[Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma|sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara]], wanda babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a watan Disamba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;A. Wise, Timothy (24 January 2019). &quot;UN Backs Seed Sovereignty in Landmark Peasants' Rights Declaration&quot;. ''Resilience''. Archived from the originalon 10 March 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Abubuwan fifiko ===
A cewar shafin yanar gizo na La Via Campesina, manyan batutuwan ƙungiyoyin suna haɓaka ikon mallakar abinci; neman sake fasalin aikin gona; ikon mutane a kan ƙasa, ruwa, yankuna; tsayayya da ciniki-free; inganta shahararriyar ƙauyen mata; kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin ma'aikatan ƙaura; inganta aikin agroecology; inganta tsarin tsaba na manoma; kara yawan shigar matasa a harkar noma.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;About La Via Campesina&quot;. 2016-10-28.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyar ta ba da muhimmanci sosai kan batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da 'yancin mata, tare da karfafa adawa da kamfanonin kasashen waje .  Har ila yau, ta mayar da hankali kan samun karbuwa ga jawabin da ya shafi ikon mallakar abinci, da maido da kalmar &quot;baƙauye&quot; da kuma sake haifar da asalin ƙauyen ƙauye a kan iyakokin ƙasa da al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; La Vía Campesina kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ƙarfafa kasancewarsu a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2008). &quot;The power of peasants: Reflections on the meanings of La Vía Campesina&quot;. ''Journal of Rural Studies''. '''24''' (2): 138–149. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.12.002.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yanke shawarar demokradiyya shine tsakiyar manufar La Vía Campesina, kuma an sadaukar da ita ga wakilci na gaskiya da haɗin kai na duk mahalarta, yin canje-canjen tsari idan ya cancanta.  Ana buƙatar ra'ayoyin mutane a duniya don tantancewa da haɓaka samar da abinci na duniya da ikon mallaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙari na daidaito tsakanin membobin ƙungiyoyi shine ƙirƙirar ainihin ƙauyen ƙauye. Maido da wannan shaidar an kira shi &quot;sake mayar da al'umma&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bisa ga Desmarais (2008), kalmar &quot;baƙauye&quot; a cikin Turanci yana da ma'anar da ke da alaka da feudalism, amma a cikin wasu harsuna da mahallin, ma'anar ita ce mafi girma; ''campesino'' ya fito ne daga kalmar ''campo'', ma'anar &quot;ƙasa&quot;, wanda ke danganta mutane zuwa ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;Welch, C., 2001. Peasants and globalization in Latin America: a survey of recent literature. Paper presented at the XXIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, 6–8 September, Washington, DC.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ma'anar 'yan ta'adda shine dalili guda daya da yasa kungiyar ta zabi kin fassara sunanta zuwa turanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Lambobin yabo ===
A cikin Nuwamban 2018, La Vía Campesina ta sami kyautar XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity (Premio Internacional Navarra a la Solidaridad).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;&quot;Globalising the struggle also means globalising solidarity and hope&quot; - La Via Campesina, while accepting the XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity&quot;. ''Via Campesina English''. 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2018-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin watan Yunin 2018, ƙungiyar masu cin gashin kansu, jam'i da al'adu da yawa, waɗanda ke da cikakken 'yancin kai daga kowace alaƙar siyasa ko tattalin arziki, an ba da lambar yabo ta Lush Spring Prize Prize Award.&lt;ref&gt;LVC, Via Campesina (2017-05-23). &quot;Lush Spring Prize Influence Award Winner: La Via Campesina&quot;. ''uk.lush.com''. Lush Spring Prize. Retrieved 22 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Latin Amurka don Agroecology ( [https://www.socla.co/en SOCLA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331131709/https://www.socla.co/en |date=2022-03-31 }} ) &quot;saboda fahimtar misalinta na gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar neman aikin gona da haƙƙin manoma, wajen aiwatar da aikinta na kula da ƙasa.&quot; ciyar da duniya, kiyaye ɗimbin halittu da sanyaya duniya, ta hanyar ci gaba da neman ikon mallakar abinci a Latin Amurka.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;La Via Campesina receives award for &quot;tireless struggle in favor of Agroecology&quot;&quot;. ''La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement''. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin shekara ta 2004, La Vía Campesina ta sami lambar yabo ta International Human Rights Award ta Global Exchange, a [[San Francisco]].&lt;ref&gt;Global Exchange Human Rights Awards. Past Honorees. Retrieved from &lt;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ƙungiya ==
[[File:Via_Campesina.jpg|right|thumb| Mata memba na Via Campesina a lokacin taron zamantakewa na duniya na 7th ( [[Nairobi]], 2007)]]
La Vía Campesina ƙungiya ce ta asali, tare da fafutuka a matakin gida da na ƙasa. Membobin sun fito daga kasashe 81, an tsara su zuwa yankuna 9. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Kwamitin kula da harkokin kasa da kasa na da namiji daya da mace daya a kowane yanki da kuma matasa daya a kowace nahiya, kowannensu ya zaba daga kungiyoyin mambobi na yankinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tare da kusan kungiyoyi 182 na gida da na ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi, La Via Campesina tana wakiltar manoma miliyan 200 da aka kiyasta a fadin duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A cewar Menser (2008), La Via Campesina misali ne na nasara da faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa dangane da dimokuradiyyar haɗin gwiwa saboda tsarinta na daidaitawa don tabbatar da wakilci na gaskiya.&lt;ref&gt;Menser, Michael (2008). &quot;Transnational Participatory Democracy in Action: The Case of La Via Campesina&quot;. ''Journal of Social Philosophy''. '''39''' (1): 20–41. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2007.00409.x.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Taro ===
Wakilai daga kowane yanki suna haduwa a taron kasa da kasa kusan kowace shekara hudu. An gudanar da tarurrukan da suka gabata a Mons a 1993, Tlaxcala City a 1996, [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] a 2000, [[São Paulo]] a 2004, [[Maputo]] a 2008, [[Jakarta]] a 2013, da Derio a cikin 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Our Conferences. Published 11 Apr. 2014. Retrieved from &lt;http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710014954/https://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28 |date=2017-07-10 }}&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sakatariyar kasa da kasa tana canza wurinta na tsakiya kowace shekara 4 bisa shawarar da aka yanke a taron kasa da kasa. Wuraren da suka gabata sune Belgium (1993-1996), Honduras (1997-2004), da Indonesia (2005-2013). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga watan Satumban 2013, sakatariyar ta kasance a Harare, Zimbabwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Babban Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na yanzu shine Elizabeth Mpofu, wacce ke mai da hankali kan cin zarafin mata, muryoyin matasa, da 'yancin iri na duniya. &lt;ref&gt;La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. La Via Campesina International passes on the torch to Africa. Published 13 Jun. 2013. Retrieved from &lt;http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28/6-jakarta-2013/1427-la-via-campesina-international-passes-on-the-torch-to-africa {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302131423/http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28/6-jakarta-2013/1427-la-via-campesina-international-passes-on-the-torch-to-africa |date=2016-03-02 }}&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shigar da mata ===
An yi watsi da bambancin jinsi a matsayin abun la'akari na wannan tafiyai. A lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan sanarwar Managua - wanda ya fara zuwa La Vía Campesina - duk mutane 8 da suka halarta maza ne.  Matan ƙauye sun fara shiga tsakani da yunƙurin neman yancin mata a taron ƙasa da ƙasa a Tlaxcala a 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A wannan taron, sun yanke shawarar kafa wani kwamiti da aka sadaukar don kare hakkin mata da batutuwan jinsi, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama Hukumar Mata ta Vía Campesina. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Matan da ke cikin kwamitin sun kuma ba da gudummawa sosai wajen gyara daftarin ginshiƙi kan ikon mallakar abinci wanda aka gabatar a taron kolin abinci na duniya a 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Sun haɗa da kiwon lafiya a matsayin la'akari da samar da abinci ba tare da sinadarai na noma ba, da kuma mahimmancin shigar mata cikin canje-canjen manufofi saboda yawanci an hana mata shiga siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Matan La Vía Campesina har yanzu suna aiki don samun wakilci da haɗin gwiwar matan manoma, musamman a matsayi na jagoranci.

== Samar da abinci ==
La Vía Campesina ta gabatar da haƙƙin mallakar abinci a taron kolin abinci na duniya a shekara ta 1996 a matsayin &quot;yancin jama'a na samun abinci mai lafiya da kuma ta sauki da aka samar ta hanyoyi masu dorewa da kuma hakkinsu na ayyana nasu tsarin abinci da noma.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Kalmar nan &quot;dace ta al'ada&quot; tana nuna cewa abincin da ake da shi kuma ya dace da al'adun mutanen da ke cinyewa. Misali, kayayyakin alkama da ake ba da tallafi da shigo da su ba za su shiga karkashin wannan nau’in ba a kasar da abinci na masara ya kasance tushen abincin gargajiya.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Batu
! Samfurin rinjaye
! Mulkin abinci
|-
| Ciniki
| Kasuwancin kyauta a cikin komai
| Abinci da noma keɓe daga yarjejeniyar kasuwanci
|-
| fifikon samarwa
| Agroexports
| Abinci ga kasuwannin gida
|-
| Farashin amfanin gona
| 'Abin da kasuwa ta ƙulla' (bar hanyoyin da ke haifar da ƙarancin farashin amfanin gona da ƙayyadaddun farashin abinci mai ƙima)
| Farashin da ya dace wanda ke rufe farashin samarwa da baiwa manoma da ma'aikatan gona damar rayuwa cikin mutunci
|-
| Samun kasuwa
| Samun shiga kasuwannin waje
| Samun dama ga kasuwannin gida; kawo karshen korar manoma daga kasuwannin su ta hanyar sana’ar noma
|-
| Tallafi
| Yayin da aka haramta a Duniya ta Uku, ana ba da izinin tallafi da yawa a cikin Amurka da Turai, amma ana biyan su ne kawai ga manyan manoma
| Tallafin ya yi daidai da ba ya lalata wasu ƙasashe ta hanyar zubar da ciki (watau ba da tallafin ga manoma iyali kawai don tallan kai tsaye, farashi/ tallafin kuɗi, kiyaye ƙasa, juyawa zuwa noma mai dorewa, bincike, da sauransu. )
|-
| Abinci
| Babban kaya; a aikace, wannan yana nufin sarrafa, gurɓataccen abinci wanda ke cike da mai, sukari, babban fructose corn syrup da ragowar masu guba.
| Haƙƙin ɗan adam: musamman, yakamata ya kasance lafiyayye, mai gina jiki, mai araha, dacewa da al'ada, kuma ana samarwa a cikin gida
|-
| Da yake iya samarwa
| Zaɓin don ingantaccen tattalin arziki
| Hakki na mutanen karkara
|-
| Yunwa
| Saboda ƙarancin aiki
| Matsalolin samun dama da rarrabawa saboda talauci da rashin daidaito
|-
| Tsaron abinci
| An samu ta hanyar shigo da abinci
| Mafi girma lokacin da samar da abinci ke hannun masu fama da yunwa, ko kuma aka samar a gida
|-
| Sarrafa albarkatu masu albarka (ƙasa, ruwa, dazuzzuka)
| Mai zaman kansa
| Karkashin ikon al'umma na gida
|-
| Samun damar ƙasa
| Ta kasuwa
| Ta hanyar gyaran noma
|-
| Tsaba
| Haƙƙin mallaka
| Gadon ɗan adam na gama-gari, waɗanda al'ummomin karkara da al'adu suka riƙe amana; 'babu haƙƙin mallaka akan rayuwa'
|-
| Karkara bashi da zuba jari
| Daga bankuna masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni
| Daga bangaren jama'a, wanda aka tsara don tallafawa aikin noma na iyali
|-
| Jurewa
| Ba batun ba
| Dole ne a haramta
|-
| Keɓaɓɓu
| Ba batun ba
| Tushen mafi yawan matsalolin
|-
| Yawan samarwa
| Babu irin wannan abu, ta ma'anarsa
| Yana jefa farashin ƙasa da manoma cikin talauci; muna buƙatar manufofin sarrafa wadata a cikin Amurka da EU
|-
| Fasahar noma
| Masana'antu, monoculture, Juyin Juyin Halitta, mai tsananin sinadarai; yana amfani da GMOs
| Agroecology, noma mai dorewa, babu GMOs
|-
| Manoma
| Anachronism, rashin inganci zai ɓace
| Masu kula da al'adu da ƙwayar cuta; masu kula da albarkatun albarkatu; ma'ajiyar ilimi; alamar ciki da ginin tubalin faffadan ci gaban tattalin arziki
|-
| Masu amfani da birni
| Ma'aikata da za a biya kadan kuma mai yiwuwa
| Bukatar albashin rayuwa
|-
| Halittun Halittu da aka gyara (GMOs)
| Guguwar nan gaba
| Mummuna ga lafiya da muhalli; fasahar da ba dole ba
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Tushen:''' Rosset (2003) 
|}

=== Samar da isasshen abinci vs. Tsaron abinci ===
Samar da abinci ya bambanta da amincin abinci . An bayyana tsaron abinci a matsayin &quot;hanzarin jiki, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki don samun isasshe, lafiyayye, abinci mai gina jiki... a kowane lokaci don saduwa da abubuwan da ake ci na [yawan jama'a] da abubuwan abinci don rayuwa mai kuzari da lafiya&quot; ta D. Moyo Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Amirka a 2007. &lt;ref&gt;The Future of Food: Elements of Integrated Food Security Strategy for South Africa and Food Security Status in Africa, D. Moyo. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law). Vol. 101 (MARCH 28-31, 2007), pp. 103-108. {{JSTOR|25660167}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsaron abinci ya fi mayar da hankali kan samar da abinci ga kowa da kowa ta kowace hanya da ta dace, ta hanyar samar da gida ko kuma shigo da kaya daga kasashen waje. A sakamakon haka, manufofin tattalin arziki da suka shafi tsaro abinci yawanci suna jaddada noman masana'antu wanda zai iya samar da abinci mai rahusa.&lt;ref&gt;Glenna, Leland; Ader, David; Bauchspies, Wenda; Traoré, Abou; Agboh-Noameshi, Rita Afiavi (2012). &quot;The Efficacy of a Program Promoting Rice Self-Sufficiency in Ghana during a Period of Neoliberalism&quot;. ''Rural Sociology''. '''77''' (4): 520&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Tsarin abinci ===
Friedmann ya bayyana cewa tsarin abinci a matsayin &quot;tsarin da aka kafa don samarwa da cin abinci akan sikelin duniya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Tsarin tsarin abinci yana da alamar canji a cikin samar da abinci wanda ke haifar da gagarumin canji na zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Halin da ake ciki na samar da abinci a duniya ana iya kiransa da &quot;tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni&quot; saboda yawan samar da abinci da sarrafa abinci a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.  Misali, kamfanoni na Amurka suna da iko kan samar da abinci ta hanyar ba da kwangila ga kananan manoma, wanda ke ba su damar shiga da riba ba tare da fuskantar hadarin noma ba, kamar yanayi da cututtuka.  Tsarin abinci shine sakamakon &quot;gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu fafutuka&quot; don sarrafa yadda aka tsara samar da abinci da kuma ra'ayi, a cewar McMichael. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Tsarin tsarin abinci na kamfanoni ya zo ne da ka'idar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal wanda ya samo asali ne ta hanyar inganci da sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci, kuma ya bayyana cewa ya kamata kasashe su mayar da hankali ga kokarinsu da albarkatunsu wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka inda suke da wata fa'ida dangane da sauran al'ummomi (wato kayayyaki da suka dace). sun fi kyau wajen samarwa), kamar yadda Philip McMichael ya ambata.  Tsarin abinci na kamfanoni ya wanzu na shekaru 100 na ƙarshe kawai, idan aka kwatanta da shekarun millenni kafin haɓaka masana'antu da juyin juya halin kore . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

=== Ci gaba da karatu ===

* Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2007): ''La Vía Campesina: Duniyar Duniya da Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa,'' Bugawar Fernwood, 
* 
* Martínez-Torres, María Elena, da Peter M. Rosset, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03066150903498804#preview &quot;La Vía Campesina: Haihuwa da juyin halitta na motsi na zamantakewar al'umma&quot;], ''Journal of Peasant Studies'', 2010

=== Hanyoyin haɗin ciki ===

=== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ===

* [http://www.viacampesina.org/en/ Vía Campesina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420091122/https://viacampesina.org/en |date=2022-04-20 }} Shafin gida na Turanci
* [http://tv.viacampesina.org/We-are-la-Via-Campesina-776 Mu ne La V '''í''' a Campesina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727063419/https://tv.viacampesina.org/We-are-la-Via-Campesina-776 |date=2017-07-27 }} bidiyo na gabatarwa
* [https://viacampesina.org/en/member-organisations-of-la-via-campesina-updated-2018/ Jerin Membobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420044424/https://viacampesina.org/en/member-organisations-of-la-via-campesina-updated-2018/ |date=2022-04-20 }}
* [http://viacampesina.net/downloads/PDF/EN-3.pdf Bayyana Hakkokin Makiyaya - Mata da Maza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012165109/https://viacampesina.net/downloads/PDF/EN-3.pdf |date=2018-10-12 }}
* [http://viacampesina.org/downloads/pdf/policydocuments/POLICYDOCUMENTS-EN-FINAL.pdf Takardun Manufofin La Vía Campesina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404121819/http://www.viacampesina.org/downloads/pdf/policydocuments/POLICYDOCUMENTS-EN-FINAL.pdf |date=2012-04-04 }}
* [http://www.nyeleni.org/ International Nyeleni Newsletter, muryar Ƙungiyar Abinci ta Abinci], wanda V '''í''' a Campesina ke ciki.
* [https://viacampesina.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/La%20Via%20Campesina%20Trifold%20Brochure%20%20l%20%20EN%20Final%20Print-ready.pdf Buga Rubutun Ƙungiya 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005224838/https://viacampesina.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/La%20Via%20Campesina%20Trifold%20Brochure%20%20l%20%20EN%20Final%20Print-ready.pdf |date=2022-10-05 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090513054334/http://www.waronwant.org/overseas-work/food-justice/via-campesina War on Want's V '''í''' a Campesina aikin page]
* [https://www.tni.org/en/archives/know/79 V '''í''' a Campesina: yunƙurin zamantakewar al'umma mai tasowa] a kan gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar Tsara
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/8/thousands_march_in_cancn_at_la Dubban Maris a Cancún a La V '''í''' a Campesina's &quot;Ranar Ayyukan Duniya don Adalci na Yanayi&quot;], rahoton bidiyo na Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!

== Manazarta ==
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[[Category:Kungiyoyin muhalli]]
[[Category:Siyasan noma]]
[[Category:Samar da isasshen abinci]]
[[Category:Gumurzun hakkin muhal]]
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    <title>Mata a Sinima na Afirka</title>
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[[Fayil:Beyond the Black, European Co-Headline Tour, Ludwigsburg 2022 (13).jpg|thumb|Yar firm]]
'''Mata''' suna shiga '''harkar fina-finan Afirka ta fannoni''' daban-daban, duk da cewa ba a ba su ba a matsayin masu kirkire-kirkire.

== Fage ==
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yan fim na yammacin duniya ke wakilta Afirka ta musamman, wanda hakan ya sa aka kwatanta Afirka da mutanen Afirka a matsayin &quot;masu kazafi&quot;, &quot;ma'aikata masu biyayya&quot; ko kuma &quot;masu cin zarafi ko cin nama&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hayward, Susan 2006. p. 426-442&quot;&gt;Hayward, Susan. &quot;Third World Cinemas: African Continent&quot; in ''Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts'' (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 426-442&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka da suka tashi daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1960 sun haifar da fina-finai da ke da nufin yin amfani da kyamara a matsayin kayan aiki don magance wadannan hotunan mulkin mallaka. Mata sun kasance masu kwazo a masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka kafin da kuma a wannan lokacin, duk da rawar da suke takawa ya iyakance ga matsayi na tallafi kamar wasan kwaikwayo. Fitowar mata a wasu matsayi a harkar fim a wannan lokaci ya zo dai-dai da taron kwararrun masana fina-finai da ke son tallata fina-finan Afirka.  Wadannan Kwararrun masana harkar fina-finai, wadanda da dama daga cikinsu mata ne, sun fara kafa ƙungiyoyi da bukukuwan da suka shafi noma da kuma karrama fina-finan Afirka irin su Pan African Film and Television Festival of [[Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO) da kungiyar Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) . An halicce su a shekara ta 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bikin Bakar fata na Duniya, bikin al'adu da fasaha na tsawon wata guda, shi ma ya fito a wannan lokacin kuma ya nuna wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane masu kyau, kida, sinima, wasan kwaikwayo, salon, gine-gine, kira, da raye-raye daga masu kirkira daga Kasashen Afirka. musamman daga masu shirya fina-finai a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

A cikin shekarun 1970 an yi kira ga duniya da a yi aiki a sassa daban-daban na rayuwar mata tare da juyin halitta na gwagwarmayar kare Hakkin mata na duniya, ci gaban mata na biyu, bullar kungiyar binciken mata masu harsuna biyu da ke Senegal da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka. Mata don Bincike da Ci gaba (AAWORD), da ayyana shekarun shekarun mata na [[Majalisar dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1985, dukkansu sun yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaba da nazarin karatun mata, ka'idar fina-finai ta mata, da bayyanar mata, a duniya. . Masana sun yi la'akari da wadannan kungiyoyin a matsayin wadanda suka haifar da fahimtar Yan uwantaka na duniya, wanda daga nan ne aka sami dimbin tarurruka da kafofin watsa labarai wadanda ke nuna irin gogewar da mata ke da su a duniya. 

== Daraktoci mata ==
'Yan Afirka sun iyakance ne a irin rawar da za su iya takawa a fim har zuwa shekarun 1950 zuwa shekara ta 60, lokacin da 'yan asalin Afirka suka fara 'yantar da kansu daga mulkin mallaka, amma 'yan mata kadan ne aka ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin kere kere fiye da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Darakta [[Safi Faye]] dai ana yabawa a matsayin mace ta farko a Afirka da ta shirya wani fim tare da fitar da fim dinta mai suna ''[[Kaddu Beykat]]'' a shekarar 1975, wanda masanin fina-finan N. Frank Ukadike ya bayyana cewa yana nuni da irin fafutukar da bakar fata 'yan fim ke yi a kasashen Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|104}}Mai shirya fina-finai kuma marubuciya Tsitsi Dangarembga ta bayyana rashin son zuciya a masana'antar fim da al'ummar Afirka a matsayin dalilai, dalilin da ya sa musamman matan Afirka ke gwagwarmaya a matsayin masu shirya fina-finai.  Malama Nancy Schmidt ta kara da cewa har zuwa 1997, kwanan nan ne aka sami dandamali na kan layi, wallafe-wallafe, fina-finai ko rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce wadanda suka yarda da duk abubuwan da suka shafi fina-finai, daftarin aiki, guntun wando da ayyuka a cikin bidiyo, talabijin, da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital wadanda matan Afirka suka ba da umarni a kan tsarin. shekaru da dama da suka wuce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=163–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin da kuma tallata matan Afirka a fina-finai da talabijin, irin su gidauniyar Ladima Foundation, (Dada Trust) da bukukuwan fina-finai na mata irin su bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya na Mata da (Udada International). An kaddamar da bikin fina-finan mata).  Misalan albarkatun kan layi akan matan Afirka a cikin fina-finai sun hada da Cibiyar Nazarin da Binciken Matan Afirka a Cinema Beti Ellerson, wacce aka kaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2008 kuma tana kula da blog din Matan Afirka a Cinema.  

Wasu daraktoci irin su Sarah Maldoror sun sha wahala wajen samun karramawa a matsayin daraktar fina-finan Afirka, lamarin da ya sa aka kebe su daga jerin masu shirya fina-finan na Afirka, yayin da ake tattaunawa kan fina-finansu a binciken da aka yi kan fina-finan Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=10–26}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|10}}Paulin Soumanou Vieyra ya bayyana zama dan kasa a matsayin babban bangaren tantancewa a matsayin daraktan fina-finan Afirka, inda ya bayyana cewa fina-finan da wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba ne suka ba da umarni game da Afirka &quot;na Afirka ne na zaburarwa/fim d'inspiration africaine&quot;, wanda wani masani Alexie Tcheuyap ke cewa &quot;zai hana kai tsaye. darektoci kamar Sarah Maldoror ko Raoul Peck, wadanda suka yi yawa sau da yawa, kusan a hankali, suna daukar 'yan Afirka.'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|11-12}}Wasu masana, irin su masanin tarihi Beatriz Leal Riesco sun lura cewa Maldoror &quot;yar Afirka ce dangane da kwazo da jigonta&quot; 

== Tarihin mata a fim din Afirka ==

=== 1960s da 1970s ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, al'adu da dokoki irin su Dokar Laval na shekara ta 1934, wanda ke mulkin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ya haramta wa 'yan Afirka yin fina-finai na kansu, wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin abin da ya hana ci gaban fim a matsayin hanyar magana, siyasa, al'adu, da Afirka. na fasaha.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=205–216}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[[Manthia Diawara|Diawara, Manthia]] (1992). ''African Cinema: Politics and Culture''. Bloomington, Indiana: [[Indiana University Press]], pp. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Afirka ta zama yanki na duniya bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka sun fara Kirkirar fina-finai na kansu kuma mata sun dauki manyan ayyuka, yayin da har yanzu suna iyakance ga yin aiki kawai. Duk da irin shan kaye na mulkin mallaka, duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na wayewar Turai sun dade, suna samun amsa a wani nau'i na al'adar Kauye da mulkin kama-karya, tare da Kenneth W. Harrow ya bayyana cewa &quot;Duk da cewa zanga-zangar 1950s da 1960 ta kasance tana adawa da Turai. ’yan mulkin mallaka a matsayinsu na waje, ko kuma a kan Turai kanta a matsayin wani karfi na waje, a yanzu an tura su cikin gida ne kan masu rike da madafun iko na Afirka, - azzalumai, masu rike da madafun iko, ciki har da wadanda suka tsere daga al’umma da tattalin arziki da kuma wadanda ke mulkin kauyuka ko iyalai. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa ko da an cire mai mulkin mallaka, don haka ana maimaita irin wannan tsarin na cin nasara a jikin macen Afirka a cikin fim din shekara ta 1960 da 1970. 

Fina-finan da aka yi a wannan zamanin da aka nuna ko kuma aka kirkira daga shugabannin mata na Afirka sun kunshi jigogi na sha'awar [[jima]]'i da suka hada da auren mace fiye da daya, rikici tsakanin soyayyar zamani da al'adun auren da aka tsara, ware zawarawa da mata marasa aure saniyar ware, da kuma kaciya . Masana irin su Sheila Petty sun yi ikirarin cewa ba wai kawai a karanta su ba ne kawai a matsayin suna nuna babban magatakarda ba za a iya girgiza ba, amma a matsayin maganganu na asarar ainihi, tare da misalan misalan siyasar jima'i da ke aiki a matsayin &quot;tsari wanda za a iya canza matsayin al'adu ta hanyar tasiri. hadin gwiwa tsakanin maza da mata.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=145–155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1975 Safi Faye ya fito da ''Kaddu Beykat'', wanda ake ganin shi ne fim na farko da aka fito da shi a kasuwa wanda wata ‘yar Afirka ta shirya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|104}}A baya ta fito da dan gajeren fim, &quot;La Passante&quot;, kimanin shekaru uku kafin a shekara ta 1972.  Ana kuma yaba ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin darektan fina-finai na Afirka da ta samu karbuwa a duniya, yayin da Kaddu Beykat ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama daga cikinsu akwai lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI .  &lt;ref&gt;Beti Ellerson, &quot;African through a Woman's Eyes: Safi Faye's Cinema&quot; in ''Focus on African Cinema''(ed) Francoise Pfaff, (Bloomington: Indiana University, 2004), 185&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran fina-finan da aka fitar a wannan lokaci sun hada da fim din Maldoror na shekara ta 1972 ''Sambizanga .''

=== Mata a cikin 1980s da 1990s Cinema ===
Per Harrow, masu shirya fina-finai na mata na Afirka sun zama masu habaka a cikin 1980s da 1990s, &quot;a karshe suna ba mu wani abu mai mahimmanci fiye da hotunan Sembene na mata ko 'ya'ya mata da aka dade da zalunta&quot; da kuma cewa &quot;Watakila hanya mafi kyau don fahimtar cinema bayan shiga aiki shine kamar na fim din da ya fara karkata ga mata a matsayin abin da zai kawo illa ga makomar Afirka.&quot;  Fina-finan tsakiyar mata a al'adance ba su da mahimmanci kuma ba su da ma'ana sau biyu daga al'adun ubangida na Afirka da sojojin turawan yamma.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}

== Jigogi ==
Jigogi wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin fina-finai kuma fina-finan Afirka sukan shafi mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo bayansa, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa a Afirka.  Fina-finan da suka fito ko kuma matan Afirka ke jagoranta na iya kunshi jigogi irin su batsa, son mata na Afirka, rashin yarda, ko shirya aure da auren mata fiye da daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;The Women’s Companion to International Film by Annette Kuhn and Susannah Radstone. University of California Press, 1990, pp. 85&lt;/ref&gt;  Sauran jigogi na iya hadawa da juriya da 'yancin kai na mata, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin 'yar fim din Kamaru Rosine Mbakam ''Chez Jolie Coiffur'' e.  Wasu jigogi, kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, kuruciya, ko yaki don daidaito, ana ganin su a matsayin na al'ada ta Beatriz Leal Riesco, amma ana sanya su ga &quot;kallon ikon mulki na shekara-shekara, babban halayensa shine kaddamar da tsari na alama na hermetic. daidaita tazara tsakanin mahalicci da gaskiyar da ake wakilta”. 

=== Wakilin mata a fina-finan Afirka ===
Ana kallon wakilcin mata a fina-finan Afirka a matsayin jigon gama gari tsakanin mata masu gudanarwa, kamar Safi Faye da Sarah Maldoror. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa mata sun sanya mafi yawan binciken jigon. Wasu fina-finai, irin su ''Karmen Gei'' da ''U-Carmen eKhaylitsha'' sun fito da jarumai mata, amma ana sukar su da cewa &quot;[wakilta] ficewa daga halin da matan zamani ke ciki a Afirka&quot; yayin da fina-finan ke nuna mata masu kida da murya. Riesco ya lura cewa yayin da wadannan fina-finai ke nuna kyakkyawan yanayin mace, suna kuma ba da wani zabi mai kyau ga yanayin silima na baya, wanda aka fi sani da daukaka na kauye, na al'adu da farfadowar su, da kuma takamaiman nau'in ruwaya., a hankali da aunawa, bisa ga al'adun baka, wanda shiru da magana sun kasance daidai da damuwa.&quot; 

=== Batsa da jima'i ===
N. Frank Ukadike ya lura cewa matan Afirka sau da yawa suna &quot;mafi kyau, abubuwan jima'i da aka lullube cikin al'adar sha'awar maza ; kuma, a cikin kalmomin Ousmane Sembene, &quot;har yanzu an ƙi 'yancin magana.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|107}}Wasu fina-finai, irin su ''Ceddo'' da ''Sarraounia'' an yi la’akari da su a matsayin kawar da tunanin cewa matan Afirka “wadansu abubuwa ne kawai na jima’i ko clichés”, wanda Ukadike ya dauka a wani bangare na tunanin mulkin mallaka da na gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|108}}

A kan batun batsa da jima'i, darekta François Pfaff ya yi nuni da cewa fina-finan Afirka ba su da amfani sosai, saboda suna tsammanin 'yan kallo su kasance masu addini, yayin da Isabelle Boni-Claverie a cikin ''Pour la Nuit'' ta dauki jima'i a matsayin alamar 'yanci da zabi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}} Antje Schuhmann ne suka buga fim din ''Puk Nini'' a matsayin fim din da ke yin nuni akan ayyuka da yawa da ake tsammanin mata za su yi a cikin sana'a da cikin gida. A cewar marubutan, wannan ya sa tattaunawa da yawa da suka shafi yadda dangantakar jinsi ke gudana ko kuma yadda &quot;al'ada&quot; ke iya zama wani abu mai ma'ana a cikin dangantakar. Sun bayyana cewa a cikin wannan fim wata mata ta nemi taimakon uwargidan mijinta domin ta koyi hanyoyin lalata da mabanbanta da kuma yin nuni da ayyuka biyu na masu gida da kwararrun ma’aikata da ake sa ran wasu matan za su dauka, yayin da maza ba sa son yin lalata da su. gabadaya suna daukar wannan tsammanin zamantakewa iri daya. 

=== Kaunar mata ===
Jigogin mata suna kasancewa a cikin fina-finai kamar Fuskokin ''Mata'', wanda Ukadike ya bayyana &quot;[tambayoyi] al'adun gargajiya na Afirka da kuma dabarun ba da mata na uba ga mata&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|108}}Fina-finan mata sun shahara a fina-finan [[Kenya]] a shekarun 1990 kuma sun ci gaba da shahara har zuwa shekarar 2017, lamarin da ya haifar da maimaita jigogi na mata kamar halayyar mace ta guje wa auren wuri ta hanyar gudu a fina-finai irin su ''Farashin ''' ya mace da ''Saikati ,'' haka nan. kamar yadda ''Saikati'' ta ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1334375}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenneth W. Harrow ya rubuta cewa mata na Afirka sun haɗa da wasu bambance-bambance daga salon mata na yammacin Turai, a cikin cewa &quot;Daya zai rushe kulob din; dayan kuma zai shiga shi&quot; kamar yadda mata na Afirka &quot;ya fi damuwa da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki&quot; yayin da Turai ko Turai. Kauyen mata na yammacin duniya yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa kamar &quot;matsayin batun, ainihin jinsi, harshe na jinsi, jam'iyya da kuma sama da duk wani adawa da rinjaye&quot;.  {{Rp|133}}Ya kuma yi tambaya kan ko tsarin mata na Turai zai yi hannun riga da masu shirya fina-finan mata na Afirka kuma yana kallonsu a matsayin &quot;ba da gangan suke ci gaba da bin tsarin mulkin uba, ta haka ne ke murza manufofinsu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|139}}

=== Amfani da 'yanci ===
A cikin shekarun 1960, Yan matan Afirka sun fito daga kungiyar Cinema ta Uku, wadanda ke daukar fim a matsayin hanyar fafutuka na zamantakewa da siyasa. Fina-finan na Sembene, Safi Faye, Sarah Maldoror da sauransu sun yi amfani da labarun layika don bayyana yadda ake cin zarafin wasu gungun mata. Yin amfani da fina-finai don ci gaba da 'yantar da su, wadannan fina-finai sun kasance wani ɓangare na kokarin da masu shirya fina-finai na wannan lokaci suka yi don tabbatar da 'yancin kai da kuma kwato sunayen kasa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan cudanya da gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na nufin an mayar da sha’anin mata saniyar ware da kuma kalubalen da suka shafi gwagwarmayarsu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}

=== Lafiyar mata ===
Lafiyar mata ya kasance jigo a fina-finai irin su Ousmane Sembene 's ''Moolaade'', wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batun kaciyar mata, wanda kuma aka bayyana shi a matsayin al'adar tsufa a wasu sassan Afirka. Masu fafutuka da na mata sun tafka muhawara kan yadda ake ganin wannan al’ada, inda masu ra’ayin mata suka bayyana cewa, wannan wani nau’in tashin hankali ne na zaluncin mata, yayin da masu fafutuka ke kallon hakan a matsayin hasashe na al’ada na tsarkakewa, kuma masu sukar sun yi ta cece-kuce ko a’a Sembene ta kawo koma baya ko kuma ta amince da halin da ake ciki. . Kalmar &quot;batsa&quot;, wanda ke bayyana, yadda aka sanya tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da hoton mata bakar fata a jikinsu ta hanyoyin wakilci na gani, kamar fina-finai, waɗanda ke goyan bayan &quot; Sauran &quot; na mace baƙar fata, a cikin tattaunawar. ya ''Moolade.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=243–258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalubale ==
Common challenges faced by African women in film include sexual harassment and sexism, as well as the balance of work and life. Lucy Gebre-Egziabher has described African women filmmakers as &quot;warrior; they face a lot of obstacles. [...] I remember seeing a picture of a Kenyan filmmaker [...], she had her baby behind her on her back as she was directing. That was a most powerful image, it has stayed with me. To me, that is an African woman filmmaker.&quot; Others, such as Kenyan director Wanjiru Kinyanjui, have cited issues with cooperation, once remarking in an interview that her basic problem in studying film at the Deutsche Film und Fernsehakademie in Berlin was to &quot;get the Europeans to co-operate with 'an ignorant black woman.'&quot;

Sauran matsalolin da shugabannin matan Afirka ke fuskanta a yanayin shirya fina-finai na duniya sun hada da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin gida da duniya tsammanin rayuwar Afirka da dabi'u.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}Mai shirya fina-finai na [[Benin]]  Zinsou ta bayyana cewa, akwai matsaloli na wayar da kan al'amuran da suka shafi matan Afirka, saboda &quot;Maganar mata ba ta bi yadda ya kamata ba&quot; kuma akwai shiru da ke tattare da al'amurran da suka shafi kuma hakan shi ne. ba'a iyakance ga cin zarafin jima'i kawai ba. 

=== Cin zarafi da cin zarafi ===
Daraktoci mata da dama sun ba da rahoton fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafi. A cewar wani rahoto na Deutsche Welle, kungiyar ‘Yan’uwa mata dake aiki a Fina-Finai da Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu “sun gano cewa a kasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na matan Afirka ta Kudu da suka yi nazari a kansu an tilasta musu ba tare da yarda ba ko kuma an taba su a wurin aiki. 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Mata Ministoci]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Beyond the Black, European Co-Headline Tour, Ludwigsburg 2022 (13).jpg|thumb|Yar firm]]
'''Mata''' suna shiga '''harkar fina-finan Afirka ta fannoni''' daban-daban, duk da cewa ba a ba su ba a matsayin masu kirkire-kirkire.

== Fage ==
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yan fim na yammacin duniya ke wakilta Afirka ta musamman, wanda hakan ya sa aka kwatanta Afirka da mutanen Afirka a matsayin &quot;masu kazafi&quot;, &quot;ma'aikata masu biyayya&quot; ko kuma &quot;masu cin zarafi ko cin nama&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hayward, Susan 2006. p. 426-442&quot;&gt;Hayward, Susan. &quot;Third World Cinemas: African Continent&quot; in ''Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts'' (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 426-442&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka da suka tashi daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1960 sun haifar da fina-finai da ke da nufin yin amfani da kyamara a matsayin kayan aiki don magance wadannan hotunan mulkin mallaka. Mata sun kasance masu kwazo a masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka kafin da kuma a wannan lokacin, duk da rawar da suke takawa ya iyakance ga matsayi na tallafi kamar wasan kwaikwayo. Fitowar mata a wasu matsayi a harkar fim a wannan lokaci ya zo dai-dai da taron kwararrun masana fina-finai da ke son tallata fina-finan Afirka.  Wadannan Kwararrun masana harkar fina-finai, wadanda da dama daga cikinsu mata ne, sun fara kafa ƙungiyoyi da bukukuwan da suka shafi noma da kuma karrama fina-finan Afirka irin su Pan African Film and Television Festival of [[Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO) da kungiyar Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) . An halicce su a shekara ta 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bikin Bakar fata na Duniya, bikin al'adu da fasaha na tsawon wata guda, shi ma ya fito a wannan lokacin kuma ya nuna wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane masu kyau, kida, sinima, wasan kwaikwayo, salon, gine-gine, kira, da raye-raye daga masu kirkira daga Kasashen Afirka. musamman daga masu shirya fina-finai a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

A cikin shekarun 1970 an yi kira ga duniya da a yi aiki a sassa daban-daban na rayuwar mata tare da juyin halitta na gwagwarmayar kare Hakkin mata na duniya, ci gaban mata na biyu, bullar kungiyar binciken mata masu harsuna biyu da ke Senegal da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka. Mata don Bincike da Ci gaba (AAWORD), da ayyana shekarun shekarun mata na [[Majalisar dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1985, dukkansu sun yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaba da nazarin karatun mata, ka'idar fina-finai ta mata, da bayyanar mata, a duniya. . Masana sun yi la'akari da wadannan kungiyoyin a matsayin wadanda suka haifar da fahimtar Yan uwantaka na duniya, wanda daga nan ne aka sami dimbin tarurruka da kafofin watsa labarai wadanda ke nuna irin gogewar da mata ke da su a duniya. 

== Daraktoci mata ==
'Yan Afirka sun iyakance ne a irin rawar da za su iya takawa a fim har zuwa shekarun 1950 zuwa shekara ta 60, lokacin da 'yan asalin Afirka suka fara 'yantar da kansu daga mulkin mallaka, amma 'yan mata kadan ne aka ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin kere kere fiye da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Darakta [[Safi Faye]] dai ana yabawa a matsayin mace ta farko a Afirka da ta shirya wani fim tare da fitar da fim dinta mai suna ''[[Kaddu Beykat]]'' a shekarar 1975, wanda masanin fina-finan N. Frank Ukadike ya bayyana cewa yana nuni da irin fafutukar da bakar fata 'yan fim ke yi a kasashen Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|104}}Mai shirya fina-finai kuma marubuciya Tsitsi Dangarembga ta bayyana rashin son zuciya a masana'antar fim da al'ummar Afirka a matsayin dalilai, dalilin da ya sa musamman matan Afirka ke gwagwarmaya a matsayin masu shirya fina-finai.  Malama Nancy Schmidt ta kara da cewa har zuwa 1997, kwanan nan ne aka sami dandamali na kan layi, wallafe-wallafe, fina-finai ko rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce wadanda suka yarda da duk abubuwan da suka shafi fina-finai, daftarin aiki, guntun wando da ayyuka a cikin bidiyo, talabijin, da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital wadanda matan Afirka suka ba da umarni a kan tsarin. shekaru da dama da suka wuce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=163–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin da kuma tallata matan Afirka a fina-finai da talabijin, irin su gidauniyar Ladima Foundation, (Dada Trust) da bukukuwan fina-finai na mata irin su bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya na Mata da (Udada International). An kaddamar da bikin fina-finan mata).  Misalan albarkatun kan layi akan matan Afirka a cikin fina-finai sun hada da Cibiyar Nazarin da Binciken Matan Afirka a Cinema Beti Ellerson, wacce aka kaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2008 kuma tana kula da blog din Matan Afirka a Cinema.  

Wasu daraktoci irin su Sarah Maldoror sun sha wahala wajen samun karramawa a matsayin daraktar fina-finan Afirka, lamarin da ya sa aka kebe su daga jerin masu shirya fina-finan na Afirka, yayin da ake tattaunawa kan fina-finansu a binciken da aka yi kan fina-finan Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=10–26}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|10}}Paulin Soumanou Vieyra ya bayyana zama dan kasa a matsayin babban bangaren tantancewa a matsayin daraktan fina-finan Afirka, inda ya bayyana cewa fina-finan da wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba ne suka ba da umarni game da Afirka &quot;na Afirka ne na zaburarwa/fim d'inspiration africaine&quot;, wanda wani masani Alexie Tcheuyap ke cewa &quot;zai hana kai tsaye. darektoci kamar Sarah Maldoror ko Raoul Peck, wadanda suka yi yawa sau da yawa, kusan a hankali, suna daukar 'yan Afirka.'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|11-12}}Wasu masana, irin su masanin tarihi Beatriz Leal Riesco sun lura cewa Maldoror &quot;yar Afirka ce dangane da kwazo da jigonta&quot; 

== Tarihin mata a fim din Afirka ==

=== 1960s da 1970s ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, al'adu da dokoki irin su Dokar Laval na shekara ta 1934, wanda ke mulkin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ya haramta wa 'yan Afirka yin fina-finai na kansu, wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin abin da ya hana ci gaban fim a matsayin hanyar magana, siyasa, al'adu, da Afirka. na fasaha.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=205–216}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[[Manthia Diawara|Diawara, Manthia]] (1992). ''African Cinema: Politics and Culture''. Bloomington, Indiana: [[Indiana University Press]], pp. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Afirka ta zama yanki na duniya bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka sun fara Kirkirar fina-finai na kansu kuma mata sun dauki manyan ayyuka, yayin da har yanzu suna iyakance ga yin aiki kawai. Duk da irin shan kaye na mulkin mallaka, duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na wayewar Turai sun dade, suna samun amsa a wani nau'i na al'adar Kauye da mulkin kama-karya, tare da Kenneth W. Harrow ya bayyana cewa &quot;Duk da cewa zanga-zangar 1950s da 1960 ta kasance tana adawa da Turai. ’yan mulkin mallaka a matsayinsu na waje, ko kuma a kan Turai kanta a matsayin wani karfi na waje, a yanzu an tura su cikin gida ne kan masu rike da madafun iko na Afirka, - azzalumai, masu rike da madafun iko, ciki har da wadanda suka tsere daga al’umma da tattalin arziki da kuma wadanda ke mulkin kauyuka ko iyalai. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa ko da an cire mai mulkin mallaka, don haka ana maimaita irin wannan tsarin na cin nasara a jikin macen Afirka a cikin fim din shekara ta 1960 da 1970. 

Fina-finan da aka yi a wannan zamanin da aka nuna ko kuma aka kirkira daga shugabannin mata na Afirka sun kunshi jigogi na sha'awar [[jima]]'i da suka hada da auren mace fiye da daya, rikici tsakanin soyayyar zamani da al'adun auren da aka tsara, ware zawarawa da mata marasa aure saniyar ware, da kuma kaciya . Masana irin su Sheila Petty sun yi ikirarin cewa ba wai kawai a karanta su ba ne kawai a matsayin suna nuna babban magatakarda ba za a iya girgiza ba, amma a matsayin maganganu na asarar ainihi, tare da misalan misalan siyasar jima'i da ke aiki a matsayin &quot;tsari wanda za a iya canza matsayin al'adu ta hanyar tasiri. hadin gwiwa tsakanin maza da mata.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=145–155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1975 Safi Faye ya fito da ''Kaddu Beykat'', wanda ake ganin shi ne fim na farko da aka fito da shi a kasuwa wanda wata ‘yar Afirka ta shirya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|104}}A baya ta fito da dan gajeren fim, &quot;La Passante&quot;, kimanin shekaru uku kafin a shekara ta 1972.  Ana kuma yaba ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin darektan fina-finai na Afirka da ta samu karbuwa a duniya, yayin da Kaddu Beykat ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama daga cikinsu akwai lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI .  &lt;ref&gt;Beti Ellerson, &quot;African through a Woman's Eyes: Safi Faye's Cinema&quot; in ''Focus on African Cinema''(ed) Francoise Pfaff, (Bloomington: Indiana University, 2004), 185&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran fina-finan da aka fitar a wannan lokaci sun hada da fim din Maldoror na shekara ta 1972 ''Sambizanga .''

=== Mata a cikin 1980s da 1990s Cinema ===
Per Harrow, masu shirya fina-finai na mata na Afirka sun zama masu habaka a cikin 1980s da 1990s, &quot;a karshe suna ba mu wani abu mai mahimmanci fiye da hotunan Sembene na mata ko 'ya'ya mata da aka dade da zalunta&quot; da kuma cewa &quot;Watakila hanya mafi kyau don fahimtar cinema bayan shiga aiki shine kamar na fim din da ya fara karkata ga mata a matsayin abin da zai kawo illa ga makomar Afirka.&quot;  Fina-finan tsakiyar mata a al'adance ba su da mahimmanci kuma ba su da ma'ana sau biyu daga al'adun ubangida na Afirka da sojojin turawan yamma.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}

== Jigogi ==
Jigogi wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin fina-finai kuma fina-finan Afirka sukan shafi mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo bayansa, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa a Afirka.  Fina-finan da suka fito ko kuma matan Afirka ke jagoranta na iya kunshi jigogi irin su batsa, son mata na Afirka, rashin yarda, ko shirya aure da auren mata fiye da daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;The Women’s Companion to International Film by Annette Kuhn and Susannah Radstone. University of California Press, 1990, pp. 85&lt;/ref&gt;  Sauran jigogi na iya hadawa da juriya da 'yancin kai na mata, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin 'yar fim din Kamaru Rosine Mbakam ''Chez Jolie Coiffur'' e.  Wasu jigogi, kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, kuruciya, ko yaki don daidaito, ana ganin su a matsayin na al'ada ta Beatriz Leal Riesco, amma ana sanya su ga &quot;kallon ikon mulki na shekara-shekara, babban halayensa shine kaddamar da tsari na alama na hermetic. daidaita tazara tsakanin mahalicci da gaskiyar da ake wakilta”. 

=== Wakilin mata a fina-finan Afirka ===
Ana kallon wakilcin mata a fina-finan Afirka a matsayin jigon gama gari tsakanin mata masu gudanarwa, kamar Safi Faye da Sarah Maldoror. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa mata sun sanya mafi yawan binciken jigon. Wasu fina-finai, irin su ''Karmen Gei'' da ''U-Carmen eKhaylitsha'' sun fito da jarumai mata, amma ana sukar su da cewa &quot;[wakilta] ficewa daga halin da matan zamani ke ciki a Afirka&quot; yayin da fina-finan ke nuna mata masu kida da murya. Riesco ya lura cewa yayin da wadannan fina-finai ke nuna kyakkyawan yanayin mace, suna kuma ba da wani zabi mai kyau ga yanayin silima na baya, wanda aka fi sani da daukaka na kauye, na al'adu da farfadowar su, da kuma takamaiman nau'in ruwaya., a hankali da aunawa, bisa ga al'adun baka, wanda shiru da magana sun kasance daidai da damuwa.&quot; 

=== Batsa da jima'i ===
N. Frank Ukadike ya lura cewa matan Afirka sau da yawa suna &quot;mafi kyau, abubuwan jima'i da aka lullube cikin al'adar sha'awar maza ; kuma, a cikin kalmomin Ousmane Sembene, &quot;har yanzu an ƙi 'yancin magana.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|107}}Wasu fina-finai, irin su ''Ceddo'' da ''Sarraounia'' an yi la’akari da su a matsayin kawar da tunanin cewa matan Afirka “wadansu abubuwa ne kawai na jima’i ko clichés”, wanda Ukadike ya dauka a wani bangare na tunanin mulkin mallaka da na gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|108}}

A kan batun batsa da jima'i, darekta François Pfaff ya yi nuni da cewa fina-finan Afirka ba su da amfani sosai, saboda suna tsammanin 'yan kallo su kasance masu addini, yayin da Isabelle Boni-Claverie a cikin ''Pour la Nuit'' ta dauki jima'i a matsayin alamar 'yanci da zabi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}} Antje Schuhmann ne suka buga fim din ''Puk Nini'' a matsayin fim din da ke yin nuni akan ayyuka da yawa da ake tsammanin mata za su yi a cikin sana'a da cikin gida. A cewar marubutan, wannan ya sa tattaunawa da yawa da suka shafi yadda dangantakar jinsi ke gudana ko kuma yadda &quot;al'ada&quot; ke iya zama wani abu mai ma'ana a cikin dangantakar. Sun bayyana cewa a cikin wannan fim wata mata ta nemi taimakon uwargidan mijinta domin ta koyi hanyoyin lalata da mabanbanta da kuma yin nuni da ayyuka biyu na masu gida da kwararrun ma’aikata da ake sa ran wasu matan za su dauka, yayin da maza ba sa son yin lalata da su. gabadaya suna daukar wannan tsammanin zamantakewa iri daya. 

=== Kaunar mata ===
Jigogin mata suna kasancewa a cikin fina-finai kamar Fuskokin ''Mata'', wanda Ukadike ya bayyana &quot;[tambayoyi] al'adun gargajiya na Afirka da kuma dabarun ba da mata na uba ga mata&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|108}}Fina-finan mata sun shahara a fina-finan [[Kenya]] a shekarun 1990 kuma sun ci gaba da shahara har zuwa shekarar 2017, lamarin da ya haifar da maimaita jigogi na mata kamar halayyar mace ta guje wa auren wuri ta hanyar gudu a fina-finai irin su ''Farashin ''' ya mace da ''Saikati ,'' haka nan. kamar yadda ''Saikati'' ta ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1334375}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenneth W. Harrow ya rubuta cewa mata na Afirka sun haɗa da wasu bambance-bambance daga salon mata na yammacin Turai, a cikin cewa &quot;Daya zai rushe kulob din; dayan kuma zai shiga shi&quot; kamar yadda mata na Afirka &quot;ya fi damuwa da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki&quot; yayin da Turai ko Turai. Kauyen mata na yammacin duniya yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa kamar &quot;matsayin batun, ainihin jinsi, harshe na jinsi, jam'iyya da kuma sama da duk wani adawa da rinjaye&quot;.  {{Rp|133}}Ya kuma yi tambaya kan ko tsarin mata na Turai zai yi hannun riga da masu shirya fina-finan mata na Afirka kuma yana kallonsu a matsayin &quot;ba da gangan suke ci gaba da bin tsarin mulkin uba, ta haka ne ke murza manufofinsu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|139}}

=== Amfani da 'yanci ===
A cikin shekarun 1960, Yan matan Afirka sun fito daga kungiyar Cinema ta Uku, wadanda ke daukar fim a matsayin hanyar fafutuka na zamantakewa da siyasa. Fina-finan na Sembene, Safi Faye, Sarah Maldoror da sauransu sun yi amfani da labarun layika don bayyana yadda ake cin zarafin wasu gungun mata. Yin amfani da fina-finai don ci gaba da 'yantar da su, wadannan fina-finai sun kasance wani ɓangare na kokarin da masu shirya fina-finai na wannan lokaci suka yi don tabbatar da 'yancin kai da kuma kwato sunayen kasa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan cudanya da gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na nufin an mayar da sha’anin mata saniyar ware da kuma kalubalen da suka shafi gwagwarmayarsu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}

=== Lafiyar mata ===
Lafiyar mata ya kasance jigo a fina-finai irin su Ousmane Sembene 's ''Moolaade'', wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batun kaciyar mata, wanda kuma aka bayyana shi a matsayin al'adar tsufa a wasu sassan Afirka. Masu fafutuka da na mata sun tafka muhawara kan yadda ake ganin wannan al’ada, inda masu ra’ayin mata suka bayyana cewa, wannan wani nau’in tashin hankali ne na zaluncin mata, yayin da masu fafutuka ke kallon hakan a matsayin hasashe na al’ada na tsarkakewa, kuma masu sukar sun yi ta cece-kuce ko a’a Sembene ta kawo koma baya ko kuma ta amince da halin da ake ciki. . Kalmar &quot;batsa&quot;, wanda ke bayyana, yadda aka sanya tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da hoton mata bakar fata a jikinsu ta hanyoyin wakilci na gani, kamar fina-finai, waɗanda ke goyan bayan &quot; Sauran &quot; na mace baƙar fata, a cikin tattaunawar. ya ''Moolade.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=243–258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalubale ==
Common challenges faced by African women in film include sexual harassment and sexism, as well as the balance of work and life. Lucy Gebre-Egziabher has described African women filmmakers as &quot;warrior; they face a lot of obstacles. [...] I remember seeing a picture of a Kenyan filmmaker [...], she had her baby behind her on her back as she was directing. That was a most powerful image, it has stayed with me. To me, that is an African woman filmmaker.&quot; Others, such as Kenyan director Wanjiru Kinyanjui, have cited issues with cooperation, once remarking in an interview that her basic problem in studying film at the Deutsche Film und Fernsehakademie in Berlin was to &quot;get the Europeans to co-operate with 'an ignorant black woman.'&quot;

Sauran matsalolin da shugabannin matan Afirka ke fuskanta a yanayin shirya fina-finai na duniya sun hada da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin gida da duniya tsammanin rayuwar Afirka da dabi'u.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}Mai shirya fina-finai na [[Benin]]  Zinsou ta bayyana cewa, akwai matsaloli na wayar da kan al'amuran da suka shafi matan Afirka, saboda &quot;Maganar mata ba ta bi yadda ya kamata ba&quot; kuma akwai shiru da ke tattare da al'amurran da suka shafi kuma hakan shi ne. ba'a iyakance ga cin zarafin jima'i kawai ba. 

=== Cin zarafi ===
Daraktoci mata da dama sun ba da rahoton fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafi. A cewar wani rahoto na Deutsche Welle, kungiyar ‘Yan’uwa mata dake aiki a Fina-Finai da Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu “sun gano cewa a kasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na matan Afirka ta Kudu da suka yi nazari a kansu an tilasta musu ba tare da yarda ba ko kuma an taba su a wurin aiki.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Mata Ministoci]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T19:23:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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      <comment>/* Kalubale */</comment>
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[[Fayil:Beyond the Black, European Co-Headline Tour, Ludwigsburg 2022 (13).jpg|thumb|Yar firm]]
'''Mata''' suna shiga '''harkar fina-finan Afirka ta fannoni''' daban-daban, duk da cewa ba a ba su ba a matsayin masu kirkire-kirkire.

== Fage ==
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yan fim na yammacin duniya ke wakilta Afirka ta musamman, wanda hakan ya sa aka kwatanta Afirka da mutanen Afirka a matsayin &quot;masu kazafi&quot;, &quot;ma'aikata masu biyayya&quot; ko kuma &quot;masu cin zarafi ko cin nama&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hayward, Susan 2006. p. 426-442&quot;&gt;Hayward, Susan. &quot;Third World Cinemas: African Continent&quot; in ''Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts'' (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 426-442&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka da suka tashi daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1960 sun haifar da fina-finai da ke da nufin yin amfani da kyamara a matsayin kayan aiki don magance wadannan hotunan mulkin mallaka. Mata sun kasance masu kwazo a masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka kafin da kuma a wannan lokacin, duk da rawar da suke takawa ya iyakance ga matsayi na tallafi kamar wasan kwaikwayo. Fitowar mata a wasu matsayi a harkar fim a wannan lokaci ya zo dai-dai da taron kwararrun masana fina-finai da ke son tallata fina-finan Afirka.  Wadannan Kwararrun masana harkar fina-finai, wadanda da dama daga cikinsu mata ne, sun fara kafa ƙungiyoyi da bukukuwan da suka shafi noma da kuma karrama fina-finan Afirka irin su Pan African Film and Television Festival of [[Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO) da kungiyar Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) . An halicce su a shekara ta 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bikin Bakar fata na Duniya, bikin al'adu da fasaha na tsawon wata guda, shi ma ya fito a wannan lokacin kuma ya nuna wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane masu kyau, kida, sinima, wasan kwaikwayo, salon, gine-gine, kira, da raye-raye daga masu kirkira daga Kasashen Afirka. musamman daga masu shirya fina-finai a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

A cikin shekarun 1970 an yi kira ga duniya da a yi aiki a sassa daban-daban na rayuwar mata tare da juyin halitta na gwagwarmayar kare Hakkin mata na duniya, ci gaban mata na biyu, bullar kungiyar binciken mata masu harsuna biyu da ke Senegal da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka. Mata don Bincike da Ci gaba (AAWORD), da ayyana shekarun shekarun mata na [[Majalisar dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1985, dukkansu sun yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaba da nazarin karatun mata, ka'idar fina-finai ta mata, da bayyanar mata, a duniya. . Masana sun yi la'akari da wadannan kungiyoyin a matsayin wadanda suka haifar da fahimtar Yan uwantaka na duniya, wanda daga nan ne aka sami dimbin tarurruka da kafofin watsa labarai wadanda ke nuna irin gogewar da mata ke da su a duniya. 

== Daraktoci mata ==
'Yan Afirka sun iyakance ne a irin rawar da za su iya takawa a fim har zuwa shekarun 1950 zuwa shekara ta 60, lokacin da 'yan asalin Afirka suka fara 'yantar da kansu daga mulkin mallaka, amma 'yan mata kadan ne aka ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin kere kere fiye da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Darakta [[Safi Faye]] dai ana yabawa a matsayin mace ta farko a Afirka da ta shirya wani fim tare da fitar da fim dinta mai suna ''[[Kaddu Beykat]]'' a shekarar 1975, wanda masanin fina-finan N. Frank Ukadike ya bayyana cewa yana nuni da irin fafutukar da bakar fata 'yan fim ke yi a kasashen Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|104}}Mai shirya fina-finai kuma marubuciya Tsitsi Dangarembga ta bayyana rashin son zuciya a masana'antar fim da al'ummar Afirka a matsayin dalilai, dalilin da ya sa musamman matan Afirka ke gwagwarmaya a matsayin masu shirya fina-finai.  Malama Nancy Schmidt ta kara da cewa har zuwa 1997, kwanan nan ne aka sami dandamali na kan layi, wallafe-wallafe, fina-finai ko rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce wadanda suka yarda da duk abubuwan da suka shafi fina-finai, daftarin aiki, guntun wando da ayyuka a cikin bidiyo, talabijin, da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital wadanda matan Afirka suka ba da umarni a kan tsarin. shekaru da dama da suka wuce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=163–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin da kuma tallata matan Afirka a fina-finai da talabijin, irin su gidauniyar Ladima Foundation, (Dada Trust) da bukukuwan fina-finai na mata irin su bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya na Mata da (Udada International). An kaddamar da bikin fina-finan mata).  Misalan albarkatun kan layi akan matan Afirka a cikin fina-finai sun hada da Cibiyar Nazarin da Binciken Matan Afirka a Cinema Beti Ellerson, wacce aka kaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2008 kuma tana kula da blog din Matan Afirka a Cinema.  

Wasu daraktoci irin su Sarah Maldoror sun sha wahala wajen samun karramawa a matsayin daraktar fina-finan Afirka, lamarin da ya sa aka kebe su daga jerin masu shirya fina-finan na Afirka, yayin da ake tattaunawa kan fina-finansu a binciken da aka yi kan fina-finan Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=10–26}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|10}}Paulin Soumanou Vieyra ya bayyana zama dan kasa a matsayin babban bangaren tantancewa a matsayin daraktan fina-finan Afirka, inda ya bayyana cewa fina-finan da wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba ne suka ba da umarni game da Afirka &quot;na Afirka ne na zaburarwa/fim d'inspiration africaine&quot;, wanda wani masani Alexie Tcheuyap ke cewa &quot;zai hana kai tsaye. darektoci kamar Sarah Maldoror ko Raoul Peck, wadanda suka yi yawa sau da yawa, kusan a hankali, suna daukar 'yan Afirka.'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|11-12}}Wasu masana, irin su masanin tarihi Beatriz Leal Riesco sun lura cewa Maldoror &quot;yar Afirka ce dangane da kwazo da jigonta&quot; 

== Tarihin mata a fim din Afirka ==

=== 1960s da 1970s ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, al'adu da dokoki irin su Dokar Laval na shekara ta 1934, wanda ke mulkin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ya haramta wa 'yan Afirka yin fina-finai na kansu, wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin abin da ya hana ci gaban fim a matsayin hanyar magana, siyasa, al'adu, da Afirka. na fasaha.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=205–216}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[[Manthia Diawara|Diawara, Manthia]] (1992). ''African Cinema: Politics and Culture''. Bloomington, Indiana: [[Indiana University Press]], pp. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Afirka ta zama yanki na duniya bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka sun fara Kirkirar fina-finai na kansu kuma mata sun dauki manyan ayyuka, yayin da har yanzu suna iyakance ga yin aiki kawai. Duk da irin shan kaye na mulkin mallaka, duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na wayewar Turai sun dade, suna samun amsa a wani nau'i na al'adar Kauye da mulkin kama-karya, tare da Kenneth W. Harrow ya bayyana cewa &quot;Duk da cewa zanga-zangar 1950s da 1960 ta kasance tana adawa da Turai. ’yan mulkin mallaka a matsayinsu na waje, ko kuma a kan Turai kanta a matsayin wani karfi na waje, a yanzu an tura su cikin gida ne kan masu rike da madafun iko na Afirka, - azzalumai, masu rike da madafun iko, ciki har da wadanda suka tsere daga al’umma da tattalin arziki da kuma wadanda ke mulkin kauyuka ko iyalai. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa ko da an cire mai mulkin mallaka, don haka ana maimaita irin wannan tsarin na cin nasara a jikin macen Afirka a cikin fim din shekara ta 1960 da 1970. 

Fina-finan da aka yi a wannan zamanin da aka nuna ko kuma aka kirkira daga shugabannin mata na Afirka sun kunshi jigogi na sha'awar [[jima]]'i da suka hada da auren mace fiye da daya, rikici tsakanin soyayyar zamani da al'adun auren da aka tsara, ware zawarawa da mata marasa aure saniyar ware, da kuma kaciya . Masana irin su Sheila Petty sun yi ikirarin cewa ba wai kawai a karanta su ba ne kawai a matsayin suna nuna babban magatakarda ba za a iya girgiza ba, amma a matsayin maganganu na asarar ainihi, tare da misalan misalan siyasar jima'i da ke aiki a matsayin &quot;tsari wanda za a iya canza matsayin al'adu ta hanyar tasiri. hadin gwiwa tsakanin maza da mata.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=145–155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1975 Safi Faye ya fito da ''Kaddu Beykat'', wanda ake ganin shi ne fim na farko da aka fito da shi a kasuwa wanda wata ‘yar Afirka ta shirya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|104}}A baya ta fito da dan gajeren fim, &quot;La Passante&quot;, kimanin shekaru uku kafin a shekara ta 1972.  Ana kuma yaba ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin darektan fina-finai na Afirka da ta samu karbuwa a duniya, yayin da Kaddu Beykat ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama daga cikinsu akwai lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI .  &lt;ref&gt;Beti Ellerson, &quot;African through a Woman's Eyes: Safi Faye's Cinema&quot; in ''Focus on African Cinema''(ed) Francoise Pfaff, (Bloomington: Indiana University, 2004), 185&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran fina-finan da aka fitar a wannan lokaci sun hada da fim din Maldoror na shekara ta 1972 ''Sambizanga .''

=== Mata a cikin 1980s da 1990s Cinema ===
Per Harrow, masu shirya fina-finai na mata na Afirka sun zama masu habaka a cikin 1980s da 1990s, &quot;a karshe suna ba mu wani abu mai mahimmanci fiye da hotunan Sembene na mata ko 'ya'ya mata da aka dade da zalunta&quot; da kuma cewa &quot;Watakila hanya mafi kyau don fahimtar cinema bayan shiga aiki shine kamar na fim din da ya fara karkata ga mata a matsayin abin da zai kawo illa ga makomar Afirka.&quot;  Fina-finan tsakiyar mata a al'adance ba su da mahimmanci kuma ba su da ma'ana sau biyu daga al'adun ubangida na Afirka da sojojin turawan yamma.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}

== Jigogi ==
Jigogi wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin fina-finai kuma fina-finan Afirka sukan shafi mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo bayansa, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa a Afirka.  Fina-finan da suka fito ko kuma matan Afirka ke jagoranta na iya kunshi jigogi irin su batsa, son mata na Afirka, rashin yarda, ko shirya aure da auren mata fiye da daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;The Women’s Companion to International Film by Annette Kuhn and Susannah Radstone. University of California Press, 1990, pp. 85&lt;/ref&gt;  Sauran jigogi na iya hadawa da juriya da 'yancin kai na mata, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin 'yar fim din Kamaru Rosine Mbakam ''Chez Jolie Coiffur'' e.  Wasu jigogi, kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, kuruciya, ko yaki don daidaito, ana ganin su a matsayin na al'ada ta Beatriz Leal Riesco, amma ana sanya su ga &quot;kallon ikon mulki na shekara-shekara, babban halayensa shine kaddamar da tsari na alama na hermetic. daidaita tazara tsakanin mahalicci da gaskiyar da ake wakilta”. 

=== Wakilin mata a fina-finan Afirka ===
Ana kallon wakilcin mata a fina-finan Afirka a matsayin jigon gama gari tsakanin mata masu gudanarwa, kamar Safi Faye da Sarah Maldoror. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa mata sun sanya mafi yawan binciken jigon. Wasu fina-finai, irin su ''Karmen Gei'' da ''U-Carmen eKhaylitsha'' sun fito da jarumai mata, amma ana sukar su da cewa &quot;[wakilta] ficewa daga halin da matan zamani ke ciki a Afirka&quot; yayin da fina-finan ke nuna mata masu kida da murya. Riesco ya lura cewa yayin da wadannan fina-finai ke nuna kyakkyawan yanayin mace, suna kuma ba da wani zabi mai kyau ga yanayin silima na baya, wanda aka fi sani da daukaka na kauye, na al'adu da farfadowar su, da kuma takamaiman nau'in ruwaya., a hankali da aunawa, bisa ga al'adun baka, wanda shiru da magana sun kasance daidai da damuwa.&quot; 

=== Batsa da jima'i ===
N. Frank Ukadike ya lura cewa matan Afirka sau da yawa suna &quot;mafi kyau, abubuwan jima'i da aka lullube cikin al'adar sha'awar maza ; kuma, a cikin kalmomin Ousmane Sembene, &quot;har yanzu an ƙi 'yancin magana.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|107}}Wasu fina-finai, irin su ''Ceddo'' da ''Sarraounia'' an yi la’akari da su a matsayin kawar da tunanin cewa matan Afirka “wadansu abubuwa ne kawai na jima’i ko clichés”, wanda Ukadike ya dauka a wani bangare na tunanin mulkin mallaka da na gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|108}}

A kan batun batsa da jima'i, darekta François Pfaff ya yi nuni da cewa fina-finan Afirka ba su da amfani sosai, saboda suna tsammanin 'yan kallo su kasance masu addini, yayin da Isabelle Boni-Claverie a cikin ''Pour la Nuit'' ta dauki jima'i a matsayin alamar 'yanci da zabi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}} Antje Schuhmann ne suka buga fim din ''Puk Nini'' a matsayin fim din da ke yin nuni akan ayyuka da yawa da ake tsammanin mata za su yi a cikin sana'a da cikin gida. A cewar marubutan, wannan ya sa tattaunawa da yawa da suka shafi yadda dangantakar jinsi ke gudana ko kuma yadda &quot;al'ada&quot; ke iya zama wani abu mai ma'ana a cikin dangantakar. Sun bayyana cewa a cikin wannan fim wata mata ta nemi taimakon uwargidan mijinta domin ta koyi hanyoyin lalata da mabanbanta da kuma yin nuni da ayyuka biyu na masu gida da kwararrun ma’aikata da ake sa ran wasu matan za su dauka, yayin da maza ba sa son yin lalata da su. gabadaya suna daukar wannan tsammanin zamantakewa iri daya. 

=== Kaunar mata ===
Jigogin mata suna kasancewa a cikin fina-finai kamar Fuskokin ''Mata'', wanda Ukadike ya bayyana &quot;[tambayoyi] al'adun gargajiya na Afirka da kuma dabarun ba da mata na uba ga mata&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|108}}Fina-finan mata sun shahara a fina-finan [[Kenya]] a shekarun 1990 kuma sun ci gaba da shahara har zuwa shekarar 2017, lamarin da ya haifar da maimaita jigogi na mata kamar halayyar mace ta guje wa auren wuri ta hanyar gudu a fina-finai irin su ''Farashin ''' ya mace da ''Saikati ,'' haka nan. kamar yadda ''Saikati'' ta ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1334375}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenneth W. Harrow ya rubuta cewa mata na Afirka sun haɗa da wasu bambance-bambance daga salon mata na yammacin Turai, a cikin cewa &quot;Daya zai rushe kulob din; dayan kuma zai shiga shi&quot; kamar yadda mata na Afirka &quot;ya fi damuwa da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki&quot; yayin da Turai ko Turai. Kauyen mata na yammacin duniya yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa kamar &quot;matsayin batun, ainihin jinsi, harshe na jinsi, jam'iyya da kuma sama da duk wani adawa da rinjaye&quot;.  {{Rp|133}}Ya kuma yi tambaya kan ko tsarin mata na Turai zai yi hannun riga da masu shirya fina-finan mata na Afirka kuma yana kallonsu a matsayin &quot;ba da gangan suke ci gaba da bin tsarin mulkin uba, ta haka ne ke murza manufofinsu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|139}}

=== Amfani da 'yanci ===
A cikin shekarun 1960, Yan matan Afirka sun fito daga kungiyar Cinema ta Uku, wadanda ke daukar fim a matsayin hanyar fafutuka na zamantakewa da siyasa. Fina-finan na Sembene, Safi Faye, Sarah Maldoror da sauransu sun yi amfani da labarun layika don bayyana yadda ake cin zarafin wasu gungun mata. Yin amfani da fina-finai don ci gaba da 'yantar da su, wadannan fina-finai sun kasance wani ɓangare na kokarin da masu shirya fina-finai na wannan lokaci suka yi don tabbatar da 'yancin kai da kuma kwato sunayen kasa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan cudanya da gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na nufin an mayar da sha’anin mata saniyar ware da kuma kalubalen da suka shafi gwagwarmayarsu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}

=== Lafiyar mata ===
Lafiyar mata ya kasance jigo a fina-finai irin su Ousmane Sembene 's ''Moolaade'', wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batun kaciyar mata, wanda kuma aka bayyana shi a matsayin al'adar tsufa a wasu sassan Afirka. Masu fafutuka da na mata sun tafka muhawara kan yadda ake ganin wannan al’ada, inda masu ra’ayin mata suka bayyana cewa, wannan wani nau’in tashin hankali ne na zaluncin mata, yayin da masu fafutuka ke kallon hakan a matsayin hasashe na al’ada na tsarkakewa, kuma masu sukar sun yi ta cece-kuce ko a’a Sembene ta kawo koma baya ko kuma ta amince da halin da ake ciki. . Kalmar &quot;batsa&quot;, wanda ke bayyana, yadda aka sanya tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da hoton mata bakar fata a jikinsu ta hanyoyin wakilci na gani, kamar fina-finai, waɗanda ke goyan bayan &quot; Sauran &quot; na mace baƙar fata, a cikin tattaunawar. ya ''Moolade.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=243–258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙalubale ==
Common challenges faced by African women in film include sexual harassment and sexism, as well as the balance of work and life. Lucy Gebre-Egziabher has described African women filmmakers as &quot;warrior; they face a lot of obstacles. [...] I remember seeing a picture of a Kenyan filmmaker [...], she had her baby behind her on her back as she was directing. That was a most powerful image, it has stayed with me. To me, that is an African woman filmmaker.&quot; Others, such as Kenyan director Wanjiru Kinyanjui, have cited issues with cooperation, once remarking in an interview that her basic problem in studying film at the Deutsche Film und Fernsehakademie in Berlin was to &quot;get the Europeans to co-operate with 'an ignorant black woman.'&quot;

Sauran matsalolin da shugabannin matan Afirka ke fuskanta a yanayin shirya fina-finai na duniya sun hada da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin gida da duniya tsammanin rayuwar Afirka da dabi'u.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}Mai shirya fina-finai na [[Benin]]  Zinsou ta bayyana cewa, akwai matsaloli na wayar da kan al'amuran da suka shafi matan Afirka, saboda &quot;Maganar mata ba ta bi yadda ya kamata ba&quot; kuma akwai shiru da ke tattare da al'amurran da suka shafi kuma hakan shi ne. ba'a iyakance ga cin zarafin jima'i kawai ba. 

=== Cin zarafi ===
Daraktoci mata da dama sun ba da rahoton fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafi. A cewar wani rahoto na Deutsche Welle, kungiyar ‘Yan’uwa mata dake aiki a Fina-Finai da Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu “sun gano cewa a kasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na matan Afirka ta Kudu da suka yi nazari a kansu an tilasta musu ba tare da yarda ba ko kuma an taba su a wurin aiki.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Mata Ministoci]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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      <text bytes="17648" sha1="m9f19y5bkohxr4vd9zt4d52jh2f02zo" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Beyond the Black, European Co-Headline Tour, Ludwigsburg 2022 (13).jpg|thumb|Yar firm]]
'''Mata''' suna shiga '''harkar fina-finan Afirka ta fannoni''' daban-daban, duk da cewa ba a ba su ba a matsayin masu kirkire-kirkire.

== Fage ==
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yan fim na yammacin duniya ke wakilta Afirka ta musamman, wanda hakan ya sa aka kwatanta Afirka da mutanen Afirka a matsayin &quot;masu kazafi&quot;, &quot;ma'aikata masu biyayya&quot; ko kuma &quot;masu cin zarafi ko cin nama&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hayward, Susan 2006. p. 426-442&quot;&gt;Hayward, Susan. &quot;Third World Cinemas: African Continent&quot; in ''Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts'' (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 426-442&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka da suka tashi daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1960 sun haifar da fina-finai da ke da nufin yin amfani da kyamara a matsayin kayan aiki don magance wadannan hotunan mulkin mallaka. Mata sun kasance masu kwazo a masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka kafin da kuma a wannan lokacin, duk da rawar da suke takawa ya iyakance ga matsayi na tallafi kamar wasan kwaikwayo. Fitowar mata a wasu matsayi a harkar fim a wannan lokaci ya zo dai-dai da taron kwararrun masana fina-finai da ke son tallata fina-finan Afirka.  Wadannan Kwararrun masana harkar fina-finai, wadanda da dama daga cikinsu mata ne, sun fara kafa ƙungiyoyi da bukukuwan da suka shafi noma da kuma karrama fina-finan Afirka irin su Pan African Film and Television Festival of [[Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO) da kungiyar Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) . An halicce su a shekara ta 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bikin Bakar fata na Duniya, bikin al'adu da fasaha na tsawon wata guda, shi ma ya fito a wannan lokacin kuma ya nuna wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane masu kyau, kida, sinima, wasan kwaikwayo, salon, gine-gine, kira, da raye-raye daga masu kirkira daga Kasashen Afirka. musamman daga masu shirya fina-finai a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

A cikin shekarun 1970 an yi kira ga duniya da a yi aiki a sassa daban-daban na rayuwar mata tare da juyin halitta na gwagwarmayar kare Hakkin mata na duniya, ci gaban mata na biyu, bullar kungiyar binciken mata masu harsuna biyu da ke Senegal da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka. Mata don Bincike da Ci gaba (AAWORD), da ayyana shekarun shekarun mata na [[Majalisar dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1985, dukkansu sun yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaba da nazarin karatun mata, ka'idar fina-finai ta mata, da bayyanar mata, a duniya. . Masana sun yi la'akari da wadannan kungiyoyin a matsayin wadanda suka haifar da fahimtar Yan uwantaka na duniya, wanda daga nan ne aka sami dimbin tarurruka da kafofin watsa labarai wadanda ke nuna irin gogewar da mata ke da su a duniya. 

== Daraktoci mata ==
'Yan Afirka sun iyakance ne a irin rawar da za su iya takawa a fim har zuwa shekarun 1950 zuwa shekara ta 60, lokacin da 'yan asalin Afirka suka fara 'yantar da kansu daga mulkin mallaka, amma 'yan mata kadan ne aka ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin kere kere fiye da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Darakta [[Safi Faye]] dai ana yabawa a matsayin mace ta farko a Afirka da ta shirya wani fim tare da fitar da fim dinta mai suna ''[[Kaddu Beykat]]'' a shekarar 1975, wanda masanin fina-finan N. Frank Ukadike ya bayyana cewa yana nuni da irin fafutukar da bakar fata 'yan fim ke yi a kasashen Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|104}}Mai shirya fina-finai kuma marubuciya Tsitsi Dangarembga ta bayyana rashin son zuciya a masana'antar fim da al'ummar Afirka a matsayin dalilai, dalilin da ya sa musamman matan Afirka ke gwagwarmaya a matsayin masu shirya fina-finai.  Malama Nancy Schmidt ta kara da cewa har zuwa 1997, kwanan nan ne aka sami dandamali na kan layi, wallafe-wallafe, fina-finai ko rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce wadanda suka yarda da duk abubuwan da suka shafi fina-finai, daftarin aiki, guntun wando da ayyuka a cikin bidiyo, talabijin, da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital wadanda matan Afirka suka ba da umarni a kan tsarin. shekaru da dama da suka wuce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=163–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin da kuma tallata matan Afirka a fina-finai da talabijin, irin su gidauniyar Ladima Foundation, (Dada Trust) da bukukuwan fina-finai na mata irin su bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya na Mata da (Udada International). An kaddamar da bikin fina-finan mata).  Misalan albarkatun kan layi akan matan Afirka a cikin fina-finai sun hada da Cibiyar Nazarin da Binciken Matan Afirka a Cinema Beti Ellerson, wacce aka kaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2008 kuma tana kula da blog din Matan Afirka a Cinema.  

Wasu daraktoci irin su Sarah Maldoror sun sha wahala wajen samun karramawa a matsayin daraktar fina-finan Afirka, lamarin da ya sa aka kebe su daga jerin masu shirya fina-finan na Afirka, yayin da ake tattaunawa kan fina-finansu a binciken da aka yi kan fina-finan Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=10–26}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|10}}Paulin Soumanou Vieyra ya bayyana zama dan kasa a matsayin babban bangaren tantancewa a matsayin daraktan fina-finan Afirka, inda ya bayyana cewa fina-finan da wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba ne suka ba da umarni game da Afirka &quot;na Afirka ne na zaburarwa/fim d'inspiration africaine&quot;, wanda wani masani Alexie Tcheuyap ke cewa &quot;zai hana kai tsaye. darektoci kamar Sarah Maldoror ko Raoul Peck, wadanda suka yi yawa sau da yawa, kusan a hankali, suna daukar 'yan Afirka.'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|11-12}}Wasu masana, irin su masanin tarihi Beatriz Leal Riesco sun lura cewa Maldoror &quot;yar Afirka ce dangane da kwazo da jigonta&quot; 

== Tarihin mata a fim din Afirka ==

=== 1960s da 1970s ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, al'adu da dokoki irin su Dokar Laval na shekara ta 1934, wanda ke mulkin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ya haramta wa 'yan Afirka yin fina-finai na kansu, wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin abin da ya hana ci gaban fim a matsayin hanyar magana, siyasa, al'adu, da Afirka. na fasaha.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=205–216}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[[Manthia Diawara|Diawara, Manthia]] (1992). ''African Cinema: Politics and Culture''. Bloomington, Indiana: [[Indiana University Press]], pp. 22–23.&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Afirka ta zama yanki na duniya bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka sun fara Kirkirar fina-finai na kansu kuma mata sun dauki manyan ayyuka, yayin da har yanzu suna iyakance ga yin aiki kawai. Duk da irin shan kaye na mulkin mallaka, duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na wayewar Turai sun dade, suna samun amsa a wani nau'i na al'adar Kauye da mulkin kama-karya, tare da Kenneth W. Harrow ya bayyana cewa &quot;Duk da cewa zanga-zangar 1950s da 1960 ta kasance tana adawa da Turai. ’yan mulkin mallaka a matsayinsu na waje, ko kuma a kan Turai kanta a matsayin wani karfi na waje, a yanzu an tura su cikin gida ne kan masu rike da madafun iko na Afirka, - azzalumai, masu rike da madafun iko, ciki har da wadanda suka tsere daga al’umma da tattalin arziki da kuma wadanda ke mulkin kauyuka ko iyalai. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa ko da an cire mai mulkin mallaka, don haka ana maimaita irin wannan tsarin na cin nasara a jikin macen Afirka a cikin fim din shekara ta 1960 da 1970. 

Fina-finan da aka yi a wannan zamanin da aka nuna ko kuma aka kirkira daga shugabannin mata na Afirka sun kunshi jigogi na sha'awar [[jima]]'i da suka hada da auren mace fiye da daya, rikici tsakanin soyayyar zamani da al'adun auren da aka tsara, ware zawarawa da mata marasa aure saniyar ware, da kuma kaciya . Masana irin su Sheila Petty sun yi ikirarin cewa ba wai kawai a karanta su ba ne kawai a matsayin suna nuna babban magatakarda ba za a iya girgiza ba, amma a matsayin maganganu na asarar ainihi, tare da misalan misalan siyasar jima'i da ke aiki a matsayin &quot;tsari wanda za a iya canza matsayin al'adu ta hanyar tasiri. hadin gwiwa tsakanin maza da mata.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=145–155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1975 Safi Faye ya fito da ''Kaddu Beykat'', wanda ake ganin shi ne fim na farko da aka fito da shi a kasuwa wanda wata ‘yar Afirka ta shirya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|104}}A baya ta fito da dan gajeren fim, &quot;La Passante&quot;, kimanin shekaru uku kafin a shekara ta 1972.  Ana kuma yaba ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin darektan fina-finai na Afirka da ta samu karbuwa a duniya, yayin da Kaddu Beykat ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama daga cikinsu akwai lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI .  &lt;ref&gt;Beti Ellerson, &quot;African through a Woman's Eyes: Safi Faye's Cinema&quot; in ''Focus on African Cinema''(ed) Francoise Pfaff, (Bloomington: Indiana University, 2004), 185&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran fina-finan da aka fitar a wannan lokaci sun hada da fim din Maldoror na shekara ta 1972 ''Sambizanga .''

=== Mata a cikin 1980s da 1990s Cinema ===
Per Harrow, masu shirya fina-finai na mata na Afirka sun zama masu habaka a cikin 1980s da 1990s, &quot;a karshe suna ba mu wani abu mai mahimmanci fiye da hotunan Sembene na mata ko 'ya'ya mata da aka dade da zalunta&quot; da kuma cewa &quot;Watakila hanya mafi kyau don fahimtar cinema bayan shiga aiki shine kamar na fim din da ya fara karkata ga mata a matsayin abin da zai kawo illa ga makomar Afirka.&quot;  Fina-finan tsakiyar mata a al'adance ba su da mahimmanci kuma ba su da ma'ana sau biyu daga al'adun ubangida na Afirka da sojojin turawan yamma.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}

== Jigogi ==
Jigogi wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin fina-finai kuma fina-finan Afirka sukan shafi mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo bayansa, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa a Afirka.  Fina-finan da suka fito ko kuma matan Afirka ke jagoranta na iya kunshi jigogi irin su batsa, son mata na Afirka, rashin yarda, ko shirya aure da auren mata fiye da daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;The Women’s Companion to International Film by Annette Kuhn and Susannah Radstone. University of California Press, 1990, pp. 85&lt;/ref&gt;  Sauran jigogi na iya hadawa da juriya da 'yancin kai na mata, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin 'yar fim din Kamaru Rosine Mbakam ''Chez Jolie Coiffur'' e.  Wasu jigogi, kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, kuruciya, ko yaki don daidaito, ana ganin su a matsayin na al'ada ta Beatriz Leal Riesco, amma ana sanya su ga &quot;kallon ikon mulki na shekara-shekara, babban halayensa shine kaddamar da tsari na alama na hermetic. daidaita tazara tsakanin mahalicci da gaskiyar da ake wakilta”. 

=== Wakilin mata a fina-finan Afirka ===
Ana kallon wakilcin mata a fina-finan Afirka a matsayin jigon gama gari tsakanin mata masu gudanarwa, kamar Safi Faye da Sarah Maldoror. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa mata sun sanya mafi yawan binciken jigon. Wasu fina-finai, irin su ''Karmen Gei'' da ''U-Carmen eKhaylitsha'' sun fito da jarumai mata, amma ana sukar su da cewa &quot;[wakilta] ficewa daga halin da matan zamani ke ciki a Afirka&quot; yayin da fina-finan ke nuna mata masu kida da murya. Riesco ya lura cewa yayin da wadannan fina-finai ke nuna kyakkyawan yanayin mace, suna kuma ba da wani zabi mai kyau ga yanayin silima na baya, wanda aka fi sani da daukaka na kauye, na al'adu da farfadowar su, da kuma takamaiman nau'in ruwaya., a hankali da aunawa, bisa ga al'adun baka, wanda shiru da magana sun kasance daidai da damuwa.&quot; 

=== Batsa da jima'i ===
N. Frank Ukadike ya lura cewa matan Afirka sau da yawa suna &quot;mafi kyau, abubuwan jima'i da aka lullube cikin al'adar sha'awar maza ; kuma, a cikin kalmomin Ousmane Sembene, &quot;har yanzu an ƙi 'yancin magana.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|107}}Wasu fina-finai, irin su ''Ceddo'' da ''Sarraounia'' an yi la’akari da su a matsayin kawar da tunanin cewa matan Afirka “wadansu abubuwa ne kawai na jima’i ko clichés”, wanda Ukadike ya dauka a wani bangare na tunanin mulkin mallaka da na gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|108}}

A kan batun batsa da jima'i, darekta François Pfaff ya yi nuni da cewa fina-finan Afirka ba su da amfani sosai, saboda suna tsammanin 'yan kallo su kasance masu addini, yayin da Isabelle Boni-Claverie a cikin ''Pour la Nuit'' ta dauki jima'i a matsayin alamar 'yanci da zabi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}} Antje Schuhmann ne suka buga fim din ''Puk Nini'' a matsayin fim din da ke yin nuni akan ayyuka da yawa da ake tsammanin mata za su yi a cikin sana'a da cikin gida. A cewar marubutan, wannan ya sa tattaunawa da yawa da suka shafi yadda dangantakar jinsi ke gudana ko kuma yadda &quot;al'ada&quot; ke iya zama wani abu mai ma'ana a cikin dangantakar. Sun bayyana cewa a cikin wannan fim wata mata ta nemi taimakon uwargidan mijinta domin ta koyi hanyoyin lalata da mabanbanta da kuma yin nuni da ayyuka biyu na masu gida da kwararrun ma’aikata da ake sa ran wasu matan za su dauka, yayin da maza ba sa son yin lalata da su. gabadaya suna daukar wannan tsammanin zamantakewa iri daya. 

=== Ƙaunar mata ===
Jigogin mata suna kasancewa a cikin fina-finai kamar Fuskokin ''Mata'', wanda Ukadike ya bayyana &quot;[tambayoyi] al'adun gargajiya na Afirka da kuma dabarun ba da mata na uba ga mata&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=102–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|108}}Fina-finan mata sun shahara a fina-finan [[Kenya]] a shekarun 1990 kuma sun ci gaba da shahara har zuwa shekarar 2017, lamarin da ya haifar da maimaita jigogi na mata kamar halayyar mace ta guje wa auren wuri ta hanyar gudu a fina-finai irin su ''Farashin ''' ya mace da ''Saikati ,'' haka nan. kamar yadda ''Saikati'' ta ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1334375}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenneth W. Harrow ya rubuta cewa mata na Afirka sun haɗa da wasu bambance-bambance daga salon mata na yammacin Turai, a cikin cewa &quot;Daya zai rushe kulob din; dayan kuma zai shiga shi&quot; kamar yadda mata na Afirka &quot;ya fi damuwa da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki&quot; yayin da Turai ko Turai. Kauyen mata na yammacin duniya yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa kamar &quot;matsayin batun, ainihin jinsi, harshe na jinsi, jam'iyya da kuma sama da duk wani adawa da rinjaye&quot;.  {{Rp|133}}Ya kuma yi tambaya kan ko tsarin mata na Turai zai yi hannun riga da masu shirya fina-finan mata na Afirka kuma yana kallonsu a matsayin &quot;ba da gangan suke ci gaba da bin tsarin mulkin uba, ta haka ne ke murza manufofinsu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|139}}

=== Amfani da 'yanci ===
A cikin shekarun 1960, Yan matan Afirka sun fito daga kungiyar Cinema ta Uku, wadanda ke daukar fim a matsayin hanyar fafutuka na zamantakewa da siyasa. Fina-finan na Sembene, Safi Faye, Sarah Maldoror da sauransu sun yi amfani da labarun layika don bayyana yadda ake cin zarafin wasu gungun mata. Yin amfani da fina-finai don ci gaba da 'yantar da su, wadannan fina-finai sun kasance wani ɓangare na kokarin da masu shirya fina-finai na wannan lokaci suka yi don tabbatar da 'yancin kai da kuma kwato sunayen kasa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan cudanya da gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na nufin an mayar da sha’anin mata saniyar ware da kuma kalubalen da suka shafi gwagwarmayarsu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}

=== Lafiyar mata ===
Lafiyar mata ya kasance jigo a fina-finai irin su Ousmane Sembene 's ''Moolaade'', wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batun kaciyar mata, wanda kuma aka bayyana shi a matsayin al'adar tsufa a wasu sassan Afirka. Masu fafutuka da na mata sun tafka muhawara kan yadda ake ganin wannan al’ada, inda masu ra’ayin mata suka bayyana cewa, wannan wani nau’in tashin hankali ne na zaluncin mata, yayin da masu fafutuka ke kallon hakan a matsayin hasashe na al’ada na tsarkakewa, kuma masu sukar sun yi ta cece-kuce ko a’a Sembene ta kawo koma baya ko kuma ta amince da halin da ake ciki. . Kalmar &quot;batsa&quot;, wanda ke bayyana, yadda aka sanya tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da hoton mata bakar fata a jikinsu ta hanyoyin wakilci na gani, kamar fina-finai, waɗanda ke goyan bayan &quot; Sauran &quot; na mace baƙar fata, a cikin tattaunawar. ya ''Moolade.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=243–258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙalubale ==
Common challenges faced by African women in film include sexual harassment and sexism, as well as the balance of work and life. Lucy Gebre-Egziabher has described African women filmmakers as &quot;warrior; they face a lot of obstacles. [...] I remember seeing a picture of a Kenyan filmmaker [...], she had her baby behind her on her back as she was directing. That was a most powerful image, it has stayed with me. To me, that is an African woman filmmaker.&quot; Others, such as Kenyan director Wanjiru Kinyanjui, have cited issues with cooperation, once remarking in an interview that her basic problem in studying film at the Deutsche Film und Fernsehakademie in Berlin was to &quot;get the Europeans to co-operate with 'an ignorant black woman.'&quot;

Sauran matsalolin da shugabannin matan Afirka ke fuskanta a yanayin shirya fina-finai na duniya sun hada da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin gida da duniya tsammanin rayuwar Afirka da dabi'u.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}}Mai shirya fina-finai na [[Benin]]  Zinsou ta bayyana cewa, akwai matsaloli na wayar da kan al'amuran da suka shafi matan Afirka, saboda &quot;Maganar mata ba ta bi yadda ya kamata ba&quot; kuma akwai shiru da ke tattare da al'amurran da suka shafi kuma hakan shi ne. ba'a iyakance ga cin zarafin jima'i kawai ba. 

=== Cin zarafi ===
Daraktoci mata da dama sun ba da rahoton fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafi. A cewar wani rahoto na Deutsche Welle, kungiyar ‘Yan’uwa mata dake aiki a Fina-Finai da Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu “sun gano cewa a kasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na matan Afirka ta Kudu da suka yi nazari a kansu an tilasta musu ba tare da yarda ba ko kuma an taba su a wurin aiki.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Mata Ministoci]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kisan kiyashin Asaba</title>
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'''Kisan kiyashin Asaba''' ya faru ne a watan Oktoban shekarar 1967 a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|garin Asaba]] [[Delta (jiha)|dake jihar Delta a]] [[Najeriya]]  yayin  yakin basasar Najeriya .

== Asali ==
A watan Agustan shekarar 1967, watanni uku bayan fara yakin Biafra, sojojin Biafra sun mamaye yankin [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Tsakiyar Yammacin Najeriya]], zuwa yammacin [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Niger]]. Sun bazu har zuwa yamma, suka [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|kwace birnin Benin]], suka isa har zuwa birnin Ore, inda rundunar sojojin [[Najeriya]] ta biyu ta korasu, karkashin jagorancin Col. [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammad]] . 

Dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya sun samu galaba, inda suka tilastawa 'yan gwagwarmayar kafa kasar Biafra komawa Niger, inda suka tsallaka gadar komawa cikin birnin [[Onitsha]] na kasar Biafra, wanda ke daidai hanyar Asaba. 'Yan Biafra sun tarwatsa gabacin gadar Onitsha, ta yadda sojojin Tarayyar kasar suka kasa bin su. 

== Kisan kiyashi ==
Dakarun gwamnatin tarayya sun shiga garin Asaba ne a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, inda suka fara farfasa gidaje da kashe fararen hula, suna ikirarin cewa masu goyon bayan Biafra ne. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa an kashe mazaje da dama da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba a daidaiku da kuma kungiyance a wurare daban-daban a garin. Shugabannin sun kira mutanen garin da su yi taro a safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, da fatan za a kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula ta hanyar nuna goyon baya ga &quot;Nigeria Daya&quot;. Daruruwan mutane maza da mata da yara da dama sanye da kayan shagulgulan bikin ''akwa ocha'' (fararen farare) sun yi fareti a babban titi suna kade-kade da raye-raye da rera taken &quot;Nigeria Daya&quot;. A wata mahadar, an raba maza da samari maza da mata da yara kanana, kuma an taru a wani fili da ke kauyen Ogbe-Osowa.  Dakarun gwamnatin tarayya sun bayyana mashinan bindigu, kuma an ba da umarni, kamar yadda wani kwamandan na biyu, Maj. [[Ibrahim Taiwo]], ya bude wuta.   An kawo karshen yawancin kashe-kashen a ranar 7 ga Oktoba. {{Sfn|Bird|Ottanelli|2018}}

‘Yan uwan mamatan sun dauko gawarwakin wasu da aka kashe kuma suka binne su a gidajensu.  Amma yawancin an binne su a da yawa a kaburbura, ba tare da al'adun da suka dace ba. Iyalai da yawa sun rasa maza da yara maza da dama. Sojojin gwamnatin tarayya sun mamaye garin Asaba na tsawon watanni da dama, inda aka lalata yawancin garin, aka yi wa mata da ‘yan mata da dama fyade ko aka yi musu “aure,” kuma dimbin ‘yan kasar sun yi gudun hijira, galibi ba su dawo ba, sai da aka kawo karshen yakin a shekarar 1970.

== Adadin wadanda suka mutu ==
Ba a taba kididdige adadin mutanen da suka mutu a kisan kiyashin ba. A shekarar 1981, majalisar raya kasa ta Asaba ta tattara jerin sunayen matattu 373, amma ta bayyana cewa basu cika ba. Masanin ilimin dan adam S. Elizabeth Bird da masanin tarihi Fraser Ottanelli sun kiyasta cewa an kashe mutane tsakanin 500 zuwa 800. {{Sfn|Bird|Ottanelli|2018}} David Scanlon na Quaker Relief Services ya ruwaito cewa an kashe maza da yara maza 759, yayin da dan jarida Colin Legum ya rubuta cewa mutane 700 suka mutu. Alkaluman shaidun gani da ido sun yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 500 zuwa sama da 1,000. {{Sfn|Bird|Ottanelli|2018}}

=== Wanda ake zargi ===
A wani lokaci ana ikirarin cewa IBM Haruna ne jami’in da ya bayar da umarnin kisan kiyashin, biyo bayan rahoton shaidar da ya bayar ga hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta Najeriya da aka fi sani da Oputa Panel. &lt;ref&gt;(Vanguard, 10 Oct. 2001).&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan labarin ya ambato shi yana da'awar alhakin (a matsayinsa na kwamandan rundunar) kuma ba shi da uzuri game da wannan ta'asa. Duk da haka, Haruna bai halarci Asaba a shekarar 1967 ba. Ya maye gurbin Murtala Muhammed a matsayin CO na Division Biyu a cikin bazara 1968.

A watan Oktoban shekarar 2017, al’ummar Asaba sun gudanar da bikin cika shekaru 50 da kisan kiyashi tare da gudanar da taron tunawa da kwanaki biyu, inda aka kaddamar da sabon littafi mai cikakken bayani kan kisan kiyashin, musabbabinsa, da sakamakonsa, da abin da ya bari: &quot;The Asaba Massacre: Trauma, Memory, and the Nigerian Civil War,&quot; na S. Elizabeth Bird da Fraser Ottanelli (Jami'ar Cambridge University Press). Wannan littafi, wanda ya yi tsokaci kan hirar da aka yi da wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu da na sojoji da na gwamnati, da majiyoyin adana kayan tarihi, ya yi bayani kan yadda kisan kiyashin ya faru da dalilin da ya sa aka yi wannan kisan kiyashi, da kuma tasirin wannan mummunan rauni na al’umma, shekaru da dama bayan faruwar lamarin.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammad]]
* [[Benjamin Adekunle]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==

* Bird, SE and F. Ottanelli (2017). The Asaba Massacre: Trauma, Memory, and the Nigerian Civil War. Cambridge University Press.
* Bird SE and F. Ottanelli (2011). The History and Legacy of the Asaba, Nigeria, Massacres. ''African Studies Review'' 54 (3): 1-26.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.asabamemorial.org/ www.asabamemorial.org Gidan yanar gizon Aikin Tunawa da Asaba, wanda ya haɗa da cikakkun bayanai, shirye-shiryen bidiyo na shaidu, da sauran albarkatu.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216175010/https://www.asabamemorial.org/ |date=2025-12-16 }}
* https://vimeo.com/71894404, &quot;Mafi yawan 'yan Najeriya masu rauni: Gadon Kisan Asaba.&quot; Bidiyo da aka ƙirƙira a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Tunawa da Asaba]
[[Category:Tarihin Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yahudanci</title>
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'''Yahudanci''' ([[Ibrananci]] : יהדות) [[addini]] ne daga cikin [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinin Ibrahimiyya]] mafi tsufa a [[duniya]]. Yana da kusan shekaru 4,000 kuma ya samo asali daga [[Isra'ila]]. Akwai mabiya kusan mutane miliyan 15. Ana kiran su [[Yahudawa]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jewfaq.org/populatn.htm Judaism 101: Jewish population]&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne addinin [[tauhidi]] mafi daɗewa. Attaura ita ce mafi mahimmancin littafi mai tsarki na Yahudanci. [[Doka|Dokoki]] da koyarwar addinin Yahudanci sun fito ne daga [[Attaura]], littattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da al'adun baka. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan hadisai na baka ne na farko kuma daga baya an rubuta su a cikin Mishnah, Talmud, da sauran ayyuka.

[[Kiristanci]] da [[Musulunci]] duka suna da alaƙa da Yahudanci. Waɗannan addinai sun yarda da imani ga [[Allah]] ɗaya da koyarwar ɗabi'a na [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] na Ibrananci (Tsohon Alkawari), wanda ya haɗa da Attaura ko &quot;תורה.&quot;

== Imani na asali ==
{{Quote box|width=35%|align=right|quote=::::::'''Thirteen Principles of Faith'''

[[Maimonides]] sanannen malamin addinin Yahudanci ne na ƙarni na 12. Ya jeranta manyan shika-shikan imani goma sha uku na addinin Yahudanci. Ana kiransu Ginshiƙan Imani.”&lt;ref name=Birnbaum50&gt;{{cite book |title=A Book of Jewish Concepts|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn|last=Birnbaum|first=Philip|chapter=Principles of Faith |year=1975 |publisher=Hebrew Publishing Company|location=New York |isbn= 088482876X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/50 50]-51 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=332555|title=The Thirteen Principles |access-date=29 June 2007| author=Maimonides}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ubangiji shine mahalicci kuma Sarkin duniya.
# Akwai Ubangiji ɗaya, kuma wannan Ubangiji ɗin shi kaɗai ne Ubangiji. 
#God has no [[body]] or [[wikt:physical|physical]] [[wikt:form|form]] and nothing else is like God.
#Ubagiji ne tsayye kuma ya nan har abada. 
#Allah ne kaɗai zai amsa addu'ar mutane, kuma idan mutane za su yi roƙo to su roƙi Ubangiji.
#Kalmomin annabawa gaskiya ne.
#Musa shine babban Annabi.
#Ubangiji ya saukar da a Attaura ga Annabi Musa.
#Ibangiji ba zai canza Attaura ba kuma ba zai sake saukar da wani littafi ba.
#Ubangiji ya san aiki da tunanin kowa.
#Ubangiji ne zai bayar da lada kuma ya azabtar da wanda bai bi shi ba.
#Mahadi zai zo.
#Ubagiji zai iya raya matattu idan ya so.}}Manyan imani guda uku a tsakiyar addinin Yahudanci sune [[Tauhidi]], [[Shaida]], da [[alƙawari]] (yarjejeniya tsakanin Allah da mutanen Allah).

Koyarwar da ta fi muhimmanci a addinin Yahudanci ita ce akwai Allah ɗaya, wanda yake son mutane su yi abin da yake na adalci da kuma juyayi. Addinin Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa mutum yana bauta wa Allah ta wurin koyon littattafai masu tsarki da kuma yin abin da suke koyarwa. Waɗannan koyarwar sun haɗa da ayyukan al'ada da ɗabi'a. Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa an halicce dukan mutane cikin surar Allah kuma sun cancanci a bi da su da [https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/dignity daraja]da [https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/respect daraja].

=== Allah daya ===
Babban koyarwar addinin Yahudanci game da Allah ne, cewa Allah ɗaya ne. A bisa addinin Yahudanci, Allah ne kaɗai ya halicci duniya kuma Allah ne kaɗai yake iko da ita. Yahudawa suna ambaton Allah da sunaye da yawa. Sunan mafi tsarki ga Allah a cikin addinin Yahudanci shine “ Yahweh ”, ko da yake yawancin Yahudawa suna guje wa faɗin wannan sunan da babbar murya saboda girmansa. Yahudanci kuma yana koyar da cewa Allah na [https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/spirit ruhaniya] ne ba [https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/physical na zahiri] ba.&lt;ref name=ERP1&gt;{{cite book |last1= Mendes-Flohr|first1= Paul|editor1-first= Thomas|editor1-last= Riggs |title= Encyclopedia of Religious Practices|volume=1: Religions and Denominations|year=2006 |publisher= Gale|location= Detroit |page=423-453 |chapter= Judaism}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Donin18&gt;{{cite book |title= To Be a Jew: A Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life |last= Donin |first= Hayim Halevy |chapter=The Cornerstones of Judaism: Israel–Its God |year= 1991|publisher= HarperCollins |location= New York |isbn=978-0465086320 |pages=18=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ɗaya ne – haɗin kai: Allah ɗaya ne, cikakke. Ba za a iya raba Allah kashi-kashi ba kuma mutane ba za su iya fadin yadda Allah yake kallo da kalmomi ba; kawai suna iya faɗin yadda Allah yake da kuma abin da Allah yake aikatawa.&lt;ref name=Birnbaum35&gt;{{cite book |title=A Book of Jewish Concepts |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn |last=Birnbaum |first=Philip |chapter=God (chapter) |year=1975 |publisher=Hebrew Publishing Company |location=New York |isbn=088482876X |page= [https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/35 35]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yahudawa sun yi imani cewa duk alheri da ɗabi'a daga Allah suke. Allah yana sha'awarabin da mutane suke yi kuma Allah yana kallon abin da suke aikatawa.&lt;ref name=BCJ&gt;{{cite book |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |last=Neuser |first=Jacob |author2=Avery-Peck, Alan |year=2003 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=9781577180593 |page=3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&amp;dq=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism++By+Jacob+Neusner,+Alan+Avery-Peck&amp;pg=PA230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Wilkinson&gt;{{cite book |title=Religions |last=Wilkinson |first=Philip |year=2008 |publisher=Metro Books|chapter=Judaism |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4351-2132-4 |pages=66–83 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa dukan mutane an halicce su cikin surar Allah. Don haka dole ne a yi wa mutane adalci da kuma a daraja mutane. Mutum yana bautawa Allah ta wurin zama kamar Allah. Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne su yi adalci su yi jinƙai, su kasance da alheri da ƙauna ga mutane.  

Yahudanci ya ce Allah yana wanzuwa har abada, Allah yana ko'ina, kuma Allah ya san komai. Allah yana bisa dabi'a (&quot;mafi allahntaka&quot;) amma Allah yana cikin duniya yana jin masu addu'a ga Allah kuma zai amsa musu. Allah shine babban iko a sararin samaniya.&lt;ref name= J10BIp29&gt;{{cite book |title=Judaism's 10 Best Ideas |last= Green |first= Arthur |year= 2014 |publisher= Jewish Lights Publishing |location= Woodstock, VT |isbn=978-1-58023-803-8 |pages=29–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MJL_TO&gt;{{cite web|title=Tikkun Olam: Repairing the World|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/practices/Ethics/Caring_For_Others/Tikkun_Olam_Repairing_the_World_.shtml|website=My Jewish Learning|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625061052/http://myjewishlearning.com/practices/Ethics/Caring_For_Others/Tikkun_Olam_Repairing_the_World_.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Addinin Yahudanci yana koyar da cewa Allah yana ƙyale mutane su zaɓi abin da za su yi - ana kiran wannan “ yancin zaɓi .” Ƴancin zaɓe shi ne ’yancin yin duk abin da mutum yake so, amma dole ne su kasance masu alhakin ayyukansu. Mutane ne ke da alhakin ayyukansu. Allah yana sakawa masu kyautatawa, kuma zai azabtar da masu zalunci. Allah yana ba mutum lada ko ukuba a nan duniya, amma Allah yana ba da lada ko ukuba ga ran mutum bayan mutuwarsa.&lt;ref name=Birnbaum600&gt;{{cite book |title=A Book of Jewish Concepts |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn |last= Birnbaum |first=Philip |chapter=Reward and Punishment |year=1975 |publisher= Hebrew Publishing Company |location= New York |isbn= 088482876X |page= [https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/600 600] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yahudawa ===
Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya yi yarjejeniya da ake kira “alƙawari” da [[Ibrahim]], kakan Yahudawa. Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce Allah yayi alkawari zai albarkaci Ibrahim da zuriyar sa idan sun bautawa Allah kuma suka kasance da aminci ga Allah. Allah ya yi wannan alkawari da ɗan Ibrahim, [[Ishaaq|Ishaku]], da ɗan Ishaku, Yakubu . Allah ya ba Yakubu wani suna, Isra'ila. Haka zuriyar Yakubu ta sami sunan “Ya’yan Isra’ila” ko kuma “ Isra’ilawa .” Daga baya Allah ya ba Isra’ilawa Attaura ta hannun shugabansu [[Musa]]. Attaura ta gaya wa Isra'ilawa yadda za su yi rayuwa da gina al'ummar su . Allah ya ba Isra’ilawa [[Dokokin nan goma|Dokoki Goma]] da wasu dokoki a cikin Attaura (613 a jimla).&lt;ref name=MJL_C&gt;{{cite web|last1=Greenberg|first1=Irving|title=The Covenant &amp; God|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Shavuot/Themes_and_Theology/Covenant_Binds_God.shtml|website=My Jewish Learning|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220040454/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Shavuot/Themes_and_Theology/Covenant_Binds_God.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;A wasu lokatai ana kiran Yahudawa “Zaɓaɓɓu.” Domin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce Allah ya ce musu, “Za ku zama mini mulkin firistoci, al’umma mai-tsarki.” (Fitowa 19:6) da kuma “Gama ku mutane ne masu-tsarki.  ga Ubangiji Allahnku, Ubangiji kuwa ya zaɓe ku, ku zama al’umma ta Allah daga cikin dukan al’umman duniya.” (Kubawar Shari’a 14:2) Yahudawa sun fahimci cewa wannan yana nufin suna da ayyuka na musamman da kuma hakki da Allah ya umurce su.  Dole ne Yahudawa su gina al'umma mai adalci kuma su bauta wa Allah kaɗai. abin da Allah ya gaya musu.Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa dole ne su koya wa mutane cewa Allah ya wanzu kuma Allah yana son dukan mutane su yi ayyuka masu kyau, Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa aikinsu a duniya shi ne ya zama “haske ga al’ummai.” (Ishaya 49:6) ta hanyar nuna wa mutanen duniya hanyoyin da za su gyara duniya.&lt;ref name=ERP1/&gt;&lt;ref name= Birnbaum70&gt;{{cite book |title=A Book of Jewish Concepts |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn |last=Birnbaum |first=Philip |chapter=Attah Behartanu |year=1975 |publisher= Hebrew Publishing Company |location=New York |isbn= 088482876X |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/70 70]-72}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yahudawa sun yi imanin cewa Allah ya ba su aiki na musamman wanda shine gyara duniya. Aikin su shine su sa duniya ta zama wuri mafi kyau tare da mafi kyau a cikinta. Dole ne su yi amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin duniya don haɓaka alheri kuma su kusanci Allah. Suna kiran wannan &quot;tikkun olam&quot; - gyaran duniya. Yahudawa suna ganin kansu da dukan mutane a matsayin abokan tarayya da Allah. Dole ne mutane su gyara duniya ta kowace hanya - don nemo hanyoyin da za a rage wahalhalun mutane da dabbobi, don samar da ƙarin zaman lafiya, samar da mutuntawa tsakanin mutane da kare muhallin duniya daga halaka.

Yahudawa ba sa ƙoƙarin shawo kan wasu mutane su yi imani da addinin Yahudanci. Yahudawa sun gaskata suna da aiki na musamman don nuna wa duniya cewa akwai Allah, amma ba dole ba ne mutane su zama Bayahude su bi Allah ba.  Dukan mutane za su iya bauta wa Allah ta wajen bin Dokoki Bakwai (dokoki) da aka ba Nuhu. Amma, Yahudanci yana yarda da mutanen da suka zaɓi canza addininsu zuwa addinin Yahudanci.&lt;ref name= Birnbaum134&gt;{{cite book |title=A Book of Jewish Concepts |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn |last=Birnbaum |first=Philip |chapter= Proselytes |year=1975 |publisher= Hebrew Publishing Company |location=New York |isbn= 088482876X |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/132 132]-134}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attaura da Mizvot ==

Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya gaya musu a cikin Attaura hanyar rayuwa da dole ne su bi. Attaura ta ce Allah yana son mutanen Isra’ila su yi tafiya cikin tafarkun Allah, su ƙaunaci Allah, su bauta wa Allah, su kiyaye dokokin Allah (K. Sha 10:12–13).  Ayyuka sun fi mahimmanci fiye da imani kuma dole ne a sanya imani cikin ayyuka.

Ana kiran waɗannan ayyukan “mitzvot” a cikin Ibrananci (mai guda ɗaya: mitzvah מִצְוָה).  Wani lokaci ana kiran su &quot;dokoki,&quot; &quot;dokoki&quot; ko &quot;umarni&quot;.  Mutane da yawa suna tunanin mitzvah a matsayin &quot;aiki mai kyau,&quot; ko &quot;abu mai kyau da za a yi.&quot;  Akwai mitzvot 613 a cikin Attaura. Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Attaura tana ba da mitzvot ga dukan mutane;  Dole ne dukan mutane su kiyaye dokoki bakwai da aka koya wa Nuhu da ’ya’yansa bayan rigyawa. Dole ne Yahudawa su kiyaye mitzvot 613, waɗanda aka jera a cikin Attaura. Malaman sun ƙidaya mitzvot 365 waɗanda Yahudawa ba za su yi ba (mara kyau mitzvot), da kuma mitzvot 248 da Yahudawa dole ne su yi (mai kyau mitzvot). Wasu mitzvot na rayuwar yau da kullun ne, wasu kuma don lokuta na musamman ne kawai, kamar bukukuwan Yahudawa. Yawancin mitzvot 613 game da Haikali Mai Tsarki ne a Urushalima kuma ba za a iya yin su ba, tun da an lalatar da Haikali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/613.htm|title=A List of the 613 Mitzvot (Commandments)|access-date=2007-06-29|author=Tracey Rich}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu daga cikin mitzvot game da yadda dole ne mutane su yi wa wasu mutane. Misali, dole ne su ba da sadaka ga talaka, ko kuma su taimaki wanda ke cikin hadari. Kada su yi sata ko yin ƙarya.  Waɗannan su ne mitzvot na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a.

Wasu mitzvot game da yadda dole ne mutane suyi aiki ga Allah.  Alal misali, dole ne su daraja sunan Allah, ko kuma kada su yi aiki a ranar Asabar.  Waɗannan su ne mitzvot na addini ko na al'ada. Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya gaya musu su yi duka ayyuka na ɗabi'a da na addini.&lt;ref name=ERP1/&gt;&lt;ref name= Birnbaum390&gt;{{cite book |title=A Book of Jewish Concepts |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn |last=Birnbaum |first=Philip |chapter= Mitzvah |year=1975 |publisher= Hebrew Publishing Company |location=New York |isbn= 088482876X |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/390 390]-391}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yahudawa suna kallon mitzvot a matsayin ayyukan da suke tsarkakewa - kawo tsarki - ga duniya kuma suna kusantar mutane da duniya kusa da Allah. Yahudawa suna yin mitzvot don tsarkake duniyar zahiri da abubuwan da ke cikinta, kamar abinci da abin sha, tufafi, da ayyukan halitta kamar jima'i, aiki, ko ganin kyawawan abubuwan gani. Kafin su yi ayyuka da yawa, kamar su ci, Yahudawa suna sanya albarka – gajeriyar addu’a – da Allah ya yi kuma ya ba mutum abubuwan da suke bukata don rayuwa. A cikin addinin Yahudanci, rayuwa ita ce mafi tsarki da muhimmanci. Dole ne Bayahude ya daina yin wasu mitzvot na Attaura don taimakawa ceton ran wani.

Yahudawa sun gaskata cewa dole ne su yi aikin da farin ciki domin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce “Ku bauta wa Allah da farin ciki; Ku zo gaban Allah da raira waƙoƙi.” (Zabura 100:2).  Yin mizawa yana taimaka wa mutum ya kusanci Allah kuma hakan yana sa mutumin farin ciki. Wata kungiyar Yahudawa da ake kira Hasidim ta ce wannan ita ce hanya mafi dacewa ta rayuwa.  Sun ce damuwa yana kawar da mutane daga farin ciki kuma ba za su ga kyau da kyau a duniya ba.

Yawancin mitzvot a cikin Attaura suna game da ƙasar Isra'ila.  Talmud da littattafai daga baya sun kira waɗannan mitzvot &quot;umarni da ke da alaƙa da Ƙasa&quot; domin Yahudawa kawai za su iya yin su a cikin ƙasar Isra'ila. Alal misali, Yahudawa suna ba da kyauta ga matalauta ko firistoci daga gonakinsu kowace shekara, kuma kafin a halaka Haikali, suna kai ’ya’yan itace ko dabbobi zuwa Haikali a Urushalima, kuma dole ne su daina aiki a ƙasar kowace shekara bakwai (“shmittah”) - shekara ta sabati).&lt;ref name= Birnbaum390/&gt;&lt;ref name=J101LOI&gt;{{cite web|last1=Rich|first1=Tracey|title=The Land of Israel|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/israel.htm|website=Judaism 101|access-date=23 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙasar Isra'ila ==
[[Isra'ila|Ƙasar Isra'ila]] ƙasa ce mai tsarki ce a cikin addinin Yahudanci. Imani na Yahudawa shine Allah ya halicci Duniya daga Dutsen Moriah a Urushalima a cikin ƙasar Isra'ila, kuma Allah shine mafi kusanci da wannan ƙasa koyaushe.  Yahudawa sun yi imani cewa wannan ƙasa ita ce inda Allah ya gaya wa Yahudawa su gina al'umma don bauta wa Allah, kuma yawancin mitzvot (umarni) a cikin Attaura suna game da ƙasar Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=J101LOI/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Schweid|first1=Eliezer|title=Significance of the Land of Israel in the Bible|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Jewish_Thought/Biblical_and_Rabbinic/In_the_Bible.shtml|website=My Jewish Learning|access-date=2023-01-11|archive-date=2015-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406111806/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Jewish_Thought/Biblical_and_Rabbinic/In_the_Bible.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Blidstein|first1=Gerald Y.|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 6|date=2007|publisher=Thomson Gale|pages=574–575|edition=2nd|chapter=Even Shetiyyah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutanen Yahudawa sun gaskata tarihinsu a matsayin al'umma ya fara da Ibrahim.  Labarin Ibrahim a cikin Attaura ya fara ne lokacin da Allah ya gaya wa Ibrahim ya bar ƙasarsa.  Allah ya yi wa Ibrahim da zuriyarsa alkawari sabon gida a ƙasar Kan’ana.  Yanzu ana kiran wannan ƙasar Isra'ila.  An ba da sunan jikan Ibrahim, Yakubu, wanda kuma ake kira Isra’ila kuma wanda shi ne uban ƙabilu goma sha biyu.  A nan ne sunan “Ƙasar Isra’ila” ya fito.  Ana kuma kiran ƙasar “Ƙasar Alkawari” domin a cikin Attaura, Allah ya yi alkawari zai ba da ƙasar ga ’ya’yan Ibrahim (Farawa 12:7, Far 13:15; Farawa 15:18, Farawa 17:8).&lt;ref name=J101LOI/&gt;&lt;ref name= Birnbaum62&gt;{{cite book |title=A Book of Jewish Concepts |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn |last=Birnbaum |first=Philip |chapter= Eretz Yisrael |year=1975 |publisher=Hebrew Publishing Company |location= New York Company |isbn= 088482876X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/62 62]-66}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malaman Talmud sun fahimta daga Attaura (Littafin Lissafi 33:53) cewa “mitzvah” ne ga Yahudawa su zauna a ƙasar Isra’ila. Suna ganin rayuwa a wajen Isra'ila ba dabi'a ce ga Bayahude ba. Yahudawa sukan kira ƙasar da ke wajen Isra'ila &quot;galut.&quot;  Yawancin lokaci ana fassara wannan a matsayin &quot;kasashen waje&quot; (wajen da mutane ke warwatse), amma kalmar tana nufin &quot;ƙaura&quot; a hankali.&lt;ref name=J101LOI/&gt;&lt;ref name=Donin12&gt;{{cite book |title= To Be a Jew: A Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9784650862416 |last= Donin |first= Hayim Halevy |chapter=The Cornerstones of Judaism: Israel–Its Land |year= 1972|publisher= Basic Books |location= New York |isbn=0465-08624-1 |pages=12=18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Yahudanci| ]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambiya ta ƙasa da shekaru 20</title>
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'''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Gambiya ta kasa da shekaru 20 ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa''' ce ta 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta Gambiya kuma hukumar kula da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta [[Gambiya]] ce ke kula da ita. Tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar matasa da ƙungiyar ciyarwar taƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Gambiya .   Ana yi  masu lakabin ''Matasan kunami'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Gambia coach M'Boge hopes for one last dance for the Young Scorpions|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-u20-africa-cup-of-nations/2021/news/gambia-coach-m-boge-hopes-for-one-last-dance-for-the-young-scorpions|access-date=2021-03-14|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=Young Scorpions Mentally and Physically Preparing for WAFU, Says Marr|url=https://www.chronicle.gm/young-scorpions-mentally-and-physically-preparing-for-wafu-says-marr/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=The Chronicle Gambia|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228123718/https://www.chronicle.gm/young-scorpions-mentally-and-physically-preparing-for-wafu-says-marr/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Young Scorpions (U20) Archives - Page 7 of 25|url=https://gambiaff.org/category/scorpions/young-scorpions/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=THE GFF {{!}} Official Website|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Ghana v Gambia – Black Satellites to confirm, Young Scorpions for a surprise|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-u20-africa-cup-of-nations/2021/news/ghana-v-gambia-black-satellites-to-confirm-young-scorpions-for-a-surprise|access-date=2021-03-14|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== Filin wasa na gida ==
Filin wasa na Independence filin wasa ne mai amfani da yawa a Bakau, [[Gambiya]] . A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi galibi don wasannin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]], ko da yake ana kuma amfani da shi wajen wasannin kaɗe-kaƙe, na siyasa, baje kolin kasuwanci da bukukuwan ƙasa. Filin wasan yana dauke da mutane 30,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gambia National Stadium|url=http://www.gambiafa.com/the-gfa/gambia-national-stadium.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923092048/http://gambiafa.com/the-gfa/gambia-national-stadium.html|archive-date=2013-09-23|access-date=2013-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa ==

* '''Gasar Matasan Afirka :'''
** Masu lambar yabo ta '''Bronze (2):''' 2007, 2021
* '''WAFU Zone A Gasar U-20 :'''
** '''Masu nasara (2):''' 2018, 2020
** '''Masu lambar yabo ta Bronze (1):''' 2019

== Duba kuma ==

* Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambia
* Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Gambia

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Gidan yanar gizon [https://gambiaff.org/ GFF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818022210/https://gambiaff.org/ |date=2024-08-18 }} na hukuma
* [https://gambiaff.org/category/scorpions/junior-scorpions/ GFF- Matasan kunama]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oga Bello</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360835003|Oga Bello]]&quot;</comment>
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Adebayo Salami i (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki &quot;Oga Bello&quot; shi ne tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya fim, kuma darektan. [1] [2][3]

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Salami 'yar asalin Pakata Oloje ce, [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . An haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1953 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] inda ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tunde Akanbi, Ilorin |title=Voice Of Nigeria - Actor advocates promotion of indigenous languages |url=http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040056/http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adebayo Salami ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Adebodun, sannan daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Wasannin Legas,  makarantar da ke da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]].

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 1964, tare da ƙungiyar da ake kira Young Concert Party, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ojo Ladipo, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Mero . Bayan 'yan shekaru, kungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Ojo Ladipo Theatre Group kuma daga baya ta zama Awada Kerikeri Theatre Group .  Bayan rasuwar Ojo Ladipo a shekara ta 1978, Salami ya ɗauki matsayin shugabancin kungiyar, wanda ya kawo shi cikin haske.

Ya fito a fim din Yoruba na farko, ''Ajani Ogun'', inda marigayi [[Adeyemi Afolayan]], mahaifin [[Kunle Afolayan]] da [[Gabriel Afolayan]] ya taka rawar gani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AJIBADE ALABI |title=Oga Bello tells all about career, family &amp; kids - Newswatch Times |url=http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101035500/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Newswatch Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma nuna shi a cikin fim mai suna ''Kadara'' ta Adeyemi Afolayan (Ade Love). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ADEBAYO SALAMI (OGA BELLO) RETURNS TO STAGE WITH 'OLOKOOBA' AT 50! |url=http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101044456/http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya fito a cikin shahararren jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya ''Comedy rabin sa'a'' tare da sunan mataki Oga Bello . 

Ya samar da fim dinsa na farko, ''[[Ogun]] Ajaye'', a 1985, daga shagon Awada Kerikeri . 

Tun daga shekara ta 1985, ya samar, ya ba da umarni, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Yoruba.

Ya kasance memba na farko na Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Wasanni na Najeriya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TAMAPAN house of division and cheap Nollywood politics |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040115/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Confusion in Yoruba movie sector |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040156/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Salami ta auri mata biyu kuma tana da 'ya'ya goma sha takwas (9 maza da 9 mata, ciki har da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Femi Adebayo]]) 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwcQ&quot;&gt;Ƙofofi Bakwai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Otun
|-
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwdg&quot;&gt;Hanyar da za a haɗu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Mahaifin Dunni
|-
|2022
|''[[Aníkúlápó]]''
|Babban Oyo
|-
|2020
|Omo Ghetto (The Saga) 
|Baba Onibaba
|-
|1996
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|Shugaban Majalisar
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2014 [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mutanen Yoruba
* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878027</id>
      <parentid>878026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T19:46:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamza DK</username>
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 {{Databox}}

Adebayo Salami i (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki &quot;Oga Bello&quot; shi ne tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya fim, kuma darektan. [1] [2][3]

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Salami 'yar asalin Pakata Oloje ce, [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . An haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1953 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] inda ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tunde Akanbi, Ilorin |title=Voice Of Nigeria - Actor advocates promotion of indigenous languages |url=http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040056/http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adebayo Salami ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Adebodun, sannan daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Wasannin Legas,  makarantar da ke da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]].

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 1964, tare da ƙungiyar da ake kira Young Concert Party, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ojo Ladipo, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Mero . Bayan 'yan shekaru, kungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Ojo Ladipo Theatre Group kuma daga baya ta zama Awada Kerikeri Theatre Group .  Bayan rasuwar Ojo Ladipo a shekara ta 1978, Salami ya ɗauki matsayin shugabancin kungiyar, wanda ya kawo shi cikin haske.

Ya fito a fim din Yoruba na farko, ''Ajani Ogun'', inda marigayi [[Adeyemi Afolayan]], mahaifin [[Kunle Afolayan]] da [[Gabriel Afolayan]] ya taka rawar gani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AJIBADE ALABI |title=Oga Bello tells all about career, family &amp; kids - Newswatch Times |url=http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101035500/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Newswatch Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma nuna shi a cikin fim mai suna ''Kadara'' ta Adeyemi Afolayan (Ade Love). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ADEBAYO SALAMI (OGA BELLO) RETURNS TO STAGE WITH 'OLOKOOBA' AT 50! |url=http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101044456/http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya fito a cikin shahararren jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya ''Comedy rabin sa'a'' tare da sunan mataki Oga Bello . 

Ya samar da fim dinsa na farko, ''[[Ogun]] Ajaye'', a 1985, daga shagon Awada Kerikeri . 

Tun daga shekara ta 1985, ya samar, ya ba da umarni, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Yoruba.

Ya kasance memba na farko na Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Wasanni na Najeriya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TAMAPAN house of division and cheap Nollywood politics |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040115/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Confusion in Yoruba movie sector |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040156/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Salami ta auri mata biyu kuma tana da 'ya'ya goma sha takwas (9 maza da 9 mata, ciki har da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Femi Adebayo]]) 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwcQ&quot;&gt;Ƙofofi Bakwai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Otun
|-
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwdg&quot;&gt;Hanyar da za a haɗu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Mahaifin Dunni
|-
|2022
|''[[Aníkúlápó]]''
|Babban Oyo
|-
|2020
|Omo Ghetto (The Saga) 
|Baba Onibaba
|-
|1996
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|Shugaban Majalisar
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2014 [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mutanen Yoruba
* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>hc2t3ltrpx8e7pocad6tvea6uwqfuxn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karim Coulibaly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878014</id>
      <parentid>356894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T19:23:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>878014</origin>
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      <text bytes="2524" sha1="sgjkw3mhff5l11ilz6rokwrf8338uaf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Abdou Karim Coulibaly''' (an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da uku 1993) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne kuma ɗan asalin ƙasar Senegal wanda ke taka leda a SAS Épinal a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu.

== Sana'a ==
An haife shi a Bakel, Senegal, Coulibaly ya rattaɓa hannu a cibiyar horar da AS Nancy yana da shekaru 14, yayin horo a US Villejuif. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun sa na farko, na tsawon shekaru uku, a cikin shekarar 2013.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2013/05/08/cool-comme-couli&lt;/ref&gt; Tawagar sa ta farko ta zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Saint-Étienne da ci 0–3 a gasar Ligue 1 a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 2013.&lt;ref&gt;https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/02/23/france/ligue-1/association-sportive-nancy-lorraine/association-sportive-de-saint-etienne-loire/1286267/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira ƙwallonsa na farko a babban burinsa a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoban 2013 a wasan Ligue 2 da Caen.&lt;ref&gt;https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/26/france/ligue-2/stade-malherbe-caen-calvados-basse-norma/association-sportive-nancy-lorraine/1479788/&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin watan Yunin 2017, Coulibaly ya bar Nancy don taka leda a Willem II a cikin Dutch Eredivisie.&lt;ref&gt;https://maligue2.fr/2017/06/23/officiel-karim-coulibaly-quitte-nancy-pays-bas/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Coulibaly ya koma Faransa a cikin watan Janairun 2020, inda ya sanya hannu tare da Sporting Club Toulon, amma kawai ya gudanar da bayyanar sau ɗaya saboda ƙarshen kakar wasa. An sake shi daga baya kuma, a cikin watan Agustan 2020 ya rattaɓa hannu kan ƙungiyar Championnat National ta US Orléans.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.actufoot.com/&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Nuwambar 2021, ya shiga SAS Épinal.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/sport/2021/11/15/epinal-enrole-l-attaquant-karim-coulibaly&lt;/ref&gt; 

Coulibaly kuma ya buga wa Faransa ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fff.fr/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-21 |archive-date=2011-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316050621/http://www.fff.fr/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ƴan uwansa Mohamed, [[Ibrahim Coulibaly (footballer)|Ibrahim]] da [[Aly Coulibaly|Aly]] suma ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2013/05/08/cool-comme-couli&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Karim Coulibaly at WorldFootball.net
* {{Soccerway}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1993]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hakim Abdallah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877724</id>
      <parentid>877709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:07:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>877724</origin>
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      <text bytes="11684" sha1="eoarvv5po9i6d8miwubgavyfr9v6gmf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}


'''Hakim Djamel Abdallah''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Janairu 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar La Liga I UTA Arad . An haife shi a Faransa, yana wakiltar Madagascar a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Dinamo București ===
A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2023, Dinamo București ya sanar da siyan Abdallah, canja wurinsu na farko bayan da kungiyar ta samu nasarar komawa gasar La Liga ta daya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 June 2023 |title=Primul transfer oficial de la Dinamo. &quot;Câinii&quot; au adus un jucător cu 10 selecții în naționala țării sale. |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/hakim-abdallah-dinamo-transfer-superliga-702525.html |publisher=gsp.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a kungiyar a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2023, lokacin da ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 65 a rashin nasara a gida da Universitatea Craiova . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dinamo București 0–2 Universitatea Craiova |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/17/romania/liga-i/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/cs-u-craiova/4096077/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wasanni 12 ba tare da zura kwallo ba, kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa kungiyar ta zo ne a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2023, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da CFR Cluj . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dinamo București 1–1 CFR Cluj |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/08/romania/liga-i/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/scs-cfr-1907-cluj-sa/4099676/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an soki rawar da ya taka a wannan wasan a kafafen yada labarai, saboda ya rasa wata muhimmiyar dama ta zura kwallo a minti na 70, lokacin da aka tashi 1-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ratările etapei la Dinamo - CFR! Abdallah și Otele au gafat inexplicabil în fața porții. |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/ratarile-etapei-la-dinamo-cfr-abdallah-si-otele-au-gafat-inexplicabil-in-fata-portii-2617947 |publisher=DigiSport}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Disamba 2023, ya shigo a matsayin madadin Dennis Politic a minti na 73, kuma ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi da Botoșani a waje da ci 2-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Botoșani 0-2 Dinamo București |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/12/18/romania/liga-i/fc-sa-botosani/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/4099738/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasan da ya biyo baya, a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2023, Abdallah ya sake dawowa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 46, kuma ya sami fenariti mai kyau a mintuna na ƙarshe na nasarar 1-0 akan Voluntari, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dinamo București 1-0 Voluntari |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/12/22/romania/liga-i/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/cs-fc-petrolul-zf1948-berca/4099746/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; an zaɓe shi a matsayin Ɗan Wasan Mako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SuperLiga - Vedetele etapei a 21-a. |url=https://lpf.ro/noutati/superliga-vedetele-etapei-a-21-a/4767 |publisher=lpf.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2024, Abdallah ya zira kwallaye a rashin nasara 1-2 akan Rapid București &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dinamo București 1-2 Rapid București |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/01/27/romania/liga-i/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/sc-fc-rapid-sa-bucuresti/4099766/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma, duk da sakamakon, an zaɓe shi Ɗan Wasan Mako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SuperLiga - Vedetele etapei a 23-a. |url=https://lpf.ro/noutati/superliga-vedetele-etapei-a-23-a/4808 |publisher=lpf.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan wasan, manajan Rapid București Cristiano Bergodi ya bayyana cewa: &quot;Kwallo ce mai kyau daga Abdallah, ina son yadda ya buga mana wasa. Yana da kyau, yana da kyau sosai!&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Scandal la derby-ul de pe Arena Națională. |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/scandal-l-bergodi-injurat-si-scuipat-728206.html |publisher=gsp.ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2024, ya yi amfani da fenariti ya kuma taimaka wajen taimakawa a ci biyu a wasan da suka yi da Oțelul Galați &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dinamo București vs. Oțelul - 18 February 2024 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/02/18/romania/liga-i/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/sc-fc-otelul-sa-galati/4099789/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; a gida, inda ya sake shiga ƙungiyar mako ta La Liga 1 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2024 |title=SuperLiga - Echipa etapei a 26-a |trans-title=SuperLeague - Team of the Week number 26 |url=https://lpf.ro/noutati/superliga-echipa-etapei-a-26-a/4858 |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=LPF |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan dogon lokaci na rashin kyawun wasa a wasannin rukuni na faduwa, Abdallah ya fara zura kwallo a ranar 12 ga Mayu 2024 a wasan da suka doke UTA Arad da ci 2-0, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dinamo București vs. UTA Arad - 12 May 2024 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/05/12/romania/liga-i/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/uta-btrana-doamn/4335630/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; nasara da ta bai wa Dinamo damar gujewa faduwa.

Abdallah ya fara kakar wasa ta 2024-25 a gasar La Liga ta 1 yana wasa a gefen dama na layin kai hari na 'yan wasa uku, karkashin jagorancin kocin Željko Kopić . A wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, a ranar 14 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo daya sannan ya taimaka wa Cătălin Cîrjan a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun CFR Cluj da ci 2-3, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFR Cluj vs. Dinamo București - 14 July 2024 |url=https://ro.soccerway.com/matches/2024/07/14/romania/liga-i/scs-cfr-1907-cluj-sa/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/4387853/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zabe shi a cikin Kungiyar Mako ta La Liga ta 1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=SuperLiga - Echipa primei etapei |trans-title=SuperLeague - Team of the Week number 1 |url=https://lpf.ro/noutati/superliga-echipa-primei-etape-a-sezonului-2024-2025/5138 |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=LPF |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga Yuli, ya fara cin kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 4-1 a kan Petrolul Ploiești . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dinamo București vs. Petrolul 52 - 21 July 2024 |url=https://ro.soccerway.com/matches/2024/07/21/romania/liga-i/fc-dinamo-1948-sa-bucuresti/petrolul-52/4387860/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An haifi Abdallah a yankin Réunion na ƙasar Faransa da ke wajen ƙasar, ga mahaifin ɗan ƙasar Comoros, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar ƙasar Malagasy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2020 |title=Mental! - Hakim Abdallah : &quot;Heureux de faire partie de ce projet &quot; |url=https://mental.lu/football/hakim-abdallah-heureux-de-faire-partie-de-ce-projet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018032559/https://mental.lu/football/hakim-abdallah-heureux-de-faire-partie-de-ce-projet |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=mental.lu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Madagascar wasa a wasan sada zumunci da [[Burkina Faso]] da ci 2-1 a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livescore: Burkina Faso - Madagascar &amp;#124; 2020-10-12 &amp;#124; FootNews.be |url=http://www.footnews.be/livescore/burkina_faso-madagascar-12-octobre-2020.html |website=www.footnews.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 18 May 2026}}&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|new_id=abdallah-hakim/UgdWrRnk|accessdate=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[Belgian Cup]], [[Cupa României]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Brest B
|2014–15
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |CFA 2
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|0
|-
|2015–16
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!9
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!9
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Avranches (loan)
|2016–17
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Championnat National
|14
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|17
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |El Ejido (loan)
|2017–18
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Segunda División B
|11
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|11
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Nantes B
|2018–19
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Championnat National 2
|16
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|1
|-
|2019–20
|11
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|11
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!27
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!27
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Swift Hesperange
|2020–21
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Luxembourg National Division
|30
|23
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|30
|23
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Lierse
|2021–22
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Belgian First Division B
|27
|7
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|28
|7
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Virton
|2022–23
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Challenger Pro League
|30
|5
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|31
|5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Dinamo București
|2023–24
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Liga I
|35
|5
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Liga I]] promotion/relegation play-offs}}
|0
|40
|5
|-
|2024–25
|31
|4
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|4
|-
|2025–26
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!67
!9
!7
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!76
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |UTA Arad
|2025–26
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Liga I
|32
|6
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|36
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!247
!57
!16
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!265
!58
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 2 June 2026}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | Madagascar
|-
| 2020
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2021
| 7
| 1
|-
| 2022
| 0
| 0
|-
| 2023
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2024
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2025
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2026
| 3
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 21
! 2
|}

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen Madagascar, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Abdallah ya ci.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdallah, Hakim |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/79865/Hakim_Abdallah.html |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1.
| 14 Nuwamba 2021
| Mahamasina Municipal Stadium, [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar
|{{Fb|TAN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–1
| Canjin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2.
| 8 Satumba 2025
| Larbi Zaouli Stadium, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Morocco
|{{Fb|CHA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–1
| Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Nantes B'''

* Championnat na kasa 2 : 2018-19


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|hakim-abdallah/395125}}
* [https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2543531749-hakim-abdallah FFF Profile]
* [https://www.madagascar-football.com/pages/madagascar-football/barea-seniors/effectif/hakim-abdallah.html Madagascar Football Profile] Archived 2022-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
{{FC UTA Arad squad}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>eoarvv5po9i6d8miwubgavyfr9v6gmf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kongo Basin</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="16652" sha1="2a8wf82u1tda1p5sbqdbcjoaanpefhe" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Congobasinmap.png|thumb| Course da magudanar ruwa na Kogin Kongo]]
'''Basin Kongo''' ( {{Lang-fr|Bassin du Congo}}) shi ne magudanar ruwa na [[Kogin Congo|kogin Kongo]]. Kogin Kongo yana cikin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], a yankin da aka sani da yammacin equatorial Africa. Yankin Basin Kongo wani lokaci ana kiransa da '''Kongo''' kawai. Ya ƙunshi wasu dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi a duniya kuma muhimmin tushen ruwa ne da ake amfani da su wajen noma da samar da makamashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region&quot; .

WUR . 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2021-09-20.{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dajin  da ke cikin Tekun Kwango shi ne dajin mafi girma a Afirka kuma na biyu a girman dajin Amazon, inda yake da hekta miliyan 300 idan aka kwatanta da hekta miliyan 800 na Amazon.&lt;ref&gt;The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast

Asian (PDF). Brazzaville, Republic of Congo: Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA).

&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-92-5-106888-5&lt;/nowiki&gt; . Retrieved 14 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;  Saboda girmansa da bambancinsa, ƙwararru da yawa sun siffanta dajin dajin da ke da mahimmanci don rage sauyin yanayi saboda rawar da yake takawa a matsayin sinadari na carbon. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon

Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change&quot; . Pulitzer Center .

Retrieved 2021-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, sare gandun daji da lalatar halittu ta hanyar tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya ƙara damuwa a kan yanayin dajin, wanda hakan zai sa yanayin yanayin ruwa ya zama mai canzawa. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon

Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change&quot; . Pulitzer Center .

Retrieved 2021-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike na shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa bambancin hazo da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa zai yi mummunan tasiri ga ayyukan tattalin arziki a cikin kwandon shara. 

Rubuce-rubuce takwas na Basin Kongo an rubuta su a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya, biyar kuma suna cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a cikin haɗari (dukansu biyar suna cikin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]). Kashi 14 cikin 100 na gandun dajin danshi an keɓe shi a matsayin kariya.&lt;ref&gt;Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. &quot;Natural World Heritage

in the Congo Basin&quot; . UNESCO World Heritage Centre .

Retrieved 2021-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ilimin Ƙasa ==
Basin na Kongo wani babban rami ne a cikin Congo Craton, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu na zamani (Phanerozoic, musamman daga Mesozoic zuwa yanzu) a cikin tsohon ɓangaren ƙasa mai shekaru Archean. Lalacewar Craton ta fara tun daga ƙarshen Cambrian ko farkon Ordovician, ta ci gaba a lokacin Paleozoic, inda aka samu gagarumin lalacewa da kuma unconformity. Sediment ya fara taruwa cikin sauri daga Mesozoic (Triassic) har zuwa yau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giresse |first=Pierre |date=2005-10-01 |title=Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |series=Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009 |issn=1464-343X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin Jurassic, akwai tafkin ruwan ɗanɗano a cikin Basin, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon Cretaceous. Daga ƙarshen Cretaceous, haɗin gwiwa da Trans-Saharan seaway ya kawo shigar ruwan teku, wanda ya haɗa Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Tethys. Wannan ya samar da tarin fossils na pollen, ƙananan halittu, da kifaye. A lokacin Cretaceous, bututun kimberlite sun bayyana, wanda ake ganin ya samo asali daga raguwar saurin seafloor spreading na Mid-Atlantic Ridge, kuma su ne tushen lu’ulu’u na yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Caillaud |first=Alexis |last2=Blanpied |first2=Christian |last3=Delvaux |first3=Damien |date=2017-08-01 |title=The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=132 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002 |issn=1464-343X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nkere |first=Buliba J. |last2=Griffin |first2=William L. |last3=Janney |first3=Philip E. |date=2019-09-01 |title=Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=157 |pages=103502 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010 |issn=1464-343X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin Cenozoic, tudu a gefen Cuvette Centrale ya katse haɗin teku. A Paleogene, ruwan sama mai yawa ya mai da Basin wurin tabkuna da fadamomi. A Neogene, yanayi ya koma bushewa da fari na lokaci-lokaci, amma daga baya ya dawo da yanayin ruwa mai yawa ta hanyar fluvial deposits.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Waɗannan su ne manyan tsarin sedimentary da aka samu a Basin:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

* Carboniferous/Permian na ƙarshe - Lukuga Formation (Lower Karoo)
* Triassic na farko zuwa Jurassic na farko - Haute Lueki Formation (Upper Karoo)
* Jurassic na ƙarshe - Stanleyville Formation
* Cretaceous na farko - Loia Formation, Kamina Series
* Cretaceous na ƙarshe - Bokungu Formation, Kwango Series (Nsele Group, Inzia Group)
* Paleogene - Kwango Formation, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series
* Neogene - Limons Series, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series
== Bayani ==
[[File:CongoLualaba watershed plain political.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Hanyar kwarara da kwararon ruwan Kogin Kongo tare da kasashen da aka nuna]]

Kongo suna ne na gargajiya ga tsakiyar Afirka ta tsakiyar layin hie (equatorial Middle Africa) wacce ke tsakanin Tekun Guinea da Manyan Tabkunan Afirka. Kwararon yana farawa ne a cikin tuddai na tsarin East African Rift tare da shigar ruwa daga kogunan Chambeshi, Uele da Ubangi a sassan sama da kuma Kogin Lualaba mai shayar da wuraren dausayi a sassan tsakiya. Saboda ƙanƙantar shekaru da kuma hauhawa mai ƙarfi na East African Rift a madogaran ruwan, nauyin daskarewar abubuwa na shekara-shekara na kogin yana da girma sosai, amma kwararon ruwan (drainage basin) ya mamaye manyan yankuna masu ƙarancin tuddai a kusan dukkan fadin yankinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;McDonald2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Mineral deposits &amp; Earth evolution|publisher=Geological Society|year= 2005|isbn=978-1-86239-182-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; An siffanta shi galibi ta hanyar tuddai na geological swells ciki har da Bie, Mayumbe, Adamlia, Nile-Congo, East African, da Zambian Swells.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kadima|first1=E.|last2=Delvaux|first2=D.|last3=Sebagenzi|first3=S. N.|last4=Tack|first4=L.|last5=Kabeya|first5=S. M.|date=2011|title=Structure and geological history of the Congo Basin: an integrated interpretation of gravity, magnetic and reflection seismic data|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00500.x|journal=Basin Research|language=en|volume=23|issue=5|pages=499–527|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00500.x|bibcode=2011BasR...23..499K |s2cid=53587215 |issn=1365-2117|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Isangi people living off the river.jpg|thumb|Mutanen Isangi suna rayuwa a kan Kogin Kongo]]
Kwararon yana ƙarewa ne a inda kogin yake ɓonewa cikin Tekun Guinea a kan Tekun Atlantika. Kwararon yana da jimillar fadin kilomita murabba'i miliyan 3.7 kuma gida ne ga wasu manyan dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (tropical rainforest) da ba a taɓa su ba a duniyar nan, baya ga manyan wuraren dausayi.

Kasashen da ke cikin yankin Kongo gaba daya ko a sashi:{{Div col|small=no}}
*[[Angola]]
*[[Gabon]]
*[[Burundi]]
*[[Kamaru]]
*[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]
*[[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]
*[[Jamhuriyar Kwango]]
*[[Rwanda]]
*[[Tanzaniya]]
*[[Zambiya]]
{{Div col end}}

== Tarihi ==

Mazauna farko na yankin Kwararon Kongo an yi amanna cewa pygmies ne, kuma a wancan lokacin, duku-dukun dazuzzuka da yanayi mai raddah na ruwa sun sa yawan jama'ar yankin ya kasance kaɗan, tare da hana haɓakar al'ummar masu farauta da masu taro (hunter-gatherer), waɗanda ragowar al'adarsu ta tsira har zuwa yau. Daga baya mutanen Bantu suka yi ƙaura zuwa wurin kuma suka kafa Daular Kongo (Kingdom of Kongo).

Bélgiyum, Faransa, da Portugal daga baya sun kafa ikon mulkin mallaka a kan dukkan yankin a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Babban Dokar Taron Berlin (Berlin Conference) na 1885 ta ba da takaitaccen ma'ana ga &quot;kwararon al'ada&quot; na Kongo, wanda ya haɗa da dukkan ainihin kwararon da wasu sauran yankuna. Babban Dokar ta tilasta wa waɗanda suka sanya hannu su kasance tsaka-tsaki a cikin kwararon al'ada, amma ba a girmama wannan ba a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.
[[File:Conventional Congo Basin - DPLA - 5dbb94c071822e720e92ec7bb62fad5f.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Kwararon Kongo na Al'ada]]

Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya (World Resources Institute) ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 80 ne ke zaune a ciki da kuma kewayen Kwararon Kongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-28 |title=You can't spell Congo without NGO |url=http://africa-reports.com/2021/02/28/you-cant-spell-congo-without-ngo/ |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=Africa Reports |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301100248/http://africa-reports.com/2021/02/28/you-cant-spell-congo-without-ngo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Living on the rainforest.jpg|thumb|Masu farauta da taro na Pygmy a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.]]

== Shuke-shuke da Dabbobi ==
Dajin Kongo gida ne ga okapi, giwar dajin Afirka, dorinar ruwa ta pygmy, bongo (barewa), chimpanzee, bonobo da jiminar Kongo (Congo peafowl). Babban dabbar daji mai cin nama a wurin ita ce damisa (leopard), wacce ta fi na takwarorinsu na daji girma saboda rashin gasa daga sauran manyan dabbobi masu cin nama. Kwararon gida ne ga gorilla ta yammacin ƙasa (western lowland gorilla) mai fuskantar haɗarin karewa. A shekara ta 2010, Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi gargaɗin cewa gorilla na iya karewa daga babban Kwararon Kongo a cikin tsawon shekaru 15.&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;120px&quot;&gt;
File:Gorilla gorilla04.jpg|Gorilla ta yammacin kasa
File:Loxodontacyclotis.jpg|Giwar dajin Afirka
&lt;/gallery&gt;[[File:Rainforest - Ituri (20874628148).jpg|thumb|Dajin Ruwan Sama na Ituri]]Kwararon Kongo shine daji mafi girma a Afirka. Fiye da nau'ikan shuke-shuke 10,000 ne ake iya samun su a ciki da kewaye dajin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dazuzzukan masu raddah sun mamaye kilomita murabba'i miliyan 1.6.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Kwararon Kongo wata muhimmiyar hanya ce ta samun katako na teak na Afirka, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen gina kayan daki da shimfiɗar ƙasa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 40 ne suka dogara da waɗannan dazuzzukan, suna rayuwa a kan hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya.

== Muhalli da Kariya ==
A matakin duniya, dazuzzukan Kongo suna aiki ne azaman huhu na biyu na duniya, takwaran dajin Amazon da ke saurin raguwa. Su babban &quot;ma'ajiyar carbon&quot; (carbon sink) ne, suna kama carbon wanda in ba haka ba zai iya kasancewa carbon dioxide. Kwararon Kongo yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 8% na carbon da ke cikin dazuzzukan duniya. Duk da wannan mahimmancin, yana samun ƙarancin kulawar kimiyya idan aka kwatanta da Amazon ko dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://congobasinscience.net/about/about-us/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Congo Basin Science Initiative |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka sare waɗannan dazuzzukan, carbon ɗin da suka kama za a sake shi cikin sararin samaniya. Hasashe na sare dazuzzuka na gaba ba tare da tsayawa ba ya kiyasta cewa nan da shekara ta 2050 ayyuka a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo zasu saki kusan adadin carbon dioxide ɗaya da wanda Burtaniya ta fitar a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata. Wani bincike da masana kimiyya na Burtaniya suka yi a shekarar 2013 ya nuna cewa sare dazuzzuka a cikin dajin ruwan sama na Kwararon Kongo yana raguwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2013-07-22|title=Deforestation in Africa's Congo Basin rainforest slows|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-23382526|access-date=2021-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, masana kimiyya na Burtaniya sun gano cewa wuraren dausayi na peatlands a cikin Cuvette Centrale, waɗanda suka mamaye jimillar murabba'i 145,500, suna ɗauke da tan biliyan 30 na carbon, ko kuma daidai da shekaru 20 na hayakin man fetur na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-01-11|title=World's largest tropical peatland found in Congo basin|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/11/worlds-largest-peatland-vast-carbon-storage-capacity-found-congo|access-date=2021-05-13|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weston |first=Phoebe |date=2020-02-28 |title=Plan to drain Congo peat bog for oil could release vast amount of carbon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/28/ridiculous-plan-to-drain-congo-peat-bog-could-release-vast-amount-of-carbon-aoe |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2021, adadin sare dazuzzuka na dajin Kongo ya ƙaru da kashi 5%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/next-amazon-congo-basin-faces-rising-deforestation-threat-2022-11-11/ |work=Reuters |date=11 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Central African Republic - Log transport.jpg|thumb|Aikin sare bishiyoyi na masana'antu a Kwararon Kongo. Daga 2015 zuwa 2019, adadin sare dazuzzuka a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ya ninka sau biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49679883|title=World 'losing battle against deforestation'|last=Kinver|first=Mark|date=2019-09-12|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Global Forest Atlas ta kiyasta cewa masana'antar katako ta mamaye hekta miliyan 44 zuwa 66 na daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2019 a cikin Nature Sustainability ya nuna cewa an gina hanyoyi na tsawon mil 54,000 don izinin daji tsakanin 2003 da 2018, wanda ya kai jimillar mil 143,500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-06-24|title=Logging road construction has surged in the Congo Basin since 2003|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/06/logging-road-construction-surged-in-the-congo-basin-since-2003/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da dakatar da sare bishiyoyi a dajin Kongo tsakanin Bankin Duniya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a watan Mayun 2002. Bankin Duniya ya amince ya samar da dala miliyan 90 na tallafin ci gaba ga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo tare da sharadin cewa gwamnati ba za ta bayar da wani sabon izini ga kamfanonin katako don cin gajiyar dajin ba. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma haramta sabunta izinin da ake da su a halin yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=October 22, 2007|title=The Fight to Save Congo's Forests|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/fight-save-congos-forests|work=thenation.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ta rubuta sabuwar dokar daji wacce ke buƙatar kamfanoni su saka hannun jari a cikin ci gaban gida da kuma bin tsarin daidaitawa na shekaru 25 na sare bishiyoyi ta hanyar jujjuyawa. Lokacin da aka ba kamfani izini daga gwamnatin tsakiya don yin katako a Kongo, dole ne ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da sarakunan gida da masu mallakar filaye na gado, waɗanda ke ba da izinin cire bishiyoyin don musanya da kayan tallafin ci gaba. A ka'ida, dole ne kamfanonin su biya gwamnati kusan hayar dala miliyan 18 a kowace shekara don waɗannan izinin, wanda ya kamata a mayar da kashi 40% ga gwamnatocin jihohi don saka hannun jari a ci gaban zamantakewar al'ummar gari a wuraren da aka sare bishiyoyin.

A cikin tsarinta na yanzu, Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (Kyoto Protocol) ba ta ba da lada ga abin da ake kira &quot;guji sare dazuzzuka&quot;—tsare-tsaren da ke kare daji daga sarewa. Amma masana kimiyyar yanayi da yawa da masu tsara manufofi suna fatan cewa tattaunawa don mai gurbin Kyoto zai haɗa da irin waɗannan matakan. Idan haka ne, za a iya samun kwarin gwiwa na kudi don kare dazuzzuka. L’Île Mbiye, wani tsibiri ne a cikin Kogin Lualaba a Kisangani, yana cikin wani aiki game da kiyaye tsarin halittun daji, wanda Jami'ar Stellenbosch ke gudanarwa. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo kuma tana neman faɗaɗa yankin daji da ke ƙarƙashin kariya, wanda take fatan samun diyya ta hanyar kasuwanni masu tasowa (emerging markets) don carbon na daji. Babban kungiyar muhalli ta Kongo da ke aiki don ceton dazuzzuka ita ce wata kungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO) mai suna OCEAN, wacce ke aiki azaman hanyar haɗi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Greenpeace da ƙungiyoyin al'ummomin gida a cikin yankunan da aka ba da izini.

== Manazarta ==
[[File:Living_on_the_rainforest.jpg|thumb| Mafarauta Pygmy a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.]]</text>
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      <comment>A09 moved page [[Tattaunawar user:DreamRimmer]] to [[Tattaunawar user:MX]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/MX|MX]]&quot;</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DreamRimmer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DreamRimmer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 Mayu 2023 (UTC)</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:MX]] to [[Tattaunawar user:DreamRimmer]] over a redirect without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/MX|MX]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]&quot;</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DreamRimmer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DreamRimmer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 5 Mayu 2023 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dashen huhu</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Dashen huhu''', ko '''dashen huhu, wata hanya''' ce ta fiɗan huhun [[mutum]] guda ɗaya ko duka biyun don maye gurbin huhun da wasu. Ana iya maye gurbin huhun daga mai bayarwa mai [[rai]] ko Wanda ya mutu. Mai ba da gudummawar mai rai zai iya ba da gudummawar huhu ɗaya ne kawai. Saboda wasu cututtukan [[huhu]], mai karɓa na iya buƙatar samun huhu ɗaya ne kawai.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ciwon huhu]]&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai wasu cututtukan huhu irin su cystic fibrosis, yana da matukar muhimmanci mai karɓa ya karbi huhu guda biyu. Yayin da dashen huhun ke ɗauke da wasu [[haɗari]] masu alaƙa da juna, kuma suna iya tsawaita tsawon rai da haɓaka ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke a matakin  ƙarshe na cutar huhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inci&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1473}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sharuɗɗan cancanta ==
Dashen huhu yanada ma'auni don aunawa ko mara lafiyan zai iya warkewa musamman ga mara lafiya Wanda kuma ke mataki na ƙarshe na [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|ciwon]], kuma ya bi dukkan wata hanya na ganin ya warke amma ba'a yi nasara ba. Sharudɗa iri-iri na iya sa irin wannan tiyata ta zama dole. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, dalilan da suka fi yawa na dashen huhu a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] sune: 

* 27% [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|na kullum cututtuka na huhu]] (COPD), ciki har da emphysema ;
* 16% idiopathic fibrosis na huhu ;
* 14% cystic fibrosis ;
* 12% idiopathic (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;primary&quot;) hauhawar jini na huhu ;
* {{Spaces|2}}5% [[alpha 1-antitrypsin rashi]] ;
* {{Spaces|2}}2% maye gurbin huhun da aka dasa a baya wanda ya gaza;
* 24% wasu dalilai, ciki har da bronchiectasis da sarcoidosis .

== Abubuwan da ba a yadda ayiba ==
Duk da kuma tsananin yanayin fitan numfashin majiyyaci, wasu dalilai ka iya sanya mara lafiyan cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani: 

* Cututtuka na yau da kullun (misali, gazawar zuciya, cututtukan koda, cutar hanta )
* Cututtuka na yanzu, gami da HIV da [[Ciwon hanta|hepatitis]]
** Duk da haka, sau da yawa, marasa lafiya na hepatitis C duka ana dasa su kuma ana amfani da su azaman masu ba da gudummawa idan mai karɓa yana da ciwon hanta. Hakazalika, zaɓaɓɓun waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kanjamau sun sami dashen huhu bayan an tantance su bisa ga al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=882–889}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Sankara|Ciwon daji]] na yanzu ko na baya-bayan nan
* Amfani da barasa na yanzu, taba ko haramtattun kwayoyi
* Shekaru
* Yanayin tabin hankali
* Tarihin rashin bin umarnin likita

==Iabari Akkan sankara ==
Tarihin dashen sassan jiki ya fara ne da yunƙuri da yawa waɗanda kuma ba su yi nasara ba saboda kin dasuwa na sassan jikin. Gwajin da akayi akan dabbobi daban-daban, ciki har da wasu likitoci kamar su: Vladimir Demikhov da Henry Metras,  a cikin shekarar 1940s da 1950s, sun fara nuna cewa tsarin yana yiwuwa a fasahan ce. James Hardy na Jami'ar Mississippi ya yi dashen huhun mutum na farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1065–1074}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Transplanting Of Lung Apparently Successful&quot;, ''Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen'', June 13, 1963, p1&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayan dashen huhu guda, majiyyacin, wanda aka gano daga baya a matsayin wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa John Richard Russell, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Barnett To Free Killer Who Had Lung Transplant&quot;, ''Miami News'', June 26, 1963, p3A&lt;/ref&gt; ya rayu tsawon kwanaki 18. Daga 1963 zuwa 1978, yunƙurin dashen huhun da wanda da yawa ba'a yi nasara ba saboda ƙin yarda da matsaloli tare da warkarwa na anastomotic. Sai bayan da aka kirkiro na'urar huhu na zuciya, tare da haɓaka magungunan rigakafi irin su cyclosporin, shine ake iya dashen sassan jiki kamar huhu har mara lafiyan ya warke.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

Nasarar dashen sassan jiki na farko da ya shafi huhu shine dashen zuciya da huhu, wanda Dokta Bruce Reitz na Jami'ar Stanford ya yi a shekarar 1981 a kan wata mace da ke fama da hauhawar jini na idiopathic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=557–564}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Pulmonary Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd edition p. 126&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1983: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu ɗaya na dogon lokaci (Tom Hall) na Joel Cooper ([[Toronto]]) 
* 1986: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu biyu na dogon lokaci ( Ann Harrison ) na Joel D. Cooper (Toronto) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1610}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1988: Nasarar farko na dogon lokaci na dashen huhu na huhu don cystic fibrosis na Joel Cooper (Toronto).

A cikin 1988, Vera Dwyer, wata mace daga County Sligo a Ireland, an gano ta da cutar huhu da ba za a iya warkewa ba, na yau da kullun da fibrotic. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an yi mata dashen huhu guda ɗaya a Burtaniya. A watan Nuwamba 2018, an gane Ms. Dwyer a matsayin wacce akayi ma dashen huhu ɗaya mafi dadewa a duniya a wani taron da aka yi a Asibitin Mater a [[Dublin]] .  

== Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen Dashe ==

=== Abubuwan buƙatu don masu ba da gudummawa ===
Akwai wasu abubuwa da ake bukata wajen masu ba da gudummawar huhu, saboda buƙatun yiyuwar mai karɓa. Dangane da masu ba da taimakon huhu, sannan kuma ana la’akari da yadda tiyatar za ta shafi mai bayarwa: 

* Lafiyayye
* Daidaita girman
** Huhu ko huhun da aka ba da gudummawa dole ne su zama babba don isassun iskar oxygen iskar da majiyyaci, amma ƙanƙanta da zai dace a cikin ramin ƙirjin mai karɓa.
* Shekaru
* Nau'in jini

=== Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen masu karɓa don yiwuwar karɓa ===
Yayin da cibiyar dashe ke da 'yanci don saka nata sharuɗɗan masu neman dashen, an yarda da wasu buƙatu bai ɗaya: 

* Cutar huhu wacce take mataki na ƙarshe
* Ya bi dukkan hanyiyi na warkewa Amma ba'a samu nasara ba
* Babu wasu yanayi na rashin lafiya (misali, zuciya, koda, hanta)
** Wasu majinyata masu irin wadannan cututtuka, idan har yanayinsu ya inganta har ya kai ga samun kwanciyar hankali don tsira da aikin tiyata, ana ba su kebancewa- da yawa masu fama da cutar huhu na karshen zamani za su sami ciwo mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun a wasu gabobin. ;
* Babu cututtuka na yanzu ko [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] na baya-bayan nan. Wasu marasa lafiya, bisa ga al'ada, masu ciwon huhu ko wasu cututtuka, ana iya ba da izini. Har illa yau, akwai wasu lokuta inda kamuwa da cuta da ya rigaya ya kasance ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, kamar yadda yawancin marasa lafiya da cystic fibrosis. A irin waɗannan lokuta, cibiyoyin dashe, bisa ga ra'ayin kansu, na iya karɓa ko ƙin yarda da marasa lafiya da ke da cututtukan ''B. cepacia'' ko ''MRSA'' a halin yanzu.
* Babu [[Kanjamau|HIV]] ko [[Ciwon hanta|hanta]], ko da yake wasu masu karɓa masu irin nau'in hanta kamar yadda mai bayarwa zai iya samun huhu, da kuma mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV waɗanda za a iya kwantar da su kuma suna iya samun ƙananan ƙwayar cutar HIV na iya zama masu cancanta;
* Babu barasa, shan taba, ko shan miyagun ƙwayoyi (wasu mutanen da za su iya daina waɗannan halaye kuma suna bin magani ana iya ba su dama)
* A cikin kewayon nauyi yarda (alamar [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] ko [[kiba]] duka suna da alaƙa da haɓakar mace-mace)
* Shekaru (daya da biyu tx)
* Bayanan martaba na tunani mai karbuwa
* Yana da tsarin tallafi na zamantakewa
* Mai ikon iya biyan kuɗi don kashe kuɗi (inda majiyyaci ke biyan kulawar likita kai tsaye)
* Mai ikon bin tsarin tsarin dasawa. Dashen huhu babban aiki ne, kuma bayan dashen, dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance a shirye don bin tsarin magunguna na rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da kula da lafiya.

=== Gwaje-gwajen likitanci ga masu yuyuwar neman Dashe ===
Marasa lafiyan da ake la'akari da su don sanyawa a cikin jerin masu dashen sassan jiki suna yin gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na likita don kimanta yanayin lafiyarsu gabaɗaya da dacewa da aikin tiyata. 

* Nau'in jini ; Dole ne nau'in jinin mai karɓa ya dace da na mai bayarwa, saboda antigens da ke cikin huhu da aka bayar. Rashin daidaituwar nau'in jinin na iya haifar wa Mai amsa rashin ƙarfi ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi da ƙin yarda da gabobin da aka dasa daga baya.
* Nau'in nama ; a zahiri, naman huhu shima zai yi daidai sosai tsakanin mai bayarwa da mai karɓa, amma sha'awar samun sashin mai ba da gudummawar da ya dace sosai dole ne a daidaita daidai da gaggawar buƙatun mara lafiya.
* X-ray na kirji - PA &amp; LAT, don tabbatar da girman huhu da kogon kirji
* Gwajin aikin huhu
* CT Scan (High Resolution Thoracic &amp; Abdominal)
* Duban ma'adinan kashi
* MUGA (Gated cardiac blood pool scan)
* Gwajin damuwa na zuciya (Dobutamine/Thallium scan)
* Duban iska/perfusion (V/Q).
* Electrocardiogram
* Catheterization na zuciya
* Echocardiogram

=== Makin rabon huhu ===
Kafin shekarar 2005, Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta United Network don Rarraba gabobin jiki ta keɓe huhun masu ba da gudummawa a cikin Amurka bisa ga farkon zuwa, da aka fara yi wa marasa lafiya a cikin jerin dasawa. An maye gurbin wannan da tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu, wanda masu zuwa masu shayarwa masu shekaru 12 zuwa sama suna sanya ma'aunin rabon huhu ko LAS, wanda ke yin la'akari da ma'auni daban-daban na lafiyar majiyyaci. Sabon tsarin ya ware huhu da aka ba da gudummawa su bisa ga masu buƙata da gaggawa maimakon tsawon lokacin da majiyyaci ya kasance a cikin jadawalin jerin masu bukatan dashen. Har yanzu ana ba majinyatan da ba su kai shekara 12 ba fifiko dangane da tsawon lokacin da suka yi a cikin jerin masu jiran dashen. Tsawon lokacin da aka kwashe wajen  jira shine abunda ake dubawa kafin yanke hukunci a lokacin da majinyata da yawa ke da bukatan huhu iri ɗaya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

Marasa lafia da aka gwada kuma aka tabbatar da yiwuwar samun narasa akan rashin lafiyan su, ana basu takarda su rike tare da su a kowane lokaci akan jiran mai ba da gudummawa idan ya samu. Waɗannan majiyyatan kuma dole ne su kasance cikin shiri don ƙaura zuwa zaɓaɓɓen cibiyar da aka zaɓa a cikin sanarwa na ɗan lokaci. Ana iya ƙarfafa irin waɗannan marasa lafiya su iyakance tafiye-tafiyensu a cikin wani yanki na yanki don sauƙaƙe jigilar gaggawa zuwa cibiyar dasawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

== Nau'in dashen huhu ==

=== Lobe ===
Dashen lobe tiyata ne da ake cire wani ɓangaren huhun mai bayarwa mai rai ko wanda ya mutu kuma a yi amfani da shi don maye gurbin huhu mara lafiya. A cikin gudummawar rayuwa, wannan hanya tana buƙatar gudummawar lobes daga mutane biyu daban-daban, maye gurbin huhu a kowane gefen mai karɓa. Masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda aka bincike su da kyau yakamata su sami damar kula da rayuwar yau da kullun duk da raguwar ƙarar huhu. A cikin dashen lobar da ya mutu, mai ba da gudummawa ɗaya zai iya samar da lobes biyu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

=== Huhu ɗaya ===
Ana kuma iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da yawa ta hanyar dashen huhun lafiyayye guda ɗaya. Huhun da ake ba da gudummawa ana so fito ne daga mai bayarwa wanda aka ce kwakwalwarsa ta mutu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

=== Huhu biyu ===
Wasu marasa lafiya na iya buƙatar maye gurbin huhu biyu. Wannan shi ne batun musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da cystic fibrosis, saboda ƙwayar cutar da ake samu a cikin irin waɗannan huhun marasa lafiyan; idan huhun daya kawai aka dasa, kwayoyin cutar  da ke cikin huhun na asali zasu iya cutar da sabuwar huhun da aka dasa.

=== Zuciya - huhu ===
Wasu marasa lafiya na numfashi na iya samun ciwon zuciya mai tsanani wanda zai buƙaci a dasa musu zuciya. Ana iya jinyar waɗannan marasa lafiya ta hanyar tiyatar da ake maye gurbin huhu da zuciya da sassan jiki daga mai bayarwa ko masu ba da gudummawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

Misalin da ya shafi irin wannan aikin ana kiran shi da&quot;domino transplant&quot; a cikin kafofin yada labarai. An fara yin shi a shekarar 1987, irin wannan dashen zuciyar da na huhu ya kunshi mai bayarwa na A, wanda aka cire nasa lafiyayyan zuciyarsa kuma aka dasa ma mai karɓa na B. 

== Tsari ==
Bayanai na yadda zaa gudanar da tiyatan ya dogara ne da irin nau'in dashen, matakai da yawa sun saba da duk waɗannan hanyoyin. Kafin yin aiki a kan mai karɓa, likitan da aka saka yana duba huhun (s) masu bayarwa don alamun lalacewa ko cuta. Idan an yarda da huhu, to, an haɗa mai karɓa zuwa layin IV da kayan aikin kulawa daban-daban, ciki har da pulse oximetry . Za a yi wa majinyaci maganin barci gabaɗaya, kuma injin zai hura masa numfashi. 

Yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'a ɗaya don shiriya majinyaci kafin fara tiyata. Dashen huhu ɗaya yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i huɗu zuwa takwas, yayin da dashen huhu biyu yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i shida zuwa goma sha biyu don kammalawa. Idan antaba ma majinyaci  tiyatar ƙirjin na iya rikitar da aikin kuma ya buƙaci ƙarin lokaci. 

=== Huhu ɗaya ===
[[File:DoubleLungTransplantScar.jpg|thumb| Ciwon ciki daga dashen huhu biyu]]
A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya, an zaɓi huhu tare da mafi munin aikin huhu don maye gurbin. Idan duka huhun suna aiki daidai, to, huhu na banfaren dama ya fi son cirewa saboda yana guje wa yin motsi a cikin zuciya, kamar yadda ake buƙata don cire huhun hagu. 

A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya tsarin yana farawa bayan an bincika huhun mai bayarwa kuma an yanke shawarar karɓar huhun mai badawa. Anan katsewa ne daga ƙarƙashin kafada a kusa da ƙirji, yana ƙarewa kusa da sternum. Wata hanya ta daban ta ƙunshi ɓarna a ƙarƙashin ƙashin ƙirjin.  Idan aka yi dashen huhu guda ɗaya huhun ya ruguje, an daure tasoshin jini a cikin huhu, an cire huhu a bututun mai . An sanya huhun mai ba da gudummawa, an sake haɗa magudanar jini da bututun buroshi, kuma huhu ya sake hurawa. Don tabbatar da huhu yana da gamsarwa kuma don share duk sauran jini da ƙumburi a cikin sabon huhu za a yi bronchoscopy . Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin huhu za a rufe ɓarnar ƙirjin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

=== Huhu biyu ===
Dashen huhu sau biyu, wanda kuma aka sani da dasawa biyu, ana iya yin shi ko dai a jere, ko kuma a lokaci guda. Jeri ya fi kowa fiye da en block.  Wannan yayi daidai da yin dashen huhu guda biyu daban-daban.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

Aikin dashen na farawa ne bayan an duba huhun masu ba da gudummawa kuma an yanke shawarar dasawa. Ana yin wani yanki daga ƙarƙashin hammata na majiyyaci, a kusa da kashin kashin baya, sa'an nan kuma a koma zuwa ɗayan hammata; wannan shi ake kira da clamshell incision. A cikin yanayin dashen dasawa da huhun mai karɓa tare da mafi ƙarancin ayyukan huhu ya ruguje, an ɗaure tasoshin jini, kuma a yanke a madaidaicin bronchi . Daga nan sai a sanya sabon huhu sannan a sake manne hanyoyin jini. Don tabbatar da huhu ya gamsu kafin a dasa sauran an yi bronchoscopy . Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin sabon huhu, aikin tiyata a huhun na biyu zai ci gaba. A cikin kashi 10 zuwa 20% na dashen huhu sau biyu an haɗa majinyacin zuwa injin huhun zuciya wanda ke fitar da jini ga jiki kuma yana samar da iskar oxygen. 

== Kulawar bayan tiyata ==
Nan da nan bayan tiyata, ana sanya majiyyaci a cikin sashin kulawa mai zurfi don kulawa, yawanci na ƴan kwanaki. An sanya majiyyaci a kan na'urar iska don taimakawa numfashi. Gabaɗaya ana biyan bukatun abinci ta hanyar abinci mai gina jiki na mahaifa gabaɗaya, kodayake a wasu lokuta bututun nasogastric ya isa don ciyarwa. Ana kuma saka bututun ƙirji a ciki domin a cire ruwa mai yawa . Domin an killace majiyyaci a gado, ana amfani da catheter na fitsari . Ana amfani da layin IV a cikin wuyansa da hannu don saka idanu da ba da magunguna.  Bayan ƴan kwanaki, hana duk wani rikitarwa, ana iya tura majiyyaci zuwa babban asibitin marasa lafiya don ƙarin murmurewa. Matsakaicin zaman asibiti bayan dashen huhu shine gabaɗaya mako ɗaya zuwa uku, kodayake rikitarwa na iya buƙatar dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;lung5&quot; /&gt; Bayan wannan matakin, yawanci ana buƙatar marasa lafiya su halarci wurin motsa jiki na kusan watanni 3 don dawo da lafiya. Ma'aunin nauyi, keken motsa jiki, injin tuƙi, shimfiɗa da ƙari duk wani ɓangare ne na shirin gyarawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

Ana iya samun illoli da dama bayan tiyatar. Saboda an yanke wasu hanyoyin haɗin jijiyoyi zuwa huhu yayin aikin, masu karɓar dashen ba za su iya jin sha'awar tari ko jin lokacin da sababbin huhun su ke damun cunkoso ba. Don haka dole ne su yi ƙoƙari na hankali don ɗaukar numfashi mai zurfi da tari don kawar da ɓoye daga huhu. &lt;ref name=&quot;PH Guide 134&quot;&gt;Pulmonary Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd ed. p.134.&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan bugun zuciyar su baya saurin amsawa ga aikin motsa jiki saboda yanke jijiyar vagus wanda yawanci zai taimaka wajen daidaita shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;PH Guide 133&quot;&gt;Pulmonary Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd ed. p. 133&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan suna iya lura da canjin muryarsu saboda yuwuwar lahani ga jijiyoyi masu daidaita sautin murya . &lt;ref name=&quot;PH Guide 133&quot; /&gt;

Shaidu sun nuna cewa motsa jiki na iya taimakawa wajen hanzarta farfadowar jiki a cikin manya bayan dashen huhu, yana taimakawa rage nakasa daga rashin aiki na jiki, duka kafin da kuma bayan dasawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gutierrez-Arias_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=CD012307}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, babu cikakkun jagororin kan yadda yakamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin wannan nau'in yawan jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gutierrez-Arias_2021&quot; /&gt;

Sakamakon da aka samu daga Binciken Tsare-tsare na shekarar 2021 ya kammala da cewa tasirin motsa jiki a cikin wannan yawan mutane har yanzu suna da matukar tambaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gutierrez-Arias_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=CD012307}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da wasu nazarin ke ba da rahoton fa'idodin da aka samu daga motsa jiki, yayin da wasu ba su cimma matsaya ɗaya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gutierrez-Arias_2021&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, labaran da ke cikin wannan bita na yau da kullum sun ba da rahoton haɓakawa a cikin ƙarfin tsoka da ƙara yawan ma'adinai na kashi da kuma ingantawa a cikin 6MWT. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gutierrez-Arias_2021&quot; /&gt;

== Daban-daban ==
Ana kuma gudanar da marasa lafiya bayan dasawa daga tuki na watanni 3 na farko suna jiran tantance ƙarfin mai haƙuri don tuƙi; Ana yawan yin wannan kima ta hanyar likitan kwantar da hankali . Gani, ikon jiki don yin ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar duba wuraren makafi, sanya bel ɗin kujera lafiya ba tare da an shafa wurin rauni ba da daidaitawar ido na hannu duk an tantance.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

Tsafta ya zama mafi mahimmanci a rayuwar yau da kullun saboda magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata kowace rana don hana ƙin dasawa. Rashin tsarin garkuwar jiki mai ƙarfi yana barin masu dashen dashe cikin haɗari ga cututtuka. Dole ne a kula da shirye-shiryen abinci da tsaftacewa yayin da [[gastroenteritis]] ya zama mafi haɗari.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}}

== Hatsari ==
[[File:Lung_transplant_rejection_-_intermed_mag.jpg|thumb|225x225px| Micrograph yana nuna [[Dashen huhu|kin dashen huhu]] . Biopsy na huhu. H&amp;amp;amp;E tabo .]]
Kamar kowane aikin tiyata, akwai haɗarin zubar jini da kamuwa da cuta. Sabuwar huhun da aka dasa kanta na iya kasa waraka da aiki yadda ya kamata. Saboda babban sashi na jikin mai haƙuri ya fallasa zuwa iska ta waje, [[sepsis]] yana yiwuwa, don haka za a ba da maganin rigakafi don ƙoƙarin hana hakan. Sauran rikice-rikice sun haɗa da rikice-rikice na lymphoproliferative post-transplant, wani nau'i na lymphoma saboda masu hana rigakafi, da kumburin gastrointestinal da ciwon ciki da kuma esophagus.

Kin amincewa da dasawa shine babban abin damuwa, nan da nan bayan tiyata da kuma ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci. Saboda huhu ko huhu da aka dasa ya fito daga wani mutum, tsarin garkuwar jikin mai karɓa zai gan shi a matsayin mamaya kuma yana ƙoƙarin kawar da shi. Kin dasawa wani yanayi ne mai tsanani kuma dole ne a yi maganinsa da wuri-wuri.

Alamomin kin amincewa: 

* [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] ;
* alamun mura, gami da sanyi, tashin hankali, tashin zuciya, ji na rashin lafiya gabaɗaya, gumin dare;
* ƙãra wahalar numfashi;
* mummunan sakamakon gwajin huhu;
* ƙara yawan ciwon kirji ko taushi;
* karuwa ko raguwa a cikin nauyin jiki fiye da kilo biyu a cikin sa'o'i 24.

Don hana ƙin dasawa da lalacewa na gaba ga sabon huhu ko huhu, dole ne marasa lafiya su ɗauki tsarin rigakafi na rigakafi . Yawancin lokaci marasa lafiya za su sha haɗin waɗannan magungunan don yaƙar haɗarin ƙi. Wannan alƙawari ne na rayuwa, kuma dole ne a bi shi sosai. An fara tsarin rigakafin rigakafi kafin ko bayan tiyata. Yawancin lokaci tsarin ya hada da cyclosporin, azathioprine da corticosteroids, amma kamar yadda abubuwan kin amincewa na iya sake faruwa a duk tsawon rayuwar mai haƙuri, ainihin zaɓaɓɓu da adadin maganin rigakafi na iya zama dole a canza su cikin lokaci. Wani lokaci ana ba da tacrolimus maimakon ciclosporin da mycophenolate mofetil maimakon azathioprine.

Magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata don hana ƙin yarda da gabobin jiki suma suna gabatar da wasu haɗari. Ta hanyar rage ƙarfin jiki don hawan maganin rigakafi, waɗannan magungunan kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya rubuta maganin rigakafi don magance ko hana irin waɗannan cututtuka. Bi da bi, kamuwa da cuta na iya ƙara haɗarin ƙin yarda, kuma gabaɗaya hulɗa na iya yin tasiri tsakanin haɗarin biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=49–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu magunguna na iya samun nephrotoxic ko wasu lahani masu lahani. Hakanan ana iya rubuta wasu magunguna don taimakawa rage waɗannan illolin. Hakanan akwai haɗarin cewa majiyyaci na iya samun [[Allergy|rashin lafiyar]] magungunan. Ana buƙatar kulawa ta kusa don daidaita fa'idodin waɗannan magungunan tare da haɗarin haɗari.

Kin amincewa na lokaci-lokaci, ma'ana maimaita bayyanar cututtuka na kin amincewa fiye da shekara ta farko bayan tiyatar dasawa, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 50% na marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Merck 18 p.1377&quot;&gt;Merck Manual 18th ed. p. 1377&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan rashin amincewa na yau da kullum yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin bronchiolitis obliterans, ko žasa akai-akai, atherosclerosis . &lt;ref name=&quot;Merck 18 p.1377&quot; /&gt;

== Hasashen ==
Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan bayanai daga 2008. Bayanan tushe ba su da bambanci tsakanin gabobin masu ba da agaji masu rai da matattu, haka kuma ba a bambanta tsakanin lobar, guda ɗaya, da dashen huhu biyu ba. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto;&quot;
|+Yawan tsira bayan dashen huhu
!
! 1 shekara tsira
! 5 shekaru tsira
! Shekaru 10 tsira
|-
| Dashen huhu
| 83.6%
| 53.4%
| 28.4%
|-
| Dashen zuciya-huhu
| 73.8%
| 46.5%
| 28.3%
|}
Huhun da aka dasa yakan wuce shekaru uku zuwa biyar kafin a nuna alamun gazawa.

Nazarin ƙungiyar 2019 na kusan masu karɓar dashen huhu 10,000 a cikin Amurka sun nuna ingantaccen ingantaccen rayuwa na dogon lokaci ta amfani da sirolimus + tacrolimus (tsakanin rayuwa na shekaru 8.9) maimakon mycophenolate mofetil + tacrolimus (tsakiyar rayuwa shekaru 7.1) bayan fara rigakafin rigakafi a shekara guda. dashi. Tunda ba a gudanar da sirolimus har sai aƙalla watanni 3-12 bayan dasawa, waɗannan ƙididdiga na rayuwa na tsaka-tsaki sun kasance da sharadi na rayuwa na shekara 1 bayan dasawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|quote=6|url-status=e1910297}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Sarah Murnaghan rigimar dashen huhu
* Ma'aunin tsira bayan dasawa

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Lung transplantation
* [http://www.unos.org/ United Network for Organ Sharing]
* [http://ishlt.org/ International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation]
* [http://www.lungtransplantfoundation.org/ Lung Transplant Foundation]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>KM Graham</title>
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[[Fayil:Graham-Paige 610 Sedan 1928 Zapp Family b.jpg|thumb|Yar wasan kwaikwa ]]
'''Kathleen Margaret Graham''' RCA (1913 – 2008) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar [[Kanada]] wacce aka sani don nuna launuka da tsarin da ta samu a yanayi. An san ta da zama mai zane-zane tana da shekaru 50, bayan mijinta, Dokta Wallace Graham, ya mutu a shekarar 1962.

== Ƙuruciya da ilimi ==
An haifi Graham a Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin shekarar 1913.  Ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Trinity a Jami'ar Toronto tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki na gida a shekarar 1936.  Ba ta taɓa samun ilimi na tsarin gomnati ko horo a fannin zane-zane ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin fasahar zane-zane ==
Graham ta kasance docent a gidan kayan gargajiya a Art Gallery na Toronto, inda ta saba da ayyukan Piet Mondrian da masu zanen filin launi na Amurka. A lokacin tafiye-tafiye tare da mijinta, ta ziyarci wuraren zane-zane da gidajen tarihi, ta haɓaka ƙaunar fasaha.

Jack Bush ya ƙarfafashi yayi aikin fenti, Graham ta yi baje kolin zane-zane na farko a [[Toronto]] a shekarar 1967, a Carmen Lamanna Gallery.  A cikin shekarar 1971, bayan da ta ziyarci Cape Dorset a cikin Arctic na Kanada, ta mayar da hankalinta don nuna yanayin yankin. A cikin shekarar 1976, ta zama mai zane a ta yar cikin gida a Cape Dorset, ta cigaba da gabatar da fentin acrylic ga masu fasahar Inuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Wata mai suka ta bayyana zane-zanen nata a matsayin &quot;mai wasa, mai tsada, kuma mara fa'ida&quot;.

=== Yabon Aiki ===
Hotunan Graham wani ɓangare ne na tarin dindin din a National Gallery of Canada, Art Gallery of Ontario, McMichael Canadian Art Collection, da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. Wasikar da Graham ya yi na littattafai an mayar da ita zuwa tarin bincike na fasaha a cikin ɗakin karatu na John W. Graham a Kwalejin Triniti.

Graham memba ce ta Royal Canadian Academy of Arts kuma an baje koli tare da takwarorinta. Ta nuna aikinta a faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. A cikin shekarar 1998, Graham ya zama ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Kwalejin Trinity.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bayan aurenta da Dr. Wallace Graham, a cikin shekarar 1938, Graham ya shafe shekaru da dama yana renon 'ya'yansu biyu. Da yake a ko da yaushe tana samun wahayi daga yanayi, Graham ya ci gaba da kwale-kwale, iyo, rubuce-rubuce, da zane-zane har sai da ta kai shekaru 92.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Graham ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Agusta, shekarar 2008, a Toronto, tana da shekaru 94 kuma tana fama da [[cutar Alzheimer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[Fayil:Graham-Paige 610 Sedan 1928 Zapp Family b.jpg|thumb|Yar wasan kwaikwa ]]
'''Kathleen Margaret Graham''' RCA (1913 – 2008) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar [[Kanada]] wacce aka sani don nuna launuka da tsarin da ta samu a yanayi. An san ta da zama mai zane-zane tana da shekaru 50, bayan mijinta, Dokta Wallace Graham, ya mutu a shekarar 1962.

== Ƙuruciya da ilimi ==
An haifi Graham a Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin shekarar 1913.  Ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Trinity a Jami'ar Toronto tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki na gida a shekarar 1936.  Ba ta taɓa samun ilimi na tsarin gomnati ko horo a fannin zane-zane ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin fasahar zane-zane ==
Graham ta kasance docent a gidan kayan gargajiya a Art Gallery na Toronto, inda ta saba da ayyukan Piet Mondrian da masu zanen filin launi na Amurka. A lokacin tafiye-tafiye tare da mijinta, ta ziyarci wuraren zane-zane da gidajen tarihi, ta haɓaka ƙaunar fasaha.

Jack Bush ya ƙarfafashi yayi aikin fenti, Graham ta yi baje kolin zane-zane na farko a [[Toronto]] a shekarar 1967, a Carmen Lamanna Gallery.  A cikin shekarar 1971, bayan da ta ziyarci Cape Dorset a cikin Arctic na Kanada, ta mayar da hankalinta don nuna yanayin yankin. A cikin shekarar 1976, ta zama mai zane a ta yar cikin gida a Cape Dorset, ta cigaba da gabatar da fentin acrylic ga masu fasahar Inuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Wata mai suka ta bayyana zane-zanen nata a matsayin &quot;mai wasa, mai tsada, kuma mara fa'ida&quot;.

=== Yabon Aiki ===
Hotunan Graham wani ɓangare ne na tarin dindin din a National Gallery of Canada, Art Gallery of Ontario, McMichael Canadian Art Collection, da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. Wasikar da Graham ya yi na littattafai an mayar da ita zuwa tarin bincike na fasaha a cikin ɗakin karatu na John W. Graham a Kwalejin Triniti.

Graham memba ce ta Royal Canadian Academy of Arts kuma an baje koli tare da takwarorinta. Ta nuna aikinta a faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. A cikin shekarar 1998, Graham ya zama ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Kwalejin Trinity.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bayan aurenta da Dr. Wallace Graham, a cikin shekarar 1938, Graham ya shafe shekaru da dama yana renon 'ya'yansu biyu. Da yake a ko da yaushe tana samun wahayi daga yanayi, Graham ya ci gaba da kwale-kwale, iyo, rubuce-rubuce, da zane-zane har sai da ta kai shekaru 92.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Graham ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Agusta, shekarar 2008, a Toronto, tana da shekaru 94 kuma tana fama da [[cutar Alzheimer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[Fayil:Graham-Paige 610 Sedan 1928 Zapp Family b.jpg|thumb|Yar wasan kwaikwa ]]
'''Kathleen Margaret Graham''' RCA (1913 – 2008) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar [[Kanada]] wacce aka sani don nuna launuka da tsarin da ta samu a yanayi. An san ta da zama mai zane-zane tana da shekaru 50, bayan mijinta, Dokta Wallace Graham, ya mutu a shekarar 1962.

== Ƙuruciya da ilimi ==
An haifi Graham a Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin shekarar 1913.  Ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Trinity a Jami'ar Toronto tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki na gida a shekarar 1936.  Ba ta taɓa samun ilimi na tsarin gomnati ko horo a fannin zane-zane ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin fasahar zane-zane ==
Graham ta kasance docent a gidan kayan gargajiya a Art Gallery na Toronto, inda ta saba da ayyukan Piet Mondrian da masu zanen filin launi na Amurka. A lokacin tafiye-tafiye tare da mijinta, ta ziyarci wuraren zane-zane da gidajen tarihi, ta haɓaka ƙaunar fasaha.

Jack Bush ya ƙarfafashi yayi aikin fenti, Graham ta yi baje kolin zane-zane na farko a [[Toronto]] a shekarar 1967, a Carmen Lamanna Gallery.  A cikin shekarar 1971, bayan da ta ziyarci Cape Dorset a cikin Arctic na Kanada, ta mayar da hankalinta don nuna yanayin yankin. A cikin shekarar 1976, ta zama mai zane a ta yar cikin gida a Cape Dorset, ta cigaba da gabatar da fentin acrylic ga masu fasahar Inuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Wata mai suka ta bayyana zane-zanen nata a matsayin &quot;mai wasa, mai tsada, kuma mara fa'ida&quot;.

=== Yabon Aiki ===
Hotunan Graham wani ɓangare ne na tarin dindin din a National Gallery of Canada, Art Gallery of Ontario, McMichael Canadian Art Collection, da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. Wasikar da Graham ya yi na littattafai an mayar da ita zuwa tarin bincike na fasaha a cikin ɗakin karatu na John W. Graham a Kwalejin Triniti.&lt;ref&gt;Canadian Women Artists History Initiative : Artist Database : Artists : GRAHAM, K. M. (Kathleen Margaret)&quot;. cwahi.concordia.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Graham memba ce ta Royal Canadian Academy of Arts kuma an baje koli tare da takwarorinta. Ta nuna aikinta a faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. A cikin shekarar 1998, Graham ya zama ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Kwalejin Trinity.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bayan aurenta da Dr. Wallace Graham, a cikin shekarar 1938, Graham ya shafe shekaru da dama yana renon 'ya'yansu biyu. Da yake a ko da yaushe tana samun wahayi daga yanayi, Graham ya ci gaba da kwale-kwale, iyo, rubuce-rubuce, da zane-zane har sai da ta kai shekaru 92.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Graham ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Agusta, shekarar 2008, a Toronto, tana da shekaru 94 kuma tana fama da [[cutar Alzheimer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[Fayil:Graham-Paige 610 Sedan 1928 Zapp Family b.jpg|thumb|Yar wasan kwaikwa ]]
'''Kathleen Margaret Graham''' RCA (1913 – 2008) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar [[Kanada]] wacce aka sani don nuna launuka da tsarin da ta samu a yanayi. An san ta da zama mai zane-zane tana da shekaru 50, bayan mijinta, Dokta Wallace Graham, ya mutu a shekarar 1962.

== Ƙuruciya da ilimi ==
An haifi Graham a Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin shekarar 1913.  Ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Trinity a Jami'ar Toronto tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki na gida a shekarar 1936.  Ba ta taɓa samun ilimi na tsarin gomnati ko horo a fannin zane-zane ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin fasahar zane-zane ==
Graham ta kasance docent a gidan kayan gargajiya a Art Gallery na Toronto, inda ta saba da ayyukan Piet Mondrian da masu zanen filin launi na Amurka. A lokacin tafiye-tafiye tare da mijinta, ta ziyarci wuraren zane-zane da gidajen tarihi, ta haɓaka ƙaunar fasaha.

Jack Bush ya ƙarfafashi yayi aikin fenti, Graham ta yi baje kolin zane-zane na farko a [[Toronto]] a shekarar 1967, a Carmen Lamanna Gallery.  A cikin shekarar 1971, bayan da ta ziyarci Cape Dorset a cikin Arctic na Kanada, ta mayar da hankalinta don nuna yanayin yankin. A cikin shekarar 1976, ta zama mai zane a ta yar cikin gida a Cape Dorset, ta cigaba da gabatar da fentin acrylic ga masu fasahar Inuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Wata mai suka ta bayyana zane-zanen nata a matsayin &quot;mai wasa, mai tsada, kuma mara fa'ida&quot;.

=== Yabon Aiki ===
Hotunan Graham wani ɓangare ne na tarin dindin din a National Gallery of Canada, Art Gallery of Ontario, McMichael Canadian Art Collection, da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. Wasikar da Graham ya yi na littattafai an mayar da ita zuwa tarin bincike na fasaha a cikin ɗakin karatu na John W. Graham a Kwalejin Triniti.&lt;ref&gt;Canadian [https://www.concordia.ca/finearts/art-history/research/cwahi.html Women Artists History Initiative : Artist Database : Artists : GRAHAM, K. M. (Kathleen Margaret)&quot;.] cwahi.concordia.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Graham memba ce ta Royal Canadian Academy of Arts kuma an baje koli tare da takwarorinta. Ta nuna aikinta a faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. A cikin shekarar 1998, Graham ya zama ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Kwalejin Trinity.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bayan aurenta da Dr. Wallace Graham, a cikin shekarar 1938, Graham ya shafe shekaru da dama yana renon 'ya'yansu biyu. Da yake a ko da yaushe tana samun wahayi daga yanayi, Graham ya ci gaba da kwale-kwale, iyo, rubuce-rubuce, da zane-zane har sai da ta kai shekaru 92.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Graham ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Agusta, shekarar 2008, a Toronto, tana da shekaru 94 kuma tana fama da [[cutar Alzheimer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[Fayil:Graham-Paige 610 Sedan 1928 Zapp Family b.jpg|thumb|Yar wasan kwaikwa ]]
'''Kathleen Margaret Graham''' RCA (1913 – 2008) ta kasance yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar [[Kanada]] wacce aka sani don nuna launuka da tsarin da ta samu a yanayi. An san ta da zama mai zane-zane tana da shekaru 50, bayan mijinta, Dokta Wallace Graham, ya mutu a shekarar 1962.

== Ƙuruciya da ilimi ==
An haifi Graham a Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin shekarar 1913.  Ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Trinity a Jami'ar Toronto tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki na gida a shekarar 1936.  Ba ta taɓa samun ilimi na tsarin gomnati ko horo a fannin zane-zane ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin fasahar zane-zane ==
Graham ta kasance docent a gidan kayan gargajiya a Art Gallery na Toronto, inda ta saba da ayyukan Piet Mondrian da masu zanen filin launi na Amurka. A lokacin tafiye-tafiye tare da mijinta, ta ziyarci wuraren zane-zane da gidajen tarihi, ta haɓaka ƙaunar fasaha.

Jack Bush ya ƙarfafashi yayi aikin fenti, Graham ta yi baje kolin zane-zane na farko a [[Toronto]] a shekarar 1967, a Carmen Lamanna Gallery.  A cikin shekarar 1971, bayan da ta ziyarci Cape Dorset a cikin Arctic na Kanada, ta mayar da hankalinta don nuna yanayin yankin. A cikin shekarar 1976, ta zama mai zane a ta yar cikin gida a Cape Dorset, ta cigaba da gabatar da fentin acrylic ga masu fasahar Inuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Wata mai suka ta bayyana zane-zanen nata a matsayin &quot;mai wasa, mai tsada, kuma mara fa'ida&quot;.

=== Yabon Aiki ===
Hotunan Graham wani ɓangare ne na tarin dindin din a National Gallery of Canada, Art Gallery of Ontario, McMichael Canadian Art Collection, da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. Wasikar da Graham ya yi na littattafai an mayar da ita zuwa tarin bincike na fasaha a cikin ɗakin karatu na John W. Graham a Kwalejin Triniti.&lt;ref&gt;Canadian [https://www.concordia.ca/finearts/art-history/research/cwahi.html Women Artists History Initiative : Artist Database : Artists : GRAHAM, K. M. (Kathleen Margaret)&quot;.] cwahi.concordia.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Graham memba ce ta Royal Canadian Academy of Arts kuma an baje koli tare da takwarorinta. Ta nuna aikinta a faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. A cikin shekarar 1998, Graham ya zama ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Kwalejin Trinity.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bayan aurenta da Dr. Wallace Graham, a cikin shekarar 1938, Graham ya shafe shekaru da dama yana renon 'ya'yansu biyu. Da yake a ko da yaushe tana samun wahayi daga yanayi, Graham ya ci gaba da kwale-kwale, iyo, rubuce-rubuce, da zane-zane har sai da ta kai shekaru 92.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt; Graham ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Agusta, shekarar 2008, a Toronto, tana da shekaru 94 kuma tana fama da [[cutar Alzheimer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shanahan&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yancin 'yan jarida a Djibouti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Zaben shugaban kasa na 2011 */</comment>
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[[Fayil:Report on the Situation with Human Rights in Certain States 2011.pdf|thumb|Korafi kan halin da ake ciki ga kungiyar kare haki a kasar]]
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar bai ambaci '''‘yancin ‘yan jarida musamman a Djibouti''' ba. Duk da haka, Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Djibouti ya ambaci 'yancin mutum don bayyana ra'ayinsa&quot;... ta hanyar kalma, alƙalami, ko hoto...&quot; kuma ya lura cewa &quot;waɗannan haƙƙoƙin na iya iyakancewa ta hanyar takaddun shaida a cikin doka da girmama mutuncin wasu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Archived copy&quot; (PDF). Archived from the
original (PDF) on June 25, 2016. Retrieved
July 19, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Duk da haka, aikin jarida a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] yana da iyaka sosai ga gwamnati kuma dukkanin gidajen talabijin da rediyo na kasar suna karkashin ikon gwamnati.

Kasar tana da jaridar kasa guda daya mai suna ''[[La Nation de Djibouti]]'',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;La Nation - 1er Quotidien Djiboutien&quot; .
Lanationdj.com . June 20, 2014. Retrieved
April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  wacce ake bugawa kullum. Har ila yau, mallakar gwamnati ne tare da kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar daya tilo [[L'Agence Djiboutienne d'Information|, L'Agence Djiboutienne d'Information]]. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Les Nouvelles de Agence Djiboutienne
d'Information 1999 - 2012&quot; . Adi.dj .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Wata jarida mai goyon bayan 'yan adawa, ''Le Renouveau'', &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Le Renouveau&quot; . Ardhd.org . Retrieved
April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; ta daina aiki a cikin shekarar 2007 bayan buga labarin da ke zargin surukin Shugaba Ismaïl Omar Guelleh (tsohon gwamnan babban bankin Djibouti, Djama Haid) da karbar cin hanci.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti | Country report | Freedom in the
World | 2011&quot; . Freedomhouse.org .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Har ila yau, akwai littattafai da yawa na mako-mako ko na wata-wata da jam’iyyun adawa ke buga su, kodayake galibi ra’ayi ne da kuma bayanan siyasa maimakon labarai na gaskiya. Misali daya shine ''L'Aurore'' ; An kafa ta a shekarar 2015 kuma tana da tasiri sosai daga USN, babbar ƙungiyar adawa a Djibouti. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Journal AURORE – ARD&quot; . Ard-
djibouti.org . January 19, 2015. Retrieved April
29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai gidan rediyo guda ɗaya mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da rahoton labaran da ba a tantance ba: La Voix de Djibouti. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;LVD News&quot; . Lavoixdedjibouti.com .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar tana watsa shirye-shiryen cikin harsunan Faransanci da [[Larabci]], kuma ƴan ƙasashen waje na Djibouti ne suka kafa ta a cikin shekarar 2010. Kodayake tashar tana watsa shirye-shiryen daga [[Beljik|Belgium]] (duka kan layi da kuma kan rediyon AM&lt;ref&gt;&quot;DJIBOUTI : Written comments of Reporters
Without Borders prior to the adoption of a
List of issues&quot; (PDF). Refworld.org .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  ), ma'aikatanta suna ƙarƙashin dokokin aikin jarida na Djibouti yayin da suke Djibouti.

== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar na 2011 ==
Zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2011, wanda shugaba mai ci Guelleh ya lashe kashi 80% na kuri'un da aka kada, ya kasance da wasu matsaloli na 'yancin 'yan jarida.

Mafi shahara shi ne batun 'yan jarida biyu na La Voix de Djibouti, Farah Abadid Heldid da Houssein Robleh Dabar.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Country Reports on Human Rights
Practices&quot; . State.gov . May 24, 2012.
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  Da farko dai an kama Heldid da Dabar ba tare da takardar sammaci ba a watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar, kuma an shafe watanni hudu ana gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elections in Djibouti&quot; .
Africanelections.tripod.com . Retrieved April
29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A wani lokaci a lokacin da yake tsare, Heldid ya fuskanci tambayoyi da azabtarwa daga hukumar leken asirin Djibouti, wanda aka sani da SRD.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;???&quot; (PDF). Icnl.org . Retrieved April 29,
2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  An saki 'yan jaridar ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, amma SRD ta sake kama su a cikin wannan shekarar saboda &quot;karfafa zanga-zangar da ba ta dace ba da kuma zagin shugaban kasa.&quot;

A cewar kungiyar ‘yan jarida ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), ‘yan jaridan biyu sun fuskanci azabtarwa tare da yi musu tambayoyi (har sai an sake su ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba) daga hannun Sajan Manjo Abdourahman Omar Said, wanda kuma shi ne ke da alhakin kisan ta hanyar azabtar da wani dan kasar Djibouti mai suna Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh a farkon shekarar.  Duk da haka, yayin da RSF ta ba da rahoton sau da yawa kan irin wannan cin zarafi da ake yi wa 'yan jarida na Djibouti, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Djibouti ta ziyarci Heldid a lokacin daya daga cikin hukuncin daurin da aka yanke masa a shekara ta 2011 kuma ba ta sami wata shaida ta azabtarwa ba. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;outraged by harassment of La Voix de
Djibouti web editor&quot; . RSF. Retrieved April
29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cin zarafin 'yan jarida, 2012-2015 ==
Ko da yake akasarin tashe-tashen hankula a Djibouti na faruwa ne a lokacin zabukan shugaban kasa, wasu al'amuran 'yancin 'yan jarida sun faru a cikin shekaru tsakanin. A watan Mayun shekarar 2015 an kama wani editan gidan yanar gizon La Voix de Djibouti yayin da yake [[Jibuti (birni)|birnin Djibouti]], babban birnin kasar. An dai daure editan Maydaneh Abdallah Okieh ne a gidan yari saboda ya ki bin umarnin kotu dangane da kamun da aka yi masa a baya kan “bauta wa dan sanda suna”. Okieh ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ana azabtar da shi tare da kin kula da lafiyarsa yayin da yake cikin gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;outraged by harassment of La Voix de
Djibouti web editor&quot; . RSF. Retrieved April
29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dan jarida daga La Voix, Mohamed Ibrahim Waiss, 'yan sanda sun kama shi tare da yi masa dukan tsiya a lokacin da yake bayar da labarin wani gangamin jam'iyyar adawa a watan Agustan 2014.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Reporter arrested while covering protest |
Reporters without borders&quot; . RSF . August 8,
2014. Retrieved May 28, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Zaben shugaban kasa na 2016 ==
A watan Janairun shekarar 2016, watanni hudu gabanin zaben shugaban kasa, jami'an tsaron Djibouti sun tsare wasu 'yan jarida biyu 'yan kasar Djibouti tare da tsare su ba tare da tuhuma ba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti expels BBC reporting team&quot; .
BBC News . April 4, 2016. Retrieved May 28,
2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

An tsare Mohamed Ibrahim Waïss na La Voix de Djibouti daga ranar 11 zuwa 17 ga watan Janairu kuma ana tsare da shi a gidan yarin Gabode na Djibouti, inda aka ce an yi masa rashin adalci, a cewar kungiyar Reporters Without Borders.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Djibouti authorities step up harassment
of journalists | Reporters without borders&quot; .
RSF (in French). Retrieved October 10, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;  Masu yi masa tambayoyi sun tilasta masa sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da kuma mayar da kalmar sirrin sa zuwa shafinsa na Facebook domin jami’an tsaro su yi amfani da shi wajen yin rubuce-rubucen da ke zagin ‘yan adawar kasar, a cewar kungiyar ‘yan jarida da ke da cibiya a Faransa. An gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu kuma aka sake shi ranar 17 ga watan Janairu bayan da gwamnati ta gaza tuhumar sa da wani laifi. Wannan dai shi ne karo na hudu da ake tsare da Waïss cikin shekaru biyar.

An kama Kadar Abdi Ibrahim na L'Aurore na daban. An tsare Ibrahim daga ranar 14-16 ga watan Janairu bayan jaridar ta buga hoton wata yarinya mai shekaru 7&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  da aka kashe bayan da ‘yan sanda suka bude wuta kan ‘yan adawa a garin Buldhuquo, inda suka kashe mutane 27.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Political deadlock and intensified
repression, three months prior the
presidential election&quot; . Worldwide Movement
for Human Rights (in French). Retrieved
October 10, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'Yan jaridar kasashen waje suna da 'yanci fiye da 'yan jarida na cikin gida, amma har yanzu suna fuskantar takunkumi daga gwamnati. A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2016, an kori 'yan jarida daga gidan rediyon Burtaniya daga kasar gabanin zaben kasar Djibouti da za a yi a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu. Ba a bai wa BBC da kwamitin kare 'yan jarida bayanin dalilin da ya sa aka tilasta wa tawagar 'yan jarida da furodusoshi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti expels BBC journalists ahead of
elections - Committee to Protect
Journalists&quot; . Cpj.org . April 6, 2016.
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Shugaban kasar mai ci Guelle ne ya lashe zaben, lamarin da ya haifar da wa'adin mulki na hudu a jere. Jam'iyyun adawa a Djibouti sun ba da rahoton rashin jin dadin yadda zaben ya kasance &quot;uncompetitive&quot; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti: President Ismael Omar Guelleh
wins third term - BBC News&quot; . Bbc.com .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;, yayin da majalisar Turai ta nuna matukar damuwa game da adalcin zaben, yana mai cewa &quot;sun nuna rashin jin dadi kan yadda aka gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa na 8 ga watan Afrilu 2016.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Motion for a resolution on Djibouti -
B8-0601/2016&quot; . Europarl.europa.eu .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Suka a waje ==
Al'ummar duniya gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa Djibouti na da ƙayyadaddun yanayin kafofin watsa labarai. Kungiyar Reporters Sans Frontières ta sanya Djibouti a matsayi na 172 cikin 180 a cikin alkaluman 'Yancin 'Yan Jarida, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti&quot; . RSF. Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da Freedom House mai zaman kanta ta bayyana Djibouti a matsayin &quot;Ba 'Yanci ba&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti | Country report | Freedom of the
Press | 2015&quot; . Freedomhouse.org .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya gwamnatocin ƙasashen yamma sun kauracewa babbar suka ga al'amuran 'yancin 'yan jarida na Djibouti. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda ƙimar dabarunsa: Djibouti tana da kusanci da ƙasashe marasa kwanciyar hankali kamar [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Eritrea]] da [[Yemen]]. Har ila yau, gida ne sansanin sojan Faransa, kuma sansanin sojan Amurka daya tilo na dindindin a Afirka. A watan Maris din shekarar 2016, kasar Sin ta ce za ta kafa sansanin soji na dindindin a ketare na farko a kasar Djibouti.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekara ta 2012 ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka mai kula da dimokuradiyya, kare hakkin dan adam da kwadago ta fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya yi nuni da mugunyar da Djibouti ta yi wa 'yan jarida a matsayin &quot;matsalar kare hakkin bil'adama mafi muni&quot; da kasar ta fuskanta. Musamman ma, ta yi ishara da yadda gwamnatin Guelleh ke &quot;kuskura, cin zarafi, da kuma tsare masu sukar gwamnati, hana jama'a samun hanyoyin samun bayanai masu zaman kansu, da kuma takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da taro.&quot; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
[[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878041</id>
      <parentid>878040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T20:12:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Zaben shugaban kasa na 2016 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10313" sha1="f2s92hnkyj471ij1fwcjpqgvxohtms2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Report on the Situation with Human Rights in Certain States 2011.pdf|thumb|Korafi kan halin da ake ciki ga kungiyar kare haki a kasar]]
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar bai ambaci '''‘yancin ‘yan jarida musamman a Djibouti''' ba. Duk da haka, Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Djibouti ya ambaci 'yancin mutum don bayyana ra'ayinsa&quot;... ta hanyar kalma, alƙalami, ko hoto...&quot; kuma ya lura cewa &quot;waɗannan haƙƙoƙin na iya iyakancewa ta hanyar takaddun shaida a cikin doka da girmama mutuncin wasu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Archived copy&quot; (PDF). Archived from the
original (PDF) on June 25, 2016. Retrieved
July 19, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Duk da haka, aikin jarida a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] yana da iyaka sosai ga gwamnati kuma dukkanin gidajen talabijin da rediyo na kasar suna karkashin ikon gwamnati.

Kasar tana da jaridar kasa guda daya mai suna ''[[La Nation de Djibouti]]'',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;La Nation - 1er Quotidien Djiboutien&quot; .
Lanationdj.com . June 20, 2014. Retrieved
April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  wacce ake bugawa kullum. Har ila yau, mallakar gwamnati ne tare da kamfanin dillancin labaran kasar daya tilo [[L'Agence Djiboutienne d'Information|, L'Agence Djiboutienne d'Information]]. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Les Nouvelles de Agence Djiboutienne
d'Information 1999 - 2012&quot; . Adi.dj .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Wata jarida mai goyon bayan 'yan adawa, ''Le Renouveau'', &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Le Renouveau&quot; . Ardhd.org . Retrieved
April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; ta daina aiki a cikin shekarar 2007 bayan buga labarin da ke zargin surukin Shugaba Ismaïl Omar Guelleh (tsohon gwamnan babban bankin Djibouti, Djama Haid) da karbar cin hanci.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti | Country report | Freedom in the
World | 2011&quot; . Freedomhouse.org .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Har ila yau, akwai littattafai da yawa na mako-mako ko na wata-wata da jam’iyyun adawa ke buga su, kodayake galibi ra’ayi ne da kuma bayanan siyasa maimakon labarai na gaskiya. Misali daya shine ''L'Aurore'' ; An kafa ta a shekarar 2015 kuma tana da tasiri sosai daga USN, babbar ƙungiyar adawa a Djibouti. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Journal AURORE – ARD&quot; . Ard-
djibouti.org . January 19, 2015. Retrieved April
29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai gidan rediyo guda ɗaya mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da rahoton labaran da ba a tantance ba: La Voix de Djibouti. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;LVD News&quot; . Lavoixdedjibouti.com .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar tana watsa shirye-shiryen cikin harsunan Faransanci da [[Larabci]], kuma ƴan ƙasashen waje na Djibouti ne suka kafa ta a cikin shekarar 2010. Kodayake tashar tana watsa shirye-shiryen daga [[Beljik|Belgium]] (duka kan layi da kuma kan rediyon AM&lt;ref&gt;&quot;DJIBOUTI : Written comments of Reporters
Without Borders prior to the adoption of a
List of issues&quot; (PDF). Refworld.org .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  ), ma'aikatanta suna ƙarƙashin dokokin aikin jarida na Djibouti yayin da suke Djibouti.

== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar na 2011 ==
Zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2011, wanda shugaba mai ci Guelleh ya lashe kashi 80% na kuri'un da aka kada, ya kasance da wasu matsaloli na 'yancin 'yan jarida.

Mafi shahara shi ne batun 'yan jarida biyu na La Voix de Djibouti, Farah Abadid Heldid da Houssein Robleh Dabar.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Country Reports on Human Rights
Practices&quot; . State.gov . May 24, 2012.
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  Da farko dai an kama Heldid da Dabar ba tare da takardar sammaci ba a watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar, kuma an shafe watanni hudu ana gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elections in Djibouti&quot; .
Africanelections.tripod.com . Retrieved April
29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A wani lokaci a lokacin da yake tsare, Heldid ya fuskanci tambayoyi da azabtarwa daga hukumar leken asirin Djibouti, wanda aka sani da SRD.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;???&quot; (PDF). Icnl.org . Retrieved April 29,
2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  An saki 'yan jaridar ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, amma SRD ta sake kama su a cikin wannan shekarar saboda &quot;karfafa zanga-zangar da ba ta dace ba da kuma zagin shugaban kasa.&quot;

A cewar kungiyar ‘yan jarida ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), ‘yan jaridan biyu sun fuskanci azabtarwa tare da yi musu tambayoyi (har sai an sake su ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba) daga hannun Sajan Manjo Abdourahman Omar Said, wanda kuma shi ne ke da alhakin kisan ta hanyar azabtar da wani dan kasar Djibouti mai suna Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh a farkon shekarar.  Duk da haka, yayin da RSF ta ba da rahoton sau da yawa kan irin wannan cin zarafi da ake yi wa 'yan jarida na Djibouti, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Djibouti ta ziyarci Heldid a lokacin daya daga cikin hukuncin daurin da aka yanke masa a shekara ta 2011 kuma ba ta sami wata shaida ta azabtarwa ba. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;outraged by harassment of La Voix de
Djibouti web editor&quot; . RSF. Retrieved April
29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cin zarafin 'yan jarida, 2012-2015 ==
Ko da yake akasarin tashe-tashen hankula a Djibouti na faruwa ne a lokacin zabukan shugaban kasa, wasu al'amuran 'yancin 'yan jarida sun faru a cikin shekaru tsakanin. A watan Mayun shekarar 2015 an kama wani editan gidan yanar gizon La Voix de Djibouti yayin da yake [[Jibuti (birni)|birnin Djibouti]], babban birnin kasar. An dai daure editan Maydaneh Abdallah Okieh ne a gidan yari saboda ya ki bin umarnin kotu dangane da kamun da aka yi masa a baya kan “bauta wa dan sanda suna”. Okieh ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ana azabtar da shi tare da kin kula da lafiyarsa yayin da yake cikin gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;outraged by harassment of La Voix de
Djibouti web editor&quot; . RSF. Retrieved April
29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dan jarida daga La Voix, Mohamed Ibrahim Waiss, 'yan sanda sun kama shi tare da yi masa dukan tsiya a lokacin da yake bayar da labarin wani gangamin jam'iyyar adawa a watan Agustan 2014.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Reporter arrested while covering protest |
Reporters without borders&quot; . RSF . August 8,
2014. Retrieved May 28, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar na 2016 ==
A watan Janairun shekarar 2016, watanni hudu gabanin zaben shugaban kasa, jami'an tsaron Djibouti sun tsare wasu 'yan jarida biyu 'yan kasar Djibouti tare da tsare su ba tare da tuhuma ba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti expels BBC reporting team&quot; .
BBC News . April 4, 2016. Retrieved May 28,
2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

An tsare Mohamed Ibrahim Waïss na La Voix de Djibouti daga ranar 11 zuwa 17 ga watan Janairu kuma ana tsare da shi a gidan yarin Gabode na Djibouti, inda aka ce an yi masa rashin adalci, a cewar kungiyar Reporters Without Borders.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Djibouti authorities step up harassment
of journalists | Reporters without borders&quot; .
RSF (in French). Retrieved October 10, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;  Masu yi masa tambayoyi sun tilasta masa sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da kuma mayar da kalmar sirrin sa zuwa shafinsa na Facebook domin jami’an tsaro su yi amfani da shi wajen yin rubuce-rubucen da ke zagin ‘yan adawar kasar, a cewar kungiyar ‘yan jarida da ke da cibiya a Faransa. An gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu kuma aka sake shi ranar 17 ga watan Janairu bayan da gwamnati ta gaza tuhumar sa da wani laifi. Wannan dai shi ne karo na hudu da ake tsare da Waïss cikin shekaru biyar.

An kama Kadar Abdi Ibrahim na L'Aurore na daban. An tsare Ibrahim daga ranar 14-16 ga watan Janairu bayan jaridar ta buga hoton wata yarinya mai shekaru 7&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  da aka kashe bayan da ‘yan sanda suka bude wuta kan ‘yan adawa a garin Buldhuquo, inda suka kashe mutane 27.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Political deadlock and intensified
repression, three months prior the
presidential election&quot; . Worldwide Movement
for Human Rights (in French). Retrieved
October 10, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

'Yan jaridar kasashen waje suna da 'yanci fiye da 'yan jarida na cikin gida, amma har yanzu suna fuskantar takunkumi daga gwamnati. A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2016, an kori 'yan jarida daga gidan rediyon Burtaniya daga kasar gabanin zaben kasar Djibouti da za a yi a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu. Ba a bai wa BBC da kwamitin kare 'yan jarida bayanin dalilin da ya sa aka tilasta wa tawagar 'yan jarida da furodusoshi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti expels BBC journalists ahead of
elections - Committee to Protect
Journalists&quot; . Cpj.org . April 6, 2016.
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Shugaban kasar mai ci Guelle ne ya lashe zaben, lamarin da ya haifar da wa'adin mulki na hudu a jere. Jam'iyyun adawa a Djibouti sun ba da rahoton rashin jin dadin yadda zaben ya kasance &quot;uncompetitive&quot; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti: President Ismael Omar Guelleh
wins third term - BBC News&quot; . Bbc.com .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;, yayin da majalisar Turai ta nuna matukar damuwa game da adalcin zaben, yana mai cewa &quot;sun nuna rashin jin dadi kan yadda aka gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa na 8 ga watan Afrilu 2016.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Motion for a resolution on Djibouti -
B8-0601/2016&quot; . Europarl.europa.eu .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suka a waje ==
Al'ummar duniya gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa Djibouti na da ƙayyadaddun yanayin kafofin watsa labarai. Kungiyar Reporters Sans Frontières ta sanya Djibouti a matsayi na 172 cikin 180 a cikin alkaluman 'Yancin 'Yan Jarida, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti&quot; . RSF. Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da Freedom House mai zaman kanta ta bayyana Djibouti a matsayin &quot;Ba 'Yanci ba&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Djibouti | Country report | Freedom of the
Press | 2015&quot; . Freedomhouse.org .
Retrieved April 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya gwamnatocin ƙasashen yamma sun kauracewa babbar suka ga al'amuran 'yancin 'yan jarida na Djibouti. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda ƙimar dabarunsa: Djibouti tana da kusanci da ƙasashe marasa kwanciyar hankali kamar [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Eritrea]] da [[Yemen]]. Har ila yau, gida ne sansanin sojan Faransa, kuma sansanin sojan Amurka daya tilo na dindindin a Afirka. A watan Maris din shekarar 2016, kasar Sin ta ce za ta kafa sansanin soji na dindindin a ketare na farko a kasar Djibouti.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekara ta 2012 ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka mai kula da dimokuradiyya, kare hakkin dan adam da kwadago ta fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya yi nuni da mugunyar da Djibouti ta yi wa 'yan jarida a matsayin &quot;matsalar kare hakkin bil'adama mafi muni&quot; da kasar ta fuskanta. Musamman ma, ta yi ishara da yadda gwamnatin Guelleh ke &quot;kuskura, cin zarafi, da kuma tsare masu sukar gwamnati, hana jama'a samun hanyoyin samun bayanai masu zaman kansu, da kuma takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da taro.&quot; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
[[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]]</text>
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    <title>'Yancin Addini a Afghanistan</title>
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        <id>40381</id>
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      <comment>/* 'Yancin Addini Bayan 2021 */</comment>
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'''Ƴncin addini a Afghanistan,''' ya canza a lokacin [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar]] [[Musulunci]] da aka kafa a [[shekara]] ta (2002) bayan [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayewar]] da Amurka ta yi wanda ya raba tsohuwar gwamnatin Taliban.

'Yancin addini ya sake canzawa bayan da Taliban suka karbe iko a watan Agustan shekarar 2021.

== Dubawa ==
Abubuwan farko guda uku na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afganistan ranar (23 )ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2004, sun wajabta:

:# Afganistan za ta zama Jamhuriyar Musulunci, mai cin gashin kanta, kasa mai hadin kai, kuma ba za a iya rarrabawa ba.
:# Addinin Musulunci mai tsarki shi ne addinin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan. Mabiya sauran addinai za su kasance masu 'yanci a cikin iyakokin doka wajen aiwatar da hakkokinsu na addini.
:# Babu wata doka da za ta saba wa ka'idoji da tanade-tanaden addinin Musulunci mai tsarki a Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Constitution of
Afghanistan&quot; (PDF). Joint Electoral
management Body (JEMB). 2004-01-23.
Archived from the original (PDF) on
2006-04-25. Retrieved 2006-11-09.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sashi na bakwai na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya baiwa kasa damar yin biyayya ga [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya]] (UDHR) da sauran yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyoyin da kasar ke ciki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;International Religious Freedom Report
2006 - Afghanistan&quot; . United States
Department of State. Retrieved 2006-11-08.&lt;/ref&gt;   Labari na 18 da 19 na UDHR, an haɗa su tare, sun bayyana yadda ya kamata cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na duniya baki ɗaya yin saɓani na addini.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Universal Declaration of Human Rights&quot; .
U.N. High Commissioner for human Rights.
Archived from the original on 2006-11-08.
Retrieved 2006-11-09.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A da, ƙananan al'ummomin Hindu, Sikhs, Yahudawa, da Kirista sun zauna a cikin ƙasar; akasarin mutanen wadannan al'ummomi sun fice. Ko da a lokacin da suke da kololuwa, wadannan tsiraru wadanda ba musulmi ba sun zama kashi daya ne kacal na al’ummar kasar. Kusan dukkanin mabiya addinin Hindu da Sikh na kasar, wadanda a da sun kai kimanin 50,000, sun yi hijira ko kuma suka yi hijira zuwa kasashen waje. Wadanda ba musulmi ba irin su Hindu da Sikhs yanzu sun kai dari kawai, galibi suna aiki a matsayin yan kasuwa. Kiristoci da Yahudawa kaɗan da ke zaune a ƙasar galibi baƙi ne da ke ƙasar don gudanar da ayyukan agaji a madadin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ƙasashen waje.

== 'Yancin Addini kafin shekarar 2002 ==

=== Tarihi ===
Taliban ta sanya dokar ta tafsirin shari'ar Musulunci, inda ta kafa &quot;Ma'aikatar inganta kyawawan dabi'u da hana mummuna&quot; don dalilai na tilastawa. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Ma’aikatar shi ne gudanar da ’yan sanda na addini waɗanda ke aiwatar da doka a kan ka'idojin tufafi, yin aiki, samun kulawar likita, ɗabi'a, ayyukan addini, da bayyana ra'ayi. Mutanen da aka samu da laifin karya dokar, ana yawan fuskantar hukuncin da aka yanke musu a wurin da suka hada da duka da tsare su.

'Yan Taliban sun tsananta wa 'yan wasu kungiyoyin Musulunci da kuma wadanda ba musulmi ba. A al'adance, Musuluncin Sunna na mazhabar Hanafiyya shi ne mafi girman nau'in [[Musulunci]] a Afghanistan. Wannan makaranta tana lissafin Taliban a cikin mabiyanta. [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrassa]] Deoband (makarantar addini) kusa da Delhi, Indiya, ta kasance tushen tasiri ga waɗannan Sunni kusan shekaru 200. Yawancin shugabannin Taliban sun halarci makarantun hauza da ke da tasirin Deobandi a Pakistan. Makarantar Deoband ta dade tana neman &quot;tsarkake&quot; Musulunci ta hanyar watsar da abubuwan da ake zaton ba su dace da Musulunci ba ga imani tare da jaddada tsarin da aka kafa a [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Kur'ani]] da Hadisi. Malaman Deobandi sau da yawa suna adawa da abin da suke gani a matsayin tasirin yamma. Yawancin jama'a suna bin tafarkin Sunnar Hanafiyya ta Deobandi, amma ƴan tsiraru masu yawa suna manne da wani nau'in sufi na Hanafi Sunnism wanda aka fi sani da Sufanci. Sufanci ya ta'allaka ne akan umarni ko 'yan'uwantaka da ke bin shugabannin addini masu kwarjini.

‘Yan Shi’a a karkashin kungiyar Taliban na daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi fama da matsalar tattalin arziki a kasar. Wata kabila da aka fi sani da Hazara, galibin ‘yan Shi’a ne. Haka kuma akwai ‘yan Ismailiyya kadan da ke zaune a tsakiya da arewacin kasar. Isma'ilawa Musulmi ne na Shi'a, amma ku ɗauki Aga Khan shugabansu na ruhaniya.

== 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, gami da kan al'amuran addini ==
Taliban ta hana 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki game da batutuwan addini ko tattaunawa da ke kalubalantar ra'ayin musulmin Sunni. Bugawa da rarraba wallafe-wallafen kowane iri, gami da kayan addini, ya kasance ba kasafai ba. A shekara ta 1998, an haramta kaset na talabijin, na’urar rikodin bidiyo, kaset na bidiyo, kaset na sauti, da jita-jita na tauraron dan adam don aiwatar da haramcin. Sai dai rahotannin da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa mutane da dama a biranen kasar na ci gaba da mallakar irin wadannan na'urorin duk da haramcin. Taliban na ci gaba da haramta kade-kade, fina-finai, da talabijin bisa dalilan addini a yankunan da har yanzu take rike da su.

=== Bambancin addini ===

==== Wariya ga wadanda ba musulmi ba ====
A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], a watan Satumban shekarar 1998, kungiyar Taliban ta fitar da wasu dokoki da suka haramta wa wadanda ba musulmi ba su gina sabbin wuraren ibada amma sun ba su damar yin ibada a wurare masu tsarki da ake da su, tare da sukar musulmi da kuma zama a gida daya da musulmi, kamar yadda ya saba. haka kuma ya umurci wadanda ba musulmi ba da su tantance gidajensu ta hanyar sanya wani kyalle mai ruwan dorawa a saman rufin gidansu da kuma bukatar matan da ba musulmi ba su sanya rigar rawaya mai alama ta musamman domin musulmi su nisanta kansu.

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya takaita ‘yancin siyasa na wadanda ba musulmi ba na Afghanistan, kuma musulmi ne kawai aka amince su zama shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Constitution of the Islamic Republic
of Afghanistan&quot; . Government of
Afghanistan . Archived from the original on
5 March 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Wariya ga Sikhs ====
A cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2001, a cewar rahotannin labarai, Taliban sun yi la'akari da wata doka da ke buƙatar Sikhs su sanya bajojin tantance tufafinsu. A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2001, gidan rediyon Taliban ya ba da sanarwar cewa jami’an addini sun amince da dokar. Sai dai rahotanni sun ce [[Mullah Omar]] bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba kuma kungiyar Taliban ba ta aiwatar da shi ba.

=== Wariya ga Musulman Shi'a Hazara ===
Danniya da 'yan Taliban na kabilar Hazara, wadanda galibinsu 'yan [[Shi'a]] ne, ya yi tsanani. Ana zargin kungiyar Taliban da aikata kisan gilla ga Hazaras musamman a arewacin kasar. An yi iƙirarin cewa Taliban ta kashe dubban fararen hula da fursunoni a lokacin da kuma bayan kame [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] a watan Agustan shekarar 1998.

Bayan da'awar kisan kiyashi, akwai kuma ikirarin korar 'yan kabilar Hazaras da Tajik na tilastawa daga yankunan da Taliban ke iko da su, da kuma cin zarafin wadannan tsiraru a duk yankunan da Taliban ke iko da su.

=== 'Yancin yin tuba ===
An ba wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin [[Kirista]] na ƙasashen waje damar ba da agajin jin kai a cikin ƙasar; duk da haka, 'yan Taliban sun hana su yin ridda. Wata doka a watan Yunin shekarar 2001 ta bayyana cewa yin ridda da waɗanda ba musulmi ba yana [[Hukuncin Kisa|da hukuncin kisa]] ko kuma a kore su daga ƙasashen waje. Daga baya jami'an Taliban sun bayyana cewa dokar ta kasance jagora ce kawai.

A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 2001, Dayna Curry da Heather Mercer ne Taliban suka kama tare da wasu mutane 22 saboda aikinsu tare da ''Shelter Now'', kungiyar agaji ta Kirista da ke a Jamus. Har ila yau, Taliban ta kwace [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] da bidiyo da kaset na 'ya'yan kungiyar. An yi wa ma’aikatan shari’a ne saboda karya haramcin da kungiyar Taliban ta yi na shigar da addini. A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwanba, 2001, sojojin Operation Enduring Freedom sun 'yantar da Curry da Mercer, bayan da Taliban suka tsere daga [[Kabul]].

=== 'Yancin yin addini ===
Addu’a ta wajaba a kan kowa, kuma waɗanda aka samu ba sa yin addu’a a ƙayyadadden lokaci ko kuma waɗanda suka makara wajen halartar sallah ana azabtar da su, sau da yawa ta hanyar dukansu. Akwai rahotanni a shekarar 1998 cewa membobin ma'aikatar a Kabul sun tsayar da mutane akan titi kuma suna buƙatar su karanta addu'o'in kur'ani daban-daban don sanin girman ilimin addininsu.

=== Rushewar mutum-mutumin Buddha ===
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, 'yan Taliban sun lalata wasu manya-manyan mutum-mutumin Buddha guda biyu da aka sassaka a cikin wani dutse a lardin Bamiyan, bisa dalilin cewa mutum-mutumin na bautar gumaka ne.&lt;ref&gt;Behzad, Nasir (2015). &quot;The man who
helped blow up the Bamiyan Buddhas&quot; .
BBC News . Archived from the original on
16 August 2021. Retrieved 23 December
2019.&lt;/ref&gt;  'Yan Taliban sun lalata mutum-mutumin duk da kiraye-kirayen da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da al'ummar duniya, ciki har da kasashen musulmi da dama, suka yi, na a kiyaye wadannan mutum-mutumin da aka kwashe shekaru dubu biyu ana yi.

== 'Yancin Addini bayan 2002 ==
A shekara ta 2002 an kori Taliban daga mulki. Koyaya, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa yana nufin cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam da yancin addini sun yi jinkirin haɓakawa. Wani rahoto a shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa duk da wasu sauye-sauye da aka samu a gwamnati da al’umma, kananan al’ummomin kananan kabilu (da suka hada da Hindu, Sikhs, Kirista, Musulmi Ahmadi da Baha’is) sun kasance cikin hadari, ba tare da ikon kiyaye imaninsu a bainar jama’a ba saboda tsoron tashin hankali. ramuwar gayya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%202020%20Annual%20Report_Final_42920.pdf / USCIRF 2020 report]&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto da Pew Forum ya fitar a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa Musulmi ‘yan Sunni ne ke da kashi 80-85% na al’ummar kasar, inda Musulmin Shi’a ke da kashi 10-15%. Sauran kungiyoyin addinai, galibi mabiya addinin Hindu, Sikhs, Baha'is da Kirista, tare ba su kai kashi 0.3 na al'ummar kasar ba. Akwai ‘yan darikar musulmin Ahmadiyya babu yahudawa a kasar. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/afghanistan/ US State Dept 2021 report]&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris din shekarar 2015, wasu ’yan zanga-zanga sun kashe wata mata 'yar kasar Afganistan mai shekaru 27 a [[Kabul|birnin Kabul]] bisa zargin kona [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur'ani]]. &lt;ref&gt;Rasmussen, Sune Engel (23 March 2015).
&quot;Farkhunda's family take comfort from tide
of outrage in wake of her death&quot; . The
Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sun buge Farkhunda Malikzada da bugun ta, sai mutanen suka jefa ta a kan wata gada suka cinna mata wuta suka jefa a cikin kogin. &lt;ref&gt;Whiteman, Hilary (23 March 2015). &quot;26
arrests after mob beats, burns Afghan
woman&quot; . CNN. Retrieved 23 March 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƴancin Addini Bayan shekarar 2021 ==
Taliban ta karbe mulki a watan Satumban  shekarar 2021. Wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa sun bayyana cewa kasar Masarautar Musulunci ce wadda dole ne dokokinta da tsarin mulki su yi daidai da [[Shari'a|tsarin shari'a]]. Sikhs, Hindu, Kiristanci, da sauran tsiraru marasa rinjaye sun ba da rahoton ci gaba da cin zarafi daga Musulmai. Baha'is da kiristoci sun ci gaba da rayuwa cikin tsoron fallasa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/afghanistan/ US State Dept 2021 report]&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Afghanistan a matsayin 1 cikin 4. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.freedomhouse.org/country/afghanistan/freedom-world/2022 Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25]&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2023, an ba da rahoton cewa cin zarafi ga tsiraru ya karu bayan watan Satumba shekarar 2021. Musamman ma, ƴan tsiraru na addini, mazhaba, da ƙabilanci da suka haɗa da Shi'a Hazaras da Ahmadiya sun yi gudun hijira zuwa ƙasashe makwabta kamar Iran da Pakistan. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.csw.org.uk/2023/03/06/report/5950/article.htm Christian Solidarity Worldwide, March 2023 report]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Addini a Afghanistan
* Hakkin dan Adam a Afghanistan
* Abdul Rahman (mutuwa)

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cleo Baldon</title>
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[[Fayil:IBat90&amp;2minutesNEW.jpg|thumb|Cleo Baldon a tsaye]]

'''Cleo Baldon''' (Yuni 1,1927-Oktoba 12,2014) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne,mai zanen shimfidar wuri,da mai tsara kayan daki wanda ke [[Los Angeles]],inda ta ba da gudummawa ga sanannun gine-gine,musamman wuraren waha.Ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan zane na Galper-Baldon Associates,hedkwata a Venice,California. Baldon an yaba da yin tasiri sosai a masana'antar kayan adon California tare da ƙirar kayanta na waje.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Baldon a cikin Leavenworth,Washington, amma danginta suna zaune a cikin ƙaramin yanki na Peshastin,Washington. Ta koma California,inda ta halarci kuma ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Woodbury. &lt;ref name=&quot;latimes2&quot; /&gt;

Baldon ta kafa haɗin gwiwar Galper-Baldon Associates,wani kamfani na ƙirar gine-gine,tare da Sid Grapher.Baldon ta kula da kusan dukkan ayyukan na Galper-Baldon Associates,ban da shukar shimfidar wuri. A cikin 1985,Baldon ya gaya wa ''Los Angeles Times'' cewa &quot;Ban fahimci tsire-tsire ba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes2&quot; /&gt; Abokin aikinta Sid Galper shi ne likitan horticulturist.Baldon ya tsara wuraren shakatawa sama da 3,000 a Kudancin California kuma ya riƙe takardar izinin ƙira don wurin shakatawa tare da wurin zama na karkashin ruwa ergonomic.An yaba mata da haɓaka tafkin cinya,wanda ta yi iƙirarin gabatar da ita zuwa [[California]] a cikin shekara ta 1970.

Baya ga aikinta na gine-gine,Baldon ta tsara kayan daki kuma ta kafa kamfanin California Terra tare da abokin Galper-Baldon Sid Galper.Kamfanin ya kera kuma ya sayar da kayan daki na waje masu inganci.

Baldon ta yi aure,fiye da shekaru 50 ga marubuci,marubucin allo da kuma [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] Ib Melchior,wanda ta haɗu da littattafan da ba na almara ba ''Reflections on Pool:California Designs for Swimming'' and ''Steps &amp;'' Stairways.Ya kasance ɗan wasan operatic tenor kuma tauraruwar fim Lauritz Melchior.Ma'auratan sun zauna a Hollywood Hills. 

Baldon ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2014.  Melchior ya mutu bayan watanni biyar,a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2015.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1927]]</text>
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        <id>40381</id>
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[[File:Market_Pharmacy_Tana_MS5179.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Maganin gargajiya a kasuwa a [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]]]
[[File:Botanica.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Botánicas irin wannan a Jamaica Plain, [[Boston]], yana ba da al'ummar Latino kuma suna sayar da magungunan jama'a tare da mutum-mutumi na tsarkaka, kyandir da aka yi wa ado da addu'o'i, bamboo mai sa'a, da sauran abubuwa.]]
[[File:World Health Organisation headquarters, Geneva, north and west sides 2007.jpg|thumb]]
'''Magungunan Gargajiya''' (wanda kuma akafi sani da '''likitan ƴan ƙasa''' ko '''likitancin jama'a''' ). Ya kasance wannan ya ƙunshi&lt;ref&gt;https://aminiya.ng/dalilin-da-mutane-ke-komawa-amfani-da-magungunan-gargajiya/&lt;/ref&gt;fannonin likitanci na ilimin gargajiya, waɗanda suka bunƙasa a tsawon tsararraki a cikin aƙidar al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da ƴan asalin ƙasar, kafin lokacin maganin zamani. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ayyana.  Maganin gargajiya a matsayin “jimlar ilimi, fasaha, da ayyuka bisa ka’idoji, imani, da gogewa na asali ga al’adu daban-daban, ko an bayyana ko a’a, da ake amfani da su wajen kula da lafiya haka nan&lt;ref&gt;https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-53637229.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp;amp_js_v=a9&amp;usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;aoh=17536266852189&amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-53637229&lt;/ref&gt;. kamar yadda yake a cikin rigakafi, tantancewa, ingantawa ko magance cututtukan jiki da na tabin hankali”. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/|title=Traditional Medicine: Definitions|date=2008-12-01|access-date=2014-04-20|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magungunan gargajiya sau da yawa sun bambanta da likitancin ilimin kimiyya.


A wasu kasashen [[Asiya]] da [[Afirka]], kusan kashi 80 a cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da magungunan gargajiya domin bukatunsu na farko na kiwon lafiya. Lokacin da aka ɗauke shi a waje da al'adun gargajiya, ana ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a matsayin wani nau'i na madadin magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot; /&gt;Ayyukan da aka fi sani da magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da magungunan gargajiya na Turai, magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, magungunan gargajiya na Afirka, Ayurveda, magungunan Siddha, Unani, magungunan gargajiya na Iran, magungunan Musulunci na tsakiya, Muti, da Ifá. Sana'o'in kimiyya da ke nazarin likitancin gargajiya sun hada da herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, da kuma ilimin halin ɗan adam.
[[Fayil:Mercado Modelo de Chupaca Peru- herbal medicine seller.jpg|thumb|maganin gargajiya]]
WHO ta lura cewa, duk da haka, &quot;yin amfani da magungunan gargajiya ko ayyuka marasa dacewa na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ko haɗari&quot; kuma &quot; ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin tabbatar da inganci da aminci&quot; irin waɗannan ayyuka da tsira-tsiren masu magani da tsarin magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da su.  &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot; /&gt;A sakamakon haka,hukumar lafiya ta dubiya wato (WHO) ta aiwatar da dabarun shekaru tara domin taimakawa kasashen mambobin kungiyar domin samar da manufofi masu tasiri da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ayyuka da za su karfafa rawar da magungunan gargajiya ke takawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113165644/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 13, 2014|title=WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023|date=December 2013|website=The World Health Organization|access-date=June 27, 2023|archivedate=January 13, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113165644/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da tarihi ==

=== Tarihi na gargajiya ===
A cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta, binciken da aka yi na ganye ya samo asali ne shekaru 5,000 zuwa tsohuwar [[Sumer|Sumerians]], waɗanda suka bayyana ingantaccen amfani da magani ga shuke-shuke. A cikin magungunan Masar na d ¯ a, papyrus Ebers daga c. 1552 BC ya rubuta jerin magungunan jama'a da ayyukan likita na sihiri.  [[Tsohon Alkawari]] kuma ya ambaci amfani da ganye da kuma noma game da Kashrut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ebers' Papyrus|url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/443.html|access-date=28 December 2014}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yawancin ganyaye da ma'adanai da aka yi amfani da su a Ayurveda an kwatanta su ne da tsoffin masana ganye na Indiya irin su Charaka da Sushruta a lokacin karni na 1 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Girish Dwivedi|first=Shridhar Dwivedi|year=2007|title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf|access-date=2008-10-08|archive-date=2008-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Littafin ganye na farko na kasar Sin shi ne ''Shennong Bencao Jing'', wanda aka harhada a zamanin daular Han amma tun daga baya aka kara shi a matsayin ''Yaoxing Lun'' ( ''Maganin yanayin Ganyewar Magunguna'' ) a lokacin daular Tang . Mawallafin Hellenanci na farko da aka sani na ilimin ganye na zamani da na yanzu sun haɗa da [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagoras da mabiyansa]], Hippocrates, [[Aristotle]], Theophrastus, Dioscorides da Galen .

Tushen Romawa sun haɗa da ''Tarihin Halitta'' [[Pliny Babba|na Pliny]] da Celsus 's ''De Medicina'' .  Pedanius Dioscorides ya zana kuma ya gyara mawallafin farko don ''De Materia Medica'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Kay1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kay|first=MA|year=1996|title=Healing with plants in the American and Mexican West|isbn=978-0-8165-1646-9|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780186516465/page/19 19–20]|location=Tucson|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780186516465/page/19}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana ƙara sababbin abubuwa; An fassara aikin zuwa harsuna da dama, kuma an ƙara sunayen [[Turkanci|Turkawa]], [[Larabci]] da [[Ibrananci]] a cikinsa tsawon ƙarni.  Rubutun Latin na ''De Materia Medica'' an haɗa su tare da ganyen Latin ta Apuleius Platonicus ( ''Herbarium Apuleii Platonici'' ) kuma an haɗa su cikin codex Anglo-Saxon ''Cotton Vitellius C.III''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blunt1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Raphael, Sandra |author2=Blunt, Wilfrid |title=The Illustrated herbal|publisher=Frances Lincoln|location=London|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7112-0914-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;Waɗannan rukunonin Girka na farko da na Romawa sun zama ƙashin bayan ka'idar likitancin Turai kuma Persian [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] (Ibn Sīnā, 980-1037), Persian [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]] (Rāzi, 865-925) da Maimonides na Yahudawa suka fassara su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kay1996&quot; /&gt;

An yi amfani da wasu burbushin maganin gargajiya tun zamanin da. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=323–332}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medieval kuma daga baya ===
Magungunan 'yan asalin Larabci sun samo asali daga rikici tsakanin magungunan tushen sihiri na Badawiyya da fassarar Larabci na al'adun likitancin Hellenic da Ayurvedic .  Larabawa sun yi tasiri a kan likitancin Spain daga 711 zuwa 1492.  Likitoci na Musulunci da masanan kimiyyar ilmin halitta musulmi irin su al-Dinawari &lt;ref name=&quot;Fahd-815&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Régis}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Ibn al-Baitar &lt;ref name=&quot;Diane&quot;&gt;Diane Boulanger (2002), &quot;The Islamic Contribution to Science, Mathematics and Technology&quot;, ''OISE Papers'', in ''STSE Education'', Vol. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; sun fadada sosai akan ilimin likitancin mata. Shahararriyar rubutun likitancin Farisa shine Avicenna's ''Canon of Medicine'', wanda shine farkon pharmacopoeia kuma ya gabatar da gwaji na asibiti .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Eldredge&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=34–44 [36]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bloom&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=13–21 [19]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fassara ''Canon'' zuwa Latin a karni na 12 kuma ya kasance ikon likita a Turai har zuwa karni na 17. Hakanan tsarin Unani na magungunan gargajiya yana dogara ne akan ''Canon'' . 

Hieronymus Bock ya yi fassarar farkon rubutun Roman-Greek zuwa Jamusanci wanda aka buga a cikin 1546, ana kiransa ''Kreuter Buch'' . An fassara littafin zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland azaman ''Pemptades'' ta Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585), kuma daga Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa [[Turanci]] ta Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609), Henry Lyte ya buga a 1578 a matsayin ''A Nievve Herball'' . Wannan ya zama John Gerard 's (1545-1612) ''Herball ko Janar Tarihin Tsirrai'' .   Kowane sabon aiki ya kasance tarin rubutun da ake da su tare da sababbin ƙari.

Ilimin jama'a na mata ya wanzu a layi daya da waɗannan matani.  Har ila yau ana jera magunguna arba'in da huɗu, abubuwan maye, abubuwan ɗanɗano da abubuwan motsa rai da Dioscorides ya ambata a cikin pharmacopoeias na Turai.  Puritans sun ɗauki aikin Gerard zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] inda ya rinjayi magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kay1996&quot; /&gt;

Francisco Hernández, likitan Philip na biyu na Spain ya shafe shekaru 1571-1577 yana tattara bayanai a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] sannan ya rubuta ''Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus'', yawancin nau'ikan da aka buga ciki har da wanda Francisco Ximénez ya buga. Dukansu Hernandez da Ximenez sun dace da bayanan kabilanci na Aztec a cikin ra'ayoyin Turai game da cututtuka kamar &quot;dumi&quot;, &quot;sanyi&quot;, da &quot;danshi&quot;, amma ba a bayyana cewa Aztecs sun yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=215–20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Juan de Esteyneffer 's ''Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas'' ya tattara matani na Turai kuma ya ƙara shuke-shuken Mexico guda 35.

Martín de la Cruz ya rubuta wani ganye a Nahuatl wanda Juan Badiano ya fassara zuwa [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] kamar ''Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis'' ko ''Codex Barberini, Latin 241'' kuma aka ba Sarki Carlos V na Spain a 1552.  Da alama an rubuta shi cikin gaggawa  kuma mamayewar Turawa na shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya rinjaye shi. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙabilanci don tattara ka'idodinsa waɗanda suka zama ''Tarihi Janar de las Cosas de Nueva España'', wanda aka buga a 1793. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heinrich2005&quot; /&gt; Castore Durante ya buga ''Herbario Nuovo'' a cikin 1585 yana kwatanta tsire-tsire masu magani daga Turai da Gabas da Yammacin Indiya . An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci a cikin 1609 kuma an buga bugu na Italiyanci na ƙarni na gaba.

=== Mallakar Amurka ===
A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a Amurka, masu maganin gargajiya, mata akai-akai, sun yi amfani da magungunan ganye, cin abinci da leshi . &lt;ref&gt;Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, Linda Gordon, Susan Reverb, America's Working Women: A Documentary History, 1600 to the Present, W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 1995, p. 50&lt;/ref&gt; Magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa na gargajiya sun gabatar da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon zazzaɓi, scurvy, syphilis maras nauyi, da matsalolin goiter. &lt;ref&gt;Madsen, Deborah L. The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature, Routledge, 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin waɗannan magungunan ganye da na jama'a sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20, &lt;ref&gt;Swerdlow JL. Medicine Changes: late 19th to early 20th century. Nature's Medicine: Plants that Heal. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society; 2000. pp. 158–91.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wasu magungunan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka zama tushen ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani. &lt;ref&gt;Eugenia M. Fulcher, Robert M. Fulcher, Cathy Dubeansky, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qs_sAwAAQBAJ Pharmacology: Principles and Applications']', Soto Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014, p. 5 ''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amfanin zamani ===
Yaɗuwar magungunan jama'a a wasu yankuna na duniya ya bambanta bisa ga ka'idodin al'adu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=20–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu magungunan zamani sun dogara ne akan sinadarai na shuka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin magungunan jama'a.  Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin madadin jiyya ba su da &quot;ƙididdigar ƙididdiga daga magungunan placebo &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;''[[The Economist]]'', &quot;[https://www.economist.com/node/18710090 Alternative Medicine: Think yourself better]&quot;, 21 May 2011, pp. 83–84.&lt;/ref&gt;

== watsa ilimi da halitta ==
Maganin ƴan asalin gabaɗaya ana yaɗa su ta baki ta hanyar al'umma, dangi da daidaikun mutane har sai an “tara”. A cikin wata al'ada da aka ba da, abubuwan ilimin likitancin na asali na iya zama sananne ga mutane da yawa, ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin takamaiman aikin warkarwa kamar shaman ko ungozoma .  Abubuwa uku sun halatta matsayin mai warkarwa - akidarsu, nasarar ayyukansu da imanin al'umma.  Lokacin da al'adar ta ƙi iƙirarin magungunan ƴan asalin, gabaɗaya iri uku na mabiya suna amfani da shi - waɗanda aka haife su kuma suka yi tarayya da su a cikinta waɗanda suka zama masu bi na dindindin, masu bi na ɗan lokaci waɗanda suka juya zuwa gare shi a lokutan wahala, da waɗanda suka yi imani kawai a takamaiman fannoni., ba a cikin duka ba.  

== Ma'ana da kalmomi ==
Ana iya ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a wani lokaci a matsayin dabam da magungunan jama'a, kuma ana la'akari da sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka tsara na maganin jama'a. A karkashin wannan ma'anar magungunan jama'a akwai magungunan da aka dade suna yadawa da kuma amfani da su. Magungunan jama'a sun ƙunshi ayyukan warkaswa da ra'ayoyin ilimin halittar jiki da kiyaye [[Lafiya|lafiyar]] da wasu suka sani a cikin al'ada, ana watsawa ta hanyar yau da kullun azaman ilimin gabaɗaya, kuma kowa a cikin al'adar da ke da gogewa ta farko ya yi aiki ko amfani da shi. 

=== Maganin jama'a ===
[[File:Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg|thumb| Curandera yana yin ''limpieza'' a Cuenca, Ecuador]]
Kasashe da yawa suna da ayyukan da aka siffanta a matsayin magungunan jama'a waɗanda za su iya kasancewa tare tare da tsarin aikin likita na yau da kullun, tushen kimiyya, da kuma tsarin aikin likita wanda ke wakilta.  Misalan al'adun magungunan jama'a sune magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, likitancin Iran, likitancin Koriya, likitancin Larabci, maganin gargajiya na Uygur, magungunan Kampho na Japan, magungunan daji na Aboriginal na gargajiya, 'yan asalin Hawaiian La'au lapa'au, da kuma maganin gargajiya na Jojiya, da sauransu. 

==== Magungunan daji na Australiya ====
Gabaɗaya, maganin daji da mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ke amfani da su a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ana yin su ne daga kayan shuka, kamar haushi, ganye da iri, kodayake ana iya amfani da kayan dabbobi kuma.  Babban bangaren magungunan gargajiya shine maganin gargajiya, wanda shine amfani da kayan shuka na halitta don magance ko hana cututtuka. 

==== Magungunan ƴan asalin Amurka ====
Magungunan ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska nau'ikan warkarwa ne na gargajiya waɗanda suka wanzu tsawon dubban shekaru. Akwai shuke-shuke ethnobotany da yawa da ke cikin maganin gargajiya ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka kuma wasu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Idan ya zo ga magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa, ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da lafiya da rashin lafiya a cikin al'adun ba su da bambanci da ra'ayoyin addini da ruhaniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Masu warkarwa a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna da sunaye da yawa kama daga namiji ko mace zuwa likitan ganye ko ma shaman kuma ana ɗaukar su shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini a cikin kabilun su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=195–213}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan ana maganar waraka, masu warkarwa na ƙabilanci za su kalli halayen shuka don tantance ingancinta don maganin rashin lafiya.  Takamaiman halayen shuka kamar siffar shuka, wari, launi, da ɗanɗano na iya taimakawa wajen tantance yadda za'a iya amfani da shuka azaman magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Kabilar Meskwaki sun gano cewa za su iya amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga ''Arum maculatum'' don saran maciji. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; An yi la’akari da hakan ne daga bayyanar madarar ruwan da aka ce daga shukar wadda aka ce tana kama da dafin maciji, kuma siffar shukar ta yi kama da kan maciji. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da ganyen foxglove a matsayin magani ga wata cuta da ake kira ɗigon ruwa ko edema, wanda ruwa ne ke taruwa yawanci a cikin ƙananan ƙafafu, kuma dalilinsa na yau da kullum shine ciwon zuciya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; A cikin maganin zamani, ana amfani da tsantsa foxglove a ƙarƙashin sunan digitalis, kuma manufarsa ita ce matsakaicin bugun zuciya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi nasara tare da wasu ayyukan likita, kamar su magance zazzaɓi, yanayin gastrointestinal, raƙuman fata, kafa ƙashi, da kuma haihuwar jarirai, da taimaka wa iyaye mata wajen samun waraka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar a cikin wani asibitin IHS wanda ke ba masu warkarwa na Navajo damar ziyartar marasa lafiya ya gano cewa asibitin ya samu kashi 80 cikin 100 na nasara wajen dawo da marasa lafiya cikin hayyacinsu, wanda ya zarce adadin asibitocin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a yau. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; An zaɓi dangin ''Asteraceae'' da yawa don taimakon orthopedic da taimakon huhu, musamman nau'in ''Achillea'' da ''Artemisia'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=207–217}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin kabilu 14 daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa ''Asteraceae'' ita ce dangin tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da shi don kayan magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

==== Natuvaidyam ====
Nattuvaidyam saiti ne na ayyukan likitanci na asali waɗanda suka wanzu a Indiya kafin zuwan maganin allopathic ko na yamma.  Waɗannan ayyuka suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na ka'idoji da ra'ayoyin jiki, lafiya da cututtuka. An yi karo da juna da aron ra'ayoyi, magungunan da aka yi amfani da su da dabaru a cikin waɗannan ayyukan.  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan yare kamar Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, da sauransu. yayin da wasu kuma ana ba da su ta baki ta hanyar na'urori daban-daban. Ayurveda wani nau'i ne na nattuvaidyam da ake yi a kudancin Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=43–62}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran sun hada da kalarichikitsa (wanda ya shafi saitin kashi da tsoka),  marmachikitsa (mahimmanci tabo tausa), ottamoolivaidyam (maganin kashi ɗaya ko magani na lokaci ɗaya),  chintamanivaidyam da sauransu. Lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin likitanci a cikin karni na ashirin Indiya, yawancin ayyuka da dabaru na musamman ga wasu nattuvaidyam iri-iri sun haɗa cikin Ayurveda. 

=== Maganin gida ===
'''Maganin gida''' (wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa '''maganin kaka''' ) magani ne don warkar da cuta ko cuta wanda ke amfani da wasu kayan yaji, ganye, kayan lambu, ko wasu abubuwan gama gari. Magungunan gida na iya ko ba su da kaddarorin magani waɗanda ke magance ko warkar da cutar ko cutar da ake tambaya, kamar yadda ƴan ƙasa yawanci ke wucewa tare da su (wanda [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] ta sauƙaƙe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan). Yawancin ana amfani da su ne kawai sakamakon al'ada ko al'ada ko kuma saboda suna da tasiri wajen haifar da tasirin placebo . 

Ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran misalan maganin gida shine amfani da miya na kaji domin magance cututtuka na numfashi kamar [[Influenza|mura]]. Sauran misalan magunguna na gida sun haɗa da tef ɗin duct domin taimakawa tare da kafa ƙasusuwan da suka karye; tef ko superglue don magance warts na shuka ; da Kogel mogel don magance ciwon makogwaro. A zamanin da, an damƙa wa iyaye mata duk wasu magunguna amma masu tsanani. Littattafan girke-girke na tarihi akai-akai suna cike da magunguna don dyspepsia, zazzabi, da gunaguni na mata. &lt;ref&gt;[[Catherine Beecher|Catherine Esther Beecher]] [[iarchive:missbeechershou00beecgoog/page/n341| Mrs. Beecher's Housekeeper and Healthkeeper]] 1874. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da kayan aikin [[Alobera (aloe vera)|aloe]] don magance cututtukan fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=461–477}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin barasa ko narkar da abinci na Turai an sayar da su azaman magungunan magani. A cikin magungunan jama'ar kasar Sin, congees na magani (miyan shinkafa da aka daɗe tare da ganye), abinci, da miya suna cikin ayyukan jiyya. &lt;ref&gt;''Prince Wen Hui's Cook'' Bob Flaws and Honora Wolf 1985&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suka ==

=== Damuwar tsaro ===
Ko da yake kasashe 130 suna da ka'idoji game da magungunan jama'a, akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da su (watau [[zoonosis]], musamman kamar yadda wasu magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da sinadarai na dabba &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ifpri.org/blog/africas-growing-risk-diseases-spread-animals-people Africa’s growing risk of diseases that spread from animals to people]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12801499/ Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards]&lt;/ref&gt; ). Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa saboda magungunan da ake zato na halitta ne cewa ba su da lafiya, amma ana haɗa matakan kiyayewa da yawa tare da amfani da magungunan ganye. 

=== Amfani da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari ===
[[File:Slow_loris_-_dried_01.JPG|right|thumb| Wani lokaci magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da sassan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, kamar jinkirin loris a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.]]
Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari, irin su jinkirin loris, wasu lokuta ana kashe su don yin magungunan gargajiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=135–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, an yi amfani da filaye na shark a cikin magungunan gargajiya, kuma duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancin su ba, yana cutar da yawan kifin shark da kuma yanayin su. 

Sana'ar hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba za a iya gano wani bangare na masu siyan magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin . Bukatar hauren giwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da farautar nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar karkanda da giwaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=23–30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pangolins na fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farautar namansu da sikelinsu, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen maganin gargajiya. Su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka fi fataucinsu a duniya.

== Duba kuma ==

* Ayurveda
* Bioprospecting
* Maganin jama'a
* Maganin ganye
* Jarrah (likita)
* Tsire-tsire masu magani
* Asalin kabilanci na Amurka
* Labarin Tsofaffin Mata
* Pharmacognosy
* Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka
* Maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin
* Laburaren Ilimi na Gargajiya
* Jerin nau'ikan madadin magani

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Maganin Gargajiya]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>minlkypo5rub8opzz2xcvyuhqi4ejuu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rahama Hassan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>M Bash Ne</username>
        <id>12403</id>
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      <comment>/* Farkon rayuwa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2342" sha1="onc9dnze1v5qkkk3psqs5u2da8zgk7f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Rahama Hassan''' ta kasance ƴar wasan Hausa ne [[Kannywood|kanniwud]] wasan kwaikwayo a zamanin ta rahama ta kasance fitacciyar jarumar [[Kannywood|kanniwud]] ce, waccce ta kware a acting .

== Farkon rayuwa ==
An haifi rahama Hassan ne a ranar 21 ga watan yuni, jaruma ce a masana antar kannywood ta Hausa.

== Aure ==
rahama Hassan tayi aure a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a shekarar 2017 ta auri alhaji Usman El kudan sun haifi diya mace dashi auren nasu ya dade sannan a wata majiya tace rahama auren ta ya mutu a shekarar dubu biyu da Ashirin da biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.hausaonetv.com.ng/2022/03/karshen-tikatikitik-rahama-hasan-tabar.html?m=1 |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192942/https://www.hausaonetv.com.ng/2022/03/karshen-tikatikitik-rahama-hasan-tabar.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fina finai ==
# Addini ko Al,ada
# gaskiya dokin karfe
# yan uwa
# Alhini
# Bahijja
# lamiraj&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1164740-dandalin-kannywood-allah-ya-azurta-rahma-hassan-da-ya-mace-hoto.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192941/https://hausa.legit.ng/1164740-dandalin-kannywood-allah-ya-azurta-rahma-hassan-da-ya-mace-hoto.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# hannu da yawa
# Hijira
# maryam diyana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.arewablogng.com/jarumar-kannywood-rahama-hassan-za-ta-yi-aure/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192946/https://www.arewablogng.com/jarumar-kannywood-rahama-hassan-za-ta-yi-aure/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Maza da mata
# bani Adam
# Dan marayan Zaki
# ni matar aure ce
# fari da Baki
# daga allah ne
# wasan Maza
# Wata rayuwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://labarai.com.ng/tarihin-rayuwar-rahama-hassan-cikin-hotuna-labarai-com-ng/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192941/https://labarai.com.ng/tarihin-rayuwar-rahama-hassan-cikin-hotuna-labarai-com-ng/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Zarar bunu
# zo muje
# Ummina&lt;ref&gt;http://hausafilms.tv/actress/rahama_hassan&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <id>12403</id>
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      <text bytes="2318" sha1="8gktj9pfu7vrdcg2coettc74y83tn6b" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Rahama Hassan''' ta kasance ƴar wasan Hausa ne [[Kannywood|kanniwud]] wasan kwaikwayo a zamanin ta rahama ta kasance fitacciyar jarumar [[Kannywood|kanniwud]] ce, waccce ta kware a acting .

== Farkon rayuwa ==
An haifi rahama Hassan ne a ranar 21 ga watan yuni, jaruma ce a masana antar kannywood ta Hausa.

== Aure ==
rahama Hassan tayi aure a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a shekarar 2017 ta auri alhaji Usman El-kudan sun haifi diya mace dashi auren nasu ya dade sannan a wata majiya tace rahama auren ta ya mutu a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.hausaonetv.com.ng/2022/03/karshen-tikatikitik-rahama-hasan-tabar.html?m=1 |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192942/https://www.hausaonetv.com.ng/2022/03/karshen-tikatikitik-rahama-hasan-tabar.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fina finai ==
# Addini ko Al,ada
# gaskiya dokin karfe
# yan uwa
# Alhini
# Bahijja
# lamiraj&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1164740-dandalin-kannywood-allah-ya-azurta-rahma-hassan-da-ya-mace-hoto.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192941/https://hausa.legit.ng/1164740-dandalin-kannywood-allah-ya-azurta-rahma-hassan-da-ya-mace-hoto.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# hannu da yawa
# Hijira
# maryam diyana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.arewablogng.com/jarumar-kannywood-rahama-hassan-za-ta-yi-aure/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192946/https://www.arewablogng.com/jarumar-kannywood-rahama-hassan-za-ta-yi-aure/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Maza da mata
# bani Adam
# Dan marayan Zaki
# ni matar aure ce
# fari da Baki
# daga allah ne
# wasan Maza
# Wata rayuwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://labarai.com.ng/tarihin-rayuwar-rahama-hassan-cikin-hotuna-labarai-com-ng/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192941/https://labarai.com.ng/tarihin-rayuwar-rahama-hassan-cikin-hotuna-labarai-com-ng/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Zarar bunu
# zo muje
# Ummina&lt;ref&gt;http://hausafilms.tv/actress/rahama_hassan&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hamza Talle Maifata</title>
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{{stub}}
'''Hamza Talle Mai Fata''' 

Ya kasance jarumi ne sananne kuma furodusa ne, Wanda akafi kiran shi dana Habiba, Anfi sanin shi a fim din sa mai suna:&lt;ref&gt; https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cy9p87nd11yo.amp&lt;\ref&gt;
== Fina finai ==
# GIDA DA WAJE (2012)

# MATI DA LADO (2014)

# KOWA DALIN (2016)

# SARKIN BARAYI (2020)


== Takaitaccen Tarihin sa ==
'''Hamza Talle Mai Fata''' Yana da yan uwa a masana'antar fim masu suna  Baban umma Talle Mai Fata da Haruna Talle Mai Fata, Da sauran yan uwansa amma basa harkan fim, Hamza haifaffen garin Jos ne layin dodo jihar filato, Wanda ya dade ana damawa dashi a masana antar fim din,Yana da aure, Mata daya da yaro, Mahaifiyar sa ta rasu haka ma mahaifin sa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://hutudole.com/mahaifiyar-hamza-talle-maifata-ta-rasu/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721202237/https://hutudole.com/mahaifiyar-hamza-talle-maifata-ta-rasu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>45205</id>
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{{stub}}
'''Hamza Talle Mai Fata''' 

Ya kasance jarumi ne sananne kuma furodusa ne, Wanda akafi kiran shi dana Habiba, Anfi sanin shi a fim din sa mai suna:&lt;ref&gt; https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cy9p87nd11yo.amp&lt;/ref&gt;
== Fina finai ==
# GIDA DA WAJE (2012)

# MATI DA LADO (2014)

# KOWA DALIN (2016)

# SARKIN BARAYI (2020)


== Takaitaccen Tarihin sa ==
'''Hamza Talle Mai Fata''' Yana da yan uwa a masana'antar fim masu suna  Baban umma Talle Mai Fata da Haruna Talle Mai Fata, Da sauran yan uwansa amma basa harkan fim, Hamza haifaffen garin Jos ne layin dodo jihar filato, Wanda ya dade ana damawa dashi a masana antar fim din,Yana da aure, Mata daya da yaro, Mahaifiyar sa ta rasu haka ma mahaifin sa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://hutudole.com/mahaifiyar-hamza-talle-maifata-ta-rasu/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721202237/https://hutudole.com/mahaifiyar-hamza-talle-maifata-ta-rasu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Guinness World Records</title>
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[[Fayil:6764 Guinness.JPG|thumb|Guinees]]
[[Fayil:Guinness World Records pictures.jpg|thumb|guiness tarihin duniya]]
'''''Guinness World Records''''', wanda aka sani tun farkonsa a 1955. Har zuwa 1999 a matsayin '''''Guinness Book of Records''''', Da kuma a cikin bugu na baya-bayan nan na Amurka a matsayin '''''The Guinness Book of Records'''''. littafi ne na Biritaniya da ake bugawa a kowace shekara, littafi ne da ya ke taskance muhimman al'amuran da suka faru a duniya, yana jera bayanan duniya duka nasarorin ɗan adam da iyakar , duniya. Masanin . Sir Hugh Beaver,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web. |url=http://guinness.book-of-records.info/history.html |title=The History of the Book |work=Guinness Record Book Collecting |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225172648/http://guinness.book-of-records.info/history.html |archive-date=25 February 2012, |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;, littafin ya kasance tare da 'yan'uwa tagwaye Norris da Ross McWhirter a Fleet Street, [[Landan|London]], a watan Agusta 1955.

Buga na farko ya kasance kan gaba a jerin masu siyarwa a Burtaniya ta [[Kirsimeti]] 1955. A shekara mai zuwa aka kaddamar da littafin a duniya, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yanzu ya cika shekara ta 67 da bugawa, wanda aka buga a kasashe 100 da harsuna 23, kuma yana adana sama da bayanai 53,000 a cikin bayanansa.

Ƙimar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar duniya ta tsawaita fiye da bugawa don haɗa jerin talabijin da gidajen tarihi. Shahararriyar ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ya haifar da ''Guinness World Records''. Ta  zama tushen farko na kasa da kasa don tantancewa da tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan duniya. Ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar alkalan rikodin don tabbatar da sahihancin saitin da karya bayanai. Bayan jerin masu mallakar,  ikon mallakar ƙungiyar, Jim Pattison tun daga 2008, tare da hedkwatarta ta koma South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf, London a cikin 2017. Tun daga 2008, ''Guinness World Records'' ya daidaita tsarin kasuwancinsa don ƙirƙira sabbin bayanan duniya a matsayin tallan tallace-tallace ga kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane, wanda ya jawo zargi.

== Tarihi ==
[[File:Norris_McWhirter_(1977).jpg|left|thumb| Norris McWhirter ya kafa littafin tare da ɗan'uwansa tagwaye Ross a 107 Fleet Street, London, a cikin Agusta 1955.]]
A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, sannan manajan darekta na Guinness Breweries,  ya tafi bikin harbi a Arewacin Slob, ta Kogin Slaney a County Wexford, Ireland. Bayan ya rasa harbi a kan wani plover na zinariya, ya shiga cikin muhawara game da wane ne tsuntsu mafi sauri a Turai, mai tsalle-tsalle na zinari ko kuma ja (shine plover).  A wannan maraice a Castlebridge House, ya gane cewa ba zai yiwu a iya tabbatarwa a cikin littattafan tunani ba ko plover na zinare shine tsuntsu mafi sauri a Turai.   Beaver ya san cewa dole ne a sami wasu tambayoyi da yawa da aka yi ta muhawara a cikin dare a tsakanin jama'a, amma babu wani littafi a duniya da za a sasanta muhawara game da bayanai. Sai ya gane cewa littafin da ke ba da amsoshin irin wannan tambayar zai iya yin nasara.  Tunanin Beaver ya zama gaskiya lokacin da ma'aikacin Guinness Christopher Chataway ya ba da shawarar abokan jami'a Norris da Ross McWhirter, waɗanda ke gudanar da hukumar gano gaskiya a London.  An umurci ’yan’uwan tagwayen su tattara abin da ya zama ''Littafin Guinness na (Mafi Girma da Yanzu) Records,'' a watan Agusta 1954. Kwafi dubu aka buga aka ba su. 
[[File:Kobayashi_Takeru,_Japanese_competitive_eater_2.jpg|thumb| Dan kasar Japan mai gasa Takeru Kobayashi tare da takaddun shaida na Guinness World Record guda biyu]]
Bayan kafa Ofishin ''Guinness Book of Records'' a saman Ludgate House, 107 Fleet Street, London, an ɗaure bugu na farko mai shafi 198 a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1955 kuma ya tafi saman jerin masu siyar da Birtaniyya ta Kirsimeti.  A shekara ta gaba, mai shela David Boehm na New York ya shigar da shi cikin Amurka kuma ya sayar da kwafi 70,000.  Tun daga wannan lokacin, ''Guinness World Records'' ya sayar da fiye da 100&amp;nbsp;kwafi miliyan a cikin ƙasashe 100 da harsuna 37. 

Domin littafin ya zama abin mamaki, an buga ƙarin bugu da yawa, daga ƙarshe ya daidaita zuwa tsarin bita guda ɗaya a shekara, wanda aka buga a watan Satumba/Oktoba, a lokacin Kirsimeti. McWhirters sun ci gaba da tattara shi shekaru da yawa. Dukansu 'yan'uwa suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar encyclopedic; a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC ''Record Breakers'', bisa ga littafin, za su dauki tambayoyin da yara a cikin masu sauraro suka yi a kan labaran duniya daban-daban kuma suna iya ba da amsa daidai. An kashe Ross McWhirter da wasu mambobi biyu na Sojojin Rikicin Irish na Republican a cikin 1975, a matsayin martani ga bayar da tukuicin fan 50,000 ga bayanan da za su kai ga kama mambobin kungiyar.  Bayan kashe Ross, fasalin da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayon inda aka amsa tambayoyi game da bayanan da yara suka yi an kira ''Norris akan Spot'' . Norris ya ci gaba da zama babban editan littafin. 
[[File:Can_you_see_the_surfer%3F_(33988985575).jpg|right|thumb| Tekun Arewa ( Nazaré, Portugal ), da aka jera a cikin Guinness World Records don manyan raƙuman ruwa da aka taɓa yi.]]
Guinness Superlatives, daga baya Guinness World Records Limited, an kafa shi a cikin 1954 don buga littafi na farko. Mawallafin Sterling ya mallaki haƙƙin littafin ''Guinness'' a Amurka shekaru da yawa har sai da Guinness ya sake siye shi a cikin 1989 bayan wata 18 da ta yi shari'a.  Kungiyar ta Guinness PLC ce kuma daga baya Diageo har zuwa 2001, lokacin da Gullane Entertainment ya siye ta akan $65.&amp;nbsp;miliyan.  HIT Entertainment ta siya Gullane da kanta a cikin 2002. A cikin 2006, Abokan hulɗa na Apax sun sayi HIT kuma daga baya sun sayar da Guinness World Records a farkon 2008 zuwa Jim Pattison Group, kamfanin iyaye na Ripley Entertainment, wanda ke da lasisi don yin aiki da Guinness World Records' Attractions. Tare da ofisoshi a cikin [[New York (birni)|New York City]] da Tokyo, Guinness World Records hedkwatar duniya ta kasance a London, musamman South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf,  yayin da abubuwan jan hankali na gidan kayan gargajiya, suna dogara ne a hedkwatar Ripley a Orlando, Florida, Amurka.

=== Juyin Halitta ===
[[File:Lucky_Diamond_Rich_face.jpg|left|thumb| Lucky Diamond Rich shine &quot;mutumin da ya fi jarfa a duniya&quot;, kuma yana da jarfa da ke rufe dukkan jikinsa. Ya rike taken Guinness World Records {{As of|2006}} &lt;/link&gt;&lt;/link&gt; .]]
Buga na baya-bayan nan sun mayar da hankali kan ayyukan rikodin da daidaikun mutane suka yi. Gasar ta fito ne daga na zahiri kamar dagawa na Olympics zuwa mafi tsayin kwai mai nisa, ko kuma tsawon lokacin da aka kashe ana wasa ''Grand Sata Auto IV'' ko adadin karnuka masu zafi waɗanda za a iya cinye su cikin mintuna uku.  Bayan bayanan game da gasa, yana ɗauke da bayanai irin su ƙwayar cuta mafi nauyi,  mafi yawan naman gwari mai guba,  wasan opera mafi tsayi  da manufofin inshorar rayuwa mafi mahimmanci,  da sauransu. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen kuma sun danganta ga mafi ƙanƙanta waɗanda suka sami wani abu, kamar ƙaramin mutum don ziyarci duk al'ummomin duniya, wanda Maurizio Giuliano ke riƙe a halin yanzu. 

Kowane bugu ya ƙunshi zaɓi na bayanan daga bayanan Guinness World Records, da kuma zaɓi sabbin bayanai, tare da ƙa'idodin haɗawa suna canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara. 

Ritaya Norris McWhirter daga matsayinsa na tuntuɓar a 1995 da shawarar da Diageo Plc ta yanke na siyar da alamar Littattafan Guinness na Rikodi sun mayar da hankalin littattafan daga madaidaitan rubutu zuwa madaidaicin misali. An tsara zaɓaɓɓun bayanan don littafin daga cikakken tarihin amma duk taken Guinness World Records ana iya samun dama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shiga a gidan yanar gizon kamfanin. Aikace-aikacen da mutane suka yi don nau'ikan rikodin da ke akwai kyauta ne. Akwai kuɗin gudanarwa na $5 don ba da shawarar sabon taken rikodin. 

An kuma samar da adadin littafai da yawa  da jerin talabijin.

''Guinness World Records'' ya ba da tarihin &quot;Mutumin da ya fi kowa rikodin&quot; akan Ashrita Furman na Queens, NY, a cikin Afrilu 2009; a lokacin, ya rike rikodin 100, yayin da yake a halin yanzu &lt;/link&gt; yana riƙe da sama da 220.  

A shekara ta 2005, Guinness ta ware ranar 9 ga Nuwamba a matsayin ''ranar rikodin rikodin duniya ta Guinness'' don ƙarfafa karya tarihin duniya.  A cikin 2006, kimanin mutane 100,000 ne suka shiga cikin fiye da kasashe 10. Guinness ya ba da rahoton sabbin rikodi 2,244 a cikin watanni 12, wanda ya karu da kashi 173% sama da shekarar da ta gabata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guinness2006&quot; /&gt; A cikin Fabrairun 2008, NBC ta watsa ''manyan 100 Guinness World Records na Duk Lokaci'' da Guinness World Records sanya cikakken jerin samuwa a kan gidan yanar gizon su. 

Shahararriyar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ya haifar da ''Guinness World Records'' ta zama babbar hukuma ta kasa da kasa kan kididdigewa da tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan duniya.    

== Ma'anar rukodin ==
[[File:Sultan Kösen Fingerprint (4045876833).jpg|left|thumb| Sultan Kösen (Turkiyya) shine mutum mafi tsayi a rayuwa, yana da {{Convert|8|ft|3|in|m}}, kamar yadda ''Guinness World Records'' ya tabbatar.]]
[[File:Chandra_04.jpg|left|thumb| Chandra Bahadur Dangi (Nepal), wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin mutumin da ya fi guntu a duniya ta hanyar ''Guinness World Records.'']]
[[File:Cracking_a_Parmesan_Wheel-9MAR2013.ogv|right|thumb| Fatsawa buɗa keken Parmigiano-Reggiano cuku a matsayin wani ɓangare na rikodin duniya na 2013 ta Dukan Abincin Abinci ]]
[[File:Fiann_Paul,_Alex_Gregory,_Carlo_Facchino,_Arctic_Ocean_Rowing,_Northernmost_latitude.jpg|alt=The team achieved 14 performance based Guinness World Records and other records.|thumb| Fiann Paul, Alex Gregory da Carlo Facchino a kan Polar Row, balaguron da ya fi yin rikodin rikodin tarihi ]]
Don yawancin bayanan, ''Guinness World Records'' shine ikon da ya dace akan ainihin buƙatun su kuma tare da wanda bayanan ke zaune, kamfanin yana ba da alkalai ga abubuwan da suka faru don sanin gaskiyar ƙoƙarin rikodin. Jerin bayanan da ''Guinness World Records'' ba a kayyade ba, ana iya ƙara bayanan kuma a cire su saboda wasu dalilai. Ana gayyatar jama'a don ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen rikodin, wanda zai iya kasancewa ko dai inganta bayanan da ake da su ko kuma manyan nasarori waɗanda za su iya zama sabon rikodin.  Har ila yau, kamfanin yana ba da sabis na kamfanoni don kamfanoni don &quot;amfani da ikon rikodin rikodin don sadar da kyakkyawar nasara ga kasuwancin su.&quot; 

=== Matsalolin da'a da aminci ===
[[File:Guinness_Beer_Record_1977.jpg|right|thumb| Steven Petrosino yana shan lita 1 na giya a cikin dakika 1.3 a watan Yuni 1977.   Petrosino ya saita lokutan rikodin don 250 ml, 500 ml da lita 1.5 kuma, amma Guinness ya karɓi rikodin lita ɗaya kawai. Daga baya sun watsar da duk bayanan barasa daga lissafin su a cikin 1991, sannan suka dawo da bayanan a cikin 2008.]]
''Guinness World Records'' ya bayyana nau'ikan bayanan da ba za su karɓa ba saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, kamar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kisa ko cutar da dabbobi.  A cikin 2006 ''Guinness Book of Records'', Colombian serial kisan Pedro López aka jera a matsayin &quot;mafi yawan kisa serial&quot;, inda ya kashe a kalla mutane 110 (tare da Lopez da kansa da'awar ya kashe sama da mutane 300) a Colombia, [[Ecuador]] da kuma Peru a karshen 1960s zuwa 1980s.  An cire wannan ne bayan korafe-korafen cewa jeri da nau'in sun yi gasa ta hanyar kisan kai kuma ba kawai rashin da'a ba ne har ma da lalata. 

An cire rubuce-rubucen duniya da yawa waɗanda aka taɓa haɗa su cikin littafin saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, gami da damuwa don jin daɗin yuwuwar masu fasa rikodin. Misali, bayan buga rikodin &quot;kifi mafi nauyi&quot;, yawancin masu kifin sun wuce gona da iri fiye da iyakokin abin da ke da lafiya, don haka an cire irin waɗannan shigarwar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2018}}&lt;/link&gt;Littafin Guinness ya kuma jefar da bayanai a cikin sashin &quot;littattafan cin abinci da sha&quot; na nasarorin ɗan adam a cikin 1991 saboda damuwa cewa  iya cutar da kansu kuma su fallasa mawallafin ga yuwuwar ƙara . &lt;ref name=&quot;discontinue&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haɗa da kawar da duk ruhohi, ruwan inabi da bayanan shan giya, tare da wasu bayanan da ba a saba gani ba don cinye abubuwan da ba su yiwuwa kamar kekuna da bishiyoyi.  Sauran bayanan, irin su hadiye takobi da tuƙi (a kan titunan jama'a), an rufe su daga ci gaba da shiga kamar yadda masu riƙe da na yanzu suka yi fiye da abin da ake ɗaukar matakan haƙuri na ɗan adam. An sami misalan rufaffiyar rufaffiyar da aka sake buɗewa. Misali, an jera rukunin hadiye takobi a matsayin rufe a cikin ''littafin Guinness na duniya na'' 1990, amma tun lokacin da aka sake bude shi tare da Johnny Strange ya karya tarihin hadiye takobi a Guinness World Records Live.   Hakazalika, rikodin shan giya mai sauri wanda aka sauke daga littafin a cikin 1991, ya sake bayyana shekaru 17 daga baya a cikin bugu na 2008, amma an ɗauke shi daga sashin &quot;Nasarar Dan Adam&quot; na tsohon littafin  zuwa sashin &quot;Modern Society&quot; na sabon bugu. 

{{As of|2011}}, it is required in the guidelines of all &quot;large food&quot; type records that the item be fully edible, and distributed to the public for consumption, to prevent food wastage.

Har ila yau, ba a yarda da haruffan sarkar : &quot;Guinness World Records ba ta yarda da duk wani bayanan da suka shafi sarkar haruffa, aika ta hanyar aikawa ko imel.&quot; 
[[File:Guinness World Records - Longer cannolo 11 09 2022 16.jpg|thumb|''Guinness World Records'']]
A buƙatun Mint na Amurka, a cikin 1984, littafin ya daina karɓar iƙirarin manyan ɗimbin kuɗi na pennies ko wasu kuɗi. 

Bayanan da ba su dace da muhalli ba (kamar sakin fitilun sama da balloon jam'iyya ) ba a daina karɓa ko sa ido, baya ga bayanan da suka shafi taba ko shan wiwi ko shiri. 

=== Wahala wajen ayyana bayanai ===
Ga wasu nau'o'i masu yuwuwa, ''Guinness World Records'' ya ƙi yin lissafin wasu bayanan da ke da wahala ko kuma ba za a iya tantancewa ba. Misali, gidan yanar gizon sa ya ce: &quot;Ba mu yarda da duk wani da'awar kyakkyawa ba saboda ba a iya aunawa da gaske .&quot; 

Koyaya, wasu nau'ikan fasaha na ɗan adam da suka shafi saurin aunawa kamar &quot;Mafi Saurin Ƙwaƙwalwar Duniya&quot; an shigar da su. A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2010, Connor May (NSW, Ostiraliya) ya kafa rikodin tafawa, tare da 743 a cikin minti 1.

A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2010, ''Guinness World Records'' ya daina karɓar gabatarwa ga nau'in &quot; dreadlock &quot; bayan binciken mace ta farko kuma tilo mai suna Asha Mandela, tare da tabbatar da cewa ba zai yiwu a yi hukunci da wannan rikodin daidai ba. 

== Jerin Talabijan ==
Guinness World Records ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban waɗanda ke tattara yunƙurin karya rikodin rikodin duniya, gami da:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Country
!Name
!Network
!Broadcast
!Host(s)
|-
|Arab World
|{{Lang|ar|العرب في موسوعة جينيس}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Arabs in the Guinness Book of Records''
|[[Al Dar 1]]
|2021
|Turki Al Omari&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; George Kurdahi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Australia
|''Australia's Guinness World Records''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Seven Network
|2005
|Grant Denyer &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Shelley Craft
|-
|''Australia Smashes Guinness World Records''
|2010
|James Kerley
|-
|Bulgaria
|{{Lang|bg|Световните рекорди Гинес}}
|bTV
|2006–2007
|Krasimir Vankov
|-
|China
|''The day of Guinness in China''
|CCTV
|2006–2014
|Wang Xuechun&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zhu Xun&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lin Hai
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |France
|{{Lang|fr|L'émission des records}} {{Small|(1999–2002)}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''L'été des records'' {{Small|(2001)}}
|TF1
|1999–2002
|Vincent Perrot
|-
|{{Lang|fr|L'été de tous les records}} {{Small|(2003–2005)}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''50 ans, 50 records'' {{Small|(2004)}}
|France 3
|2003–2005
|Pierre Sled
|-
|{{Lang|fr|La nuit des records}}
|France 2
|2006
|Olivier Minne&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adriana Karembeu
|-
|{{Lang|fr|Le monde des records}}
|W9
|2008–2010
|Alexandre Devoise&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karine Ferri
|-
|{{Lang|fr|Les trésors du livre des records}}
|Gulli
|2015
|Fauve Hautot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Willy Rovelli
|-
|Germany
|{{Lang|de|Guinness World Records – Die größten Weltrekorde}}
|RTL Television
|2004–2008
|Oliver Welke (2004)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oliver Geissen (2005–2008)
|-
|Greece
|''Guinness World Records''
|Mega Channel
|2009–2011
|Katerina Stikoudi (2009–2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kostas Fragkolias (2009–2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Giorgos Lianos (2010–2011)
|-
|India
|''Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega''
|Colors TV
|2011
|Preity Zinta &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Shabbir Ahluwalia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Italy
|{{Lang|it|Lo show dei record}}
|Canale 5
|2006 &lt;small&gt;(pilot)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2008–2012&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2015&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2022–
|Barbara d'Urso (1–2) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Paola Perego (3) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Gerry Scotti (4, 6–8) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Teo Mammucari (5)
|-
|{{Lang|it|La notte dei record}}
|TV8
|2018
|Enrico Papi
|-
|New Zealand
|''NZ Smashes Guinness World Records''
|TV2
|2009
|Marc Ellis
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Philippines
|''Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition''
|[[TV5|ABC]]
|2004
|Cookie Calabig
|-
|''The Best Ka!''
|GMA Network
|2022
|Mikael Daez
|-
|Poland
|{{Lang|pl|Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa}}
|Polsat
|2009–2011
|Maciej Dowbor
|-
|Portugal
|''Guinness World Records Portugal''
|SIC
|2014
|Rita Andrade&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;João Ricardo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Spain
|{{Lang|es|El show de los récords}}
|Antena 3
|2001–2002
|Mar Saura &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Manu Carreño &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Mónica Martínez
|-
|''Guinness World Records''
|Telecinco
|2009
|Carmen Alcayde&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Luis Alfonso Muñoz
|-
|Sweden
|{{Lang|sv|Guinness rekord-TV}}
|TV3
|1999–2000
|Mårten Andersson (1999)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Linda Nyberg (1999)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Harald Treutiger (2000)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suzanne Sjögren (2000)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |United Kingdom
|''Record Breakers''
|BBC1
|1972–2001
|Roy Castle (1972–1993)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Norris McWhirter (1972–85)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ross McWhirter (1972–75)
|-
|''Guinness World Records'' (UK)
|ITV
|1999–2001
|Ian Wright&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kate Charman
|-
|''Ultimate Guinness World Records''
|Challenge
|2004
|Jamie Rickers
|-
|''Guinness World Records Smashed''
|Sky1
|2008–2009
|Steve Jones &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Konnie Huq
|-
|''Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records''
|ITV2
|2012–2015
|Matt Edmondson
|-
|''Officially Amazing''
|CBBC
|2013–2018
|Ben Shires
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |United States
|''The Guinness Game''
|''Syndicated''
|1979–1980
|Bob Hilton &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Don Galloway
|-
|''Guinness World Records Primetime''
|Fox
|1998–2001
|Cris Collinsworth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Mark Thompson
|-
|''Guinness World Records Unleashed / Gone Wild''
|truTV
|2013–2014
|Dan Cortese
|}
Musamman:

* ''Guinness World Records: Shekaru 50, Rikodi 50'' - akan ITV (Birtaniya), 11 Satumba 2004

Tare da shaharar gidan talabijin na gaskiya, Guinness World Records ya fara tallata kansa a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro nau'in talabijin, tare da taken kamar &quot;mun rubuta littafin akan Reality TV.&quot;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Ironing_guinness_0357.JPG|right|thumb| Suresh Joachim Arulanantham jarumin fina-finan Indo-Kanada ne kuma furodusa wanda ya karya tarihin duniya sama da 50 a kokarinsa na amfanar yara marasa galihu. Ana hotonsa a nan yayin nasarar nasarar rikodin rikodin duniya na kwanaki 2, awanni 7, da mintuna 5 a Shoppers World Brampton .]]

== Bugawa na gamer ==
A cikin 2008, Guinness World Records ya fito da bugu na gamer, reshe wanda ke adana rikodin don shahararren wasan bidiyo da maki mai yawa, lambobi da fa'idodi cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Twin Galaxies . Ɗabi'ar Gamer ta ƙunshi shafuka 258, sama da 1,236 game da wasan bidiyo da ke da alaƙa da bayanan duniya da tambayoyi huɗu ciki har da ɗaya tare da Twin Galaxies wanda ya kafa Walter Day . Buga na baya-bayan nan shine ''Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2020'', wanda aka saki 5 ga Satumba 2019.

== ''Littafin Guinness na Burtaniya Hit Singles'' ==
Littafin Guinness na British Hit Singles littafi ne na tuntuɓar kiɗa da aka fara bugawa a cikin 1977. BBC Radio 1 DJs Paul Gambaccini da Mike Read tare da 'yan'uwa Tim Rice da Jonathan Rice ne suka hada shi. Ita ce ta farko a cikin adadin littattafan nunin kiɗan da Guinness Publishing za ta buga tare da buga littafin 'yar'uwar The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums yana zuwa a cikin 1983. Bayan an sayar da shi zuwa Hit Entertainment, an haɗa bayanan da suka shafi Official Chart Company's singles and album charts a ƙarƙashin taken British Hit Singles &amp; Albums, tare da Hit Entertainment buga littafin daga 2003 zuwa 2006 (a ƙarƙashin alamar Guinness World Records). Bayan an sayar da Records na Duniya na Guinness ga The Jim Pattison Group, an maye gurbinsa da kyau da jerin littattafan da Ebury Publishing/Random House ya buga tare da littafin Budurwa na Bugawar Bugawa na Burtaniya da aka fara bugawa a cikin 2007 kuma tare da littafin Hit Albums bayan shekaru biyu bayan shekaru biyu. 

== Sauran kafofin watsa labarai da samfurori ==

=== Wasan allo ===
A cikin 1975, Parker Brothers ya sayar da wasan jirgi, ''Wasan Guinness na Records na Duniya'', bisa littafin. ’Yan wasa suna gasa ta hanyar saitawa da kuma karya bayanai don ayyuka irin su mafi tsayin dice na birgima kafin yin mirgina ninki biyu, tara kayan filastik, da bouncing a madadin katin, da kuma amsa tambayoyin da ba su dace ba dangane da jeri a cikin ''Littafin Guinness na Records na Duniya'' .

=== Wasanin bidiyo ===
[[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasan bidiyo]], ''Guinness World Records: Wasan Bidiyo'', TT Fusion ne ya haɓaka kuma aka sake shi don Nintendo DS, Wii da iOS a watan Nuwamba 2008.

=== Fim ===
A cikin 2012, Warner Bros. ya sanar da ci gaba da aikin fim na rayuwa na Guinness Records tare da Daniel Chun a matsayin marubucin rubutun. Sigar fim ɗin da alama za ta yi amfani da nasarorin jarumtaka na masu rikodi. a matsayin tushen labarin da ya kamata ya zama abin sha'awa a duniya. 

== Nassoshi ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Guinness World Records}}
* {{Official website}}
[[Category:Tarihi]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist|website={{URL|https://mejialabi.com/}}}}Meji Alabi (ⓘ; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1988) fitaccen mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darakta, mai daukar hoto kuma furodusa. Darakta ne kuma ya yi aiki tare da Beyonce,[1][2] Burna Boy,[3] Wizkid,[4][5][6][7][8]Davido, Tiwa Savage, Popcaan, Goldlink, Koffee da Nasty C.[9] Ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko a shekarar 2024, Water and Garri, wanda Tiwa Savage ta fito a ciki.[10]

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1988, a Landan, Meji ya shafe yawancin lokacin yarontarsa tare da mahaifinsa bayan rabuwa da iyayensa a shekarar 1989. Ya yi shuffle tsakanin London, [[Bahamas]], da Texas, Amurka. Ya halarci makarantar Spring Forest Middle School da Stratford High School duka a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]]. Meji Alabi ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Yammacin London tare da bambancin summa cum laude na farko a cikin Lissafi da Kudi, kuma tana da digiri na lasisi na Nursing daga Kwalejin St. Phillips a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kpade |first=Sabo |date=16 February 2021 |title=Interview: Meji Alabi Is Bringing Nigerian Culture to the World, One Music Video at a Time |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-nigeria-music-video/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=okayafrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Steven |first=Rachael |date=24 July 2020 |title=WHAT WOULD I CHANGE: DIRECTOR MEJI ALABI |url=https://www.creativereview.co.uk/what-would-i-change-director-meji-alabi/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=CreativeReview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekarar 2014, Alabi ya kafa JM Films tare da Jimi Adesanya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=Director Meji Alabi, Black Dog Films Draw The Line Against Malaria |url=https://www.shootonline.com/video/director-meji-alabi-black-dog-films-draw-line-against-malaria |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=shootonline}}&lt;/ref&gt; JM Films (wani reshe na Unbound Studios) kamfani ne na kafofin watsa labarai da sabis na samarwa wanda ke da ƙwarewa a cikin abubuwan gani, bidiyon kiɗa, tallace-tallace, fina-finai da talabijin kuma yana zaune a Legas, Najeriya. Har ila yau, shi ne co-kafa Priorgold Pictures wanda shine kayan samarwa da ke zaune a Legas, Najeriya wanda aka kirkira don biyan bukatun masana'antar nishaɗi ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki da ma'aikata don aiwatar da abubuwan gani masu kirkira.

A shekarar 2014, ya ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa na 'Murda' wanda [[Seyi Shay]] ya yi tare da Patoranking, Shaydee . Nasarar wannan bidiyon ta jawo masa hankali sosai a masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya kuma an zabi shi a wannan shekarar a MTV Africa Music Awards for Best Video . Har ila yau, a cikin 2014, ya ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa na 'Crazy' wanda [[Seyi Shay]] ya yi tare da [[Wizkid]] kuma an zabi wannan bidiyon a cikin 2015 don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara (Artist da Darakta) a [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] da kuma Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kiɗa a The Headies 2015.

A shekarar 2016, ya ba da umarnin bidiyon 'Kontrol' na Maleek Berry wanda ya nuna sabon sautin sa yana jagorantar bidiyon kiɗa ga ƙwararrun masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya ba da umarnin 'Aje' wanda Alikiba ya yi wanda ya lashe kyautar Best Music Video a Soundcity MVP Awards Festival a shekarar 2017. 

A shekarar 2018, Alabi ya ba da umarnin bidiyon don [[Davido]]'s single 'Assurance' daga 'A Good Time'.

Tun daga 2018, Alabi ya yi aiki tare [[Burna Boy|Ɗan Burna]] Boy a wasu ayyukansa. Ya ba da umarnin Pull Up, On The Low, da Gum Body tare da Jorja Smith daga kundin Burna Boy 'African Giant'. Meji kuma ya ba da umarnin bidiyon Way Too Big, Wonderful, Monsters You Made tare da [[Chris Martin]] da Real Life tare da Stormzy daga kundin 'Twice As Tall'.

Ya kuma yi aiki tare da [[Wizkid]] a kan kundin Made in Lagos, kuma yana da jagora don bidiyon kiɗa na Ginger wanda ke nuna Burna Boy, No Stress da Smile wanda ke nuna H.E.R.

A shekarar 2020, Alabi ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa tare da Jimi Adesanya don hotunan Najeriya don aikin gani na Black Is King wanda Beyonce Knowles-Carter ya samar. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Ibra Ake da Jenn Nkiru don aiwatar da bidiyon kiɗa na 'Brown Skin Girl' wanda ya lashe kyautar Grammy wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin babban darektan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haring |first=Bruce |date=19 July 2020 |title=Beyoncé's 'Black Is King' Visual Album Releases First Full Trailer And Key Art |url=https://deadline.com/video/beyonces-black-is-king-trailer-key-art/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2020 |title=Meji Alabi, Muhammad Atta &amp; Other Nigerian Creatives who Created Magic on Beyoncè's &quot;Black Is King&quot; |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/nigerian-creatives-black-is-king/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=bellanaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Alabi ya yi aiki tare da Black Dog Films a matsayin darektan aikin gani don kamfen ɗin 'Zero Malaria: Draw The Line Against Malaria'. Wannan motsi ya ƙunshi 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da mai ba da agaji ta Najeriya [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da ɗan kasuwa Osas Ighodaro, ɗan wasan zinare na Olympics na Kenya kuma mai riƙe da rikodin marathon na duniya Eliud Kipchoge, mai binciken Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai hawan dutse Saray Khumalo, ɗan wasan Najeriya Laolu Senbanjo na yanzu kyaftin din ƙungiyar Rugby ta Afirka ta Kudu Siya Kolisi, da kuma mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo na Rwanda-Birtaniya Sherrie Silver . 

Alabi ya ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta fim dinsa na farko, Water and Garri, tare da [[Tiwa Savage]] kuma an sake shi a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=C.J. |title=In Tiwa Savage’s ‘Water and Garri,’ Meji Alabi Finds a Fresh Directorial Perspective - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-water-and-garri/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026, ya ba da umarnin [[Documentary film|shirin]] Surviving Biafra: Voices from the Nigerian Civil War, wanda ke bincika [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Tamasin |date=June 1, 2026 |title=Meji Alabi, Grammy-winning director, explores his Nigerian grandfather’s role in the Biafran war for BBC Africa Eye |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8r826465dko |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=[[BBC Africa Eye]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan bidiyo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taken
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Masu zane-zane
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|&quot;Murda&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2014
|[[Seyi Shay]] (feat. Patoranking &amp; Shaydee) 
|
|-
|&quot;Hauka&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2015
|[[Seyi Shay]] (feat. [[Wizkid]]) 
|
|-
|&quot;Satan ya tafi&quot;
|Asa
|
|-
|&quot;Ino&quot;
|Asa
|
|-
|&quot;Yanzu Daidai&quot;
|[[Seyi Shay]]
|
|-
|&quot;Ba za ta daina ba&quot;
|Niyola
|
|-
|&quot;Kaddamarwa&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|Maleek Berry
|
|-
|&quot;Aje&quot;
|Alikiba
|
|-
|&quot;Domin Rayuwa&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2017
|Runtown
|
|-
|&quot;Ma Lo&quot;
|[[Tiwa Savage]] (feat. [[Wizkid]]) 
|
|-
|&quot;Dukan Dare&quot;
|Yungen (feat. Mr Eazi) 
|
|-
|&quot;Ba ta da tabbas&quot;
|Zak Habila
|
|-
|&quot;Been Callin&quot;
|Maleek Berry
|
|-
|&quot;Dukan Dare&quot;
|Yungen
|
|-
|&quot;Sugarcane&quot;
|Tiwa Savage
|
|-
|&quot;Bincike&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2018
|Kojo Funds (feat. Raye) 
|
|-
|&quot;Shugi ga Biyu&quot;
|Mista Probz
|
|-
|&quot;Dukiya&quot;
|Mista Eazi
|
|-
|&quot;Zuciya&quot;
|[[Wizkid]]
|
|-
|&quot;Ka sami shi yanzu Remix&quot;
|[[Tiwa Savage]] (feat. Omarion) 
|
|-
|&quot;Tabgawari&quot;
|[[Davido]]
|
|-
|&quot;A Ƙananan&quot;
|[[Burna Boy|Ɗan Burna]]
|
|-
|&quot;Dun Rich&quot;
|Popcaan (feat.[[Davido]]) 
|
|-
|&quot;Ka sanya tunanina&quot;
|Maleek Berry
|
|-
|&quot;Jungle&quot;
|C mara kyau
|
|-
|&quot;Makamashi&quot;
|Skepta &amp; [[Wizkid]]
|
|-
|&quot;Babu Laifi&quot;
|Nonso Amadi
|
|-
|&quot;Birnin London&quot;
|Mista Eazi ya yi nasara. Giggs
|
|-
|&quot;Ka hau mulki&quot;
|
|Ayyukan Beatfreakz. Mista Eazi, Seyi Shay, Shakka,
|
|-
|&quot;Ka ce soyayya&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2019
|DJ Spinall (feat. Wizkid &amp; Tiwa Savage) 
|
|-
|&quot;Mai daɗi a Tsakiya&quot;
|[[Davido]] (feat. Naira Marley, Zlatan Ibile &amp; Wurld) 
|
|-
|&quot;Ka ɗaga sama&quot;
|Ɗan Burna
|
|-
|&quot;Haɗari&quot;
|[[Davido]] (feat. Popcaan) 
|
|-
|&quot;Jam'iyyar Traffic&quot;
|Ayyukan Banx+Ranx. Kojo Asusun
|
|-
|&quot;Jikin Guma&quot;
|Burna Boy (Jorja Smith) 
|
|-
|&quot;49-99&quot;
|Tiwa Savage
|
|-
|&quot;Kiran Zulu&quot;
|Goldlink
|
|-
|&quot;Jiki mai zurfi&quot;
|Ka yi amfani da Mahalicci
|
|-
|&quot;Ka riƙe Ni&quot;
|Eugy ya yi nasara. Ka yi amfani da Mahalicci
|
|-
|&quot;Mai ban mamaki&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2020
|Ɗan Burna
|
|-
|&quot;4AM&quot;
|Manny Arewa
|
|-
|&quot;Ƙaunar haɗari&quot;
|Tiwa Savage
|
|-
|&quot;Sakamako&quot;
|Ayyukan Bugzy Malone. Skip Marley
|
|-
|&quot;Kyakkyawan Aiki&quot;
|Chronixx
|
|-
|&quot;Dabbobin da kuka yi&quot;
|Burna Boy feat. Chris Martins
|
|-
|&quot;Ka kwantar da Ni&quot;
|DJ Tunez (feat. Wizkid) 
|
|-
|&quot;Hanyar da ta fi girma&quot;
|Ɗan Burna
|
|-
|&quot;Kini Issue&quot;
|Runtown
|
|-
|&quot;Babu Matsi&quot;
|Wizkid
|
|-
|&quot;Smile&quot;
|Wizkid (feat. H.E.R) 
|
|-
|&quot;Lento&quot;
|Mista Eazi (J Balvin) 
|
|-
|&quot;Rayuwa ta Gaskiya&quot;
|Burna Boy feat. Hadari
|
|-
|&quot;Ginger&quot;
|2021
|Wizkid (feat. Burna Boy) 
|
|-
|&quot;Ka ɓoye ka&quot;
|2022
|Hadari
|
|-
|&quot;Aboboyaa&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2023
|Popcaan (feat. Burna Boy) 
|
|-
|&quot;Yarinya na jam'iyya&quot;
|Victoria Monét (feat. Buju Banton) 
|
|-
|&quot;Ƙaunar da nake yi&quot;
|Leigh-Anne (feat. Ayra Starr) 
|
|}

== Kasuwanci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taken
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Alamar (s) 
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|&quot;Masanin Likita&quot;
|2016
|Complex &amp; Selfridges
|
|-
|&quot;Npango&quot;
|2017
|Tigo Nipa
|
|-
|&quot;S4&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|Infinix
|
|-
|&quot;Week din Fashion&quot;
|GTB
|
|-
|&quot;Kamfen ɗin Fara Kyau&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2019
|UOMA
|
|-
|&quot;Autism: Uwar ta sani&quot;
|GTB
|
|-
|&quot;Abinci da Abin sha&quot;
|GTB
|
|-
|&quot;Fashion shine 'Yanci&quot;
|GTB
|
|-
|&quot;A'a 5&quot;
|Infinix
|
|-
|&quot;Black Shines Brightest&quot;
|2021
|Guinness
|
|-
|&quot;Kada Ka daina yin sha'awa&quot;
|2021
|Rashin Rashin Ruwa
|
|-
|&quot;Babban Kasuwanci: Abincin rana&quot;
|2022
|KFC
|
|-
|&quot;Babban Kasuwanci: Talata&quot;
|2022
|KFC
|
|-
|&quot;Wadannan horarwa&quot;
|2022
|Toyota
|
|-
|&quot;An yi shi don Motsawa&quot;
|2022
|Cadillac
|
|-
|&quot;Yummy Snacks&quot;
|2023
|Fanta
|
|-
|&quot;Kawai Ƙara Zero&quot;
|2023
|Coca-Cola
|
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Abin da ya faru
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Kyautar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mai karɓa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2014
|MTV Africa Music Awards 2014
|Bidiyo Mafi Kyawu
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; ||{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
|[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015]]
|Mafi kyawun Bidiyo na Kiɗa na shekara (Artist &amp; Director) 
|&quot;Mai hauka&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt; ([[Seyi Shay]]) &lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Headies 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Darakta na Bidiyo mafi Kyau
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&quot;[[Seyi Shay]] (Crazy) &quot; {{Ref label|id5|A|1}}|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2016
|Headies 2016|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]]
|Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara
|&quot;[[Seyi Shay]] (Yolo Yolo) &quot;|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Bikin Kyautar Soundcity MVP
|Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa
|&quot;Alikiba (Aje) &quot; {{Ref label|id5|A|1}}|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]]
|Mafi kyawun Bidiyo na Kiɗa na shekara (Artist &amp; Director) 
|&quot;Malo&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt; ([[Tiwa Savage]]) &lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Headies 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Darakta na Bidiyo mafi Kyau
|&quot;[[Tiwa Savage]] (Malo) &quot; {{Ref label|id5|A|1}}|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2020
|Headies 2020
|&quot;[[Wizkid]] (Smile) &quot; {{Ref label|id5|A|1}}|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Bikin Kyautar Soundcity MVP
|Bidiyo na Shekara
|&quot;[[Tiwa Savage]] (49-99) &quot;|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 January 2020 |title=Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage, Rema, Teni &amp; More Win Big at 2020 Soundcity MVP Awards |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/full-list-of-2020-soundcity-mvp-award-winners-nigerian-music/ |access-date=13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://www.mejialabi.com}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>jq770p5cylcexchr39j4sg2qesxrwtq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joy Odiete</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54214</id>
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      <id>877737</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:13:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1468" sha1="oewnib1r0r5z5fhx3i6cbc4egi3p8q2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Joy Odiete darektan fina-finai ne kuma mai rarraba fina-fakkaatu na Najeriya. An san ta da rawar da ta taka a cikin Gone da Money Miss Road. Ita ce Shugaba na Blue Pictures nishaɗi   kuma mai haɗin gwiwa na Warner Brothers Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures da Black Sheep Entertainment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NIFSummit |title=Joy Efe Odiete - Nigerian International Film &amp; TV Summit |url=https://nifsummit.com/2017-speakers/distribution-summit-speakers/joy-efe-odiete |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=nifsummit.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Joy Odiete ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai a shekara ta 2005. Ta yi aiki tare da Silverbird Cinemas da Nu Metro Cinema kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim kuma daga ƙarshe ta kafa gidan silima..

== Hotuna Masu Kyau ==
Ita ce manajan darakta na Blue Pictures Entertainment, kamfanin rarraba fina-finai na Najeriya wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2006. Kamfanin rarraba yana kula da gidajen silima 54 da allo 215. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us – Bluepictures Distribution |url=https://bluepicturesng.com/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* Money Miss Road (2022) 
* [[Gone (fim 2021)|''Ya tafi'']]
* Magungunan da ke da ƙishirwa (2021) 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|9866788}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>oewnib1r0r5z5fhx3i6cbc4egi3p8q2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hassan Giggs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877816</id>
      <parentid>877458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:06:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
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      <text bytes="1741" sha1="iwc8wclwe954e4ioiso1onghymffxt0" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darakta]] ne a masana_antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana &lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;antar Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da dama a masana_antar sannan fitattun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>iwc8wclwe954e4ioiso1onghymffxt0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877820</id>
      <parentid>877816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:07:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>877820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1741" sha1="cznh52ituzbrn7xmrw54ql5guxgvdpn" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darakta]] ne a masana_antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana &lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;antar Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da dama a masana_antar sannan fitattun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877830</id>
      <parentid>877820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:12:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
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      <origin>877830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1742" sha1="8vvxh4al1tnosun3opzwy64xapfpiq1" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana &lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;antar Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da dama a masana_antar sannan fitattun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877831</id>
      <parentid>877830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:12:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>877831</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1743" sha1="k8v9giwbhe6babwbviii7z9g0cwz638" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masa_na &lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;antar Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da dama a masana_antar sannan fitattun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877834</id>
      <parentid>877831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:14:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>877834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1743" sha1="s7wfif9wg29sva834azva3pgg11f133" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masa_na &lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;antar Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da dama a masana_antar sannan fitattun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877836</id>
      <parentid>877834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>877836</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1744" sha1="8j8mo39i1et4gtijq26vdpgfsi1b30u" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masa_na &lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;antar Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar sannan fitattun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>8j8mo39i1et4gtijq26vdpgfsi1b30u</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>877838</id>
      <parentid>877836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>877838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1745" sha1="ncj31atk81pkeui2fzt7am5n7vis637" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masa_na &lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;antar Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar sannan fitat_tun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877841</id>
      <parentid>877838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:17:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
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      <origin>877841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1743" sha1="qbt6nulzm99zq681sszhbusnrlwpytd" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar sannan fitat_tun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877845</id>
      <parentid>877841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1744" sha1="fxcd1cp1mnnljkyucwvlzvhvmugn091" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar sannan fitat_tun fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>fxcd1cp1mnnljkyucwvlzvhvmugn091</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:21:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
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      <origin>877851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1744" sha1="ilkqawfutppa5dl2jcte10ouo8sqk6y" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar sannan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877853</id>
      <parentid>877851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:21:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1745" sha1="0r6bvprro239mocrnhtdfrot7e82yej" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877855</id>
      <parentid>877853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1745" sha1="13974gdj0v3wdzb2f36l4dq6m9n1jvj" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar 1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877857</id>
      <parentid>877855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:22:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1745" sha1="otpp268moy91rje6tydc6wts5mzksyr" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Daraktan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877859</id>
      <parentid>877857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:22:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1746" sha1="t8qc819i4n06m7y42rgwslzymnm231r" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>t8qc819i4n06m7y42rgwslzymnm231r</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>877862</id>
      <parentid>877859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1746" sha1="iq9nxbnr78o5v5ccmazculkgn3xywhq" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai inda ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>iq9nxbnr78o5v5ccmazculkgn3xywhq</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>877864</id>
      <parentid>877862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1747" sha1="hbn78cfx8nzu4wbrol7rl1ppkczvhv9" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877867</id>
      <parentid>877864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1747" sha1="11ljklztk558t407q71o9ybc4vbzwfv" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fin finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>11ljklztk558t407q71o9ybc4vbzwfv</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:25:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1748" sha1="qnow68687byey1tvgazj5yzrblyuisc" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877873</id>
      <parentid>877871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:26:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>877873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1748" sha1="oy81jnfn8pxx05f9gjewgu6y08jqogk" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai_yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayayyafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878361</id>
      <parentid>877873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:58:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>878361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1749" sha1="s0ikyg31y1zyoul5jwnscgivnfaqvtk" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai_yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam inda suka hayay_yafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878362</id>
      <parentid>878361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:59:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1750" sha1="d80z1ycpp9lh9atflgvlabv2ypsv77e" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai kafin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai_yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam in da suka hayay_yafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878363</id>
      <parentid>878362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:59:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>878363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1751" sha1="f3bgpgo4ll1kkdb9u55tumfhujbfwpb" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai ka_fin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai_yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam in da suka hayay_yafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878364</id>
      <parentid>878363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:59:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1752" sha1="llclpy64gs13peiyb9hri6l335fzvul" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai ka_fin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai_yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da farawa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam in da su ka hayay_yafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>llclpy64gs13peiyb9hri6l335fzvul</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878365</id>
      <parentid>878364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:00:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1753" sha1="7sekygginwmjpd9qti8bx2ft1wxg5of" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai ka_fin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai_yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara uku da fara wa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam in da su ka hayay_yafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>7sekygginwmjpd9qti8bx2ft1wxg5of</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878366</id>
      <parentid>878365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:01:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878366</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1753" sha1="tpd7bfhcbnt1eriyzbv8jmx9emuy2dr" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai ka_fin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai_yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara_uku da fara wa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darakta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam in da su ka hayay_yafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>tpd7bfhcbnt1eriyzbv8jmx9emuy2dr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878367</id>
      <parentid>878366</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:01:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zainab Aisar</username>
        <id>45233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1754" sha1="su2x5su1httcbx5hgtijpnif2ma9426" xml:space="preserve">'''Hassan_giggs''' y kasan_ce [[darak_ta]] ne a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ya Dade a masana_antar&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt;Yana darak_tin fina_finai. Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai da da ma a masana_antar san_nan fitat_tun fina_finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730143217/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-hassan-giggs-and-muhibbat-abdussalam-who-are-directors-in-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitac_cen Tarihin_sa ==
Hassan ya kasan_ce [[darak_ta]]_ne_ a masana_antar_fim ta_Hausa wa to kaniwud ya Dade Ya na darak_tin fina_finai ka_fin darak_tin Ya na gyaran_hotuna a masana_antar ya fara da Karamin_Abu har takai_yanzun Yana babban_matsayi a masana_antar_fim. Hassan ya fara da editing picture a shekarar_1994, shekara_uku da fara wa ya zama photographer. Ya shiga makarantar_fina_finai in da ya karo sani akan_harkan. Ya fara harkan_tsawon_shekaru 23 , ya far da furodu_sin da ga Nan ya zama darak_ta. Darak_tan yayi aure inda ya auri jarumar_fim yar ƙabi_lar_[[Yoruba]] mai_suna Muhibbat_Abdussalam in da su ka hayay_yafa da Yara hudu sunyi_auren_shekaru_goma Sha_biyar.&lt;ref&gt;https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-hassan-giggs-ba-ni-da-abar-so-kamar-muhibbat/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi darak_tin fina_finai fitat_tu a masana_antar. Fina_finan sa.

* Hindu
* Baya_jidda
* duniyar_sama
* Fac_cala
* gudun_gara
* Jiha_di

==Mana_zarta==
{{Ref_list}}
[[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan_wasan_kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>su2x5su1httcbx5hgtijpnif2ma9426</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isabella Matambanadzo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:13:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7549" sha1="70v0yldjbe9cbp230s0m15lsei6qsnh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

'''Isabella Matambanadzo''' (an haife ta 5 Yuni 1973) marubuciya ce ' [[Zimbabwe|yar Zimbabwe]],  jinsi kuma mai fafutukar mata da ke aiki tare da Dandalin Mata na Afirka. Tare da gogewar aikin jarida, rediyo da talabijin, ta yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai don haɓaka muryoyin mata. Har ila yau, tana da kwarewa wajen bayar da rahotanni kan labaran karya a ciki da wajen Afirka, inda a baya ta yi aiki da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters daga 1999 zuwa 2001.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}&lt;/link&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Isabella Matambanadzo a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1973 ga Paul da Creacie Matambanadzo a yankin masana'antu na Pelandaba, [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe. Ita ce ta farko a cikin yara hudu. Shekarunta na farko sun kasance tare da mahaifiyarta da kakarta waɗanda suka gabatar da ita game da [[Feminism|mata]].  Gidansu ya koma Highfield, [[Harare]], inda ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare. A shekarar 1994 ta samu takardar shaidar difloma a Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a ta Zimbabwe, ta kuma ci gaba da samun Diploma ta kasa a fannin Sadarwar Sadarwa a Harare Polytechnic a shekarar 1995. Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Rhodes tare da ''summa cum laude'' BA a cikin Aikin Jarida, Adabi da Nazarin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Afrilu 1999.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}&lt;/link&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Daga 1999 zuwa 2001, Matambanadzo ya shirya, rubutawa, gyarawa da kuma 156 na mako-mako na KiSwahili, Faransanci da labaran Turanci yana nuna gidan talabijin na ''Afirka Journal'' na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters. 

Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2007 ta kasance memba a kwamitin babban sakataren MDD mai kula da mata da 'yan mata da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] a [[Kudancin Afirka|Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ana buga rahotanninta da gudummawarta tare da na sauran membobin a matsayin ''Facing the Future Tare: Rahoton Kwamitin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan Mata, 'yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka''. 

A cikin 2004 da 2006, Matambanadzo ta kasance mai hira, mai daukar hoto kuma mai bincike ga Dokta Kaori Izumi kan yancin mata da ƙasa da ƙasa a Kudancin Afirka. Ofishin reshen yankin kudanci da gabashin Afrika FAO ne ya wallafa rahoton. 

Daga 2004 zuwa 2009, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na gidan rediyon VOP. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2006, an kama Matambanadzo da wasu amintattu biyar daga gidan rediyon VOP Zimbabwe bisa zargin yin aiki ba tare da lasisi ba. Ta yi nuni da cewa, an yi hakan ne domin hana yada labarai masu zaman kansu a Zimbabwe. A wancan lokacin, Zimbabwe na fama da rashin kwanciyar hankali a siyasance da cin zarafi da cin mutuncin 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu. Ba da jimawa ba aka sake su bisa beli kuma aka dage sauraron karar zuwa ranar 25 ga Satumbar 2006, inda a karshe aka janye tuhumar. Matambanadzo da sauran membobi sun fara fafutuka a game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don aikinta, an gane ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 11 Front Line Women Defenders Defenders 2007  ta [[Amnesty International]].

Matambanadzo na ci gaba da taka rawa wajen fafutukar kare hakkin mata da jinsi a yankunan da ake gudun hijira, rashin kasa da kuma hakkin yara.   Dangane da batun bautar da zamani, ''jaridar Financial Gazette'' (Zimbabwe) ta lura cewa Matambanadzo ya bukaci gwamnati da ta kara matsin lamba ta diflomasiyya a kan [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] don yin la'akari da inda duk wata mace 'yar Zimbabwe da aka yi safarar ta zuwa Kuwait. Ta kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin Zimbabwe don ganin mata su samu daidaito a harkokin siyasa. 

== Labarai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''1994'''
| ''Mata da Ci gaba a SADC'' (karin mujallar), mawallafi da kuma edita, SADC Press Trust, 1994, bugu na musamman da aka rarraba a Dakar Africa Continental da Beijing Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Hudu na Duniya game da 'yancin mata.
|-
| '''1996'''
| ''Bayan Beijing: Dabaru da Hanyoyi zuwa Daidaiton Mata'', Mawallafi da Mawallafi kuma Mawallafi, SADC Press Trust, 1996. 
|-
| '''1999 zuwa 2001'''
| Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, rubutawa, gyarawa da shirye-shiryen 156 na mako-mako na KiSwahili, Faransanci da Turanci na nunin gidan talabijin ''na Afirka'' na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters.
|-
| '''2002'''
| ''Jinsi da HIV da AIDS: Audit Gender na National Aids Trust Fund, Harare, Zimbabwe'' - Mai ba da gudummawa, wanda ZWRCN ta buga.
|-
| '''2003'''
| Mai ba da gudummawa: Nazarin shari'ar Afirka game da Jinsi da Kasafi - Taimakawa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Tarin Albarkatu, Jami'ar Sussex. [http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Budgets-SRC.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010741/http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Budgets-SRC.pdf |date=2018-11-14 }}
|-
| '''2003 zuwa 2007'''
| Memba: Kwamitin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata, 'yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka, rahoton da aka samar tare da masu ba da gudummawa daga yankin kudancin Afirka da aka buga a matsayin ''Facing the Future Together: Rahoton Kwamitin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata, 'Yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka'' .
|-
| '''2005'''
| Gidauniyar Commonwealth : Mai ba da gudummawar Burtaniya don nazarin shari'ar Gabas da Kudancin Afirka: Haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa don Daidaiton Jinsi.
|-
| '''2005'''
| ''Bayan rashin daidaito 2005, Mata a Zimbabwe'', wanda Cibiyar Bincike da Takardun Takardun Afirka ta Kudu ta buga (SARDC) Mata a Ci gaban Kudancin Afirka Wayar da kan jama'a, mai ba da gudummawa, marubuci. 
|-
| '''2006'''
| ''Sharhin Aikin Jarida na Rhodes'' # 26: Satumba 2006 Ƙwarewar Muryar Jama'a ta Rediyo. 
|-
| '''2004 da 2006'''
| Mai Tambayoyi, Mai Hoto da Mai Bincike ga Dr Kaori Izumi, Ƙasar Mata da Haƙƙin Dukiya a Kudancin Afirka: mai bincike, mai shirya taro. Rahoton da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya FAO reshen yanki ta tattara kuma ta buga. Rahoton Ofishin Kudanci da Gabashin Afirka da aka buga a matsayin ''Maido da Rayuwar Mu - HIV da AIDS, Ƙasar Mata da Haƙƙin mallaka, da Rayuwar Rayuwa a Kudancin da Gabashin Afirka: Labarai da Amsoshi'' . 
|-
| '''2007'''
| &quot;Media a cikin layin wuta: ina adalci?&quot; An buga shi a cikin ''Buɗaɗɗen sararin samaniya'', mujallar Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), Kafofin watsa labarai: Magana da 'Yanci (Juzu'i na 1, na 5)
|-
| '''2008'''
| &quot;Wa ke Kare Masu Kare?&quot;&amp;nbsp;''A cikin Budaddiyar Labarai na Al'umma: Kalubale ga Gina Buɗaɗɗen Al'umma a Afirka'', wanda Buɗaɗɗen Al'umma Foundations suka buga
|-
| '''2010'''
| &quot;Black Granite&quot;, in ''African Sexualities'', edited by Dr Sylvia Tamale, Fahamu Books and Pambazuka Press, 2011. 
|-
| '''2011'''
| &quot;Wanda Ya Bace&quot;, a cikin ɗan gajeren labarin tarihin tarihin ''Rubutun Kyauta'', Weaver Press, Satumba 2011, Zimbabwe. 
|-
| '''2012/13'''
| &quot;Duk Sassan Mi&quot;, a cikin Kaine Prize Anthology na gajerun labarai. 
|-
| '''2014/15'''
| &quot;Saƙo a cikin Kwalba&quot;, a cikin ɗan gajeren labari na tarihin tarihin ''Rubutun Sirrin Rubuce-rubuce da Maƙaryata'', Weaver Press, Satumba 2015, Zimbabwe. 
|-
| '''2017'''
| &quot;Kyakkyawan Ƙarfi - Shekaru 80 na gwagwarmayar 'yancin mata a Zimbabwe&quot;. Ƙungiyar Mata ta Zimbabwe/Weaver Press - haɗin gwiwar edita/marubuci tare da Farfesa Rudo Gaidzanwa. 
|-
| '''2019'''
| &quot;Tale Na Kwanan nan&quot;, a cikin ''Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka: Taswirar kasa da kasa na rubuce-rubuce na mata 'yan asalin Afirka'', editan [[Margaret Busby]] . 
|}

== Nassoshi ==
{{Hujja}}{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Category:Mutanan Zubabwe]]
[[Category:Marubuta]]</text>
      <sha1>70v0yldjbe9cbp230s0m15lsei6qsnh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878398</id>
      <parentid>878397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:14:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7507" sha1="qnb5zymcv7rdwctzui3emjhvwv6cfis" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

'''Isabella Matambanadzo''' (an haife ta 5 Yuni 1973) marubuciya ce ' [[Zimbabwe|yar Zimbabwe]],  jinsi kuma mai fafutukar mata da ke aiki tare da Dandalin Mata na Afirka. Tare da gogewar aikin jarida, rediyo da talabijin, ta yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai don haɓaka muryoyin mata. Har ila yau, tana da kwarewa wajen bayar da rahotanni kan labaran karya a ciki da wajen Afirka, inda a baya ta yi aiki da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters daga 1999 zuwa 2001.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Isabella Matambanadzo a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1973 ga Paul da Creacie Matambanadzo a yankin masana'antu na Pelandaba, [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe. Ita ce ta farko a cikin yara hudu. Shekarunta na farko sun kasance tare da mahaifiyarta da kakarta waɗanda suka gabatar da ita game da [[Feminism|mata]].  Gidansu ya koma Highfield, [[Harare]], inda ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare. A shekarar 1994 ta samu takardar shaidar difloma a Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a ta Zimbabwe, ta kuma ci gaba da samun Diploma ta kasa a fannin Sadarwar Sadarwa a Harare Polytechnic a shekarar 1995. Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Rhodes tare da ''summa cum laude'' BA a cikin Aikin Jarida, Adabi da Nazarin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Afrilu 1999.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}&lt;/link&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Daga 1999 zuwa 2001, Matambanadzo ya shirya, rubutawa, gyarawa da kuma 156 na mako-mako na KiSwahili, Faransanci da labaran Turanci yana nuna gidan talabijin na ''Afirka Journal'' na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters. 

Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2007 ta kasance memba a kwamitin babban sakataren MDD mai kula da mata da 'yan mata da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] a [[Kudancin Afirka|Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ana buga rahotanninta da gudummawarta tare da na sauran membobin a matsayin ''Facing the Future Tare: Rahoton Kwamitin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan Mata, 'yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka''. 

A cikin 2004 da 2006, Matambanadzo ta kasance mai hira, mai daukar hoto kuma mai bincike ga Dokta Kaori Izumi kan yancin mata da ƙasa da ƙasa a Kudancin Afirka. Ofishin reshen yankin kudanci da gabashin Afrika FAO ne ya wallafa rahoton. 

Daga 2004 zuwa 2009, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na gidan rediyon VOP. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2006, an kama Matambanadzo da wasu amintattu biyar daga gidan rediyon VOP Zimbabwe bisa zargin yin aiki ba tare da lasisi ba. Ta yi nuni da cewa, an yi hakan ne domin hana yada labarai masu zaman kansu a Zimbabwe. A wancan lokacin, Zimbabwe na fama da rashin kwanciyar hankali a siyasance da cin zarafi da cin mutuncin 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu. Ba da jimawa ba aka sake su bisa beli kuma aka dage sauraron karar zuwa ranar 25 ga Satumbar 2006, inda a karshe aka janye tuhumar. Matambanadzo da sauran membobi sun fara fafutuka a game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don aikinta, an gane ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 11 Front Line Women Defenders Defenders 2007  ta [[Amnesty International]].

Matambanadzo na ci gaba da taka rawa wajen fafutukar kare hakkin mata da jinsi a yankunan da ake gudun hijira, rashin kasa da kuma hakkin yara.   Dangane da batun bautar da zamani, ''jaridar Financial Gazette'' (Zimbabwe) ta lura cewa Matambanadzo ya bukaci gwamnati da ta kara matsin lamba ta diflomasiyya a kan [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] don yin la'akari da inda duk wata mace 'yar Zimbabwe da aka yi safarar ta zuwa Kuwait. Ta kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin Zimbabwe don ganin mata su samu daidaito a harkokin siyasa. 

== Labarai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''1994'''
| ''Mata da Ci gaba a SADC'' (karin mujallar), mawallafi da kuma edita, SADC Press Trust, 1994, bugu na musamman da aka rarraba a Dakar Africa Continental da Beijing Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Hudu na Duniya game da 'yancin mata.
|-
| '''1996'''
| ''Bayan Beijing: Dabaru da Hanyoyi zuwa Daidaiton Mata'', Mawallafi da Mawallafi kuma Mawallafi, SADC Press Trust, 1996. 
|-
| '''1999 zuwa 2001'''
| Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, rubutawa, gyarawa da shirye-shiryen 156 na mako-mako na KiSwahili, Faransanci da Turanci na nunin gidan talabijin ''na Afirka'' na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters.
|-
| '''2002'''
| ''Jinsi da HIV da AIDS: Audit Gender na National Aids Trust Fund, Harare, Zimbabwe'' - Mai ba da gudummawa, wanda ZWRCN ta buga.
|-
| '''2003'''
| Mai ba da gudummawa: Nazarin shari'ar Afirka game da Jinsi da Kasafi - Taimakawa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Tarin Albarkatu, Jami'ar Sussex. [http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Budgets-SRC.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010741/http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Budgets-SRC.pdf |date=2018-11-14 }}
|-
| '''2003 zuwa 2007'''
| Memba: Kwamitin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata, 'yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka, rahoton da aka samar tare da masu ba da gudummawa daga yankin kudancin Afirka da aka buga a matsayin ''Facing the Future Together: Rahoton Kwamitin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata, 'Yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka'' .
|-
| '''2005'''
| Gidauniyar Commonwealth : Mai ba da gudummawar Burtaniya don nazarin shari'ar Gabas da Kudancin Afirka: Haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa don Daidaiton Jinsi.
|-
| '''2005'''
| ''Bayan rashin daidaito 2005, Mata a Zimbabwe'', wanda Cibiyar Bincike da Takardun Takardun Afirka ta Kudu ta buga (SARDC) Mata a Ci gaban Kudancin Afirka Wayar da kan jama'a, mai ba da gudummawa, marubuci. 
|-
| '''2006'''
| ''Sharhin Aikin Jarida na Rhodes'' # 26: Satumba 2006 Ƙwarewar Muryar Jama'a ta Rediyo. 
|-
| '''2004 da 2006'''
| Mai Tambayoyi, Mai Hoto da Mai Bincike ga Dr Kaori Izumi, Ƙasar Mata da Haƙƙin Dukiya a Kudancin Afirka: mai bincike, mai shirya taro. Rahoton da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya FAO reshen yanki ta tattara kuma ta buga. Rahoton Ofishin Kudanci da Gabashin Afirka da aka buga a matsayin ''Maido da Rayuwar Mu - HIV da AIDS, Ƙasar Mata da Haƙƙin mallaka, da Rayuwar Rayuwa a Kudancin da Gabashin Afirka: Labarai da Amsoshi'' . 
|-
| '''2007'''
| &quot;Media a cikin layin wuta: ina adalci?&quot; An buga shi a cikin ''Buɗaɗɗen sararin samaniya'', mujallar Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), Kafofin watsa labarai: Magana da 'Yanci (Juzu'i na 1, na 5)
|-
| '''2008'''
| &quot;Wa ke Kare Masu Kare?&quot;&amp;nbsp;''A cikin Budaddiyar Labarai na Al'umma: Kalubale ga Gina Buɗaɗɗen Al'umma a Afirka'', wanda Buɗaɗɗen Al'umma Foundations suka buga
|-
| '''2010'''
| &quot;Black Granite&quot;, in ''African Sexualities'', edited by Dr Sylvia Tamale, Fahamu Books and Pambazuka Press, 2011. 
|-
| '''2011'''
| &quot;Wanda Ya Bace&quot;, a cikin ɗan gajeren labarin tarihin tarihin ''Rubutun Kyauta'', Weaver Press, Satumba 2011, Zimbabwe. 
|-
| '''2012/13'''
| &quot;Duk Sassan Mi&quot;, a cikin Kaine Prize Anthology na gajerun labarai. 
|-
| '''2014/15'''
| &quot;Saƙo a cikin Kwalba&quot;, a cikin ɗan gajeren labari na tarihin tarihin ''Rubutun Sirrin Rubuce-rubuce da Maƙaryata'', Weaver Press, Satumba 2015, Zimbabwe. 
|-
| '''2017'''
| &quot;Kyakkyawan Ƙarfi - Shekaru 80 na gwagwarmayar 'yancin mata a Zimbabwe&quot;. Ƙungiyar Mata ta Zimbabwe/Weaver Press - haɗin gwiwar edita/marubuci tare da Farfesa Rudo Gaidzanwa. 
|-
| '''2019'''
| &quot;Tale Na Kwanan nan&quot;, a cikin ''Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka: Taswirar kasa da kasa na rubuce-rubuce na mata 'yan asalin Afirka'', editan [[Margaret Busby]] . 
|}

== Nassoshi ==
{{Hujja}}{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Category:Mutanan Zubabwe]]
[[Category:Marubuta]]</text>
      <sha1>qnb5zymcv7rdwctzui3emjhvwv6cfis</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878399</id>
      <parentid>878398</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7465" sha1="l3gkwg7g2ppx360rxmvfvkz8awukt3u" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

'''Isabella Matambanadzo''' (an haife ta 5 Yuni 1973) marubuciya ce ' [[Zimbabwe|yar Zimbabwe]],  jinsi kuma mai fafutukar mata da ke aiki tare da Dandalin Mata na Afirka. Tare da gogewar aikin jarida, rediyo da talabijin, ta yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai don haɓaka muryoyin mata. Har ila yau, tana da kwarewa wajen bayar da rahotanni kan labaran karya a ciki da wajen Afirka, inda a baya ta yi aiki da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters daga 1999 zuwa 2001.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Isabella Matambanadzo a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1973 ga Paul da Creacie Matambanadzo a yankin masana'antu na Pelandaba, [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe. Ita ce ta farko a cikin yara hudu. Shekarunta na farko sun kasance tare da mahaifiyarta da kakarta waɗanda suka gabatar da ita game da [[Feminism|mata]].  Gidansu ya koma Highfield, [[Harare]], inda ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare. A shekarar 1994 ta samu takardar shaidar difloma a Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a ta Zimbabwe, ta kuma ci gaba da samun Diploma ta kasa a fannin Sadarwar Sadarwa a Harare Polytechnic a shekarar 1995. Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Rhodes tare da ''summa cum laude'' BA a cikin Aikin Jarida, Adabi da Nazarin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Afrilu 1999.

== Sana'a ==
Daga 1999 zuwa 2001, Matambanadzo ya shirya, rubutawa, gyarawa da kuma 156 na mako-mako na KiSwahili, Faransanci da labaran Turanci yana nuna gidan talabijin na ''Afirka Journal'' na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters. 

Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2007 ta kasance memba a kwamitin babban sakataren MDD mai kula da mata da 'yan mata da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] a [[Kudancin Afirka|Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ana buga rahotanninta da gudummawarta tare da na sauran membobin a matsayin ''Facing the Future Tare: Rahoton Kwamitin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan Mata, 'yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka''. 

A cikin 2004 da 2006, Matambanadzo ta kasance mai hira, mai daukar hoto kuma mai bincike ga Dokta Kaori Izumi kan yancin mata da ƙasa da ƙasa a Kudancin Afirka. Ofishin reshen yankin kudanci da gabashin Afrika FAO ne ya wallafa rahoton. 

Daga 2004 zuwa 2009, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na gidan rediyon VOP. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2006, an kama Matambanadzo da wasu amintattu biyar daga gidan rediyon VOP Zimbabwe bisa zargin yin aiki ba tare da lasisi ba. Ta yi nuni da cewa, an yi hakan ne domin hana yada labarai masu zaman kansu a Zimbabwe. A wancan lokacin, Zimbabwe na fama da rashin kwanciyar hankali a siyasance da cin zarafi da cin mutuncin 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu. Ba da jimawa ba aka sake su bisa beli kuma aka dage sauraron karar zuwa ranar 25 ga Satumbar 2006, inda a karshe aka janye tuhumar. Matambanadzo da sauran membobi sun fara fafutuka a game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don aikinta, an gane ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 11 Front Line Women Defenders Defenders 2007  ta [[Amnesty International]].

Matambanadzo na ci gaba da taka rawa wajen fafutukar kare hakkin mata da jinsi a yankunan da ake gudun hijira, rashin kasa da kuma hakkin yara.   Dangane da batun bautar da zamani, ''jaridar Financial Gazette'' (Zimbabwe) ta lura cewa Matambanadzo ya bukaci gwamnati da ta kara matsin lamba ta diflomasiyya a kan [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] don yin la'akari da inda duk wata mace 'yar Zimbabwe da aka yi safarar ta zuwa Kuwait. Ta kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin Zimbabwe don ganin mata su samu daidaito a harkokin siyasa. 

== Labarai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''1994'''
| ''Mata da Ci gaba a SADC'' (karin mujallar), mawallafi da kuma edita, SADC Press Trust, 1994, bugu na musamman da aka rarraba a Dakar Africa Continental da Beijing Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Hudu na Duniya game da 'yancin mata.
|-
| '''1996'''
| ''Bayan Beijing: Dabaru da Hanyoyi zuwa Daidaiton Mata'', Mawallafi da Mawallafi kuma Mawallafi, SADC Press Trust, 1996. 
|-
| '''1999 zuwa 2001'''
| Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, rubutawa, gyarawa da shirye-shiryen 156 na mako-mako na KiSwahili, Faransanci da Turanci na nunin gidan talabijin ''na Afirka'' na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters.
|-
| '''2002'''
| ''Jinsi da HIV da AIDS: Audit Gender na National Aids Trust Fund, Harare, Zimbabwe'' - Mai ba da gudummawa, wanda ZWRCN ta buga.
|-
| '''2003'''
| Mai ba da gudummawa: Nazarin shari'ar Afirka game da Jinsi da Kasafi - Taimakawa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Tarin Albarkatu, Jami'ar Sussex. [http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Budgets-SRC.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010741/http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Budgets-SRC.pdf |date=2018-11-14 }}
|-
| '''2003 zuwa 2007'''
| Memba: Kwamitin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata, 'yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka, rahoton da aka samar tare da masu ba da gudummawa daga yankin kudancin Afirka da aka buga a matsayin ''Facing the Future Together: Rahoton Kwamitin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata, 'Yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka'' .
|-
| '''2005'''
| Gidauniyar Commonwealth : Mai ba da gudummawar Burtaniya don nazarin shari'ar Gabas da Kudancin Afirka: Haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa don Daidaiton Jinsi.
|-
| '''2005'''
| ''Bayan rashin daidaito 2005, Mata a Zimbabwe'', wanda Cibiyar Bincike da Takardun Takardun Afirka ta Kudu ta buga (SARDC) Mata a Ci gaban Kudancin Afirka Wayar da kan jama'a, mai ba da gudummawa, marubuci. 
|-
| '''2006'''
| ''Sharhin Aikin Jarida na Rhodes'' # 26: Satumba 2006 Ƙwarewar Muryar Jama'a ta Rediyo. 
|-
| '''2004 da 2006'''
| Mai Tambayoyi, Mai Hoto da Mai Bincike ga Dr Kaori Izumi, Ƙasar Mata da Haƙƙin Dukiya a Kudancin Afirka: mai bincike, mai shirya taro. Rahoton da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya FAO reshen yanki ta tattara kuma ta buga. Rahoton Ofishin Kudanci da Gabashin Afirka da aka buga a matsayin ''Maido da Rayuwar Mu - HIV da AIDS, Ƙasar Mata da Haƙƙin mallaka, da Rayuwar Rayuwa a Kudancin da Gabashin Afirka: Labarai da Amsoshi'' . 
|-
| '''2007'''
| &quot;Media a cikin layin wuta: ina adalci?&quot; An buga shi a cikin ''Buɗaɗɗen sararin samaniya'', mujallar Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), Kafofin watsa labarai: Magana da 'Yanci (Juzu'i na 1, na 5)
|-
| '''2008'''
| &quot;Wa ke Kare Masu Kare?&quot;&amp;nbsp;''A cikin Budaddiyar Labarai na Al'umma: Kalubale ga Gina Buɗaɗɗen Al'umma a Afirka'', wanda Buɗaɗɗen Al'umma Foundations suka buga
|-
| '''2010'''
| &quot;Black Granite&quot;, in ''African Sexualities'', edited by Dr Sylvia Tamale, Fahamu Books and Pambazuka Press, 2011. 
|-
| '''2011'''
| &quot;Wanda Ya Bace&quot;, a cikin ɗan gajeren labarin tarihin tarihin ''Rubutun Kyauta'', Weaver Press, Satumba 2011, Zimbabwe. 
|-
| '''2012/13'''
| &quot;Duk Sassan Mi&quot;, a cikin Kaine Prize Anthology na gajerun labarai. 
|-
| '''2014/15'''
| &quot;Saƙo a cikin Kwalba&quot;, a cikin ɗan gajeren labari na tarihin tarihin ''Rubutun Sirrin Rubuce-rubuce da Maƙaryata'', Weaver Press, Satumba 2015, Zimbabwe. 
|-
| '''2017'''
| &quot;Kyakkyawan Ƙarfi - Shekaru 80 na gwagwarmayar 'yancin mata a Zimbabwe&quot;. Ƙungiyar Mata ta Zimbabwe/Weaver Press - haɗin gwiwar edita/marubuci tare da Farfesa Rudo Gaidzanwa. 
|-
| '''2019'''
| &quot;Tale Na Kwanan nan&quot;, a cikin ''Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka: Taswirar kasa da kasa na rubuce-rubuce na mata 'yan asalin Afirka'', editan [[Margaret Busby]] . 
|}

== Nassoshi ==
{{Hujja}}{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Category:Mutanan Zubabwe]]
[[Category:Marubuta]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:15:27Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="7458" sha1="h416esyli522ixpr8smw5qq7gv35f05" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

'''Isabella Matambanadzo''' (an haife ta 5 Yuni 1973) marubuciya ce ' [[Zimbabwe|yar Zimbabwe]], kuma mai fafutukar mata da ke aiki tare da Dandalin Mata na Afirka. Tare da gogewar aikin jarida, rediyo da talabijin, ta yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai don haɓaka muryoyin mata. Har ila yau, tana da kwarewa wajen bayar da rahotanni kan labaran karya a ciki da wajen Afirka, inda a baya ta yi aiki da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters daga 1999 zuwa 2001.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Isabella Matambanadzo a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1973 ga Paul da Creacie Matambanadzo a yankin masana'antu na Pelandaba, [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe. Ita ce ta farko a cikin yara hudu. Shekarunta na farko sun kasance tare da mahaifiyarta da kakarta waɗanda suka gabatar da ita game da [[Feminism|mata]].  Gidansu ya koma Highfield, [[Harare]], inda ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare. A shekarar 1994 ta samu takardar shaidar difloma a Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a ta Zimbabwe, ta kuma ci gaba da samun Diploma ta kasa a fannin Sadarwar Sadarwa a Harare Polytechnic a shekarar 1995. Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Rhodes tare da ''summa cum laude'' BA a cikin Aikin Jarida, Adabi da Nazarin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Afrilu 1999.

== Sana'a ==
Daga 1999 zuwa 2001, Matambanadzo ya shirya, rubutawa, gyarawa da kuma 156 na mako-mako na KiSwahili, Faransanci da labaran Turanci yana nuna gidan talabijin na ''Afirka Journal'' na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters. 

Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2007 ta kasance memba a kwamitin babban sakataren MDD mai kula da mata da 'yan mata da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] a [[Kudancin Afirka|Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ana buga rahotanninta da gudummawarta tare da na sauran membobin a matsayin ''Facing the Future Tare: Rahoton Kwamitin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan Mata, 'yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka''. 

A cikin 2004 da 2006, Matambanadzo ta kasance mai hira, mai daukar hoto kuma mai bincike ga Dokta Kaori Izumi kan yancin mata da ƙasa da ƙasa a Kudancin Afirka. Ofishin reshen yankin kudanci da gabashin Afrika FAO ne ya wallafa rahoton. 

Daga 2004 zuwa 2009, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na gidan rediyon VOP. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2006, an kama Matambanadzo da wasu amintattu biyar daga gidan rediyon VOP Zimbabwe bisa zargin yin aiki ba tare da lasisi ba. Ta yi nuni da cewa, an yi hakan ne domin hana yada labarai masu zaman kansu a Zimbabwe. A wancan lokacin, Zimbabwe na fama da rashin kwanciyar hankali a siyasance da cin zarafi da cin mutuncin 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu. Ba da jimawa ba aka sake su bisa beli kuma aka dage sauraron karar zuwa ranar 25 ga Satumbar 2006, inda a karshe aka janye tuhumar. Matambanadzo da sauran membobi sun fara fafutuka a game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don aikinta, an gane ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 11 Front Line Women Defenders Defenders 2007  ta [[Amnesty International]].

Matambanadzo na ci gaba da taka rawa wajen fafutukar kare hakkin mata da jinsi a yankunan da ake gudun hijira, rashin kasa da kuma hakkin yara.   Dangane da batun bautar da zamani, ''jaridar Financial Gazette'' (Zimbabwe) ta lura cewa Matambanadzo ya bukaci gwamnati da ta kara matsin lamba ta diflomasiyya a kan [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] don yin la'akari da inda duk wata mace 'yar Zimbabwe da aka yi safarar ta zuwa Kuwait. Ta kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin Zimbabwe don ganin mata su samu daidaito a harkokin siyasa. 

== Labarai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''1994'''
| ''Mata da Ci gaba a SADC'' (karin mujallar), mawallafi da kuma edita, SADC Press Trust, 1994, bugu na musamman da aka rarraba a Dakar Africa Continental da Beijing Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Hudu na Duniya game da 'yancin mata.
|-
| '''1996'''
| ''Bayan Beijing: Dabaru da Hanyoyi zuwa Daidaiton Mata'', Mawallafi da Mawallafi kuma Mawallafi, SADC Press Trust, 1996. 
|-
| '''1999 zuwa 2001'''
| Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, rubutawa, gyarawa da shirye-shiryen 156 na mako-mako na KiSwahili, Faransanci da Turanci na nunin gidan talabijin ''na Afirka'' na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Reuters.
|-
| '''2002'''
| ''Jinsi da HIV da AIDS: Audit Gender na National Aids Trust Fund, Harare, Zimbabwe'' - Mai ba da gudummawa, wanda ZWRCN ta buga.
|-
| '''2003'''
| Mai ba da gudummawa: Nazarin shari'ar Afirka game da Jinsi da Kasafi - Taimakawa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Tarin Albarkatu, Jami'ar Sussex. [http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Budgets-SRC.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010741/http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Budgets-SRC.pdf |date=2018-11-14 }}
|-
| '''2003 zuwa 2007'''
| Memba: Kwamitin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata, 'yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka, rahoton da aka samar tare da masu ba da gudummawa daga yankin kudancin Afirka da aka buga a matsayin ''Facing the Future Together: Rahoton Kwamitin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata, 'Yan mata da HIV/AIDS a Kudancin Afirka'' .
|-
| '''2005'''
| Gidauniyar Commonwealth : Mai ba da gudummawar Burtaniya don nazarin shari'ar Gabas da Kudancin Afirka: Haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa don Daidaiton Jinsi.
|-
| '''2005'''
| ''Bayan rashin daidaito 2005, Mata a Zimbabwe'', wanda Cibiyar Bincike da Takardun Takardun Afirka ta Kudu ta buga (SARDC) Mata a Ci gaban Kudancin Afirka Wayar da kan jama'a, mai ba da gudummawa, marubuci. 
|-
| '''2006'''
| ''Sharhin Aikin Jarida na Rhodes'' # 26: Satumba 2006 Ƙwarewar Muryar Jama'a ta Rediyo. 
|-
| '''2004 da 2006'''
| Mai Tambayoyi, Mai Hoto da Mai Bincike ga Dr Kaori Izumi, Ƙasar Mata da Haƙƙin Dukiya a Kudancin Afirka: mai bincike, mai shirya taro. Rahoton da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya FAO reshen yanki ta tattara kuma ta buga. Rahoton Ofishin Kudanci da Gabashin Afirka da aka buga a matsayin ''Maido da Rayuwar Mu - HIV da AIDS, Ƙasar Mata da Haƙƙin mallaka, da Rayuwar Rayuwa a Kudancin da Gabashin Afirka: Labarai da Amsoshi'' . 
|-
| '''2007'''
| &quot;Media a cikin layin wuta: ina adalci?&quot; An buga shi a cikin ''Buɗaɗɗen sararin samaniya'', mujallar Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), Kafofin watsa labarai: Magana da 'Yanci (Juzu'i na 1, na 5)
|-
| '''2008'''
| &quot;Wa ke Kare Masu Kare?&quot;&amp;nbsp;''A cikin Budaddiyar Labarai na Al'umma: Kalubale ga Gina Buɗaɗɗen Al'umma a Afirka'', wanda Buɗaɗɗen Al'umma Foundations suka buga
|-
| '''2010'''
| &quot;Black Granite&quot;, in ''African Sexualities'', edited by Dr Sylvia Tamale, Fahamu Books and Pambazuka Press, 2011. 
|-
| '''2011'''
| &quot;Wanda Ya Bace&quot;, a cikin ɗan gajeren labarin tarihin tarihin ''Rubutun Kyauta'', Weaver Press, Satumba 2011, Zimbabwe. 
|-
| '''2012/13'''
| &quot;Duk Sassan Mi&quot;, a cikin Kaine Prize Anthology na gajerun labarai. 
|-
| '''2014/15'''
| &quot;Saƙo a cikin Kwalba&quot;, a cikin ɗan gajeren labari na tarihin tarihin ''Rubutun Sirrin Rubuce-rubuce da Maƙaryata'', Weaver Press, Satumba 2015, Zimbabwe. 
|-
| '''2017'''
| &quot;Kyakkyawan Ƙarfi - Shekaru 80 na gwagwarmayar 'yancin mata a Zimbabwe&quot;. Ƙungiyar Mata ta Zimbabwe/Weaver Press - haɗin gwiwar edita/marubuci tare da Farfesa Rudo Gaidzanwa. 
|-
| '''2019'''
| &quot;Tale Na Kwanan nan&quot;, a cikin ''Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka: Taswirar kasa da kasa na rubuce-rubuce na mata 'yan asalin Afirka'', editan [[Margaret Busby]] . 
|}

== Nassoshi ==
{{Hujja}}{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Category:Mutanan Zubabwe]]
[[Category:Marubuta]]</text>
      <sha1>h416esyli522ixpr8smw5qq7gv35f05</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Bot</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>59003</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T03:45:03Z</timestamp>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3444" sha1="nmzdrb9869gdsg166lum372k6vzb8a7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Prinia_maculosa_-Rooisands_Nature_Reserve,_near_Bot_River_Lagoon,_South_Africa-8.jpg|right|thumb|Karoo prinia a Rooisands Nature Reserve, a gefen Bot River Lagoon]]
'''Kogin Bot''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Bot''' Lagoon, wani bangare ne na Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System a yankin Overberg a Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Ya zama wuri mai laushi na Ramsar a cikin 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=Ramsar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Wannan dausayi shine bakin [[Kogin Bot]], sunan garin Botrivier . Tafkin ya mamaye kusan {{Cvt|13.6|km2}}   &lt;ref name=&quot;manage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2009 |title=Eastuary Management Plan for the Bot/Kleinmand estuarine system Overberg region Western Cape |url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Archive/Literature/Reports/C.A.P.E/iRAP_Bot-Kleinmond%20SA_2009.pdf |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=Western Cape Nature Conservation Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsakanin Kleinmond, Hawston, da Fisherhaven . Tafkin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren buɗe ruwa a bakin tekun Yammacin Cape kuma yana kwarara zuwa wani ƙaramin tafki mai siffar uku a cikin wani babban kwari mai faɗi wanda tsaunuka da aka sani da Botrivier Vlei ke kewaye da shi.

Ruwan tafkin ya rabu da teku ta hanyar 100 zuwa {{Cvt|2|km}}   mai faɗin dune belt tare da tsawo na 3 zuwa 6   wanda aka rufe shi da ciyawa da shrubs na bakin teku. Dunes suna da ƙananan berms guda biyu waɗanda wani lokacin ana fashe su ta halitta ko ta wucin gadi. Babban ɓangaren tafkin na iya samun tsawon har zuwa 7   da faɗin kusan 2  mi). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 November 2015 |title=Cape whale coast and important bird and biodiversity area |url=http://www.westerncapebirding.co.za/conservation/585/cape_whale_coast_important_bird_and_biodiversity_area |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=Western Cape Birding |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110040048/http://www.westerncapebirding.co.za/conservation/585/cape_whale_coast_important_bird_and_biodiversity_area |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Rooisand Nature Reserve|Gidan ajiyar yanayi na Rooisand]] yana da kusan kashi 60% na gefen yamma har zuwa tafkin. CapeNature ne ke kula da ajiyar yanayi kuma an tsara shi a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na lardin. Yankin gabas na tafkin galibi yana cike da ci gaban zama. Shugaban tafkin a gefen ciki yana kewaye da ƙasar noma.&lt;ref name=&quot;manage&quot;/&gt;

== Muhalli ==
A lokacin watanni na rani, Lagoon babban mafaka ne ga tsuntsayen ruwa, wanda za'a iya samun nau'in 86 a nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot; /&gt; Coots sun zo wasu shekaru a cikin adadi mai yawa. Girman yawan tsuntsaye, duk da haka, ya bambanta sosai shekara zuwa shekara bisa ga canji a zurfin ruwa da inganci da kuma yadda aka haɗa wuri mai laushi da teku.

Lagun kuma muhimmiyar wurin [[kifi]] ce. An rubuta nau'ikan kifi 41 a nan, daga cikinsu 19 sun dogara da irin waɗannan koguna don sake zagayowar rayuwarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot;/&gt;

Dabbobi masu mamayewa, musamman Acacia cyclops da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin Afirka, suna ƙara barazana ga yankin mai laushi. Mazauna da masu hutu suna jin daɗin kamun kifi, yin iyo, yin tuƙi, da tafiya a nan.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Daniel Etim Effiong</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==

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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ &quot;Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for&quot;]. Encomium. February 27, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ &quot;Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for&quot;]. Encomium. February 27, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020s ===

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <id>38014</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ &quot;Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for&quot;]. Encomium. February 27, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ &quot;Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for&quot;]. Encomium. February 27, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ &quot;Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for&quot;]. Encomium. February 27, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 23,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).

A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).

A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! Bayanan kula
! Bayani
|-
| 2020
| ''Mataimakiyar Madams''
|
| Kashi 1
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle &amp; Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018–
| ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Ƙungiyar Maza]]''
| Lanre
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gidi Up]]''
| Folarin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2012
| ''Allah sarki Yau Litinin ce''
| Womilee
| Shirye-shirye 2
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
| Shirye-shirye 15
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwa Mata na Jini]]''
| Akin
| Shirye-shirye 4
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Oloture: Tafiya''
| Tony
| Shirye-shirye 3
|
|}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).

A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! Bayanan kula
! Bayani
|-
| 2020
| ''Mataimakiyar Madams''
|
| Kashi 1
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle &amp; Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018–
| ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Ƙungiyar Maza]]''
| Lanre
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gidi Up]]''
| Folarin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2012
| ''Allah sarki Yau Litinin ce''
| Womilee
| Shirye-shirye 2
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
| Shirye-shirye 15
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwa Mata na Jini]]''
| Akin
| Shirye-shirye 4
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Oloture: Tafiya''
| Tony
| Shirye-shirye 3
|
|}

=== Fina-finai ===

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9sot5bvf7zjui5ccw2bq41l56fj75us</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877904</origin>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).

A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! Bayanan kula
! Bayani
|-
| 2020
| ''Mataimakiyar Madams''
|
| Kashi 1
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle &amp; Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018–
| ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Ƙungiyar Maza]]''
| Lanre
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gidi Up]]''
| Folarin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2012
| ''Allah sarki Yau Litinin ce''
| Womilee
| Shirye-shirye 2
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
| Shirye-shirye 15
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwa Mata na Jini]]''
| Akin
| Shirye-shirye 4
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Oloture: Tafiya''
| Tony
| Shirye-shirye 3
|
|}

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''The Herd''
|
|Also director
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDufe2025&quot;&gt;Dufe, Sahndra Fon (2025-11-24). [https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea &quot;Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun&quot;]. ''Black Film Wire''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-11-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Aso Ebi Diaries]]''
|
|Directed by [[Biodun Stephen]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2023
|''Barage''
|Mide
|Directed by Emmanuel Akaemeh
|
|-
|''Selina's Wedding''
|Reuben
|with Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde
|
|-
|''A Young Time Ago''
|Older Tayo
|with Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde
|
|-
|''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]]''
|Shima
|Directed by Damola Ademola
|
|-
|''Lily of the Valley''
|Bily
|with Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin
|
|-
|''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]''
|Maleek (father)
|Directed by Niyi Akinmolayan
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MilMstImpFilm_Med&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Different Strokes''
|Khalid
|With Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022
|''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]''
|Wale
|Earned AFRIFF award and AMVCA nomination
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Selina''
|Reuben
|With Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev
|
|-
|''Jolly Roger''
|Brume
|Earned Africa Movie Academy Award nomination
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Still Falling]]''
|Captain Lagi
|Alongside [[Sharon Ooja]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|''Skin''
|Director
|Documentary Featuring [[Eku Edewor]] and [[Beverly Naya]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Storm''
|Storm
|Short film alongside [[Diane Russet]]
|
|-
|''Fish Bone''
|Inspector
|Shortfilm alongside [[Shafy Bello]] and Moshood Fattah
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2019
|''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]''
|Tony
|Alongside Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Makate Must Sell]]''
|Gbenro
|Alongside Igwe 2pac, Toyin Abraham, Diipo Adeusi
|
|-
|''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]]''
|Dele Coker
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|New Money]]''
|Ganiyu Osamede
|Alongside Dakore Akande
|
|-
|2017
|''Prey''
|Director
|Short skit
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot; /&gt;
|}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877905</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>38014</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).

A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! Bayanan kula
! Bayani
|-
| 2020
| ''Mataimakiyar Madams''
|
| Kashi 1
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle &amp; Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018–
| ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Ƙungiyar Maza]]''
| Lanre
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gidi Up]]''
| Folarin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2012
| ''Allah sarki Yau Litinin ce''
| Womilee
| Shirye-shirye 2
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
| Shirye-shirye 15
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwa Mata na Jini]]''
| Akin
| Shirye-shirye 4
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Oloture: Tafiya''
| Tony
| Shirye-shirye 3
|
|}

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''The Herd''
|
|Also director
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDufe2025&quot;&gt;Dufe, Sahndra Fon (2025-11-24). [https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea &quot;Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun&quot;]. ''Black Film Wire''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-11-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Aso Ebi Diaries]]''
|
|Directed by [[Biodun Stephen]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2023
|''Barage''
|Mide
|Directed by Emmanuel Akaemeh
|
|-
|''Selina's Wedding''
|Reuben
|with Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde
|
|-
|''A Young Time Ago''
|Older Tayo
|with Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde
|
|-
|''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]]''
|Shima
|Directed by Damola Ademola
|
|-
|''Lily of the Valley''
|Bily
|with Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin
|
|-
|''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]''
|Maleek (father)
|Directed by Niyi Akinmolayan
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MilMstImpFilm_Med&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Different Strokes''
|Khalid
|With Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022
|''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]''
|Wale
|Earned AFRIFF award and AMVCA nomination
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Selina''
|Reuben
|With Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev
|
|-
|''Jolly Roger''
|Brume
|Earned Africa Movie Academy Award nomination
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Still Falling]]''
|Captain Lagi
|Alongside [[Sharon Ooja]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|''Skin''
|Director
|Documentary Featuring [[Eku Edewor]] and [[Beverly Naya]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Storm''
|Storm
|Short film alongside [[Diane Russet]]
|
|-
|''Fish Bone''
|Inspector
|Shortfilm alongside [[Shafy Bello]] and Moshood Fattah
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2019
|''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]''
|Tony
|Alongside Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Makate Must Sell]]''
|Gbenro
|Alongside Igwe 2pac, Toyin Abraham, Diipo Adeusi
|
|-
|''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]]''
|Dele Coker
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|New Money]]''
|Ganiyu Osamede
|Alongside Dakore Akande
|
|-
|2017
|''Prey''
|Director
|Short skit
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Fim
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| 2022
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumin Actor a Matsayin Jagora
| ''Jolly Roger''|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards: Adjetey Anang wins, check out full list of winners – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-adjetey-anang-wins-check-out-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2022
| [[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Afirka]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Wasan Kwaikwayo, Fim ko Talabijin
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Kofa''|{{Won}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp &quot;Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 | Pulse Nigeria&quot;]. ''www.pulse.ng''. 14 November 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2023
| [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Barkwanci, Fim ko Shirye-shiryen Talabijin|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA – Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lawal 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Khadijat |date=2023-05-21 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>7n26h36d5o59n23yp0dmr2dk8hk07tt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877906</id>
      <parentid>877905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:43:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354856501|Daniel Etim Effiong]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877906</origin>
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'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).

A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! Bayanan kula
! Bayani
|-
| 2020
| ''Mataimakiyar Madams''
|
| Kashi 1
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle &amp; Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018–
| ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Ƙungiyar Maza]]''
| Lanre
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gidi Up]]''
| Folarin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2012
| ''Allah sarki Yau Litinin ce''
| Womilee
| Shirye-shirye 2
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
| Shirye-shirye 15
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwa Mata na Jini]]''
| Akin
| Shirye-shirye 4
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Oloture: Tafiya''
| Tony
| Shirye-shirye 3
|
|}

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''The Herd''
|
|Also director
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDufe2025&quot;&gt;Dufe, Sahndra Fon (2025-11-24). [https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea &quot;Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun&quot;]. ''Black Film Wire''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-11-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Aso Ebi Diaries]]''
|
|Directed by [[Biodun Stephen]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2023
|''Barage''
|Mide
|Directed by Emmanuel Akaemeh
|
|-
|''Selina's Wedding''
|Reuben
|with Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde
|
|-
|''A Young Time Ago''
|Older Tayo
|with Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde
|
|-
|''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]]''
|Shima
|Directed by Damola Ademola
|
|-
|''Lily of the Valley''
|Bily
|with Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin
|
|-
|''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]''
|Maleek (father)
|Directed by Niyi Akinmolayan
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MilMstImpFilm_Med&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Different Strokes''
|Khalid
|With Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022
|''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]''
|Wale
|Earned AFRIFF award and AMVCA nomination
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Selina''
|Reuben
|With Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev
|
|-
|''Jolly Roger''
|Brume
|Earned Africa Movie Academy Award nomination
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Still Falling]]''
|Captain Lagi
|Alongside [[Sharon Ooja]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|''Skin''
|Director
|Documentary Featuring [[Eku Edewor]] and [[Beverly Naya]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Storm''
|Storm
|Short film alongside [[Diane Russet]]
|
|-
|''Fish Bone''
|Inspector
|Shortfilm alongside [[Shafy Bello]] and Moshood Fattah
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2019
|''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]''
|Tony
|Alongside Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Makate Must Sell]]''
|Gbenro
|Alongside Igwe 2pac, Toyin Abraham, Diipo Adeusi
|
|-
|''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]]''
|Dele Coker
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|New Money]]''
|Ganiyu Osamede
|Alongside Dakore Akande
|
|-
|2017
|''Prey''
|Director
|Short skit
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Fim
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| 2022
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumin Actor a Matsayin Jagora
| ''Jolly Roger''|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards: Adjetey Anang wins, check out full list of winners – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-adjetey-anang-wins-check-out-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2022
| [[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Afirka]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Wasan Kwaikwayo, Fim ko Talabijin
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Kofa''|{{Won}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp &quot;Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 | Pulse Nigeria&quot;]. ''www.pulse.ng''. 14 November 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2023
| [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Barkwanci, Fim ko Shirye-shiryen Talabijin|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA – Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lawal 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Khadijat |date=2023-05-21 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Itim Eong ya auri Toyosi Etim-Effiong tun daga ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2017. Sun fara haduwa ne a watan Agusta 2016 yayin da suke aiki a kan aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2017 |title=WEDDINGSBN Celebrity Weddings: Toyosi Phillips &amp; Daniel Etim Effiong's #3StrandCord #YorubaEfikMergerBellaNaija Weddings |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/toyosi-phillips-and-etim-effiongs-3strandcord-wedding/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na fari, jaririya mace, a watan Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Toyosi and Daniel Etim Effiong's baby girl is here and she is so cute! |url=https://www.informationnigeria.com/2019/01/toyosi-and-daniel-etim-effiongs-baby-girl-is-here-and-she-is-so-cute.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>7wq5z56dfbrfki86pzmb3n7rbpuazew</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877907</id>
      <parentid>877906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
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{{Databox}}
'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).

A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! Bayanan kula
! Bayani
|-
| 2020
| ''Mataimakiyar Madams''
|
| Kashi 1
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle &amp; Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018–
| ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Ƙungiyar Maza]]''
| Lanre
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gidi Up]]''
| Folarin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2012
| ''Allah sarki Yau Litinin ce''
| Womilee
| Shirye-shirye 2
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
| Shirye-shirye 15
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwa Mata na Jini]]''
| Akin
| Shirye-shirye 4
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Oloture: Tafiya''
| Tony
| Shirye-shirye 3
|
|}

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''The Herd''
|
|Also director
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDufe2025&quot;&gt;Dufe, Sahndra Fon (2025-11-24). [https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea &quot;Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun&quot;]. ''Black Film Wire''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-11-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Aso Ebi Diaries]]''
|
|Directed by [[Biodun Stephen]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2023
|''Barage''
|Mide
|Directed by Emmanuel Akaemeh
|
|-
|''Selina's Wedding''
|Reuben
|with Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde
|
|-
|''A Young Time Ago''
|Older Tayo
|with Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde
|
|-
|''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]]''
|Shima
|Directed by Damola Ademola
|
|-
|''Lily of the Valley''
|Bily
|with Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin
|
|-
|''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]''
|Maleek (father)
|Directed by Niyi Akinmolayan
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MilMstImpFilm_Med&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Different Strokes''
|Khalid
|With Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022
|''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]''
|Wale
|Earned AFRIFF award and AMVCA nomination
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Selina''
|Reuben
|With Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev
|
|-
|''Jolly Roger''
|Brume
|Earned Africa Movie Academy Award nomination
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Still Falling]]''
|Captain Lagi
|Alongside [[Sharon Ooja]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|''Skin''
|Director
|Documentary Featuring [[Eku Edewor]] and [[Beverly Naya]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Storm''
|Storm
|Short film alongside [[Diane Russet]]
|
|-
|''Fish Bone''
|Inspector
|Shortfilm alongside [[Shafy Bello]] and Moshood Fattah
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2019
|''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]''
|Tony
|Alongside Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Makate Must Sell]]''
|Gbenro
|Alongside Igwe 2pac, Toyin Abraham, Diipo Adeusi
|
|-
|''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]]''
|Dele Coker
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|New Money]]''
|Ganiyu Osamede
|Alongside Dakore Akande
|
|-
|2017
|''Prey''
|Director
|Short skit
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Fim
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| 2022
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumin Actor a Matsayin Jagora
| ''Jolly Roger''|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards: Adjetey Anang wins, check out full list of winners – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-adjetey-anang-wins-check-out-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2022
| [[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Afirka]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Wasan Kwaikwayo, Fim ko Talabijin
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Kofa''|{{Won}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp &quot;Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 | Pulse Nigeria&quot;]. ''www.pulse.ng''. 14 November 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2023
| [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Barkwanci, Fim ko Shirye-shiryen Talabijin|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA – Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lawal 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Khadijat |date=2023-05-21 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Itim Eong ya auri Toyosi Etim-Effiong tun daga ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2017. Sun fara haduwa ne a watan Agusta 2016 yayin da suke aiki a kan aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2017 |title=WEDDINGSBN Celebrity Weddings: Toyosi Phillips &amp; Daniel Etim Effiong's #3StrandCord #YorubaEfikMergerBellaNaija Weddings |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/toyosi-phillips-and-etim-effiongs-3strandcord-wedding/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na fari, jaririya mace, a watan Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Toyosi and Daniel Etim Effiong's baby girl is here and she is so cute! |url=https://www.informationnigeria.com/2019/01/toyosi-and-daniel-etim-effiongs-baby-girl-is-here-and-she-is-so-cute.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>i5qvfuwl5uutcz7dtraichxu1rawflb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877908</id>
      <parentid>877907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:44:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
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{{Databox}}
'''Daniel Etim Effiong''', wanda kuma shi ne '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's &quot;Night With The Stars&quot; delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor &amp; Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] da ke [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] ; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ; da kuma [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Laftanar Kanar Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an zarge shi da yin ƙarya a [[Mamman Jiya Vatsa|juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa]] na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi gidan yari lokacin da Etim Effiong yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu a kan hanyarta ta zuwa ziyartar mijinta a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a shekarar 1993 kuma shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakkiyar afuwa ta shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2020.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Mary da ke [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], wacce ita ma take a Jihar Legas, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai a [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya]] da ke [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun yin fina-finai, rubutun allo da kuma darakta a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fina-finai ta AFDA]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. 

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekarun 2010 ===
Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai shirya abubuwan da ke cikin [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo da talabijin wadanda suka hada da ''Goddammit It's Monday'' (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakiyar Madams'', ''Castle and Castle'' (2018) da kuma ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' (2018).

A shekarar 2017, ya jagoranci wani fim mai tsawon mintuna biyar mai suna ''Prey'' wanda ya kunshi [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi &amp; Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film &quot;Prey&quot; on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim a cikin wasan barkwanci ''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|mai suna New Money]] .'' Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din barkwanci na Kenya, ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]], wanda ya'' fito a fim din tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma ya taka rawar shugabar kamfanin Najeriya na wani kamfani da ke Nairobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's &quot;Plan B&quot; starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon jarumi a barkwanci a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 7 [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|na AMVCA]] na 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka. &lt;ref name=&quot;En&quot; /&gt;

=== 2020s ===
A shekarar 2020, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da ''Fish Bone'', wani gajeren fim da ya magance matsalar jabun magunguna, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ya fito a cikin ''Storm,'' wani gajeren fim da ya fito a matsayin Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ya ba da umarni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film &quot;Storm&quot; Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, an fitar da fim dinsa na farko mai tsawon fasali, shirin gaskiya na Netflix [[Skin (fim din 2019)|''Skin'']], wanda ya binciki batun launin fata a Najeriya. Ya nuna [[Beverly Naya]] wacce ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's &quot;Skin&quot; Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ya fito a cikin [[Collision course|''Collision Course'']], wani fim na [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga motsi na [[End SARS|#EndSars]] . A wannan shekarar, ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin Netflix na shari'a, ''Castle and Castle.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as &quot;Collision Course&quot; wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] a shekarar 2022, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a bikin [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|zaɓen Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] na 2023. Ya kuma sami kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Jagorancin Rawar da ''Jolly Roger ya taka, wani'' wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka na Netflix. Ya fito a cikin ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|Blood Sisters]]'', wani shiri na farko na asali na Netflix wanda ya kai manyan 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30.  ''Selina,'' wani fim da aka yi don YouTube, ya shahara saboda kasancewa misali na farko na dorewar dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shiryen fina-finan Nollywood. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu kallo sun karɓe shi sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' suka biyo baya daga baya a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]] ,'' wanda ya yi fice a ofishin fina-finai na Najeriya; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 &amp; 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fim ɗin [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim ɗin fantasy na iyali mai rai da kuma mai motsi ta kwamfuta; ''Different Strokes'', wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]] ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Selina's Wedding,'' kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-finan ''Selina'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fito a cikin ''A Young Time Ago'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=&quot;A Young Time Ago&quot; Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lily of the Valley'', wani fim da aka fitar a YouTube wanda [[Nancy Isime]] ta fito tare.

A shekarar 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlòtūré: The Journey|fim ɗin Òlòtūré: The Journey]] ,'' wani shiri na Netflix mai iyaka kuma ci gaba da shirin Mo Abudu mai suna ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]'' (2019).

A shekarar 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin ''fim ɗin The Herd ,'' wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ya biyo bayan sace wasu mutane da 'yan bindiga suka yi kamar makiyaya. An fitar da shi a sinima a watan Oktoba, kuma ya fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! Bayanan kula
! Bayani
|-
| 2020
| ''Mataimakiyar Madams''
|
| Kashi 1
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle &amp; Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018–
| ''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Ƙungiyar Maza]]''
| Lanre
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gidi Up]]''
| Folarin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2012
| ''Allah sarki Yau Litinin ce''
| Womilee
| Shirye-shirye 2
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Castle da Castle''
| Mike Amenechi
| Shirye-shirye 15
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwa Mata na Jini]]''
| Akin
| Shirye-shirye 4
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Oloture: Tafiya''
| Tony
| Shirye-shirye 3
|
|}

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''The Herd''
|
|Also director
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDufe2025&quot;&gt;Dufe, Sahndra Fon (2025-11-24). [https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea &quot;Daniel Etim Effiong's &quot;The Herd&quot; Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun&quot;]. ''Black Film Wire''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-11-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Aso Ebi Diaries]]''
|
|Directed by [[Biodun Stephen]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2023
|''Barage''
|Mide
|Directed by Emmanuel Akaemeh
|
|-
|''Selina's Wedding''
|Reuben
|with Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde
|
|-
|''A Young Time Ago''
|Older Tayo
|with Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde
|
|-
|''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A Weekend To Forget]]''
|Shima
|Directed by Damola Ademola
|
|-
|''Lily of the Valley''
|Bily
|with Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin
|
|-
|''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]''
|Maleek (father)
|Directed by Niyi Akinmolayan
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MilMstImpFilm_Med&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Different Strokes''
|Khalid
|With Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022
|''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]''
|Wale
|Earned AFRIFF award and AMVCA nomination
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Selina''
|Reuben
|With Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev
|
|-
|''Jolly Roger''
|Brume
|Earned Africa Movie Academy Award nomination
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Still Falling]]''
|Captain Lagi
|Alongside [[Sharon Ooja]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|''Skin''
|Director
|Documentary Featuring [[Eku Edewor]] and [[Beverly Naya]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Storm''
|Storm
|Short film alongside [[Diane Russet]]
|
|-
|''Fish Bone''
|Inspector
|Shortfilm alongside [[Shafy Bello]] and Moshood Fattah
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's &quot;Fishbone&quot; Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2019
|''[[Òlóturé|Òlòtūré]]''
|Tony
|Alongside Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Makate Must Sell]]''
|Gbenro
|Alongside Igwe 2pac, Toyin Abraham, Diipo Adeusi
|
|-
|''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]]''
|Dele Coker
|Lead role
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|New Money]]''
|Ganiyu Osamede
|Alongside Dakore Akande
|
|-
|2017
|''Prey''
|Director
|Short skit
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija.com&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Fim
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| 2022
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumin Actor a Matsayin Jagora
| ''Jolly Roger''|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards: Adjetey Anang wins, check out full list of winners – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-adjetey-anang-wins-check-out-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2022
| [[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Afirka]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Wasan Kwaikwayo, Fim ko Talabijin
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Kofa''|{{Won}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp &quot;Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 | Pulse Nigeria&quot;]. ''www.pulse.ng''. 14 November 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2023
| [[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasan Barkwanci, Fim ko Shirye-shiryen Talabijin|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA – Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lawal 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Khadijat |date=2023-05-21 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Itim Eong ya auri Toyosi Etim-Effiong tun daga ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2017. Sun fara haduwa ne a watan Agusta 2016 yayin da suke aiki a kan aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2017 |title=WEDDINGSBN Celebrity Weddings: Toyosi Phillips &amp; Daniel Etim Effiong's #3StrandCord #YorubaEfikMergerBellaNaija Weddings |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/toyosi-phillips-and-etim-effiongs-3strandcord-wedding/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗansu na fari, jaririya mace, a watan Janairun 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Toyosi and Daniel Etim Effiong's baby girl is here and she is so cute! |url=https://www.informationnigeria.com/2019/01/toyosi-and-daniel-etim-effiongs-baby-girl-is-here-and-she-is-so-cute.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]

==Mana</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Ikubese</title>
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        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
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      <comment>An kirkira ta fassara &quot;Personal life&quot; daga shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347088232|Emmanuel Ikubese]]&quot;</comment>
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Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8]

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa.

== Ayyuka ==
Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre  a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin &quot;ainihinsa&quot; lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi.

== Kyaututtuka ==
Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . 

Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A shekarar 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye .   Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa.

== Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ==

* ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi''
* ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy''
* ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi''
* ''Run (2017) ''
* My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy
* ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka''
* ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas''
* ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff''
* ''Deeds (2020) ''
* ''Marrying a Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo''
* ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem''
* ''Meeting Funmi's Parents (2024) a matsayin Jimoh''

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Rayuwarta ==

A shekarar 2019, Ikubese ya yi baiko (ya nemi aure) ga ƙwararriyar mai gyaran kwalliya ta Najeriya mai suna Anita Adetoye. A wata hira da ya yi da jaridar The Punch, Ikubese ya bayyana cewa abubuwan da yake sha'awar yi (hobbies) sun haɗa da buga ƙwallon kwando, buga ƙwallon ƙafa, da kuma girki.
== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Khotso Mokhele</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Mokhele Khotso David Kenneth''' ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman ga ministan kimiyya da fasaha na Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne shugaban Jami'ar Free State, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban gidauniyar Bincike ta Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne shugaba mai zaman kansa ba darekta mai zartarwa na rukunin MTN ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mokhele Khotso David Kenneth {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mokhele-khotso-david-kenneth |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.aasciences.africa |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206084416/https://aasciences.africa/fellow/mokhele-khotso-david-kenneth |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Khotso Mokhele |url=http://www.seasonedcap.com/dr-khotso-mokhele/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Seasoned Capital |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212025306/http://www.seasonedcap.com/dr-khotso-mokhele/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Partnership IAP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Partnership (IAP) |first=the InterAcademy |title=Khotso Mokhele |url=https://www.interacademies.org/person/khotso-mokhele |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.interacademies.org |date=28 February 2016 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khotso Mokhele – Lead Independent Non-Executive Director at MTN Group |url=https://theorg.com/org/mtn-group-ltd/org-chart/khotso-mokhele |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Khotso Mokhele |url=https://www.mtn.com/boardofdirectors/kdk-mokhele/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=MTN.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MTN.ZA Company Profile &amp; Executives – MTN Group Ltd. – Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/ZA/XJSE/MTN/company-people/executive-profile/156441 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.wsj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;      

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Khotso Mokhele a [[Bloemfontein]]. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Moroka kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin aikin gona daga Jami'ar Fort Hare. Ya sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyyar Abinci da PhD a Microbiology daga Jami'ar California a ƙarƙashin tallafin karatun Fulbright-Hays. Bayan haka, ya yi karatun digirinsa na biyu a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta Amurka. Ya kuma sami digiri na girmamawa takwas a Jami'o'in Afirka ta Kudu da Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2016 |title=Dr Khotso Mokhele |work=The Journalist |url=http://www.thejournalist.org.za/contributor/dr-khotso-mokhele/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Khotso Mokhele |url=https://www.ufs.ac.za/alumni/alumni-awards/winners-2018-2019/dr-khotso-mokhele |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.ufs.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khotso Mokhele – Wits University |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/alumni/distinguished-graduates/honorary-degree-citations/khotso-mokhele/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.wits.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Partnership IAP&quot;/&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Aikin ilimi ===
Khotso Mokhele ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Fort Hare tsakanin shekara ta (1987) zuwa (1989) kuma ya shafe shekaru biyu a Jami'ar Cape Town. A shekarar ta alif (1992) ya shiga gidauniyar ci gaban bincike a matsayin daya daga cikin mataimakan shugabanta kuma ya gaji Dr Rein Arndt a matsayin shugaba a shekarar 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trustees – Hans Merensky Foundation |url=https://www.hmfoundation.co.za/about-hmf/our-present/trustees/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228170146/https://www.hmfoundation.co.za/about-hmf/our-present/trustees/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sana'ar kimiyya ===
Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya da suka tsara tsarin kimiyya da fasaha a Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu (ASSAF), sau biyu memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari kan Innovation ga Ministan Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Tsare-tsare na Kimiyya da Bita na ƙasa da ƙasa. Majalisar Kimiyya (ICSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trustees – Hans Merensky Foundation |url=https://www.hmfoundation.co.za/about-hmf/our-present/trustees/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228170146/https://www.hmfoundation.co.za/about-hmf/our-present/trustees/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jagoranci da aikin kamfani ===
Khotso Mokhele ya kasance shugaba mara zartarwa a Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd., Shugaban Kamfanin Tiger Brands Ltd., Shugaban kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa a ArcelorMittal South Africa Ltd. Shugaban zartarwa na Adcock Ingram Holdings Ltd. Shugaban kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Bincike ta Kasa, Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka ta Kudu da Shugaba a Gidauniyar Bincike ta Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 August 2020 |title=South Africa's Tiger Brands Chairman Mokhele to step down |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-uk-tiger-brands-outlook-idAFKBN25H1OU-OZABS |access-date=2022-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;     

A halin yanzu shi ne Jagoran mai zaman kansa ba darekta ba a MTN Group, Afrox Limited kuma ba darekta ba na Hans Merensky Holdings (Pty) Limited

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
Shugaban Faransa ya ba shi kyautar Chevalier na Legion of Honor. A shekarar 2009 ya sami lambar yabo ta Fasaha Top 100 Lifetime Achievers Award kuma a shekarar 2015 ya sami lambar yabo ta Diflomasiya ta Kimiyya daga Ministan Kimiyya da Fasaha a Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chaloka Beyani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>878368</id>
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'''Chaloka Beyani''' ya kasance farfesa ne a fannin dokokin kasa da kasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London (LSE).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/people/academic-staff/chaloka-beyani&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya yi aiki tare da buga littattafai da yawa a fannonin dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, da dokokin laifuka na kasa da kasa da dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi taimakon jin kai  da kuma gudun hijirar jama'a, musamman ma gudun hijira a cikin gida .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvIdJPZSeUc&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2023 Beyani ta zabi Zambiya a matsayin zababben kotun kasa da kasa (ICJ). Netherlands ta zabi Beyani.  A baya Zambia ta fitar da Beyani a zaben alkalan kotun kasa da kasa na shekarar 2017, amma ya janye sunansa kafin gudanar da zaben ‘yan takara. Idan aka zabe shi, da ya kasance alkali na farko dan kasar Zambia a kotun ICJ.  Bayan zagaye biyar na jefa kuri'a a kwamitin sulhu da zagaye daya na zaben a babban taron, Beyani ba a zabi shi ba.

==Rayuwar Farko da Karatu==
An haifi Beyani a Chalimbana kuma ya girma a Sinakoba, Zambia a 1959.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-internally-displaced-persons/dr-chaloka-beyani-former-special-rapporteur-2010-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

a samu LL. Digiri na B. a 1982 da LL. M. digiri a 1984, dukansu daga Jami'ar Zambia

==Aikin Ilimi==
Beyani ya koyar a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta London tun 1996, inda ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa a fannin Shari'a. A can, yana koyar da Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Duniya, Dokokin kasa da kasa da Harkar Jama'a a cikin Jihohi, da Dokokin kasa da kasa da Harkar Mutane Tsakanin Jihohi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/people/academic-staff/chaloka-beyani&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin kare hakkin dan Adam==
A cikin 2005, an nada Beyani Masanin Tarayyar Afirka don tsarawa da yin shawarwari kan Yarjejeniya ta Tarayyar Afirka don Kariya da Taimakon Mutanen Gudun Hijira ( Yarjejeniyar Kampala ), wanda aka amince da shi a cikin 2009 kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 2012.  

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1959]]
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878369</id>
      <parentid>878368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:02:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="2122" sha1="sivkffc0r667sn7nra0gsrxm1g3iw4h" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Chaloka Beyani''' ya kasance [[farfesa]] ne a fannin dokokin kasa da kasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London (LSE).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/people/academic-staff/chaloka-beyani&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya yi aiki tare da buga littattafai da yawa a fannonin dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, da dokokin laifuka na kasa da kasa da dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi taimakon jin kai  da kuma gudun hijirar jama'a, musamman ma gudun hijira a cikin gida .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvIdJPZSeUc&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2023 Beyani ta zabi Zambiya a matsayin zababben kotun kasa da kasa (ICJ). Netherlands ta zabi Beyani.  A baya Zambia ta fitar da Beyani a zaben alkalan kotun kasa da kasa na shekarar 2017, amma ya janye sunansa kafin gudanar da zaben ‘yan takara. Idan aka zabe shi, da ya kasance alkali na farko dan kasar Zambia a kotun ICJ.  Bayan zagaye biyar na jefa kuri'a a kwamitin sulhu da zagaye daya na zaben a babban taron, Beyani ba a zabi shi ba.

==Rayuwar Farko da Karatu==
An haifi Beyani a Chalimbana kuma ya girma a Sinakoba, Zambia a 1959.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-internally-displaced-persons/dr-chaloka-beyani-former-special-rapporteur-2010-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

a samu LL. Digiri na B. a 1982 da LL. M. digiri a 1984, dukansu daga Jami'ar Zambia

==Aikin Ilimi==
Beyani ya koyar a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta London tun 1996, inda ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa a fannin Shari'a. A can, yana koyar da Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Duniya, Dokokin kasa da kasa da Harkar Jama'a a cikin Jihohi, da Dokokin kasa da kasa da Harkar Mutane Tsakanin Jihohi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/people/academic-staff/chaloka-beyani&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin kare hakkin dan Adam==
A cikin 2005, an nada Beyani Masanin Tarayyar Afirka don tsarawa da yin shawarwari kan Yarjejeniya ta Tarayyar Afirka don Kariya da Taimakon Mutanen Gudun Hijira ( Yarjejeniyar Kampala ), wanda aka amince da shi a cikin 2009 kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 2012.  

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1959]]
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>sivkffc0r667sn7nra0gsrxm1g3iw4h</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>878369</parentid>
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        <id>25549</id>
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'''Chaloka Beyani''' ya kasance [[farfesa]] ne a fannin dokokin kasa da kasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London (LSE).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/people/academic-staff/chaloka-beyani&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya yi aiki tare da buga littattafai da yawa a fannonin dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, da dokokin laifuka na kasa da kasa da dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi taimakon jin kai  da kuma gudun hijirar jama'a, musamman ma gudun hijira a cikin gida .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvIdJPZSeUc&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2023 Beyani ta zabi Zambiya a matsayin zababben kotun kasa da kasa (ICJ). Netherlands ta zabi Beyani.  A baya Zambia ta fitar da Beyani a zaben alkalan kotun kasa da kasa na shekarar 2017, amma ya janye sunansa kafin gudanar da zaben ‘yan takara. Idan aka zabe shi, da ya kasance alkali na farko dan kasar Zambia a kotun ICJ.  Bayan zagaye biyar na jefa kuri'a a kwamitin sulhu da zagaye daya na zaben a babban taron, Beyani ba a zabi shi ba.

==Rayuwar Farko da Karatu==
An haifi Beyani a Chalimbana kuma ya girma a Sinakoba, Zambia a 1959.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-internally-displaced-persons/dr-chaloka-beyani-former-special-rapporteur-2010-2016&lt;/ref&gt;

a samu LL. Digiri na B. a 1982 da LL. M. digiri a 1984, dukansu daga Jami'ar Zambia

==Aikin Ilimi==
Beyani ya koyar a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta London tun 1996, inda ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa a fannin Shari'a. A can, yana koyar da Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Duniya, Dokokin kasa da kasa da Harkar Jama'a a cikin Jihohi, da Dokokin kasa da kasa da Harkar Mutane Tsakanin Jihohi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/people/academic-staff/chaloka-beyani&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin kare hakkin dan Adam==
A cikin 2005, an nada Beyani Masanin Tarayyar [[Afirka]] don tsarawa da yin shawarwari kan Yarjejeniya ta Tarayyar Afirka don Kariya da Taimakon Mutanen Gudun Hijira ( Yarjejeniyar Kampala ), wanda aka amince da shi a cikin 2009 kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 2012.  

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1959]]
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>4kidn92gts05l0t36c808n77kwlwbjo</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>T. Q. Armar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878470</id>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
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'''Theophilus Quancoo Armar''' (4 ga Agusta 1915 - 2000) masanin ilimi ne dan [[Ghana]], mawallafi kuma marubucin littafi.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=-U_SBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=t+q+armar&amp;pg=PA24&lt;/ref&gt;
 
==Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
An haife shi a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1915, shekarun farko na Armar ya kasance a makarantar maza na gwamnati, inda ya yi karatu daga 1921 zuwa 1931.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=x_8OAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=1915&lt;/ref&gt;  A 1933, ya shiga Accra Academy don karatun sakandare kuma ya kammala a 1936 a matsayin shugaban kula da rukunin ɗalibai na 1936. Armar ya yi karatun sakandare a Jami'ar Southampton daga 1945 zuwa 1947.  Daga 1947 zuwa 1948, ya yi rajista a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Jami'ar London don kwas na shekara guda.

==Sana`a==
Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare, sai ya shiga aikin koyarwa a makarantarsa; Accra Academy . An kuma sanya shi kula da ɗakin karatu na makarantar daga 1937 zuwa 1945.

Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a a kasar Ingila a shekarar 1948, Armar ya koma makarantar Accra Academy don ci gaba da aikinsa na koyarwa. Ya kasance malamin makarantar har zuwa 1956. Kusan shekara guda, Armar shine riko na Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin Accra.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=x_8OAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=1957&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya ya zama jami'in kula da kuma babban jami'in lissafi na makarantar. Armar ya bar Makarantar Accra a 1957 don shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka. Ya shafe kimanin shekaru goma a makarantar yana zama shugaban makarantar sannan kuma sakataren taron shugabannin rana da karfafa makarantun sakandire a shekarar 1959.  Daga 1961 zuwa 1965, ya zama sakataren taron shugabannin makarantun sakandare (CHASS). Ya yi ritaya na son rai daga hidimar koyarwa ta Ghana a watan Disamba 1967, kuma a cikin Janairu 1968, ya zama wakilin Ghana na Macmillan and Company Ltd.    

Kimanin shekaru shida (daga 1962 zuwa 1968), ya kasance yana da alaƙa da haɓaka Sabon Lissafi, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari kan Watsa Labarai da Talabijin na Makarantu har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya na son rai a watan Disamba 1967. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ilimin lissafi na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na ƙasar Ghana.
 
==Aiki==
Armar ya rubuta tare da rubuta littattafan rubutu da littattafan malamai da yawa,&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=nL0TzQEACAAJ&amp;q=theophilus+quancoo+armar&lt;/ref&gt;  wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da; Maƙasudin Tambayoyi da Amsoshi a cikin Lissafi na Makarantun Tsakiya a Afirka ta Yamma, Lissafi na Zamani don Makarantun Firamare, Littattafai 1-8, Koyarwar Lissafi na Elementary Littattafai 1-6, da Littattafan Malamai 1-6.
    
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1915]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>i1kgq5sjw503f59egyxk6fiog3vfkl8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878472</id>
      <parentid>878470</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:38:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="2734" sha1="3emc591puibh4vjccetg2yjtw6vslar" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Theophilus Quancoo Armar''' (4 ga Agusta 1915 - 2000) masanin ilimi ne dan [[Ghana]], mawallafi kuma marubucin littafi.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=-U_SBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=t+q+armar&amp;pg=PA24&lt;/ref&gt;
 
==Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
An haife shi a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1915, shekarun farko na Armar ya kasance a makarantar maza na gwamnati, inda ya yi karatu daga 1921 zuwa 1931.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=x_8OAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=1915&lt;/ref&gt;  A 1933, ya shiga Accra Academy don karatun sakandare kuma ya kammala a 1936 a matsayin shugaban kula da rukunin ɗalibai na 1936. Armar ya yi karatun sakandare a Jami'ar Southampton daga 1945 zuwa 1947.  Daga 1947 zuwa 1948, ya yi rajista a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Jami'ar London don kwas na shekara guda.

==Sana`a==
Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare, sai ya shiga aikin koyarwa a makarantarsa; Accra Academy . An kuma sanya shi kula da ɗakin karatu na makarantar daga 1937 zuwa 1945.

Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a a kasar Ingila a shekarar 1948, Armar ya koma makarantar Accra Academy don ci gaba da aikinsa na koyarwa. Ya kasance malamin makarantar har zuwa 1956. Kusan shekara guda, Armar shine riko na Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin Accra.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=x_8OAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=1957&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya ya zama jami'in kula da kuma babban jami'in lissafi na makarantar. Armar ya bar Makarantar Accra a 1957 don shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka. Ya shafe kimanin shekaru goma a makarantar yana zama shugaban makarantar sannan kuma sakataren taron shugabannin rana da karfafa makarantun sakandire a shekarar 1959.  Daga 1961 zuwa 1965, ya zama sakataren taron shugabannin makarantun sakandare (CHASS). Ya yi ritaya na son rai daga hidimar koyarwa ta Ghana a watan Disamba 1967, kuma a cikin Janairu 1968, ya zama wakilin Ghana na Macmillan and Company Ltd.    

Kimanin shekaru shida (daga 1962 zuwa 1968), ya kasance yana da alaƙa da haɓaka Sabon Lissafi, ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari kan Watsa Labarai da Talabijin na Makarantu har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya na son rai a watan Disamba 1967. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ilimin lissafi na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na ƙasar Ghana.
 
==Aiki==
Armar ya rubuta tare da rubuta littattafan rubutu da littattafan malamai da yawa,&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=nL0TzQEACAAJ&amp;q=theophilus+quancoo+armar&lt;/ref&gt;  wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da; Maƙasudin Tambayoyi da Amsoshi a cikin Lissafi na Makarantun Tsakiya a Afirka ta Yamma, Lissafi na Zamani don Makarantun Firamare, Littattafai 1-8, Koyarwar Lissafi na Elementary Littattafai 1-6, da Littattafan Malamai 1-6.
    
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1915]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2000]]</text>
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    <title>Joyce Kinabo</title>
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'''Joyce Ludovick Kinabo''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955, kamar yadda '''Joyce Chisawilo''' ) Malama kuma [[farfesa]] ce sannan kuma mai bincike [[Tanzaniya|ta Tanzaniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/joyce-kinabo-phd |title=Prof Joyce Kinabo Profile from Indicators of Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Africa (IANDA) |access-date=2023-12-25 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203102/https://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/joyce-kinabo-phd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;   Tana aiki a Jami'ar Aikin Noma ta Sokoine (SUA) a Morogoro, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a Sashen Fasahar Abinci, inda take bincike da koyar da fannoni daban-daban na [[Kimiyya|kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.coa.sua.ac.tz/afood/index.php/86-staff?start=30 |title=Prof Joyce Kinabo Sokoine University of Agriculture Profile |access-date=2023-12-25 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205144/https://www.coa.sua.ac.tz/afood/index.php/86-staff?start=30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=Joyce Kinabo - AGRIDIET |url=https://agridiet.ucc.ie/2013/02/19/joyce-kinabo/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203658/https://agridiet.ucc.ie/2013/02/19/joyce-kinabo/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== Ilimi da girmamawa ==
An haifi Kinabo a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 1955 'ya ce ga David Peter Chisawilo da Ekilia David Chitungo-Chisawilo a Mpwapwa, yankin Dodoma, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].

Lokacin da ta kammala makarantar sakandare, an zaɓi Joyce don halartar makarantar sakandare ta ’yan mata ta Kilakala a shekarar 1975 kuma bayan kammala karatun ta yi shekarar da ta wajaba ta hidimar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mrindoko 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mrindoko |first1=Sebastian |title=Joyce Kinabo: Prof Who Has Excelled in Human Nutrition |url=https://www.dailynews.co.tz/news/joyce-kinabo-prof-who-has-excelled-in-human-nutrition.aspx |access-date=21 June 2021 |work=Daily News |date=March 15, 2012 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624231819/https://www.dailynews.co.tz/news/joyce-kinabo-prof-who-has-excelled-in-human-nutrition.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekarar 1980, ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin aikin gona tare da babban digiri a Kimiyyar Abinci da Fasaha daga Jami'ar [[Dar es Salaam]]. Ta tafi aiki a Cibiyar Abinci da Nutrition [[Tanzaniya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mrindoko 2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joyce Kinabo, PhD {{!}} IANDA |url=https://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/joyce-kinabo-phd |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203102/https://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/joyce-kinabo-phd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

A shekara ta 1984 ta sami digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a kimiyyar abinci daga Jami'ar Leeds a Ingila kuma a cikin shekarar 1990 ta sami Doctor of Science in Nutritional Physiology daga Jami'ar [[Glasgow]], Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nations 2019 p. 72&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Nations |first=F.A.O.U. |title=International Symposium on Fisheries Sustainability: Strengthening the science-policy nexus |publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org. |year=2019 |isbn=978-92-5-131898-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecS8DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA72 |access-date=21 June 2021 |page=72}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Andrew Tarimo – Tanzanian irrigation engineer

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Haifaffun 1955]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ZR-7: The Red House Seven</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346744486|ZR-7: The Red House Seven]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5818" sha1="bbd71n6qmpsfxr2hn6wkq31j85lhcsg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox vevent&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;&quot; |ZR-7: Gidan Red Bakwai
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An ba da umarni daga
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* [[Udoka Oyeka]]
* Olufemi D. Ogunsanwo
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Rubuce-rubuce
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Olufemi D. Ogunsanwo
* Udoka Oyeka
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An samar da shi ta hanyar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Olufemi D. Ogunsanwo
* Udoka Oyeka
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Fitowa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Norbert Young
* Ayinla O. Abdulakeem
* Rilwan Mohammed
* Yakubu Abashiya
* Ife Komolafe
* Adeyemi Okanlawon
* Udoka Oyeka
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Hotuna
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kagho C. Idhebor
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An shirya shi ta hanyar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chidi Nwaozomudoh
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Waƙoƙi ta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ore 'Re Olunuga &amp; Rundunar Sojojin Jama'a
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Kamfanoni masu samarwa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;AppleGazer &amp; Karmacause Productions&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;&quot;&gt;Ranar fitarwa&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist film-date&quot;&gt;
* Agusta 19, 2011 &lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated itvstart&quot;&gt;2011-08-19&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Najeriya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Harshe
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Turanci
|}
ZR-7: The Red House Seven fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-22 |title=New Themes, Fresh Talent – Check Out Photos from the premiere of Nigerian Boarding School Adventure – &quot;ZR-7&quot; |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/08/22/new-themes-fresh-talent-check-out-photos-from-the-premiere-of-nigerian-boarding-school-adventure-zr-7/ |access-date=2013-08-25 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da shi ta hanyar duo na Olufemi D. Ogunsanwo &amp; [[Udoka Oyeka]]; tare da Norbert Young, Ayinla O. Abdulakeem, Yakubu Abashiya, [[Adeyemi Okanlawon]], Rilwan Mohammed, Ife Komolafe da Udoka Oyoka. An zabi fim din ne don lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Afirka a 2012 Africa Movie Academy Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria and South Africa lead AMAA nominations &amp;#124; Africa Movie Academy Awards |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/news/nigeria-and-south-africa-lead-amaa-nominations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813053353/http://ama-awards.com/news/nigeria-and-south-africa-lead-amaa-nominations |archive-date=2013-08-13 |access-date=2013-08-25 |publisher=Ama-awards.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makirci ==
Labarin rayuwa ce ta gargajiya ta [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] &lt;ref name=&quot;nigeriadailynews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Daily News: The movie makers |url=http://www.nigeriadailynews.com/feed/news/25899-the-movie-makers.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524172932/http://www.nigeriadailynews.com/feed/news/25899-the-movie-makers.txt |archive-date=2014-05-24 |access-date=2014-02-28 |publisher=Nigeriadailynews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kasada da ta shafi TJ tare da abokansa shida yayin da yake aji na 7. Yaran da farko sun firgita da duk abubuwan da suke da su don tsalle don tsira daga malamai, prefects, mugayen tsofaffi, abinci na ɗakin cin abinci, ɓarayi, yankan ciyawa, wanke gidaje da duk sauran abubuwan da kowa zai fuskanta a makarantar kwana ta Najeriya  zai fuskanta. Amma lokacin da TJ da yara maza ba zato ba tsammani suka ga wani mutum da dalibai mata biyu a cikin matsayi mai sassauci, abin da suke yi da wannan bayanin ba shine kawai matsalarsu a makaranta ba, amma abin kunya da ya haifar zai canza rayuwarsu fiye da mafarkin su mafi muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;logbaby&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Logbaby |url=http://logbaby.com/classifieds/pages.php?u=holiday-makers-storm-cinemas-for-red-house-seven&amp;id=8605#.UWadTGN4ut8 |access-date=12 January 2014 |publisher=logbaby.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Norbert Young]] - Ministan Ilimi
* Ayinla O. Abdulakeem - Little TJ
* Yakubu Abashiya - Victor Essien
* Fakiyesi Ayotola - Fab biyu
* Kafari David - Fab daya
* Ubandawaki Basit - Chiedu
* Samy Eddi - Arinze
* Kelvin Maduoku - Anthony Kelechi
* Rilwan Mohammed - Rolly D
* Ife Komolafe - Vicky
* [[Deyemi Okanlawon|Adeyemi Okanlawon]] - Mista Alabi
* [[Udoka Oyeka]] - Tsohon TJ
* Bakare Mubarak - Toks

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="5829" sha1="tihipllxs8pkzazwkrv3s4f7do1zxy9" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox vevent&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;&quot; |ZR-7: Gidan Red Bakwai
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An ba da umarni daga
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* [[Udoka Oyeka]]
* Olufemi D. Ogunsanwo
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Rubuce-rubuce
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Olufemi D. Ogunsanwo
* Udoka Oyeka
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An samar da shi ta hanyar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Olufemi D. Ogunsanwo
* Udoka Oyeka
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Fitowa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Norbert Young
* Ayinla O. Abdulakeem
* Rilwan Mohammed
* Yakubu Abashiya
* Ife Komolafe
* Adeyemi Okanlawon
* Udoka Oyeka
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Hotuna
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kagho C. Idhebor
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An shirya shi ta hanyar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chidi Nwaozomudoh
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Waƙoƙi ta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ore 'Re Olunuga &amp; Rundunar Sojojin Jama'a
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Kamfanoni masu samarwa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;AppleGazer &amp; Karmacause Productions&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;&quot;&gt;Ranar fitarwa&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist film-date&quot;&gt;
* Agusta 19, 2011 &lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated itvstart&quot;&gt;2011-08-19&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Najeriya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Harshe
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Turanci
|}
ZR-7: The Red House Seven fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-22 |title=New Themes, Fresh Talent – Check Out Photos from the premiere of Nigerian Boarding School Adventure – &quot;ZR-7&quot; |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/08/22/new-themes-fresh-talent-check-out-photos-from-the-premiere-of-nigerian-boarding-school-adventure-zr-7/ |access-date=2013-08-25 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar da shi ta hanyar duo na Olufemi D. Ogunsanwo &amp; [[Udoka Oyeka]]; tare da Norbert Young, Ayinla O. Abdulakeem, Yakubu Abashiya, [[Adeyemi Okanlawon]], Rilwan Mohammed, Ife Komolafe da Udoka Oyoka. An zabi fim din ne don lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Afirka a 2012 Africa Movie Academy Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria and South Africa lead AMAA nominations &amp;#124; Africa Movie Academy Awards |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/news/nigeria-and-south-africa-lead-amaa-nominations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813053353/http://ama-awards.com/news/nigeria-and-south-africa-lead-amaa-nominations |archive-date=2013-08-13 |access-date=2013-08-25 |publisher=Ama-awards.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makirci ==
Labarin rayuwa ce ta gargajiya ta [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] &lt;ref name=&quot;nigeriadailynews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Daily News: The movie makers |url=http://www.nigeriadailynews.com/feed/news/25899-the-movie-makers.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524172932/http://www.nigeriadailynews.com/feed/news/25899-the-movie-makers.txt |archive-date=2014-05-24 |access-date=2014-02-28 |publisher=Nigeriadailynews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kasada da ta shafi TJ tare da abokansa shida yayin da yake aji na 7. Yaran da farko sun firgita da duk abubuwan da suke da su don tsalle don tsira daga malamai, prefects, mugayen tsofaffi, abinci na ɗakin cin abinci, ɓarayi, yankan ciyawa, wanke gidaje da duk sauran abubuwan da kowa zai fuskanta a makarantar kwana ta Najeriya  zai fuskanta. Amma lokacin da TJ da yara maza ba zato ba tsammani suka ga wani mutum da dalibai mata biyu a cikin matsayi mai sassauci, abin da suke yi da wannan bayanin ba shine kawai matsalarsu a makaranta ba, amma abin kunya da ya haifar zai canza rayuwarsu fiye da mafarkin su mafi muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;logbaby&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Logbaby |url=http://logbaby.com/classifieds/pages.php?u=holiday-makers-storm-cinemas-for-red-house-seven&amp;id=8605#.UWadTGN4ut8 |access-date=12 January 2014 |publisher=logbaby.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Norbert Young]] - Ministan Ilimi
* Ayinla O. Abdulakeem - Little TJ
* Yakubu Abashiya - Victor Essien
* Fakiyesi Ayotola - Fab biyu
* Kafari David - Fab daya
* Ubandawaki Basit - Chiedu
* Samy Eddi - Arinze
* Kelvin Maduoku - Anthony Kelechi
* Rilwan Mohammed - Rolly D
* Ife Komolafe - Vicky
* [[Deyemi Okanlawon|Adeyemi Okanlawon]] - Mista Alabi
* [[Udoka Oyeka]] - Tsohon TJ
* Bakare Mubarak - Toks

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yanci (fim na 2016)</title>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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'''Freedom''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar Uganda na shekarar 2016, wanda aka shirya a lokacin yaƙin NRA kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da mummunar cin zarafin da Amelia ([[Nisha Kalema]]) ta sha a hannun mahaifinta. Richard Mulindwa ne ya samar da fim din kuma Mulindwa da Nisha Kalema ne suka shirya fim din. Bayan da aka saki shi, fim din ya mamaye gabatarwa da kyaututtuka a shekarar 2016, Uganda Film Festival Awards tare da gabatarwa tara da nasarori shida ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim, Darakta Mafi Kyawun, Mafi Kyawun Actor (fim) da Mafi Kyawu Actress (fim).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kaggwa |first1=Andrew |title=Freedom dominates Uganda Film festival awards |url=https://bigeye.ug/full-list-of-winners-from-the-uganda-film-festival/ |accessdate=20 August 2019 |agency=The Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Muneza |first1=Stephen |title=‘Freedom’ sweeps the board at Uganda film awards |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2016/08/29/freedom-sweeps-the-board-at-uganda-film-awards.html |accessdate=20 August 2019 |agency=Eagle |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820141153/https://eagle.co.ug/2016/08/29/freedom-sweeps-the-board-at-uganda-film-awards.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Panabelle |first1=Patricia |title=Freedom The Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3F8D6LBJ9I |website=Youtube: CineBuzz Uganda |accessdate=20 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. ==
Mai gabatar da fina-finai na Burtaniya kuma ministan addini George Hargreaves ya gabatar da Freedom a kan mataki a Turai a watan Agusta shekarar 2017. An shirya shi a Bikin Edinburgh Fringe a Scotland da kuma Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bernie Grant a Landan tsakanin watan Agusta 15-26th a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ugandan film ‘Freedom’ set for UK stage debut |url=https://edge.ug/2017/06/27/ugandan-film-freedom-set-for-uk-stage-debut/ |accessdate=20 August 2019 |agency=Edge |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020004948/http://edge.ug/2017/06/27/ugandan-film-freedom-set-for-uk-stage-debut/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici game da Screenplay. ==
[[Nisha Kalema]] wacce ta kasance marubucin fim din ta rasa takardun rubuce-rubucen allo a kan hotunan talla, DVD na fim da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo, saboda haka ta fadi tare da masu shirya fim din. Duk  haka an ba ta lambar yabo a kan IMDb don rubutun allo.

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa. ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background: #FBFC8A;&quot; |Kyaututtuka da Nominations
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!An karɓa ta hanyar
!Sakamakon
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |Kyautar Bikin Fim na Uganda (UFF)  
|Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta / Zane mafi Kyawu
|| {{Won}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun Cinematography
|| {{Won}}
|-
|Fim na shekara / Darakta Mafi Kyawu
|| {{Won}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (Fim) 
|[[Nisha Kalema]]| {{Won}}
|-
|Fim mafi Kyau
|Richard Mulindwa| {{Won}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun Gyara / Post Production
|| {{Won}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun Fim
|| {{Nom}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun Actor (Fim) 
|Raymond Rushabiro| {{Nom}}
|-
|Sauti Mafi Kyawu
|| {{Nom}}
|-
|}

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kiwix</title>
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[[File:Kiwix logo v3.svg|thumb|Kiwix]]
[[Fayil:Installation Kiwix au Lycée de Tivaouane.jpg|thumb|kiwix]]
[[Kiwix]] kyauta ce kuma buɗaɗɗen tushen burauzar gidan [[yanar gizo]] ta hanyar &quot;'''Emmanuel Engelhart da Renaud Gaudin&quot;''' a cikin 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/09/12/emmanuel-engelhart-inventor-of-kiwix/&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ƙaddamar da shi don ba da damar shiga cikin [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]], amma tun daga lokacin ya faɗaɗa don haɗawa da wasu ayyuka daga [https://Wikimedia.org Gidauniyar Wikimedia], rubutun yanki na jama'a daga Project Gutenberg, yawancin wuraren musayar Stack, da sauran albarkatu masu yawa. Akwai a cikin fiye da harsuna 100, Kiwix an haɗa shi cikin manyan ayyuka da yawa, daga ayyukan fasa-kwauri a Koriya ta Arewa[&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wired.com/2015/03/north-korea/&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa mai karɓar Bibliothèques [[:en:Bibliothèques_Sans_Frontières|Sans Frontières]] na Google Impact Challenge.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tntv.pf/Les-laureats-du-Google-Impact-Challenge_a8169.html&lt;/ref&gt;


== Tarihi ==
Wanda ya kafa '''Emmanuel Engelhart''' yana kallon [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] a matsayin wata fa'ida ta gama gari, yana mai cewa &quot;Ya kamata a samar da abubuwan da ke cikin [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] ga kowa da kowa! Ko da ba tare da shiga [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] ba. Wannan ne ya sa na kaddamar da aikin Kiwix.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bayan zama editan [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] a cikin 2004, '''Engelhart''' ya zama mai sha'awar haɓaka sigar [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] ta layi. Aikin yin CD na [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]], wanda aka qaddamar a shekara ta 2003, ya kasance rugujewar aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Kiwix 2.0.5 Kiwix 20210522 11 29 06-Greenshot.png|thumb|Manhajar Kiwix]]
A cikin 2012, Kiwix ya sami tallafi daga Wikimedia Faransa don gina kiwix-plug, wanda aka tura zuwa jami'o'i a cikin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya da aka sani da Aikin Afripedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;http://www.citazine.fr/article/afripedia-wikipedia-pour-afrique-francophone&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.afrik.com/afripedia-un-projet-de-promotion-de-wikipedia-en-afrique&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Fabrairu 2013 Kiwix ya lashe lambar yabo ta SourceForge's Project na Watan &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://wiki.kiwix.org/Content_in_all_languages&lt;/ref&gt; da lambar yabo ta Buɗewa a cikin 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;http://www.netzwoche.ch/News/2015/10/29/OSS-Awards-kueren-die-innovativsten-Schweizer-Open-Source-Projekte.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;


== Bayani ==
An ƙera manhajar ɗin azaman mai karanta layi don abun ciki na [[yanar gizo]]. Ana iya amfani da ita a kan kwamfutoci ba tare da haɗin [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] ba, kwamfutoci masu haɗin kai a hankali ko tsada, ko don guje wa tantancewa. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi yayin tafiya (misali a cikin jirgin sama ko jirgin ƙasa).

Masu amfani sun fara zazzage Kiwix, sannan zazzage abun ciki don kallon layi tare da Kiwix. Matsi yana adana sararin diski da bandwidth. Duk Wikipedia na harshen Ingilishi, tare da hotuna, sun dace da babban sandar USB ko kafofin watsa labarai na waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Duk fayilolin abun ciki an matsa su cikin tsarin ZIM, wanda ke sa su ƙanƙanta, amma yana barin su cikin sauƙi don ƙididdigewa, bincika, da zaɓin yankewa.

Ana buɗe fayilolin ZIM tare da Kiwix, wanda ke kama da kuma yin kama da mai binciken gidan yanar gizo. Kiwix yana ba da cikakken bincike na rubutu, kewayawa tabbed, da zaɓi don fitar da labarai zuwa PDF da HTML.&lt;ref&gt;http://sourceforge.net/projects/kiwix/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Kiwix 2.0.5 Kiwix 20210522 11 29 06-Greenshot.png|thumb|Kiwix]]
Akwai sigar uwar garken HTTP mai suna kiwix-serve; wannan yana ba kwamfuta damar ɗaukar abun ciki na Kiwix, da kuma sanya shi zuwa ga sauran kwamfutoci akan hanyar sadarwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.kiwix.org/Kiwix-serve&lt;/ref&gt;Sauran kwamfutoci suna ganin gidan yanar gizon talakawa. Kiwix-hotspot sigar uwar garken HTTP ce don toshe kwamfutoci, &lt;ref&gt;https://insights.dice.com/2013/02/04/kiwix-aims-to-spread-wikipedias-reach/&lt;/ref&gt; wanda galibi ana amfani dashi don samar da sabar Wi-Fi.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.kiwix.org/Kiwix-plug&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inda Akwai Kiwix ==
Karatun Wikipedia ta hanyar Kiwix akan jirgin ruwa a Kudancin Pacific &lt;ref&gt;https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/11/14/sailing-south-pacific-with-wikipedia-on-board-goodall-family/&lt;/ref&gt;Akwai jerin abubuwan da ke akwai akan Kiwix don saukewa, gami da takamaiman harshe.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.kiwix.org/wiki/Content_in_all_languages&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya loda abun ciki ta hanyar Kiwix kanta.

Tun daga 2014, yawancin nau'ikan Wikipedia suna samuwa don saukewa cikin harsuna daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;https://download.kiwix.org/zim/&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin bai iya samar da cikakkun sigogin Wikipedia na Turanci na zamani ba bayan Oktoba 2018 amma ya fara sake fitar da shi a watan Yuli 2020.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vice.com/en/article/dyzxgm/you-can-download-the-entirely-of-english-wikipedia-to-browse-offline-using-kiwix&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan Wikipedia, abubuwan da ke cikin gidauniyar Wikimedia kamar Wikisource, Wikiquote, Wikivoyage, Wikibooks, da Wikiversity kuma ana samun su don kallon layi cikin harsuna daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;https://download.kiwix.org/zim/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Nuwamba 2014, an samar da sigar ZIM na duk buɗaɗɗen rubutun da ke zama ɓangaren Project Gutenberg.&lt;ref&gt;https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikisource-l/2014-November/002139.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://ultimategerardm.blogspot.ch/2014/11/wikimedia-project-gutenberg-sum-of-all.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan abun ciki na jama'a, ana samun lasisin ayyuka a ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons don saukewa kuma. Misali, nau'ikan wiki na Ubuntu na kan layi wanda ke ɗauke da takaddun mai amfani don tsarin aiki na Ubuntu, &lt;ref&gt;http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Wiki/Hilfsmittel#Kiwix&lt;/ref&gt;bugu na ZIM na tattaunawar taro na TED &lt;ref&gt;https://download.kiwix.org/zim/ted/&lt;/ref&gt; da bidiyo daga Crash Course suna samuwa a cikin ma'ajin Kiwix azaman fayilolin ZIM.&lt;ref&gt;https://download.kiwix.org/zim/other/&lt;/ref&gt;

Fitowar zaɓen labaran Wikipedia na tarihi

Tsakanin 2007 da 2011, an fitar da nau'ikan CD/DVD guda uku waɗanda ke ɗauke da zaɓi na labarai daga Wikipedia na Ingilishi.[28] Suna samuwa yanzu azaman fayilolin Kiwix ZIM:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-24 |archive-date=2022-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622124809/https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shafin Wikipedia 0.5&lt;ref&gt;https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.5_2007-03.zim{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/download/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.5_2007-03.zim&lt;/ref&gt;

Shafin Wikipedia 0.7&lt;ref&gt;https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.7_2009-05.zim{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/download/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.7_2009-05.zim&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Formation Ambassadeurs Kiwix au CRE de Thies (Senegal) 04.jpg|thumb|Koyarda Amfani da Kiwix]]
Shafin Wikipedia 0.8&lt;ref&gt;https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.8_orig_2010-12.zim{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/download/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.8_orig_2010-12.zim&lt;/ref&gt;


== Turawa ==

* Ana iya shigar da Kiwix akan kwamfutar tebur azaman shirin tsaye, wanda aka sanya akan kwamfutar hannu ko wayar hannu, ko kuma yana iya ƙirƙirar yanayin WLAN na kansa daga Rasberi Pi.
* A matsayin aikin haɓaka software, Kiwix kanta ba ta shiga cikin ayyukan turawa kai tsaye. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin ɓangare na uku suna amfani da software azaman ɓangaren ayyukan nasu. Misalai sun haɗa da:
* Wuraren jami'o'i 13 a cikin ƙasashe 11 inda aka tura Kiwix a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Afripedia
* Jami'o'i da ɗakunan karatu waɗanda ba za su iya samun damar shiga Intanet ba.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.kiwix.org/wiki/Main_Page&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shirin na Afripedia ya kafa sabar kiwix a jami'o'in masu magana da harshen Faransanci, wasu daga cikinsu ba su da hanyar shiga Intanet, a cikin kasashen Afirka 11.&lt;ref&gt;https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/01/24/afripedia-project-increasing-off-line-access-to-wikipedia-in-africa/&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantu&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/news/line-solutions-reaching-students-limited-or-no-internet-access&lt;/ref&gt; a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda samun damar intanet ke da wahala ko kuma yayi tsada sosai&lt;ref&gt;https://insights.dice.com/2013/02/04/kiwix-aims-to-spread-wikipedias-reach/&lt;/ref&gt;
* An shigar a kan kwamfutocin da ake amfani da su don aikin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/09/12/emmanuel-engelhart-inventor-of-kiwix/&lt;/ref&gt;
* An shigar da shi akan Raspberry Pis don amfani da shi a makarantu waɗanda ba su da sauƙin samun wutar lantarki a Tanzaniya &lt;ref&gt;https://blog.wikimedia.org/2015/03/17/raspberry-pi-tanzania-school/&lt;/ref&gt;ta Tanzaniya Development Trust.

* An sanya akan allunan a makarantu a Mali a matsayin wani ɓangare na MALebooks pro 

== Manajojin Fakiti da Shagunan App ==
'''Likitan Wikipedia app akan wayar hannu'''

Ana samun Kiwix a cikin masu sarrafa fakiti na asali na yawancin rarraba Linux. Daga 2014 zuwa 2020, ba ya nan, saboda XULRunner, shirin da Kiwix ya dogara da shi, Mozilla ta soke shi kuma an cire shi daga bayanan kunshin.&lt;ref&gt;https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/kiwixhttps://tracker.debian.org/pkg/kiwix{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://packages.debian.org/stable/utils/kiwix&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiwix yana samuwa akan Debian &lt;ref&gt;https://packages.ubuntu.com/kinetic/kiwix&lt;/ref&gt;da Debian na tushen rarraba, irin su Ubuntu &lt;ref&gt;https://packages.fedoraproject.org/pkgs/kiwix-desktop/kiwix-desktop/&lt;/ref&gt; da Linux Mint, &lt;ref&gt;https://software.opensuse.org/package/kiwix-desktop&lt;/ref&gt; Fedora &lt;ref&gt;https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/kiwix-desktop/&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran rabe-raben RPM, kamar openSUSE, &lt;ref&gt;https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/ecb441f22067ba1d6312f4932a7c64efa8d19a7b/pkgs/applications/misc/kiwix/default.nix&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a kan Sugar. , [a buƙatun buƙatun] Arch Linux, &lt;ref&gt;https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/kiwix-desktop/&lt;/ref&gt; da NixOS&lt;ref&gt;https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/ecb441f22067ba1d6312f4932a7c64efa8d19a7b/pkgs/applications/misc/kiwix/default.nix&lt;/ref&gt; rabawa. Hakanan ana samun sigar Flatpak mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref&gt;https://flathub.org/apps/org.kiwix.desktop&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai kuma akan Android. Ana samun fakitin Kiwix JS UWP da Electron a cikin na asali mai sarrafa fakitin Windows.
[[File:HOTSPOT-WEB FR.pdf|thumb|Fayloli]]
Ana samun Kiwix a cikin Shagon Microsoft, [5] akan Google Play, &lt;ref&gt;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.kiwix.kiwixmobile&lt;/ref&gt; da Apple's iOS App Store.&lt;ref&gt;https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/kiwix/id997079563?mt=8&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana samunsa azaman aikace-aikacen HTML5 mai shigar (Kiwix JS) a cikin nau'in kari na burauza don Firefox da Chromium (Chrome, Edge) da azaman Aikace-aikacen Yanar Gizo na Ci gaba (PWA), &lt;ref&gt;https://pwa.kiwix.org/&lt;/ref&gt;duk suna aiki a layi. An haɗa fakitin lantarki na ƙa'idar HTML5 don Windows da mashahurin rabawa na Linux.&lt;ref&gt;https://github.com/kiwix/kiwix-js-windows/releases&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2015, an kuma fitar da jerin “apps na musamman”, wanda Wikipedia na Likita da kwaikwaiyon PhET sune mafi girma biyu.


== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
      <sha1>cym904wbzdf8wdzph1g3kp7ereb0yy2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>4 Dollars of Revenge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878044</id>
      <parentid>618113</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T20:17:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2018" sha1="fwhlk4iqjtebdtxj2j1zyt0ipi440pj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''4 Dollars of Revenge''' (Spanish Cuatro dólares de venganza)&lt;ref&gt;https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0059624/&lt;/ref&gt; fim ne na yammacin Mutanen Espanya da Italiya na shekarar 1966 wanda Alfonso Balcázar da Jaime Jesús Balcázar suka jagoranta, wanda Bruno Corbucci, Aldo Grimaldi da Giovanni Grimaldi suka rubuta kuma Robert Woods, Dana Ghia, Antonio Casas, Angelo Infanti da Gérard Tichy suka fito.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elmundo.es/television/programacion-tv/peliculas/15314503_cuatro-dolares-de-venganza.html |title=Cuatro dólares de venganza |access-date=4 November 2018 |newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es |publisher=[[Unidad Editorial]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.paramountchannel.es:80/cine/cuatro-dolares-de-venganza/tovu4z |title=Cuatro dólares de venganza |access-date=4 November 2018 |work=[[Paramount Channel]] |publisher=Viacom Media International Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123053537/http://www.paramountchannel.es/cine/cuatro-dolares-de-venganza/tovu4z |archive-date=23 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƴan Wasa ==
{{Columns-list|* [[Robert Woods (actor)|Robert Woods]] as Roy Dexter
* [[Dana Ghia]] as Mercedes
* [[Angelo Infanti]] as Barry Haller
* [[Antonio Casas]] as Colonel Jackson
* [[José Manuel Martín]] as Manuel de Losa
* [[Gérard Tichy]] as Clifford
* Tomás Torres as Pedro
* [[Giulio Maculani]] as Sheriff
* [[Antonio Molino Rojo]] as Dave Griffith
* [[Osvaldo Genazzani]] as Secretario de Hamilton
* Gardenia Polito
* Lucio Rosato
* [[Renato Baldini]]
* Eleonora Bianchi
* Gianluigi Crescenzi
* Miguel de la Riva as Abogado defensor
* Robert Hoot
* [[Ángel Lombarte]] as Ayudante del Sheriff
* Francisco Nieto as Propietario de la tienda
* Luis del Pueblo as Thompson
* [[Gustavo Re]]
* Juan Torres as Mexicano
* Sergio Doré as Presidente del Tribunal
* Carlos Ronda as Señor Spencer}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
      <sha1>fwhlk4iqjtebdtxj2j1zyt0ipi440pj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mayowa Oluyeba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>877792</id>
      <parentid>876230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T14:22:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maiakwai4u</username>
        <id>37986</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Legas da Maryland Comprehensive High School, Maryland, Lagos, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Bankin da Kudi a Kwara State Polytechnic, Kwara State, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar kan layi a cikin People Analytics, daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin Abokin Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania,  Operation Analytics, Jami'an Pennsylvania &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Oluyeba a cikin masana'antar kirkirar abubuwa sun fara ne lokacin da ya sadu da marigayi mai shirya fina-finai / darektan fina-fakka, [[Amaka Igwe]] . 

Daga baya ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami bayyanar ga TV da Film Production . 

A shekara ta 1997, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don fara Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasiri na Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun samar da Tasiri na Musamman don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim din, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ke nuna 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Ronke Ojo]]). Ya shiga kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya rufe labaran labarai a duk faɗin Najeriya, ya harbe hotuna don Jaridar Afirka kuma ya watsa labarai ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ta ba da rahoto ga Reuters a lokacin marigayi zamanin siyasa na [[Moshood Abiola]], yaƙe-yaƙe na Yoruba / Hausa, da sauransu da yawa.

Oluyeba ya shiga Bi-Communications a matsayin Edita, kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin 'Crime Fighters - the Police &amp; You', wanda ya kasance sake nuna labarin' yan sanda na Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki tare da Darakta / Mai gabatarwa, [[Tade Ogidan]] . 

== Ayyukan mutum ==
Mayowa Oluyeba started Phoenix Visions Limited – a company that offers consultancy services in Broadcast Studio Configuration and Installations, Live Streaming – Installations and Operations, Equipment Purchase, and General Broadcast Engineering and maintenance. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oluyeba ta kuma yi aiki a kan shirye-shirye daban-daban ciki har da:

* Lokaci tare da Mo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moments With Mo {{!}} EbonyLife TV |url=https://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/talk/moments-with-mo-2/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=ebonylifetv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* DV Worx Studios
* [[Gidi Blues]]
* Gidan - Nkoyo
* Shell gajeren fim
* Cin zarafin jima'i (Kadan fim - ProjectTen4) 
* Ruwan warkarwa na Allah Choir Shekara-shekara Carols &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daystar |url=https://daystarng.org/healingstreams/about-the-directorate/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=daystarng.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2016, Mayowa Oluyeba ta sanya hannu ta Zuri24 Media don zama mai gabatar da jerin 'Battleground' '' (M-Net Commissioned Daily Telenovela 2017) ''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092520/http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=Zuri 24 Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>t42e9vao7ocnenzok0uqmgo1p85ajrj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877793</id>
      <parentid>877792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T14:23:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maiakwai4u</username>
        <id>37986</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877793</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4245" sha1="q4q0eprzhoqqbk3fxonqgnqjsi1zzl7" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Legas da Maryland Comprehensive High School, Maryland, Lagos, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Bankin da Kudi a Kwara State Polytechnic, Kwara State, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar kan layi a cikin People Analytics, daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin Abokin Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania,  Operation Analytics, Jami'an Pennsylvania &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Oluyeba a cikin masana'antar kirkirar abubuwa sun fara ne lokacin da ya sadu da marigayi mai shirya fina-finai / darektan fina-fakka, [[Amaka Igwe]] . 

Daga baya ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami bayyanar ga TV da Film Production . 

A shekara ta 1997, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don fara Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasiri na Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun samar da Tasiri na Musamman don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim din, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ke nuna 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Ronke Ojo]]). Ya shiga kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya rufe labaran labarai a duk faɗin Najeriya, ya harbe hotuna don Jaridar Afirka kuma ya watsa labarai ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ta ba da rahoto ga Reuters a lokacin marigayi zamanin siyasa na [[Moshood Abiola]], yaƙe-yaƙe na Yoruba / Hausa, da sauransu da yawa.

Oluyeba ya shiga Bi-Communications a matsayin Edita, kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin 'Crime Fighters - the Police &amp; You', wanda ya kasance sake nuna labarin' yan sanda na Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki tare da Darakta / Mai gabatarwa, [[Tade Ogidan]] . 

== Ayyukan mutum ==
Mayowa Oluyeba started Phoenix Visions Limited – a company that offers consultancy services in Broadcast Studio Configuration and Installations, Live Streaming – Installations and Operations, Equipment Purchase, and General Broadcast Engineering and maintenance. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oluyeba ta kuma yi aiki a kan shirye-shirye daban-daban ciki har da:

* Lokaci tare da Mo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moments With Mo {{!}} EbonyLife TV |url=https://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/talk/moments-with-mo-2/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=ebonylifetv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* DV Worx Studios
* [[Gidi Blues]]
* Gidan - Nkoyo
* Shell gajeren fim
* Cin zarafin jima'i (Kadan fim - ProjectTen4) 
* Ruwan warkarwa na Allah Choir Shekara-shekara Carols &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daystar |url=https://daystarng.org/healingstreams/about-the-directorate/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=daystarng.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2016, Mayowa Oluyeba ta sanya hannu ta Zuri24 Media don zama mai gabatar da jerin 'Battleground' '' (M-Net Commissioned Daily Telenovela 2017) ''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092520/http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=Zuri 24 Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>q4q0eprzhoqqbk3fxonqgnqjsi1zzl7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kelly-Eve Koopman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>72513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878087</id>
      <parentid>386159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T22:42:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>878087</origin>
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      <text bytes="3599" sha1="fsezlaphpk9ahobfomudxk6i8kb13pu" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Kelly-Eve Koopman''', darektan ne kuma [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] na Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name= official&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.jackdevnarain.co.za/about-me| title=About Me |publisher=Jack Devnarain official website| access-date=15 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Hollywood a cikin Huis na'' ''Kroto'' da ''[[Mayfair (fim)|Mayfair]]'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://racialequity.atlanticfellows.org/fellow/kelly-eve-koopman| title=Kelly-Eve Koopman: Director &amp; Co-Creator Coloured Mentality| publisher=racialequity| access-date=15 November 2020| archive-date=26 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226064236/https://racialequity.atlanticfellows.org/fellow/kelly-eve-koopman| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Tana ɗaya daga cikin daraktoci uku na ayyukan FEMME .

== Sana'a ==
Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo, ita ma jagorar al'umma ce kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. Har ila yau, ita ce co-halicci na dandalin 'Coloured Mentality' wanda ya zama sararin samaniya na musamman don al'umma mai launi. A cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata ta yi wa mata matasa 4000 hidima a makarantu 20 da ba su da izini a Yammacin Cape. A cikin 2017, ta fitar da wani shirin yanar gizo na kashi shida tare da mai shirya fina-finai Sarah Summers . Shirin  mayar da hankali kan launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/243747/kelly-eve-koopman-and-sarah-summers-on-their-new-coloured-mentality-series| title=Kelly-Eve Koopman and Sarah Summers on their new 'Coloured Mentality' series |publisher=702 CO.za | access-date=15 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A cikin 2018, ta bayyana a cikin fim din aikata laifuka na Indiya ta Kudu mai suna ''[[Mayfair (fim)|Mayfair]]'' .  taka rawar goyon bayan 'Ameena' a cikin fim din, wanda daga baya ya sami kyakkyawan bita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianspice.co.za/2018/09/johannesburgs-mayfair-suburb-goes-international-in-new-movie/|title=Johannesburg’s Mayfair suburb goes international in new movie|date=2018-09-28|website=IndianSpice|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-19}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2018/11/06/film/business/mayfair-opens-to-great-reviews/|title=Mayfair opens to great reviews|last=Press|first=Indigenous Film Distribution|date=2018-11-06|website=Screen Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma nuna fim din a bikin fina-finai na 62 na BFI London da Afirka a bikin fina'a a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://filmfestival.capetown/mayfair/|title=Mayfair – Cape Town International Film Market &amp; Festival – CTIFMF|language=en-ZA|access-date=2019-11-19}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.channel24.co.za/Movies/Reviews/mayfair-20181014|title=Mayfair|date=2018-10-14|website=Channel|access-date=2019-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Tare da Kim Windvogel, ta tattara littafin They Called me Queer .   cikin 2019, ta zama marubuciya, inda ya rubuta Memoir Because I Couldn't Kill You.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Irin wannan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2014
|''Hollywood a cikin Huis na''
|Karma
|Fim din
|
|-
|2015
|''Jamillah da Aladdin''
|Lady Sabulu
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2017
|''Krotoa''
|Lysbeth
|Fim din
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Mayfair (fim)|Mayfair]]''
|Ameena
|Fim din
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>fsezlaphpk9ahobfomudxk6i8kb13pu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Justice Mukheli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>72669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877824</id>
      <parentid>386907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>877824</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1393" sha1="kpqsprmbfi6nmliv8umqlzjd2no4onr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mai Shari'a Mukheli''' (an haife shi a Soweto) ɗan fim ne na Afirka ta Kudu, mai ɗaukar hoto,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-27|title=Young, Gifted &amp; Killing It: Justice Mukheli •|url=https://www.marklives.com/2020/07/young-gifted-killing-it-justice-mukheli/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=MarkLives.com|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415134628/https://www.marklives.com/2020/07/young-gifted-killing-it-justice-mukheli/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Urban Village: Udondolo — a love song to Soweto|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c7c5b41b-147e-42d1-b477-138ae51fb0aa|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.ft.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma ɗan kasuwa mai kirkirar abubuwa.  san shi da ƙirƙirar fasaha ko fim wanda ke kan kwarewar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=These creatives are showcasing Africa to the world - CNN Video|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2021/05/24/african-voices-justice-mukheli-mariama-camara-spc-intl.cnn|access-date=2021-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adalci  an saki tallace-tallace don Ballantines a cikin 2021 game da kamfen ɗin su Kasance Gaskiya: Babu Hanyar Kuskuren.  gabatar da Mai Shari'a Mukheli a karo na 4 na baje kolin fasahar zamani ta Afirka a birnin Paris a shekarar 2019 a matsayin mai daukar hoto.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Joseph Gaï Ramaka</title>
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[[Fayil:Joseph Gaï Ramaka.jpg|thumb|shine darecta na senegal]]
[[Fayil:Joseph Gaï Ramaka.jpg|thumb|hoton ramaka]]


'''Joseph Gaï Ramaka,''' (Jo (e) Gaï Ramaki / Joseph [[Gareth Barry|Gaye]] [[Ramadan Yusuf|Ramaka]], (An [[Hailee Steinfeld|haife]] shi [[Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya|ranar]] 9 ga watan [[Nuwamba]] 1952) a  yankin Saint Louis, dake ƙasar Senegal) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Senegal, [[Marubuci|Marubucin]] fim kuma Mai shirya fina-finai.&lt;ref name=&quot;africanfilmny&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/joseph-gai-ramaka |website=africanfilmny.org |access-date=24 August 2023 |publisher=African Film Festival New York |title=Joseph Gaï Ramaka. Biography. Senegal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Africultures&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=3769 |title=Joseph Gaï Ramaka, Sénégal |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928071040/https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=3769 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=24 August 2023 |language=French |website=africultures.com |publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Africine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.africine.org/personne/joseph-gai-ramaka/3769 |title=Joseph Gaye Ramaka Film director Producer Screenwriter |language= |publisher=Fédération africaine de la critique cinématographique (FACC) |website=africine.org |access-date=24 August 2023 |date=2020 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130172435/http://www.africine.org/personne/joseph-gai-ramaka/3769 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDb&quot;&gt;{{IMDb name |id=0707942 |name=Joseph Gaï Ramaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;film-documentaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/16527 |title=Et si Latif avait raison ! |access-date=24 August 2023 |language=French |website=film-documentaire.fr |publisher=Film Doc. Film.documentaire.fr |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824174547/http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/16527 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Gaï Ramaka ta yi karatun Ilimin ɗan adam na gani a Makarantar [[Faris|Paris]] don tunanin  Ci gaba a cikin Kimiyya ta Mutanen film a Institute des hautes études cinématographiques (Institute for Advanced Cinematographic Studies, IDHEC) na Jami'ar Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis. A shekarar 1990 ya kafa kamfanin samarwa da rarraba na Faransa Les Ateliers de l'Arche, tare da reshen Espace Bell&quot;Arte a [[Dakar]], Senegal tun 1999, wurin nunawa tare da Dolby Stereo, yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar Arche Studios tare da hasken kwamfuta. Manyan fina-finai na tsawon lokaci shine Nitt... ''Nitt ... N'Doxx'' / Les Faiseurs de pluie, wani labari ne na Prosper Merimée, [1] ''[[Karmen Geï]]'' (2000), wani nau'in Afirka na opera Carmen, [2] da kuma Et si Latif avait raison !  (Kuma menene idan Latif sun yi daidai!, 2006), wani shirin siyasa. A shekara ta 2007 ya kafa New Orleans Afrikan Film and Arts Festival Project (NOAFEST) kuma a shekara ta 2013, ya ƙirkiro Gorée Island Cinema, dandamali don haɗin gwiwar fim, wanda ya ɗauki bakuncin bikin fim na Gorée tun 2015.G&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=206–219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramaka a halin yanzu tana zaune a New Orleans . [1]

== Fina-finai ==
Fina-finai Gaï Ramaka  sun haɗa da:&lt;ref name=&quot;Africultures&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Africine&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! Year !! Film !! Genre !! Role !! Duration
|-
| 1985 || ''Baaw-Naan'' / ''Rites de pluie'' || Short, documentary || Screen writer, director || 25 min (m)
|-
| 1986 || ''La Musique lyrique [[Fula people|Peul]]'' || Short, documentary || Director || 10 m
|-
| 1986 || ''Portrait d’un mannequin'' || Short, documentary || Director || 10 m
|-
| 1988 || ''Niiwam''&lt;br&gt;by [[Clarence Thomas Delgado]] || Feature || Producer || 88 m
|-
| 1989 || ''Nitt... N'Doxx'' / ''Les Faiseurs de pluie''&lt;ref&gt;An adaptation of a story by Prosper Merimée&lt;/ref&gt; || Documentary || Screen writer, director || 85 m 
|-
| 1991 || ''Boxulmaleen !! (L'An fer)''&lt;br&gt;by [[Ousmane William Mbaye|William Ousmane Mbaye]] and [[Amet Diallo]] || Feature || Producer || 30 m
|-
| 1996 || ''Idylle''&lt;br&gt;by Dominique Camara ||  Short, drama || Coproducer || 14 m
|-
| 1997 || ''Ainsi soit-il !'' (So Be It), episode of ''Africa Dreaming''&lt;ref&gt;Based on a play ''The Strong Breed'' by [[Wolé Soyinka]]&lt;/ref&gt;|| Fiction || Screen writer, codirector, coproducer  || 33 m 
|-
| 1997 || ''Baby Sister'' || Fiction pilot || Director || 12 m
|-
| 1998 || ''Demain je brûle'' / ''Ghoudwa Nahrek''&lt;br&gt;by Mohamed Ben Smaïl || Drama || Producer || 95 m
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Karmen Geï]]''&lt;ref&gt;Gaï Ramaka's adaptation of the opera [[Carmen]] by [[Georges Bizet]]&lt;/ref&gt;|| Fiction, music || Screen writer, director || 85 or 90 m 
|-
| 2006 || ''Et si Latif avait raison !''&lt;br&gt;(And what if Latif were right!)&lt;ref name=&quot;film-documentaire&quot; /&gt; || Documentary || Screen writer, director, producer || 95 m 
|-
| 2007 || ''Jaxaay Plan!''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Ramaka Joseph Gaï , director. Plan Jaxaay! 2007. 25 minutes. Wolof with English and French subtitles. Senegal. Observatoire Audiovisuel sur les Libertés. |date=2016 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=59 |issue=201609 |page=315 |oclc=8271751653 |first=Molly |last= Krueger Enz |doi=10.1017/asr.2016.72}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| Documentary || Screen writer, director || 26 m 
|-
| 2009 || ''It's my man !''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.seneplus.com/article/it%E2%80%99s-my-man |website=seneplus.com |language=French |access-date=24 August 2023 |title=IT’S MY MAN ! |quote=Eileen Julien Sy raconte Kalidou Sy, l’ancien directeur de l’École nationale des Beaux Arts, décédé en 2005 – Un film-documentaire de Joseph Gaï Ramaka.. |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824174548/https://www.seneplus.com/article/it%E2%80%99s-my-man |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || Documentary || Director || 65 m 
|-
| 2020 || ''Mbas mi ([[The Plague (novel)|The plague]] by [[Albert Camus]])'' || Short, drama || Director, producer || 8 m 
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==
Gaï Ramaka ta lashe kyaututtuka daban-daban, kamar:
* ''Baaw-Naan/Rites de pluie'' (1985) - Masque d'Or for documentary at the Deuxième Festival International du Film sur le Carnaval et la Fête à Nice. Special mention by the jury at the Quatrième Festival International [[Jean Rouch]]/Bilan du Film Ethnographique&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |language=fr |first=Jean |last=Rouch |title=Quatrième Bilan du Film Ethnographique - Palmarès |date=1985 |url=http://comitedufilmethnographique.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1985-palmares.jpeg |format=pdf |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=comitedufilmethnographique.com |publisher=Comité du Film Ethnographique, Musée de l'Homme, Paris}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Paris. First Prize for shorts of the Second Festival of [[Perugia]], Italy.
* ''Ainsi-soit-il'' (1997) - Silver Lion Award, First Prize Corto-cortissimo, 54th [[Venice Film Festival]] 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;Africultures&quot; /&gt; Best Film Prize, Festival [[Vues d'Afrique]] Montreal 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;africanfilmny&quot; /&gt; 
* ''Karmen Geï'' (2001) - Best Feature Award of the [[Pan African Film Festival]] (PAFF Los Angeles) 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Africultures&quot; /&gt;

==Literature==
*{{cite book 
|first=Akin
|last=Adesokan
|author-link=Akin Adesokan
|chapter=6. 'The Invisible Government of the Powerful'. Joseph Gaï Ramaka's Cinema of Power
|title=A companion to African cinema
|editor-first1=Kenneth W. 
|editor-last1=Harrow 
|editor-first2=Carmela 
|editor-last2=Garritano
|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 
|location=Hoboken, NJ
|date=2019
|series=Wiley-Blackwell companions to national cinemas
|pages=136-154
|isbn=9781119100317
}}

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

==Hanyoyin Haɗi na waje==
Videos:
* {{YouTube|id=nDu5vLRkDEM|title=Karmen by Joseph Gaï Ramaka Extrait HD 4 mins 11}}. Video duration 4m 11s. Uploader Joseph Gaï Ramaka. 2012. Accessed on 24 August 2023.
* {{YouTube|id=0v4p-Pmbf1o|title=Conversation with Joseph Gaï Ramaka and LiON Ayodele, moderated by Eileen Julien}}. Video duration 39m 23s. Uploader African Film Festival, Inc. 2021. Accessed on 24 August 2023.
Interview:
* {{Cite web |url=https://africultures.com/entretien-dolivier-barlet-avec-joseph-gaye-ramaka-senegal-2505/ |title=entretien d’Olivier Barlet avec Joseph Gaye Ramaka (Sénégal) Paris, 1997  |date=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824174553/https://africultures.com/entretien-dolivier-barlet-avec-joseph-gaye-ramaka-senegal-2505/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |language=French |website=africultures.com |publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation}}

{{Portal bar|Film|Senegal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gai Ramaka, Joseph}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Kamal Lazraq</title>
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'''Kamal Lazraq''' (Arabic; an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1984) ɗan fim ne na ƙasar Maroko .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kamal Lazraq a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] a shekarar 1984, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; inda ya girma.   koma [[Faris|Paris]] a shekara ta 2003, inda ya yi karatun [[kimiyyar siyasa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=BOUITHY |first=A. |title=La Fémis au palmarès de la Cinéfondation : Le film “Drari” de Kamal Lazraq récompensé |url=https://www.libe.ma/La-Femis-au-palmares-de-la-Cinefondation-Le-film-Drari-de-Kamal-Lazraq-recompense_a19341.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Libération |language=fr |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225204457/https://www.libe.ma/La-Femis-au-palmares-de-la-Cinefondation-Le-film-Drari-de-Kamal-Lazraq-recompense_a19341.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neman neman neman aiki a yin fim, Lazraq ya sami shiga La Femis a 2007 ba tare da kwarewa mai yawa ba.  lokacin karatunsa, ya yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Cinéma : «Les Meutes» de Kamal Lazraq en tournée à l’Institut français |url=https://lematin.ma/culture/cinema-les-meutes-de-kamal-lazraq-en-tournee-a-linstitut-francais/213408 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Le Matin.ma |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; yi fim dinsa na kammala karatunsa na 2011, ''Drari'', a Casablanca tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo marasa sana'a. Ya ambaci tafiyarsa zuwa Paris a matsayin lokaci mai mahimmanci, kuma damar da yake da ita ga fina-finai iri-iri a Paris ya bambanta da iyakantaccen zaɓuɓɓuka a Casablanca.  cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi ga Cannes, Lazraq ya tuna da Sonata na Autumn na Ingmar Bergman shine &quot;farkon firgici, wani abu da ya sa na fahimci duk ikon motsin rai da zai iya kasancewa a cikin fim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khaldi |first=Tarik |date=2023-05-19 |title=Les Meutes (Hounds), Kamal Lazraq's vision |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/2023/les-meutes-hounds-kamal-lazraq-s-vision/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Shirin kammala karatun Lazraq, Drari, ya lashe lambar yabo ta biyu a cikin Cinéfondation a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2011, da kuma Grand Prix na gajeren fina-fakka a bikin fina'a na Entrevues Belfort . Bayan wannan nasarar, ya jagoranci L'Homme au chien (Moul Lkelb) a cikin 2014, kuma an yi fim a Casablanca. Lazraq  fitar da fim dinsa na farko, Hounds, a cikin 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khaldi |first=Tarik |date=2023-05-19 |title=Les Meutes (Hounds), Kamal Lazraq's vision |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/2023/les-meutes-hounds-kamal-lazraq-s-vision/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* ''Drari'' (2011) 
* ''Moul Lkelb'' (2014) 
* ''Karnuka'' (2023) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1984]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ji Magana!</title>
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      <comment>/* Nassoshi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8616" sha1="3s3zyqvji9d1g68cb6yzk4xggjqhdkq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|suna=Hear Word!|image=Hear_Word!.jpg|caption=Ifeoma Fafunwa|citizenship=Nigeria|Gama mulki=Taiwo Ajai-Lycett
Joke Silva
Ufuoma McDermott
Elvina Ibru
Omonor
Zara Udofia-Ejoh
Odenike
Rita Edward
Debbie Ohiri
Oluchi Odii
Toluwanimi Arawomo]}}

'''Hear Word! or Hear Word! Naija Woman Talk True''' wasa ne na [[Ifeoma Fafunwa]] . Tari ne na kade-kade da wake-wake da raye-rayen da suka samo asali daga labaran rayuwa na gaskiya na gwagwarmayar matan Najeriya don daidaito, aminci, da samun dama da jagoranci. Sama da membobin masu sauraro 120,000 ne suka kalli wasan kuma ''New York Times'' da ''Boston Globe'' sun sake duba shi sosai.

An fara wasan ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Nijeriya a cikin 2014  a Cibiyar Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) Cibiyar  kuma ta fara halarta ta duniya a Jami'ar Harvard da ke Cambridge, Massachusetts.&lt;ref name=&quot;etisalat2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/lifestyle/201361/etisalat-sponsored-hear-word-returns-to-stage.html|title=Etisalat –Sponsored Hear Word! Returns To Stage|last=Peter|first=Uche|date=31 December 2015|work=Nigerian Voice|access-date=6 April 2020|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;vang2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/ifeoma-fafunwas-hear-word-preaches-change-stage/|title=Ifeoma Fafunwa’s Hear Word preaches change on stage|last=Alakam|first=Japhet|date=7 March 2018|work=Nigerian Voice|access-date=6 April 2020|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;report2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://americanrepertorytheater.org/shows-events/hear-word-naija-woman-talk-true-2016/|title=Hear Word! Naija WOman Talk True|date=14 April 2016|work=American Repertory Theatre|access-date=6 April 2020|location=Boston, United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 
''Ji Magana!'' shi ne wasan Najeriya na farko da aka yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Repertory Theater . 

== Bayani ==
' Ji Kalma! ''Kalma!'' ''Gidauniyar iOpenEye Africa ce ke samar da ita, kuma wani lokaci tare da haɗin gwiwar gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na duniya da na gida da kuma manyan kamfanoni a Najeriya.''

Wasan yana gudana na tsawon mintuna 90 kuma ƴan wasan kwaikwayo mata 10 ne suka gabatar da wasan, ƴan wasan kaɗa maza 3 da darekta mace 1.  Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na agitprop kuma ana iya yin shi ba tare da saiti ba ko a cikin takamaiman wurin.  Wani lokaci ƴan wasan kwaikwayo za su yi guguwa a kan titi, suna yin wasan kwaikwayon ba tare da sanarwa ba a kasuwanni, tashoshin mota da harabar jami'a. 

Nunin ya shafi ainihin batutuwan da suka shafi rayuwar mata da ke iyakance damar su na samun 'yancin kai, jagoranci da gudummawa mai ma'ana ga al'umma.

A ƙarshen kowane nunin, masu sauraro za su iya shiga cikin matsakaicin zaman tattaunawa na buɗe ido, wanda ya haɗa da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da masu ruwa da tsaki na al'amuran jinsi na gida.

== Makirci ==
Wasan yana farawa ne da kalmomi masu sauƙi da ɗan ban dariya waɗanda ke nuna yanayin yau da kullun inda mata ke kewaya duniyar ubanni inda aka ware su: groping, cin zarafi, ware da sauransu gami da fage waɗanda ke nuna ƙarfin hali ga hanyoyin da mata da kansu ke ba da gudummawa ga nasu saniyar ware.

Wannan rashin zuciya ba da daɗewa ba ya ba da damar zuwa ga wani sashe na maganganu guda ɗaya waɗanda ke bayyana hanyoyi masu lahani waɗanda ake azabtar da mata, ba su da daraja, da zalunta: gami da lalata, auren yara, fyade, fataucin jima'i, da tashin hankali a cikin gida .

Wannan sashe mai raɗaɗi yana ɗauke da kiraye-kirayen yin aiki a cikin nau'in rera waƙa a cikin [[Yarbanci|harshen Yarbanci]] wanda ke gabatar da kashi na biyu na wasan mai kayatarwa da wartsakewa tare da hotuna masu ƙarfi na juriya, nasara da biki. Wasan ya ƙare da wani yanki wanda ya sake ɗaukar jigogi daban-daban a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, da kuma jan hankalin masu sauraro kai tsaye don shiga, ɗaukar mataki, da zama wani ɓangare na mafita.

== Fage ==
''Ji Magana!'' An samo shi daga jimlar Pidgin-Turanci na Najeriya, wanda ke nufin ''&quot;Saurara kuma Ka Bi&quot;'' .  [[Ifeoma Fafunwa]], marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo, furodusa kuma darakta ta Najeriya ce ta ƙirƙira kuma ta rubuta shi. A shekara ta 2001, ta fara rubutawa, tsarawa da kuma tattara labaran da suka shafi mata a fadin Najeriya, da kuma nata labaran nata, wasu daga cikinsu sun kare a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Ji Magana! 

Wasan ya gabatar da cikakken ra'ayi game da cikas da matan Najeriya ke fuskanta, da suka hada da labarun cin zarafi a cikin gida, rashin mata masu mulki, juriya da tsayin daka, ruguza al'adar yin shiru, juya halin da ake ciki, cin zarafi, rashin mutuntawa, jarumtaka, 'yan uwantaka. da farin ciki. 

Wasan ya samo asali ne daga ''Masoyan Farji Monologues'' da ''Ga 'Yan Mata Masu Kala Da Suka Yi La'akarin Kashe Kai'' .

== Sharhi ==
''Ji Magana!'' yanzu sama da mambobi 120,000 masu sauraro kai tsaye ne suka kalli Afirka, Turai da Amurka.   Bayan rangadi a fadin Najeriya, an fara baje kolin wasan kwaikwayon na kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Harvard sannan kuma ya ci gaba da baje kolin duniya a fitattun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo irin su Frascati Theater ([[Amsterdam]]), The Public Theatre (New York), The Thalia Theater ([[Hamburg]]), Segerstron Center for Arts ( Costa Mesa), da Edinburgh International Festival.  

A cikin 2018, ''Ji Magana!'' An sayar da shi ga masu sauraro daban-daban a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Repertory.   An nuna aikin a matsayin mai buɗe taron na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2018 Hukumar Kula da Matsayin Mata a cikin Maris 2018. 

&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwWw&quot;&gt;Harvard&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwXA&quot;&gt;Crimson&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a cikin nazarin wasan kwaikwayon, ya yaba da ikonsa na magance radadin cin zarafi da cin zarafi, inda ya bayyana cewa an cimma shi ''ba tare da aibu ba saboda ƙwararren rubutun da kuma ƴan wasan kwaikwayo masu kula da rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa tare da kulawa'' . 

''Boston Globe'' kamar yadda ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin &quot;kira ga hadin kai da karfafa mata&quot;.  Ben Brantley na ''New York Times'' ya rubuta &quot;Hasken da ke haskakawa daga simintin gyare-gyare na mata duka yana da haske da zafin wuta mai zafi.&quot;  ''Sahara Reporters'' sun furta shi a matsayin &quot;mai ban sha'awa sosai kamar yadda yake da zurfin falsafa.&quot; 

== liyafar ==
A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2018, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da ma'aikatan ''Ji Kalma!'' An gudanar da wani gagarumin taro da kamfanin [[Air France]] a [[Filin jirgin saman Lagos|filin jirgin Murtala Mohammed]] da ke Legas, ma'aikatan filin jirgin sun yi wa 'yan iska da kuma daukar hotuna tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. 

A cikin Janairu 2019 wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi a New York's Premiere Off-Broadway - The Public Theatre, kuma ''Theater Mania'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin ''&quot;aikin farin ciki na fitar da fasaha&quot;'' .  Wani bita a cikin ''[[New York Times]]'' ya ce ''&quot;A ƙarshen&quot; JI MAGANA!'' ''Naija Woman Talk True,&quot; daga kamfanin iOpenEye Ltd. na Najeriya, hasken da ke haskakawa daga simintin sa na mata duka yana da haske da zafin wuta mai zafi.&quot;'' 

''Ji Magana!'' Har ila yau, an ƙaddamar da shi a Cibiyar Segerstrom a Costa Mesa, California gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia a Hamburg, Jamus  da Royal Lyceum Theatre a Edinburgh Festival a Scotland a watan Agusta, 2019.  Hakanan a 2022 Yawon shakatawa na Yammacin Afirka (Accra, Abuja, Ibadan, Legas), Cocin Elevation, da ''Shugabannin Bangaskiya da Al'adu.''

Ilham ta Ji Magana! , tare da haɗin gwiwar Theater de Namur (Namur) da Theater Varia (Belgium), Ifeoma ta yi aiki tare da mata na yau da kullum, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu fassara don haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Écoute - nuni na rashin daidaito da cin zarafin jinsi a cikin al'ummar Belgian yau da kullum.

Ji Magana! an yi wa matan gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya 36 a Aso Rock.

An yi shi a biranen Afirka da dama da suka hada da Legas, Accra, Benin City, Enugu, Abeokuta, Nsukka, Ibadan, Abuja, Makoko, Ife, Addis Ababa, Monrovia da sauran kasashen duniya a garuruwa irinsu Cambridge, Hamburg, Edinburgh, New York, Boston. Costa Mesa, Hartford, Amsterdam.

An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon a Makarantu da Jami'o'i da suka hada da; Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Ife, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Ife, Jami'ar Jihar Connecticut, Jami'ar Harvard, Kwalejin St. Gregory, Kwalejin Holy Child, Makarantar International Children's International School

A cikin 2020 da 2021, EU da British Council ta hanyar shirin ROLAC sun goyi bayan nunin a Abuja da Legas.

A cikin 2022, wasan kwaikwayon ya tafi birane biyar a yammacin Afirka. Gidauniyar Ford ce ta tallafa wa shirin.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kajala Masanja</title>
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'''Kajala Masanja''' yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma tauraruwar fina-finai a [[Tanzaniya]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201608220322.html|title=Tanzania: Court Sets Free Bongo Movies Actress Kajala|website=allAfrica.com 22 August 2016 by Faustine Kapama|access-date=2018-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ghafla.com/tz/staa-wa-filamu-ya-bongo-kajala-masanja-afunguka-kuhusu-kutumia-bangi/|title=Staa wa filamu ya Bongo Kajala Masanja afunguka kuhusu yeye kutumia bangi - Ghafla!Tanzania|first=Martin|last=Oduor|website=www.ghafla.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2019-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515171146/http://www.ghafla.com/tz/staa-wa-filamu-ya-bongo-kajala-masanja-afunguka-kuhusu-kutumia-bangi/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe lambar yabo ta 2016 [[EATV]] ( [[East Africa Television|Tsarin Talabijin na Gabashin Afirka]] ) na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.  Ta auri tsohon ma'aikacin banki [[Faraji Chambo]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Actress Kajala Hints Break-up With Harmonize |url=https://lookuptv.co.ke/story/actress-kajala-hints-break-up-with-harmonize/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=look up tv |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta fito a cikin fim din 2012 [[Kijiji Cha Tambua Haki]] tare da Steven Kanumba . Ita ce batun tsegumin masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/271750-sultry-tanzanian-actress-kajala-accused-breaking-rich-producers-marriage.html|title=Sultry Tanzanian actress Kajala accused of breaking rich producer's marriage|first=Douglas|last=Baya|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kasance a ''Basilisa'' (2011) da ''Jeraha la Moyo'' (2012).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://friedplantains.com/person/kajala-masanja|title=Kajala Masanja - Profile &amp; Filmography - Fried Plantains|first=|last=FP|website=friedplantains.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2019-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713020146/https://friedplantains.com/person/kajala-masanja|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Fina-finai ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/kajala-masanja|title=Kajala Masanja -  Actor, — Bongo Movies|website=www.bongocinema.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307055829/http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/kajala-masanja|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kigodoro
* Jeraha la Moyo
* Yaro Gida
* Vita Baridi
* Yarinyar Gidan &amp; Yaro
* Dhuluma
* Gajerar hanya
* Basilisa
* Kai Ni da Shi
* Mulkin aljannu

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Sinima a Tanzaniya|Cinema na Tanzaniya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{IMDb name|14051753}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kegan Johannes</title>
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'''Kegan Johannes''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2001) dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga [[SuperSport United FC|SuperSport United]] a [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|kegan-johannes/599370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fito ne daga Bishop Lavis .Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na matasa don Ajax Cape Town,  wanda aka sake masa suna Cape Town Spurs .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/extra-time-watch-kegan-johannes-magic-penalty-for-ajax-cape-town/s9o4cvbeu72o1xfkzqt4hyzca|title=EXTRA TIME: Watch Kegan Johannes' magic penalty for Ajax Cape Town|author=Khan, Zain|date=March 23, 2018|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=11 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara wasansa na farko a cikin 2019 kuma ya sanya hannu a kungiyar ta farko a cikin Maris 2019.  &lt;ref name=sign&gt;{{cite press release|url=https://capetownspurs.co.za/2019/03/04/14788/|title=Announcement of Ajax New Signing|date=4 March 2019|publisher=Cape Town Spurs|access-date=11 June 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611095001/https://capetownspurs.co.za/2019/03/04/14788/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu U23 a nasarar samun cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 2020 . &lt;ref name=super2&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/local/exclusive-kegan-johannes-on-his-start-at-supersport/|title=Exclusive: Kegan Johannes On His Start At SuperSport|author=Delport, Rob|date=February 9, 2022|publisher=iDiski Times|access-date=11 June 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611094959/https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/local/exclusive-kegan-johannes-on-his-start-at-supersport/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Johannes ya koma SuperSport United a lokacin bazara na 2021, kuma a lokacin kakar wasa mai zuwa yana &quot;fitowa cikin sauri a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron baya&quot; na gasar, a cewar IOL.&lt;ref name=super2/&gt; 

An kira Johannes zuwa [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Bafana Bafana]] don Kofin COSAFA na 2022 . A nan Afirka ta Kudu ta sha kashi a hannun [[kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mozambique|Mozambique]] a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A gasar ta'aziyya da aka fi sani da Plate, Johannes ya zama kyaftin din tawagar da ta yi nasara a wasan karshe da Botswana . &lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|88114}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya, SuperSport United ta ki yarda Johannes ko wani dan wasanta su shiga cikin tawagar Afirka ta Kudu don neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka a 2022 da Comoros, suna mai nuni da cewa fara gasar firimiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta 2022-23 ta yi kusa. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 2001]]</text>
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'''Lone Gaofetoge''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli 2001) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Motswana wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga kulob ɗin Geronah da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Botswana|ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Botswana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=6 August 2019 |title=Botswana touring Slovakia ahead of Banyana clash |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/botswana-touring-slovakia-ahead-of-banyana-clash/a3l1ar2jyx6x114lhks8ah75l |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=COSAFA Women’s Championship: Botswana name provisional squad |url=https://www.kick442.com/cosafa-womens-championship-botswana-name-provisional-squad/ |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=Kick442 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213921/https://www.kick442.com/cosafa-womens-championship-botswana-name-provisional-squad/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sibanda |first=Anastacia |date=17 June 2021 |title=Botswana: Gaofetoge Desires More Players Outside |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202106180261.html |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Daily News Botswana]] |via=[[AllAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2015, Gaofetoge ta fara buga wasanta na farko ga 'yan mata masu ban mamaki tana da shekaru 14, ta zo ne a matsayin mai maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan lig da suka yi da Makufa FC kuma ta yi hat-trick don jagorantar nasarar dawowa da ci 3-2. &lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keagakwa |first=City |date=8 September 2021 |title=The rise of a football sweetheart |url=https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/the-midweek-sun/20210908/281921661161607 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=The Midweek Sun |via=[[PressReader]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga Girona FC a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma daga baya ta sanya hannu tare da Lusaka Dynamos na [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Lone Gaofetoge''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli 2001) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Motswana wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga kulob ɗin Geronah da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Botswana|ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Botswana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=6 August 2019 |title=Botswana touring Slovakia ahead of Banyana clash |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/botswana-touring-slovakia-ahead-of-banyana-clash/a3l1ar2jyx6x114lhks8ah75l |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=COSAFA Women’s Championship: Botswana name provisional squad |url=https://www.kick442.com/cosafa-womens-championship-botswana-name-provisional-squad/ |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=Kick442 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213921/https://www.kick442.com/cosafa-womens-championship-botswana-name-provisional-squad/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sibanda |first=Anastacia |date=17 June 2021 |title=Botswana: Gaofetoge Desires More Players Outside |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202106180261.html |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Daily News Botswana]] |via=[[AllAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2015, Gaofetoge ta fara buga wasanta na farko ga 'yan mata masu ban mamaki tana da shekaru 14, ta zo ne a matsayin mai maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan lig da suka yi da Makufa FC kuma ta yi hat-trick don jagorantar nasarar dawowa da ci 3-2.&lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keagakwa |first=City |date=8 September 2021 |title=The rise of a football sweetheart |url=https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/the-midweek-sun/20210908/281921661161607 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=The Midweek Sun |via=[[PressReader]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga Girona FC a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma daga baya ta sanya hannu tare da Lusaka Dynamos na [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Lone Gaofetoge''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli 2001) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Motswana wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga kulob ɗin Geronah da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Botswana|ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Botswana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=6 August 2019 |title=Botswana touring Slovakia ahead of Banyana clash |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/botswana-touring-slovakia-ahead-of-banyana-clash/a3l1ar2jyx6x114lhks8ah75l |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=COSAFA Women’s Championship: Botswana name provisional squad |url=https://www.kick442.com/cosafa-womens-championship-botswana-name-provisional-squad/ |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=Kick442 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213921/https://www.kick442.com/cosafa-womens-championship-botswana-name-provisional-squad/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sibanda |first=Anastacia |date=17 June 2021 |title=Botswana: Gaofetoge Desires More Players Outside |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202106180261.html |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Daily News Botswana]] |via=[[AllAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2015, Gaofetoge ta fara buga wasanta na farko ga 'yan mata masu ban mamaki tana da shekaru 14, ta zo ne a matsayin mai maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan lig da suka yi da Makufa FC kuma ta yi hat-trick don jagorantar nasarar dawowa da ci 3-2.&lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keagakwa |first=City |date=8 September 2021 |title=The rise of a football sweetheart |url=https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/the-midweek-sun/20210908/281921661161607 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=The Midweek Sun |via=[[PressReader]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga Girona FC a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma daga baya ta sanya hannu tare da Lusaka Dynamos na [[Zambiya|Zambia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Lone Gaofetoge''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli 2001) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Motswana wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga kulob ɗin Geronah da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Botswana|ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Botswana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=6 August 2019 |title=Botswana touring Slovakia ahead of Banyana clash |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/botswana-touring-slovakia-ahead-of-banyana-clash/a3l1ar2jyx6x114lhks8ah75l |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=COSAFA Women’s Championship: Botswana name provisional squad |url=https://www.kick442.com/cosafa-womens-championship-botswana-name-provisional-squad/ |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=Kick442 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213921/https://www.kick442.com/cosafa-womens-championship-botswana-name-provisional-squad/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sibanda |first=Anastacia |date=17 June 2021 |title=Botswana: Gaofetoge Desires More Players Outside |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202106180261.html |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=[[Daily News Botswana]] |via=[[AllAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2015, Gaofetoge ta fara buga wasanta na farko ga 'yan mata masu ban mamaki tana da shekaru 14, ta zo ne a matsayin mai maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan lig da suka yi da Makufa FC kuma ta yi hat-trick don jagorantar nasarar dawowa da ci 3-2.&lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keagakwa |first=City |date=8 September 2021 |title=The rise of a football sweetheart |url=https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/the-midweek-sun/20210908/281921661161607 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=The Midweek Sun |via=[[PressReader]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga Girona FC a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma daga baya ta sanya hannu tare da Lusaka Dynamos na [[Zambiya|Zambia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 2001]]</text>
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    <title>Khanyisa Mayo</title>
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'''Khanyisa Mayo''' (an haife shi a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga Cape Town City da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] .

== Sana'ar sana'a ==
Mayo ya fara babban aikinsa a cikin 2017 akan lamuni tare da Ubuntu Cape Town a cikin National First Division, daga [[SuperSport United FC|SuperSport United]] . Ya koma Maccabi a cikin shekara ta 2018 inda ya fito shi kadai a waccan kakar. Ya bi hakan tare da tsayawa a Royal Eagles a farkon rabin kakar wasan shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha tara  2019-20, kuma na rabin na biyu ya koma Richards Bay . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How NFD honed Mayo into Bafana potential |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/soccer/2022-06-06-how-nfd-honed-mayo-into-bafana-potential/ |website=SowetanLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samu komawarsa Cape Town City a gasar Premier a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cape Town City sign Khanyisa Mayo on five-year contract – DISKIFANS |url=https://www.diskifans.co.za/2021/07/28/cape-town-city-sign-khanyisa-mayo-on-five-year-contract/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007033155/https://www.diskifans.co.za/2021/07/28/cape-town-city-sign-khanyisa-mayo-on-five-year-contract/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
An kira Mayo zuwa [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|tawagar 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu]] don buga wasannin sada zumunta a watan Satumban 2022. Ya buga wasansa na farko da su a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Saliyo da ci 4-0 a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sithole 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sithole |first=Sinethemba |date=26 September 2022 |title=Khanyisa Mayo reacts to his Bafana Bafana debut |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/bafana-bafana/khanyisa-mayo-reacts-bafana-bafana-debut-breaking-26-september-2022/ |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=The South African }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mayo ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka ta Kudu ne Patrick Mayo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vardien |first=Tashreeq |title='Pressure is nothing!': Father's Bafana legacy does not bother Khanyisa Mayo |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/soccer/bafanabafana/pressure-is-nothing-fathers-bafana-legacy-does-not-bother-khanyisa-mayo-20220602 |website=Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Kwalejin Fine and Applied Art a [[Khartoum]]''' ita ce kawai makarantar fasaha ta jama'a a [[Sudan]]. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ce ta kafa wanda ya riga ta a 1945 a matsayin Makarantar Zane a tsohuwar Kwalejin Gordon Memorial (daga baya Jami'ar Khartoum). A shekara ta 1951, an sanya shi cikin Cibiyar Fasaha ta Khartoum wacce ta zama Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan (SUST) a shekara ta 1971, kuma an sake sunan makarantar Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art.

Wasu daga cikin sanannun masu zane-zane na Sudan da suka yi karatu ko koyarwa a kwalejin sune Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq, Ibrahim El-Salahi da [[Ahmed Shibrain]], wanda aka fi sani da shi a duniya a matsayin membobin Makarantar Khartoum ta fasahar zamani. Duk da manyan koma baya da suka haifar da watsi da gwamnatoci da yawa tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980, makarantar fasaha ta ci gaba zuwa karni na 21 kuma ita ce wurin da yawancin masu zane-zanen zamani na Sudan suka fara ilimin fasahar su. Bayan [[Juyin juya halin Sudan|Juyin Juya Halin Sudan]] na 2018/19, kwalejin ta sake fasalin tsarin karatun ta da ma'aikatan koyarwa, kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar zamantakewa da siyasa na ƙungiyoyin fasaha na ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Fine and Applied Arts - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/140/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== A lokacin mulkin mallaka ===
Don horar da malamai na fasaha ga makarantun gwamnati da ke karkashin jagorancin Burtaniya na Sudan ta Anglo-Masar, an gabatar da Sashen Fasaha a cikin 1930 a Cibiyar Malamai ta Bakhtalruda. An kafa wannan a Cibiyar Ilimi ta tsohon Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon a 1943, kuma a 1945, an kafa Makarantar Zane. Jean-Pierre Greenlaw, malamin fasaha na Burtaniya, ya zama darektan farko na wannan makarantar kuma ya zama mutum mai tasiri a fagen fasaha na kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Um |first=Nancy |date=2011-11-01 |title=Greenlaw's Suakin: The Limits of Architectural Representation and the Continuing Lives of Buildings in Coastal Sudan |url=https://orb.binghamton.edu/art_hist_fac/2 |journal=Art History Faculty Scholarship}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R. B. |date=1977 |title=Review of The Coral Buildings of Suakin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/615885 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=204–206 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00041057 |issn=0041-977X |jstor=615885 |s2cid=162978896}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1951, an tura makarantar zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Khartoum, kuma a shekara ta 1971, ta zama Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan (SUST). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Fine and Applied Art - history |url=https://art.sustech.edu/about/history/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Sudan University for Science and Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farko, an kafa makarantar ne a cikin al'adar makarantun fasaha na Burtaniya, suna ba da darussan a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane a cikin zane, gine-gine, zane, lissafi da zane. Manufarta ita ce samar da malamai don makarantun sakandare da Horar da sana'a. Daga 1963 zuwa 1977, furofesoshi da malamai daga Kwalejin Royal College of Arts, Makarantar Fasaha da Zane ta Tsakiya da Makarantar Fasahar Slade a Ƙasar Ingila sun yi aiki a matsayin membobin kwamitocin kimantawa da Masu jarrabawa na waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Har zuwa shekarun 1970s, tsarin karatun ya kunshi azuzuwan da ke cikin dabarun yamma tare da ɗan sha'awa ga al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar: Ba a koyar da tsoffin al'adun zane-zane a Sudan ko [[Fasahar Afirka|Afirka]] ko fasahar Islama ba.

=== Bayan samun 'yancin kai ===
[[Fayil:Khartoum_Polytechnic_Complex,_College_of_Fine_and_Applied_Art_Sudan_1978_Designed_by_Abdel-Moneim_Mustafa_Ayoub_and_Omer_Salim_-_Site_Landscape_Proposals.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin Fine and Applied Art Khartoum, wanda Abdel-Moneim Mustafa Ayoub da Omer Salim suka tsara 1978]]
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a kasar a shekarar 1956, masu zane-zane na farko na Sudan da aka horar a makarantar sun ci gaba da karatunsu a Ingila, tare da wasu daga cikinsu daga baya suka zama malamai a kwalejin.&lt;ref&gt;Daum and Diab, 2009, pp. 460-462&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan da aka bude Makarantar Zane a 1945 kuma har zuwa shekarun 1970, ƙarni na farko na masu zane-zane sun fito, waɗanda suka haɗa da al'adun fasaha na Afirka da na Islama da kuma wahayi daga ƙungiyoyin fasaha na zamani na yamma, suna ƙoƙarin samun asalin kansu na Sudan.

A cikin shekarun 1960s, mai rubutun kalmomi Osman Waqialla ya fara wani motsi na fasaha daga baya aka sani da Makarantar Khartoum na fasahar zamani, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Khartoum School: The First Sudanese School in Modern Arts - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/124/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da Ibrahim El-Salahi, [[Ahmed Shibrain]] da Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq sun zama sanannun masu fasahar Sudan a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elbagir |first=Yousra |date=2016-02-18 |title=Art against the odds: new book showcases Sudan's isolated creatives |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/18/art-against-the-odds-new-book-showcases-sudans-isolated-creatives |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Khartoum School: The First Sudanese School in Modern Arts - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/124/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wasu sanannun masu zane-zane na Sudan da suka yi karatu ko koyarwa a kwalejin sune Hassan Musa, Muhammad Omer Khalil, Musa Khalifa, Mo Abarro da Rashid Diab . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=National Museum of African Art |title=Visionary Artists / The Khartoum School |url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/visionary-viewpoints-on-africas-arts/the-khartoum-school/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=africa.si.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1978, gine-ginen Sudan Abdel Moneim Mustafa Ayoub da Omer Salim ne suka tsara wani tsari na zamani don kwalejin. An gina shi ne don kimanin dalibai 600, tare da sarari don koyarwa, azuzuwan aiki, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da wuraren zama, tare da kewaye da wuraren budewa don nune-nunen da amfani da nishaɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACA Archives - Khartoum Polytechnic Complex, College of Fine and Applied Art |url=https://arab-architecture.org/db/building/khartoum-polytechnic-complex-college-of-fine-arts-and-applied-art |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=arab-architecture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan gwamnatocin soja a karkashin Omar al-Bashir da kuma tsarin Islama, masu zane-zane da wuraren fasaha sun sha wahala daga tsawon shekaru 30 na matsalolin siyasa da tattalin arziki masu wahala. Daga cikin wasu dalilai, masu zane-zane da yawa da suka bar kasar, takunkumin da Amurka ta sanya,  da kuma rufe ofisoshin jakadancin yamma da yawa a cikin shekarun 1990. Kasafin kudin kwaleji da yanayin nada malamai da horar da dalibai sun sha wahala sosai a wannan lokacin, tare da ka'idojin cancantar malamai le don shigar da sabbin dalibai. Kodayake kwalejin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa, yawancin matasa masu zane-zane na Sudan sun bunkasa fasahar su a cikin wani yanayi mai iyakacin zamantakewa kuma an kusan yanke su daga kirkire-kirkire na fasaha a sauran duniya.

=== Karni na 21 ===
A cikin karni na 21, kwalejin har yanzu tana fama da kasafin kuɗi mara kyau da ƙarancin kayan koyarwa da ma'aikata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Halawa |first=Ahmed |date=2021-11-02 |title=A Prestigious Fine Arts College in Sudan Gets Help from Its Alumni |url=https://al-fanarmedia.org/2021/11/fine-arts-college/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Al-Fanar Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake amsawa ga ci gaban zamani da bukatun al'umma, yana ƙoƙari ya saka koyarwarsa game da fasahar zamani da fasahar ƙira a cikin shirye-shiryen Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan ya haɗa da horo na fasaha don yin rubuce-rubuce da kuma nuna batutuwan zamantakewa kamar lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sudan University of Science and Technology |date=16 March 2021 |title=Prof. Saghiroun, Minister of HESR, addresses a workshop on visual documentation of diseases at SUST |url=https://www.sustech.edu/2021/03/2433/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=www.sustech.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, yana ganin kansa a matsayin cibiyar albarkatun yanki don zane-zane na [[Afro-Arabs|Afirka da Larabawa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Fine and Applied Art - Strategic view |url=https://art.sustech.edu/about/strategic-view/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Sudan University of Science and Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Darussan digiri daban-daban suna ba da ƙwarewa a cikin zane, zane-zane, zane-zanen rubutu, zane, yumbu, yadi, ciki da zane-zane da kuma a cikin bugawa da ɗaure littafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Fine And Applied Art |url=https://art.sustech.edu/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=College of Fine and Applied Art |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220204/https://art.sustech.edu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda masanin kimiyya na Sudan Ahmad Sikainga ya rubuta a cikin 2012, ƙungiyoyin fasaha na zamani a Sudan da asalin zamantakewarsu ba su jawo hankalin bincike mai yawa daga Masana tarihi na fasaha ba.&lt;ref&gt;The Sudanese academic Ahmad Sikainga, who teaches at Ohio State University in the US, began his article ''&quot;A short history of Sudanese popular music''&quot; with these words: &quot;In the literature on the rise of modern Sudan, there is a dominance of political analysis and a comparative absence of social and cultural history. Topics such as popular culture, music, dance and clothing have received scant attention from historians. These subjects have mostly been left to anthropologist and others whose research has been in rural areas. Yet such activities are central to the emergence of a common popular culture in the urban centres of the country. This is a culture that springs from the lives of marginal groups, of manual workers, peasants, slaves and women, and from the merging of a great diversity of indigenous and external influences. {{Citation|journal=Justin|url-status=Baldo|access-date=Madut Jok}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin [[Juyin juya halin Sudan|Juyin Juya Halin Sudan]] na 2018/19, duk da haka, an ba da rahoton rawar da masu fasaha ke takawa akai-akai a kafofin watsa labarai na duniya. Kafin, a lokacin da kuma bayan juyin juya halin, masu zane-zane sun bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da al'umma da siyasa, yayin da tsohon gwamnatin Omar al Bashir ta iyakance wannan magana sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elhassan |first=Sara |date=21 February 2019 |title=How Sudanese art is fueling the revolution |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/young-sudanese-art-is-fueling-the-protest-revolution/ |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=OkayAfrica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Xuereb Seidu |first=Christine |date=December 2020 |title=Africa Sudanese art standing up to military |url=https://issuu.com/artpaper/docs/artpaper_issue_12_lr_issuu/s/11167008 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=issuu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayin nuna sa hannunsu a cikin zanga-zangar da ke gudana a kan gwamnatin soja tun daga 2019, ɗaliban kwalejin sun nuna wani abin tunawa da ke wakiltar taken Freedom, Peace and Justice . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sudan: Fine Arts College Reveals Memorial of the December Revolution.&quot; ''allAfrica.com'', 15 Nov. 2020, p. NA. ''Gale Academic OneFile'', link.gale.com/apps/doc/A641934029/AONE?u=wikipedia&amp;sid=ebsco&amp;xid=46711c58. Accessed 29 Dec. 2022&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2021, Cibiyar Bayani ta kwalejin ta kammala horo don takardun gani tare da hadin gwiwar shirin Sudan Memory da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. A lokacin bikin rufewa, Farfesa Omer Mohamed Elhassan Darma ya ba da yabo ga mayakan da shahidai na juyin juya halin Disamba kuma ya ce, &quot;ɗaliban Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art sun taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar murals da zane-zanen bango waɗanda suka nuna labarun da cikakkun bayanai game da gwagwarmayar masu juyin juya hali&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sudan University of Science and Technology |date=2021-09-11 |title=College of Fine and Applied Arts: A Wonderful Closing to the Visual Documentation Course |url=https://www.sustech.edu/2021/09/4513/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.sustech.edu/ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Daum, Werner da Rashid Diab (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=a4q3AwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Kenana+Handbook+Of+Sudan+werner+daum&amp;pg=PA453 Fasahar zamani a Sudan] A cikin Hopkins, Peter G. (ed.) Kenana Handbook of Sudan . New York: Routledge, shafi na 453-516  &amp;nbsp; 
* Haggar, Lina da Tarneem Saeed . ''Masu zane-zane na zamani na Sudan: zane-zane a lokutan wahala'' / wanda Victor Röhm ya shirya; mai daukar hoto Issam Hafiez. Khartoum, Sudan: Dabanga Art &amp; Crafts, 2015. 141 pp. tare da launi hoto.   [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/961267194 961267194]
* Muhammad, Baqie Badawi, &quot;Art: Visual Arts and Artists: Sudan&quot;, a cikin: Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures, Janar Edita Suad Joseph.
* Sharkey, Heather J. (2003) Rayuwa tare da mulkin mallaka: Ƙasa da Al'adu a cikin Sudan na Anglo-Masar . Berkeley da Los Angeles, Jami'ar California Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0520929365|0520929365]]&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:BookSources/9780520929364|9780520929364]]

== Haɗin waje ==

* Yadda Fasaha ta Taimaka Binciken Rahoton juyin juya halin Sudan game da masu zane-zane na Sudan a matsayin wani ɓangare na juyin juya hali na Sudan
[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Sudan]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Kwalejin Ilimi ta [[Ȯra Kwara|Jihar Kwara]] (Fasaha), Lafiagi''' wata cibiyar ilimi ce ta gwamnati da ke Lafiagi, Jihar Kwar, [[Najeriya]] . Mai kula da yanzu shine Dr. Mohammed Dede Ibrahim .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2018-02-22 |title=Governor Ahmed's wife establishes anti-cancer clubs in tertiary institutions |url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/governor-ahmeds-wife-establishes-anti-cancer-clubs-tertiary-institutions-84881 |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gov. Ahmed appoints new provosts for state-owned tertiary institutions |url=https://dailytrust.com/gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002436/https://dailytrust.com/gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammed |first=Sulyman |date=2020-08-01 |title=Eid-el-Kabir: Kwara State College of Education (Technical), Lafiagi Felicitates with Muslim Faithfuls |url=https://naijatrusts.com/eid-el-kabir-kwara-state-college-of-education-technical-lafiagi-felicitates-with-muslim-faithfuls/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Naijatrusts |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002444/https://naijatrusts.com/eid-el-kabir-kwara-state-college-of-education-technical-lafiagi-felicitates-with-muslim-faithfuls/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Kwara college of education gets new governing council |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/430170-kwara-college-of-education-gets-new-governing-council.html |access-date=2021-09-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chris |last2=Olesin |first2=Abdullahi |date=2021-05-22 |title=Lafiagi Emirate Lauds Kwara’s Development Strides |url=https://leadership.ng/lafiagi-emirate-lauds-kwaras-development-strides/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Leadership News - Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002440/https://leadership.ng/lafiagi-emirate-lauds-kwaras-development-strides/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-13 |title=Two Years of AbdulRazaq’s Administration in Kwara |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/13/two-years-of-abdulrazaqs-administration-in-kwara/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-06 |title=Gov AbdulRazaq okays N350m for Colleges of Educ, FADAMA in kwara |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/gov-abdulrazaq-okays-n350m-for-colleges-of-educ-fadama-in-kwara/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara (Fasaha), Lafiagi a cikin 1991. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gov. Ahmed appoints new provosts for state-owned tertiary institutions |url=https://dailytrust.com/gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002436/https://dailytrust.com/gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The College - Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin |url=https://www.kwcoeilorin.edu.ng/index.php/the-college |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=www.kwcoeilorin.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-16 |title=How to Register Kwara State College of Education Ilorin Courses Online |url=https://schoolinfo.com.ng/kwara-state-college-of-education-ilorin-course-registration-portal/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Schoolinfo.com.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John |first=Moses |date=2021-04-19 |title=Union threatens FG over 6 new FCE’s appointments |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/union-threatens-fg-over-6-new-fces-appointments/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-08 |title=Ajasin varsity signs MoU with two colleges |url=https://guardian.ng/features/education/ajasin-varsity-signs-mou-with-two-colleges/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002436/https://guardian.ng/features/education/ajasin-varsity-signs-mou-with-two-colleges/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Gov Ahmed appoints new provosts for state-owned tertiary institutions |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/in-kwara-gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions/1642mev |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002441/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/in-kwara-gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions/1642mev |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=KWARA STATE COLLEGE ADMISSION |url=https://sampidia.com/kwara-state-college-of-education-2020-2021-admission/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Sampidia |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwara governor approves promotion arrears for SUBEB teachers - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/07/26/kwara-governor-approves-promotion-arrears-for-subeb-teachers/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=pmnewsnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laburaren Kwalejin ==
Gidan karatu na kwaleji yana da kayan aiki tare da albarkatun bayanai waɗanda ke tallafawa duk darussan da aka bayar a makarantar. Mai kula da ɗakin karatu na kwaleji mai suna Muhammed Abbas Ibrahim . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Management |url=https://kwacoetl.edu.ng/index.php/component/content/category/9-management?Itemid=101 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=kwacoetl.edu.ng |archive-date=2024-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131083630/https://kwacoetl.edu.ng/index.php/component/content/category/9-management?Itemid=101 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Darussa ==
Cibiyar tana ba da darussan da suka biyo baya;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official List of Courses Offered in Kwar State College Of Education (Technical), Lafiagi (KWACOETL) - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/kwar-state-college-of-education-technical-lafiagi |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Mayowa Kolawole |date=2018-05-09 |title=List of Degree Courses Offered in Kwara State College of Education (Technical), Lafia |url=https://www.academia.com.ng/list-of-degree-courses-offered-in-kwara-state-college-of-education-technical-lafia/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Academia Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002441/https://www.academia.com.ng/list-of-degree-courses-offered-in-kwara-state-college-of-education-technical-lafia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Siyasa
* Ilimi na Kasuwanci
* Ilimi da Nazarin Addini na Kirista
* Lissafi
* Ilimi da Harshen Turanci
* Ilimin Kwamfuta
* Tattalin Arziki
* Kimiyyar Haɗin Kai
* Laburaren karatu da Kimiyya ta Bayanai
* Ilimin ilmin halitta
* Ilimi na Fasaha
* Ilimi da Nazarin Jama'a
* Ilimin ilmin sunadarai

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://kwacoetl.edu.ng/}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jami'ar Fasahar Sadarwa ta Ghana</title>
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'''Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana''' ('''GCTU) ''' jami'ar fasaha ce ta jama'a a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005.

An riga an san makarantar da Kwalejin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ghana da Kwalejiyar Jami'ar Talla ta Ghana. Canjin sunan zuwa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana ya zo ne tare da wucewar Dokar Jami'ar Sadarwa na Ghana a watan Yunin 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes Ghana Communication Technology University Bill |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/ghana-news-parliament-passes-ghana-communication-technology-university-bill.html |access-date=2020-09-04 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160407/http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014 |publisher=Ghana Technology University College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitaccen Bayani ==
Jami'ar tana ba da digiri na farko da shirye-shiryen digiri, musamman a cikin Injiniyan Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa. Har ila yau, yana ba da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida, tare da darussan da ke ba da kyauta ga digiri na farko, da sauran tarurruka da bita na ci gaban ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University enters Volta Region |url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/education/ghana-technology-university-enters-volta-region-62169 |access-date=2015-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bude makarantar [[Kasuwanci]] a watan Janairun 2009. Digiri na farko a harkokin kasuwanci sun haɗa da Bachelor of Science in Business da Bachelor of Sciences in Entrepreneurship . Ana ba da Jagoran Kimiyya a Kasuwanci da [[Fasaha|Fasahar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University College to produce top scholars {{!}} |url=http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |access-date=2015-07-09 |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605072135/http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantar tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST)]] , Ghana; Jami'ar Coventry, Ingila, AFRALTI, [[Kenya]]; Jami'an Open, Ingila; Jami'in DePaul, Amurka; Jami'iyyar Aalborg, [[Denmark]]; Kwalejin St. Mary ta Maryland, Amurka; Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, California; Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bayanai (ICU), [[Koriya ta Kudu]]; Jami'a ta Hertfordshire, Ingila; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wildau, [[Jamus]].

Tun lokacin da aka fara karatun dalibai 350 a shekara ta 2006, GTUC ta kara yawan shiga zuwa kimanin dalibai 7,000 a shekara ta 2017.

Babban harabar GTUC tana cikin sashin Tesano na [[Accra]], [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] . An buɗe harabar ta biyu a kusa da Abeka, wani yanki na kusa da Accra da kuma harabar tauraron dan adam a Nungua. Baya ga Accra akwai makarantun tauraron dan adam a [[Kumasi]], Takoradi, Koforidua da Ho.

An kaddamar da Majalisar Jami'o'i mai mambobi 9 wanda ya kunshi fitattun malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci da jami'an gwamnati a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2010.

An nada Mista [[Nii Adotei Abrahams|Nii Adotei Ibrahims]] a matsayin sabon mai rajista na jami'ar na wa'adi daya, wanda shine tsawon shekaru 4 (Agusta 2020 - Yuli 2024). Ya maye gurbin Dr Mrs [[Juliana Owusu-Ansah]] wanda ya yi aiki na wa'adi biyu (Oktoba 2012 - Satumba 2020). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GTUC welcomes new Registrar Nii Adotei Abrahams |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/gtuc-welcomes-new-registrar-nii-adotei-abrahams.html |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana''' ('''GCTU) ''' jami'ar fasaha ce ta jama'a a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005.

An riga an san makarantar da Kwalejin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ghana da Kwalejiyar Jami'ar Talla ta Ghana. Canjin sunan zuwa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana ya zo ne tare da wucewar Dokar Jami'ar Sadarwa na Ghana a watan Yunin 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes Ghana Communication Technology University Bill |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/ghana-news-parliament-passes-ghana-communication-technology-university-bill.html |access-date=2020-09-04 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160407/http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014 |publisher=Ghana Technology University College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitaccen Bayani ==
Jami'ar tana ba da digiri na farko da shirye-shiryen digiri, musamman a cikin Injiniyan Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa. Har ila yau, yana ba da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida, tare da darussan da ke ba da kyauta ga digiri na farko, da sauran tarurruka da bita na ci gaban ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University enters Volta Region |url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/education/ghana-technology-university-enters-volta-region-62169 |access-date=2015-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bude makarantar [[Kasuwanci]] a watan Janairun 2009. Digiri na farko a harkokin kasuwanci sun haɗa da Bachelor of Science in Business da Bachelor of Sciences in Entrepreneurship . Ana ba da Jagoran Kimiyya a Kasuwanci da [[Fasaha|Fasahar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University College to produce top scholars {{!}} |url=http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |access-date=2015-07-09 |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605072135/http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantar tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST)]] , Ghana; Jami'ar Coventry, Ingila, AFRALTI, [[Kenya]]; Jami'an Open, Ingila; Jami'in DePaul, Amurka; Jami'iyyar Aalborg, [[Denmark]]; Kwalejin St. Mary ta Maryland, Amurka; Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, California; Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bayanai (ICU), [[Koriya ta Kudu]]; Jami'a ta Hertfordshire, Ingila; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wildau, [[Jamus]].

Tun lokacin da aka fara karatun dalibai 350 a shekara ta 2006, GTUC ta kara yawan shiga zuwa kimanin dalibai 7,000 a shekara ta 2017.

Babban harabar GTUC tana cikin sashin Tesano na [[Accra]], [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] . An buɗe harabar ta biyu a kusa da Abeka, wani yanki na kusa da Accra da kuma harabar tauraron dan adam a Nungua. Baya ga Accra akwai makarantun tauraron dan adam a [[Kumasi]], Takoradi, Koforidua da Ho.

An kaddamar da Majalisar Jami'o'i mai mambobi 9 wanda ya kunshi fitattun malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci da jami'an gwamnati a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2010.

An nada Mista [[Nii Adotei Abrahams|Nii Adotei Ibrahims]] a matsayin sabon mai rajista na jami'ar na wa'adi daya, wanda shine tsawon shekaru 4 (Agusta 2020 - Yuli 2024). Ya maye gurbin Dr Mrs [[Juliana Owusu-Ansah]] wanda ya yi aiki na wa'adi biyu (Oktoba 2012 - Satumba 2020).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GTUC welcomes new Registrar Nii Adotei Abrahams |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/gtuc-welcomes-new-registrar-nii-adotei-abrahams.html |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana''' ('''GCTU) ''' jami'ar fasaha ce ta jama'a a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005.

An riga an san makarantar da Kwalejin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ghana da Kwalejiyar Jami'ar Talla ta Ghana. Canjin sunan zuwa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana ya zo ne tare da wucewar Dokar Jami'ar Sadarwa na Ghana a watan Yunin 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes Ghana Communication Technology University Bill |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/ghana-news-parliament-passes-ghana-communication-technology-university-bill.html |access-date=2020-09-04 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160407/http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014 |publisher=Ghana Technology University College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitaccen Bayani ==
Jami'ar tana ba da digiri na farko da shirye-shiryen digiri, musamman a cikin Injiniyan Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa. Har ila yau, yana ba da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida, tare da darussan da ke ba da kyauta ga digiri na farko, da sauran tarurruka da bita na ci gaban ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University enters Volta Region |url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/education/ghana-technology-university-enters-volta-region-62169 |access-date=2015-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bude makarantar [[Kasuwanci]] a watan Janairun 2009. Digiri na farko a harkokin kasuwanci sun haɗa da Bachelor of Science in Business da Bachelor of Sciences in Entrepreneurship . Ana ba da Jagoran Kimiyya a Kasuwanci da [[Fasaha|Fasahar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University College to produce top scholars {{!}} |url=http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |access-date=2015-07-09 |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605072135/http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantar tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST)]] , Ghana; Jami'ar Coventry, Ingila, AFRALTI, [[Kenya]]; Jami'an Open, Ingila; Jami'in DePaul, Amurka; Jami'iyyar Aalborg, [[Denmark]]; Kwalejin St. Mary ta Maryland, Amurka; Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, California; Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bayanai (ICU), [[Koriya ta Kudu]]; Jami'a ta Hertfordshire, Ingila; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wildau, [[Jamus]].

Tun lokacin da aka fara karatun dalibai 350 a shekara ta 2006, GTUC ta kara yawan shiga zuwa kimanin dalibai 7,000 a shekara ta 2017.

Babban harabar GTUC tana cikin sashin Tesano na [[Accra]], [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] . An buɗe harabar ta biyu a kusa da Abeka, wani yanki na kusa da Accra da kuma harabar tauraron dan adam a Nungua. Baya ga Accra akwai makarantun tauraron dan adam a [[Kumasi]], Takoradi, Koforidua da Ho.

An kaddamar da Majalisar Jami'o'i mai mambobi 9 wanda ya kunshi fitattun malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci da jami'an gwamnati a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2010.

An nada Mista [[Nii Adotei Abrahams|Nii Adotei Ibrahims]] a matsayin sabon mai rajista na jami'ar na wa'adi daya, wanda shine tsawon shekaru 4 (Agusta 2020 - Yuli 2024). Ya maye gurbin Dr Mrs [[Juliana Owusu-Ansah]] wanda ya yi aiki na wa'adi biyu (Oktoba 2012 - Satumba 2020).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GTUC welcomes new Registrar Nii Adotei Abrahams |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/gtuc-welcomes-new-registrar-nii-adotei-abrahams.html |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:07:21Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3759" sha1="9dwv0ag1uirgg4i5zerogf33wfxu9qr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana''' ('''GCTU) ta kasance '''jami'ar fasaha ce ta jama'a a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005.

An riga an san makarantar da Kwalejin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ghana da Kwalejiyar Jami'ar Talla ta Ghana. Canjin sunan zuwa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana ya zo ne tare da wucewar Dokar Jami'ar Sadarwa na Ghana a watan Yunin 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes Ghana Communication Technology University Bill |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/ghana-news-parliament-passes-ghana-communication-technology-university-bill.html |access-date=2020-09-04 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160407/http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014 |publisher=Ghana Technology University College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitaccen Bayani ==
Jami'ar tana ba da digiri na farko da shirye-shiryen digiri, musamman a cikin Injiniyan Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa. Har ila yau, yana ba da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida, tare da darussan da ke ba da kyauta ga digiri na farko, da sauran tarurruka da bita na ci gaban ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University enters Volta Region |url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/education/ghana-technology-university-enters-volta-region-62169 |access-date=2015-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bude makarantar [[Kasuwanci]] a watan Janairun 2009. Digiri na farko a harkokin kasuwanci sun haɗa da Bachelor of Science in Business da Bachelor of Sciences in Entrepreneurship . Ana ba da Jagoran Kimiyya a Kasuwanci da [[Fasaha|Fasahar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University College to produce top scholars {{!}} |url=http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |access-date=2015-07-09 |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605072135/http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantar tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST)]] , Ghana; Jami'ar Coventry, Ingila, AFRALTI, [[Kenya]]; Jami'an Open, Ingila; Jami'in DePaul, Amurka; Jami'iyyar Aalborg, [[Denmark]]; Kwalejin St. Mary ta Maryland, Amurka; Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, California; Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bayanai (ICU), [[Koriya ta Kudu]]; Jami'a ta Hertfordshire, Ingila; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wildau, [[Jamus]].

Tun lokacin da aka fara karatun dalibai 350 a shekara ta 2006, GTUC ta kara yawan shiga zuwa kimanin dalibai 7,000 a shekara ta 2017.

Babban harabar GTUC tana cikin sashin Tesano na [[Accra]], [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] . An buɗe harabar ta biyu a kusa da Abeka, wani yanki na kusa da Accra da kuma harabar tauraron dan adam a Nungua. Baya ga Accra akwai makarantun tauraron dan adam a [[Kumasi]], Takoradi, Koforidua da Ho.

An kaddamar da Majalisar Jami'o'i mai mambobi 9 wanda ya kunshi fitattun malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci da jami'an gwamnati a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2010.

An nada Mista [[Nii Adotei Abrahams|Nii Adotei Ibrahims]] a matsayin sabon mai rajista na jami'ar na wa'adi daya, wanda shine tsawon shekaru 4 (Agusta 2020 - Yuli 2024). Ya maye gurbin Dr Mrs [[Juliana Owusu-Ansah]] wanda ya yi aiki na wa'adi biyu (Oktoba 2012 - Satumba 2020).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GTUC welcomes new Registrar Nii Adotei Abrahams |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/gtuc-welcomes-new-registrar-nii-adotei-abrahams.html |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="3759" sha1="apz98htv4uqs6p1syje8w68am450uwh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana''' ('''GCTU) '''ta kasance jami'ar fasaha ce ta jama'a a [[Accra|Accra, Ghana]] da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005.

An riga an san makarantar da Kwalejin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ghana da Kwalejiyar Jami'ar Talla ta Ghana. Canjin sunan zuwa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Ghana ya zo ne tare da wucewar Dokar Jami'ar Sadarwa na Ghana a watan Yunin 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes Ghana Communication Technology University Bill |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/ghana-news-parliament-passes-ghana-communication-technology-university-bill.html |access-date=2020-09-04 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160407/http://gtuc.edu.gh/about-gtuc/history/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014 |publisher=Ghana Technology University College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitaccen Bayani ==
Jami'ar tana ba da digiri na farko da shirye-shiryen digiri, musamman a cikin Injiniyan Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa. Har ila yau, yana ba da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida, tare da darussan da ke ba da kyauta ga digiri na farko, da sauran tarurruka da bita na ci gaban ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University enters Volta Region |url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/education/ghana-technology-university-enters-volta-region-62169 |access-date=2015-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bude makarantar [[Kasuwanci]] a watan Janairun 2009. Digiri na farko a harkokin kasuwanci sun haɗa da Bachelor of Science in Business da Bachelor of Sciences in Entrepreneurship . Ana ba da Jagoran Kimiyya a Kasuwanci da [[Fasaha|Fasahar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Technology University College to produce top scholars {{!}} |url=http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |access-date=2015-07-09 |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605072135/http://vibeghana.com/2014/10/05/ghana-technology-university-college-to-produce-top-scholars/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantar tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST)]] , Ghana; Jami'ar Coventry, Ingila, AFRALTI, [[Kenya]]; Jami'an Open, Ingila; Jami'in DePaul, Amurka; Jami'iyyar Aalborg, [[Denmark]]; Kwalejin St. Mary ta Maryland, Amurka; Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, California; Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bayanai (ICU), [[Koriya ta Kudu]]; Jami'a ta Hertfordshire, Ingila; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wildau, [[Jamus]].

Tun lokacin da aka fara karatun dalibai 350 a shekara ta 2006, GTUC ta kara yawan shiga zuwa kimanin dalibai 7,000 a shekara ta 2017.

Babban harabar GTUC tana cikin sashin Tesano na [[Accra]], [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] . An buɗe harabar ta biyu a kusa da Abeka, wani yanki na kusa da Accra da kuma harabar tauraron dan adam a Nungua. Baya ga Accra akwai makarantun tauraron dan adam a [[Kumasi]], Takoradi, Koforidua da Ho.

An kaddamar da Majalisar Jami'o'i mai mambobi 9 wanda ya kunshi fitattun malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci da jami'an gwamnati a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2010.

An nada Mista [[Nii Adotei Abrahams|Nii Adotei Ibrahims]] a matsayin sabon mai rajista na jami'ar na wa'adi daya, wanda shine tsawon shekaru 4 (Agusta 2020 - Yuli 2024). Ya maye gurbin Dr Mrs [[Juliana Owusu-Ansah]] wanda ya yi aiki na wa'adi biyu (Oktoba 2012 - Satumba 2020).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GTUC welcomes new Registrar Nii Adotei Abrahams |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/gtuc-welcomes-new-registrar-nii-adotei-abrahams.html |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwalejin Jami'ar Musulunci, Ghana</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:32:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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'''Kwalejin Jami'ar Musulunci, [[Ghana]]''' tana ɗaya daga cikin Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu a Ghana. Tana a Gabashin Legon a cikin [[Yankin Greater Accra|Babban Yankin Accra]]. Dokta Abdolmajid Hakimollahi ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Our History |url=http://www.islamicug.com/ourhistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041043/http://www.islamicug.com/ourhistory.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15 |website=official website |publisher=Islamic University College, Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya kasance a karkashin tallafin Gidauniyar Ahlul Bait ta [[Iran|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]]. An ba shi izini na ɗan lokaci a cikin 2001 kuma a ƙarshe a cikin 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Accredited Institutions - University Colleges |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/pages/accredited_institute3.php?skey=unicol&amp;Search=Search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019045941/http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/pages/accredited_institute3.php?skey=unicol&amp;Search=Search |archive-date=2007-10-19 |access-date=2007-03-16 |website=Official Website |publisher=National Accreditation Board - Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Shirye-shiryen karatun sakandare ==

* Lissafi BBA
* Bankin BBA da Kudi
* [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Tallace-tallace]] na BBA
* BBA [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam]]
* BA Nazarin Addini (Ilimin Islama) 
* BA Sadarwar Sadarwa (Jami'ar [[Journalism|Jarida]]) 
* BA Sadarwar Sadarwa (Hadin gwiwar Jama'a) 
* BA Sadarwa Nazarin (Talla) 
* Bachelor of Education (Ilimi na Yara) 
* Diploma a cikin Ilimi (Ilimi na Yara) 

== Shirye-shiryen digiri ==

* [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] na MPhil

== Haɗin kai ==

* [[Jami'ar Ghana]],&lt;ref name=&quot;UG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=University of Ghana-Profile of the University-Institutional Affiliations |url=http://www.ug.edu.gh/profile.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210231334/http://www.ug.edu.gh/profile.php |archive-date=2007-02-10 |access-date=2007-03-16 |website=Official Website |publisher=University of Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Legon
* Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba (UEW) {{R|UG}}

== Manazarta  ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>grcsbq4h9wzs79rgwn0pc9hwvtc4iql</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878461</id>
      <parentid>878460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="2287" sha1="ql5142135ga511l547r6gaxh1rzeh8r" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Kwalejin Jami'ar Musulunci, [[Ghana]]''' tana ɗaya daga cikin Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu a Ghana. Tana a Gabashin Legon a cikin [[Yankin Greater Accra|Babban Yankin Accra]]. Dokta Abdolmajid Hakimollahi ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Our History |url=http://www.islamicug.com/ourhistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041043/http://www.islamicug.com/ourhistory.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15 |website=official website |publisher=Islamic University College, Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya kasance a karkashin tallafin Gidauniyar Ahlul Bait ta [[Iran|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]]. An ba shi izini na ɗan lokaci a cikin 2001 kuma a ƙarshe a cikin 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Accredited Institutions - University Colleges |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/pages/accredited_institute3.php?skey=unicol&amp;Search=Search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019045941/http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/pages/accredited_institute3.php?skey=unicol&amp;Search=Search |archive-date=2007-10-19 |access-date=2007-03-16 |website=Official Website |publisher=National Accreditation Board - Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Shirye-shiryen karatun sakandare ==

* Lissafi BBA
* Bankin BBA da Kudi
* [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Tallace-tallace]] na BBA
* BBA [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam]]
* BA Nazarin Addini (Ilimin Islama) 
* BA Sadarwar Sadarwa (Jami'ar [[Journalism|Jarida]]) 
* BA Sadarwar Sadarwa (Hadin gwiwar Jama'a) 
* BA Sadarwa Nazarin (Talla) 
* Bachelor of Education (Ilimi na Yara) 
* Diploma a cikin Ilimi (Ilimi na Yara) 

== Shirye-shiryen digiri ==

* [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] na MPhil

== Haɗin kai ==

* [[Jami'ar Ghana]],&lt;ref name=&quot;UG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=University of Ghana-Profile of the University-Institutional Affiliations |url=http://www.ug.edu.gh/profile.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210231334/http://www.ug.edu.gh/profile.php |archive-date=2007-02-10 |access-date=2007-03-16 |website=Official Website |publisher=University of Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Legon
* Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba (UEW){{R|UG}}

== Manazarta  ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>ql5142135ga511l547r6gaxh1rzeh8r</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya (KNUST)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79908</id>
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      <id>877799</id>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>/* Ofishin Provost */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4401" sha1="lgz0pp864dnvozkg7w0ajec20bpjweg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:RIT 2018 logo College of Health Sciences and Technology hor k.svg|thumb|makarantar kiwon lafiya ]]
{{databox}}
[[Fayil:RIT 2018 logo College of Health Sciences and Technology hor k.svg|thumb|'''Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya''']]
'''Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya''' ta [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]] ta ƙunshi Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Pharmacy and ''Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, School for Dentistry,'' School of Veterinary Medicine da kuma Cibiyar Kumasi don Bincike na hadin gwiwa a cikin maganin zafi (KCCR).Ya sami matsayin kwaleji ta hanyar canji a cikin Dokokin Jami'ar da ta kasance a watan Janairun 2005. Kafin wannan lokacin, abubuwan da ke cikin kwalejin sun wanzu daban a matsayin Faculty of Pharmacy da School of Medical Sciences.

== Ofishin Provost ==

* Provost - Farfesa [[Christian Agyare]]
* Mai rajista - H.H Akosah
* Mai ba da lissafin kwaleji - Johnson Owusu
* Mai kula da Kwalejin - Victor Teye
* Mataimakin Mai Rijistar - Ida Saeed
* Mataimakin Gudanarwa -Nana Yeboah

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Administration {{!}} College of Health Sciences |url=https://chs.knust.edu.gh/about/administration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103193532/https://chs.knust.edu.gh/about/administration |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=chs.knust.edu.gh |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsangayu da Sassa ==
Tushen: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College Departments |url=https://www.knust.edu.gh/academics/departments-programmes/departments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904064611/http://www.knust.edu.gh/academics/departments-programmes/departments |archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ===
Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Allied ta kunshi:

* Ma'aikatar Fasahar Gidan Gida na Kiwon LafiyaFasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita
* Ma'aikatar [[Ungozoma|Nursing]]
* Ma'aikatar Wasanni da Kwarewar Kwarewa
* Ma'aikatar Sonography

=== Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ===

* Ma'aikatar Kula da Magunguna da Jama'a
* Ma'aikatar MagungunaMagungunan ganye
* Ma'aikatar ilmin sunadaraiKimiyyar Magunguna
* Ma'aikatar Magunguna
* Ma'aikatar PharmacognosyMagunguna
* Ma'aikatar Ilimin Magunguna

=== Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Dentistry ===
An kirkiro Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lantarki don horar da Likitoci, Masana Kimiyya da Masana Fasaha na Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiyar. Dalibai da suka yi rajista suna ɗaukar karatun shekaru 3 bayan kammalawar nasara ana ba su BSc a cikin Ilimin Halitta na Mutum. Wani ƙarin shirin shekaru 3 ya ci gaba ga MBCHB ko BDS. A halin yanzu, Makarantar tana mai da hankali kan horar da Likitoci a matakin digiri, da Masana Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya a matakan digiri. Makarantar tana da hannu a cikin horar da likitocin digiri na biyu don membobin ƙwararru da takardar shaidar zumunci na Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Ghana da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka 

Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta kunshi wadannan:

* Anesthesiology da Kulawa mai zurfi
* Ma'aikatar Anatomy[[Anatomy|Yanayin jikin mutum]]
* Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Halin
* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Yara
* Ma'aikatar MicrobiologyMicrobiology na asibiti
* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Al'ummaLafiyar Al'umma
* Ma'aikatar EENTYa kasance
* Ma'aikatar Kiwon LafiyaMagunguna
* Ma'aikatar Magungunan Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwayoyin Kwaya
* Ma'aikatar Obstetrics da GynaecologyIlimin kula da mata
* Ma'aikatar Ilimin Cututtuka
* Ma'aikatar Ilimin jiki
* Ma'aikatar Radiology
* Ma'aikatar tiyataAikin tiyata

=== Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ===
An kuma kafa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dabbobi a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KNUST achieves landmark in veterinary medicine |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/KNUST-achieves-landmark-in-veterinary-medicine-571993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822070618/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/KNUST-achieves-landmark-in-veterinary-medicine-571993 |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi:

* Anatomy na dabbobi da PhysiologyIlimin jiki
* Cututtukan dabbobi
* Kimiyyar Magunguna da Toxicology
* Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Kiwon Lafiya da Tsaro na Abinci
* Nazarin Asibiti na Dabbobi

== Bincike ==

* Cibiyar Kumasi don Binciken Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Magungunan Tropical

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yunkurin 'yancin maza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Yunkurin 'yanci na [[maza]]''' ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa da ke sukar ƙuntatawa da al'umma ke ɗora wa maza. Masu gwagwarmayar 'yanci na maza galibi suna jin tausayi ga ra'ayoyin mata.

Ba za a rikita yunkurin 'yanci na maza da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|Yunkurin kare hakkin maza]] wanda wasu ke jayayya cewa mata na zamani sun yi nisa sosai kuma ya kamata a kara hankali kan haƙƙin maza. Yunkurin 'yanci na maza yana jaddada mummunan bangarorin namiji a &quot;al'ada&quot;, yayin da yunkurin kare hakkin maza yafi game da rashin daidaito ko rashin adalci ga maza ta cibiyoyin zamani saboda, ko duk da haka, waɗannan halaye masu yawa ga namiji na gargajiya. Ƙungiyar 'yanci ta maza kuma tana da niyyar 'yantar da maza daga ra'ayoyi da halayen da ke hana su bayyana motsin zuciyarsu cikin hanyar da ta dace.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dictionary.apa.org/mens-liberation-movement APA Dictionary of Psychology]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Yunkurin 'yanci na maza, kamar yadda masu fafutukar mata da malaman jinsi suka gane, sun bunkasa galibi tsakanin mazajen jima'i, mazajen matsakaicin matsayi a Burtaniya da Arewacin Amurka a matsayin martani ga sauye-sauyen al'adu na shekarun 1960 da 1970, gami da ci gaban Yunkurin mata, adawa da al'adu, ƙungiyoyin 'yanci da' yan luwadi, da kuma juyin juya halin jima'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baker1980&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baker, Maureen |author-link=Maureen Baker (sociologist) |last2=Bakker, J. I. Hans |date=Autumn 1980 |title=The Double-Bind of the Middle Class Male: Men's Liberation and the Male Sex Role |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=547–561 |doi=10.3138/jcfs.11.4.547}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Messner1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Messner |first=Michael A. |date=June 1998 |title=The Limits of 'The Male Sex Role': An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movements' Discourse |journal=Gender and Society |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=255–276 |doi=10.1177/0891243298012003002 |s2cid=143890298}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Carrigan1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carrigan, Tim |last2=Connell, Bob |last3=Lee, John |date=September 1985 |title=Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity |journal=Theory and Society |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=551–604 |doi=10.1007/BF00160017 |s2cid=143967899}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jack Sawyer ya wallafa '''Yanci''' labarin mai taken &quot;On Male Liberation&quot; a cikin mujallar Liberation a cikin kaka na 1970, inda ya tattauna mummunan tasirin ra'ayoyin maza da maza. 1971 ya ga haihuwar kungiyoyin tattaunawa na maza a duk faɗin Amurka, da kuma kafawar Warren Farrell na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Maza a kan Maza Mystique a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa .&lt;ref name=&quot;Ridinger2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Tom}}&lt;/ref&gt; Robert Lewis da Joseph Pleck sun samo asali ne daga haihuwar motsi zuwa buga littattafai biyar a kan batun a ƙarshen 1974 da farkon 1975, wanda ya biyo bayan tarin wallafe-wallafen da aka yi niyya ga masu sauraro da kuma masu sauraro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis1979&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis, Robert A. |last2=Pleck, Joseph H. |date=October 1979 |title=Men's Roles in the Family |journal=The Family Coordinator |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=429–432 |doi=10.2307/583501 |jstor=583501}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan motsi ya haifar da kafa tarurruka, kungiyoyin da ke tada hankali, cibiyoyin maza, da sauran albarkatu a duk faɗin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Robert A. |date=December 1981 |title=Men's Liberation and the Men's Movement: Implications for Counselors |journal=The Personnel and Guidance Journal |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=256–259 |doi=10.1002/j.2164-4918.1981.tb00295.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yunkurin 'yanci na maza a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta mata ta rushe a ƙarshen shekarun 1970. A farkon shekarun 1980s, mambobin ƙungiyar 'yanci ta maza sun rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu. Mambobin da suka fi mai da hankali kan 'farashin matsayin maza ga maza' fiye da 'farashin matsayi na maza ga mata' sun kafa ƙungiyar kare hakkin maza da ke mai da hankali ga batutuwan da maza ke fuskanta. Mambobin da suka ga jima'i ne kawai a matsayin tsarin maza da ke zaluntar mata sun ki amincewa da harshen matsayin jima'i kuma sun kirkiro kungiyoyin maza mai goyon bayan mata da suka fi mayar da hankali kan magance cin zarafin jima'i ga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Messner1998&quot;/&gt;

== Tsere ==
Bambance-bambance na launin fata sun kasance a cikin ƙungiyar 'yanci na maza wanda, duk da ƙoƙarin da ya fi dacewa na haɗa kai, irin wannan rarrabuwa a wasu lokuta sun kasance matsala. Wasu malaman mata a cikin adawa da siyasa ga motsi sun yi jayayya &lt;ref name=&quot;Hoch1&quot;&gt;Hoch, Paul. &quot;White Hero, Black Beast: Racism, Sexism, and the Mask of Masculinity&quot;, reprinted in ''Feminism &amp; Masculinities'', Peter F. Murphy, ed. ([1970]; Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 93–107.&lt;/ref&gt; cewa wariyar launin fata a cikin al'ummar Amurka ya lalata maza da ba fararen fata ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Messner1&quot;&gt;Messner, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nG8MGcopgWQC&amp;pg=PP1 &quot;Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements&quot;]. Oxford: AltaMira Press, 2000, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, ana ganin baƙar fata maza ba su da iko akan cin zarafin jima'i. A cikin wannan tsarin akidar ana gabatar da baƙar fata maza a matsayin masu jima'i sosai kuma ana kwatanta su da dabbobi, masu cin nama da dabbobi saboda wannan. Amirkawa na Gabashin Asiya, duk da haka, an nuna su a matsayin marasa kyau  kuma ba su da namiji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilkins |first=Clara L. |last2=Chan |first2=Joy F. |last3=Kaiser |first3=Cheryl R. |date=2011 |title=Racial stereotypes and interracial attraction: Phenotypic prototypicality and perceived attractiveness of Asians. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0024733 |journal=Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1037/a0024733 |issn=1939-0106 |pmid=21988581}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yanci na Gay ==
Tsakanin mata na biyu ya kara mai da hankali ga batutuwan jima'i, musamman dangantakar da ke tsakanin maza masu luwadi da namiji. Wannan canjin ya haifar da karin hadin kai tsakanin 'yancin maza da ƙungiyoyin' yancin gay. A wani bangare wannan hadin gwiwar ta taso ne saboda an fahimci namiji a matsayin tsarin zamantakewa, kuma a matsayin martani ga yaduwar &quot;maza&quot; da aka gani a cikin ƙungiyoyin maza da suka gabata.  

== Ƙungiyoyi ==

=== Taron Maza na California ===
An kirkiro California Men's Gatherings (CMG) a cikin 1978  ta maza a cikin ƙungiyar maza masu adawa da jima'i. Marubucin Margo Adair, wanda ya halarci taron na goma sha biyu a 1987, ya rubuta cewa ta sami yanayin da ya bambanta da duk abin da ta taɓa fuskanta. Bayan ta yi tunani game da shi, ta fahimci cewa shi ne karo na farko da ta taɓa jin cikakkiyar lafiya tsakanin babban rukuni na maza, tare da wasu mata kaɗan. Ta kuma lura cewa an yarda da kowa, kuma an nuna soyayya tsakanin mahalarta a bayyane.

CMG tana shirya sauye-sauye uku a kowace shekara, tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gatherings · California Mens Gatherings |url=https://thecmg.org/gather/ |access-date=2020-01-21 |website=California Mens Gatherings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu, yawancin maza da ke halartar California Men's Taron gay ne ko bisexual.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mission and Vision |url=https://thecmg.org/mission-and-vision/ |access-date=July 25, 2017 |publisher=The California Men's Gathering}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== r/MensLib ===
MensLib wani dandalin tattaunawa ne na kan layi a shafin yanar gizon Reddit . Al'umma ce mai goyon bayan mata kuma an kirkireshi ne a matsayin wuri mai lafiya da aminci don tattaunawa kan yadda matsayin jinsi na gargajiya da namiji ke cutar da maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;VOX&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crockett |first=Emily |date=2016-09-21 |title=There's a better way to talk about men's rights activism — and it's on Reddit |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/9/21/12906510/mens-lib-reddit-mens-rights-activism-pro-feminist |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vox |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schofield |first=Daisy |date=2022-12-08 |title=The men deradicalising other men on Reddit |url=https://www.huckmag.com/perspectives/the-men-deradicalising-other-men-on-reddit/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Huck Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221201303/https://www.huckmag.com/perspectives/the-men-deradicalising-other-men-on-reddit/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Maza da ke Yaki da Jima'i ===
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Maza da Jima'i (NOMAS) ƙungiya ce mai goyon bayan mata, ƙungiyar maza masu goyon bayan gay wanda kuma ke inganta rayuwar maza wanda ya fara a cikin shekarun 1970s. Taron kasa na NOMAS na 1991 ya kasance game da gina al'ummomin al'adu da yawa.{{Rp|57}}

=== Labarai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ===
An shirya Radical Faeries a California a cikin 1979 ta masu gwagwarmayar gay da ke son ƙirƙirar madadin da za a haɗa su cikin al'adun maza na yau da kullun.

== Ayyuka ==

* Cibiyoyin maza na kwaleji
* kungiyoyin tallafi maza
* Tallafin jama'a da sake fasalin doka

== Duba kuma ==
{{Columns-list|* [[Affirmative action]]
* [[Discrimination against men]]
* [[Gay rights]]
* [[Gender differences in suicide]]
* [[Gender empowerment]]
* [[Gender and emotional expression]]
* [[Gender essentialism]]
* [[Gender polarization]]
* [[Gender policing]]
** [[Effeminacy]]
* [[Gender roles]]
** [[Gender variance]]
** [[Social construction of gender]]
* [[Homophobia]]
** [[Discrimination against gay men]]
** [[Heterosexism]]
* [[Intersex]]
* [[Machismo]]
** [[Sissy|Sissy (pejorative)]]
* [[Manosphere]]
* [[Masculism]]
** [[Men's health]]
* [[Men and feminism]]
* [[Men's studies]]
* [[Men Going Their Own Way]]
* [[Misandry]]
* [[Patriarchy]]
* [[Postgenderism]]
* [[Radical Faeries]]
* [[Sex and gender distinction]]
* [[Trans Man|Transgender men]]
** [[Discrimination against transgender men|Transmisandry]]
* [[Violence against men]]
** [[Rape of males]]
*** [[Corrective rape]]
** [[Violence against gay men]]}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
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'''''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yanci na dama'''''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Rothbard 19712&quot;&gt;Rothbard, Murray (1 March 1971). [https://mises.org/library/left-and-right-within-libertarianism &quot;The Left and Right Within Libertarianism&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101091933/https://mises.org/library/left-and-right-within-libertarianism|date=1 November 2020}}. ''WIN: Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action''. '''7''' (4): 6–10. Retrieved 14 January 2020. &quot;The emphasis on the rights of private property of course locates this libertarian creed as emphatically 'right-wing,' as does the right of free contract, implying absolute adherence to freedom of enterprise and the free-market economy. It also means, however, that the right-libertarian stands foursquare for the 'civil liberty' of freedom of speech, press, and assembly. It means that he necessarily favors total freedom for abortion, pornography, prostitution, and all other forms of personal action that do not themselves aggress against the property of others. And, above all, he regards conscription as slavery pure and simple. All of these latter positions are of course now regarded as 'leftist,' and so the right-libertarian is inevitably put in the position of being some form of “left-rightnik,” someone who agrees with conservatives on some issues and with leftists on others.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodway2&quot;&gt;Goodway, David (2006). ''[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward]]''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&amp;q=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&amp;pg=PA4 p. 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152209/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&amp;q=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&amp;pg=PA4#v=snippet&amp;q=anarcho-capitalism%20right%20libertarian&amp;f=false|date=7 February 2024}}. &quot;The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces ''laissez-faire'' liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Carlson2&quot;&gt;Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). &quot;Libertarianism&quot;. In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. ''The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America''. London: Sage Publications. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&amp;pg=PA1006 p. 1006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&amp;pg=PA1006#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|date=7 February 2024}}. {{ISBN|1412988764}}.&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka fi sani da 'yancin [[jari-hujja]],&lt;ref&gt;Reiman, Jeffrey H. (2005). &quot;The Fallacy of Libertarian Capitalism&quot;. ''Ethics''. '''10''' (1): 85–95. doi:10.1086/292300. JSTOR 2380706. S2CID 170927490.&lt;/ref&gt; ko 'yancin 'yancin kai na dama, &lt;ref name=&quot;Reiman 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reiman |first=Jeffrey H. |year=2005 |title=The Fallacy of Libertarian Capitalism |journal=Ethics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=85–95 |doi=10.1086/292300 |jstor=2380706 |s2cid=170927490}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Newman|2010}} &quot;It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Falsafar Afirka|Falsafar]] siyasa ce ta 'yanci wacce ke tallafawa' yancin mallakar jari-huadda kuma tana kare rarraba kasuwa albarkatun kasa da dukiyar masu zaman kansu.{{Sfn|Kymlicka|2005}} Ana amfani da kalmar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'yanci na dama'' don rarrabe wannan ra'ayi game da yanayin [[Haƙƙin mallaka (na tattalin arziki)|dukiya]] da [[Babban birni|babban birnin]]  daga 'yanci-'yanci na hagu, wani nau'in' yanci wanda ya haɗu da mallaka tare da tsarin daidaito ga dukiya da samun kudin shiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Francis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Francis |first=Mark |date=December 1983 |title=Human Rights and Libertarians |journal=[[Australian Journal of Politics &amp; History]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=462–472 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x |issn=0004-9522}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Vallentyne|2007}} Sabanin 'yanci na gurguzu, 'yancin dama yana goyan bayan jari-hujja na kasuwa kyauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rothbard 19712&quot; /&gt; Kamar yawancin nau'ikan 'yanci, yana tallafawa' yanci na jama'a,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rothbard 19712&quot; /&gt; musamman dokar halitta,  'yancin da ba su da kyau,  ka'idar da ba ta da ƙarfi,  da kuma babban juyawa na jihar jin dadin zamani.&lt;ref&gt;Sterba, James P. (October 1994). &quot;From Liberty to Welfare&quot;. ''Ethics''. Cambridge: Blackwell. '''105''' (1): 237–241.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2017 |title=What you should know about the Non-Aggression Principle |url=https://www.learnliberty.org/blog/what-you-should-know-about-the-non-aggression-principle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207070747/https://www.learnliberty.org/blog/what-you-should-know-about-the-non-aggression-principle/ |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=Learnliberty.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Baradat|2015}}

Tunanin siyasa na [['yanci]] na dama ana nuna shi ta hanyar fifiko mai tsauri da aka ba 'yanci, tare da buƙatar kara girman ikon' yanci na mutum da rage ikon jama'a.{{Sfn|Heywood|2004}} 'Yanci masu sassaucin ra'ayi yawanci suna ganin jihar a matsayin babbar barazana ga' yanci. Wannan adawa da mulkin mallaka ya bambanta da koyarwar anarchist saboda ya dogara ne akan son kai mai karfi wanda ke ba da fifiko ga zamantakewar ɗan adam ko hadin kai.{{Sfn|Heywood|2004}}{{Sfn|Newman|2010}} Falsafar 'yanci ta dama kuma samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin haƙƙin mutum da tattalin arziki na laissez-faire. Ka'idar 'yanci na haƙƙin mutum gabaɗaya tana bin ƙa'ka'idar gidaje da ka'idar aiki na dukiya, tana jaddada mallaka da kuma cewa mutane suna da cikakken haƙƙin dukiyar da aikinsu ke samarwa.{{Sfn|Heywood|2004}} A fannin tattalin arziki, 'yanci masu 'yanci ba su da bambanci tsakanin jari-hujja da kasuwanni masu 'yanta kuma suna kallon duk wani yunkuri na tsara tsarin kasuwa a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani, suna jaddada hanyoyin da kuma yanayin sarrafa kansa na kasuwa yayin da suke nuna sa hannun gwamnati da ƙoƙarin sake rarraba dukiya a matsayin abin da ba dole ba kuma ba shi da kyau.{{Sfn|Heywood|2004}} Kodayake duk masu 'yanci masu 'yancin kai soja adawa da shiga tsakani na gwamnati, akwai rarrabuwa tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka, waɗanda ke kallon jihar a matsayin mugunta marar amfani kuma suna son haƙƙin mallaka an kare ba tare da doka ba ta hanyar doka ta hanyar cin zarafin kasuwa, kwangila da dokar mallaka; da kuma minarchists, waɗanda ke tallafawa buƙatar ƙaramin jiha, galibi ana kiranta jihar mai tsaro ta dare, don samar da 'yan ƙasa da kotuna, sojoji, da' [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall 2008 p. 565&quot;&gt;Marshall, Peter (2008). ''[[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]''. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. &quot;The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces ''laissez-faire'' liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Like libertarians of all varieties, right-libertarians refer to themselves simply as ''libertarians''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Newman|2010}} &quot;It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all.&lt;/ref&gt; Being the most common type of libertarianism in the United States, right-libertarianism has become the most common referent of ''libertarianism''&lt;ref name=&quot;Beltrán 1989&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beltrán |first=Miquel |year=1989 |title=Libertarismo y deber. Una reflexión sobre la ética de Nozick |trans-title=Libertarianism and duty. A reflection on Nozick's ethics |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=32947 |url-status=live |journal=Revista de ciencias sociales |language=es |volume=91 |pages=123–128 |issn=0210-0223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323204741/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=32947 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |access-date=29 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; there since the late 20th century while historically and elsewhere&lt;ref name=&quot;Nettlau&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Max Nettlau}}&lt;/ref&gt; it continues to be widely used to refer to anti-state forms of socialism such as anarchism&lt;ref name=&quot;Graham&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robert Graham (historian)}}&lt;/ref&gt; and more generally libertarian communism/libertarian Marxism and libertarian socialism.&lt;ref name=&quot;RothbardBetrayal&quot; /&gt; Around the time of Murray Rothbard, who popularized the term ''libertarian'' in the United States during the 1960s, anarcho-capitalist movements started calling themselves ''libertarian'', leading to the rise of the term ''right-libertarian'' to distinguish them. Rothbard himself acknowledged the co-opting of the term and boasted of its &quot;capture [...] from the enemy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;RothbardBetrayal&quot; /&gt;

== Ma'anar. ==
[[Fayil:Ideomap3b-sm.jpg|thumb|Hoton rukuni na tattalin arziki wanda 'yanci na dama ya fada cikin [[jari-hujja]] na' yanci kamar yadda' yanci na dama ke adawa da jari-huadda na jihar, suna tallafawa maimakon laissez-faire tattalin arziki a cikin jari-hoto]]
Mutanen da aka bayyana a matsayin masu sassaucin ra'ayi na hagu ko masu sassaucinni ra'ayi gabaɗaya suna kiran kansu kawai masu sassaucinsu kuma suna magana da falsafar su a matsayin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'yanci''. Dangane da wannan, wasu marubuta da masana kimiyyar siyasa sun rarraba nau'ikan 'yanci zuwa kungiyoyi biyu, &lt;ref&gt;Long, Joseph. W (1996). &quot;Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class&quot;. ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. '''15''' (2): 310. &quot;When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  wato hagu-yanci da dama-yanci,   &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall 2008 p. 565&quot;&gt;Marshall, Peter (2008). ''[[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]''. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. &quot;The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces ''laissez-faire'' liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Newman|2010}} &quot;It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all.&lt;/ref&gt; don rarrabe ra'ayoyin' yanci game da yanayin [[Haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa|dukiya]] da babban birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Francis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Francis |first=Mark |date=December 1983 |title=Human Rights and Libertarians |journal=[[Australian Journal of Politics &amp; History]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=462–472 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x |issn=0004-9522}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFrancis1983&quot;&gt;Francis, Mark (December 1983). &quot;Human Rights and Libertarians&quot;. ''[[Jaridar Siyasa da Tarihi ta Australiya|Australian Journal of Politics &amp; History]]''. '''29''' (3): 462–472. [[Doi (masu ganewa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x|10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0004-9522|0004-9522]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'yanci'' ta fara amfani da ita ne daga masu tunani na 'yanci na Enlightenment, suna nufin waɗanda suka yi imani da' yancin zaɓe, sabanin wajibi, falsafar da ba a amfani da ita ba yanzu wacce ta gabatar da wani nau'i na ƙaddara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boaz&quot;&gt;Boaz, David (1998). ''Libertarianism: A Primer''. Free Press. pp. 22–26.&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'yanci'' an fara rubuta ta ne a cikin 1789 wanda masanin tarihin Burtaniya William Belsham ya kirkiro, a cikin tattaunawa game da' yancin zaɓe daga ra'ayin marubucin.&lt;ref&gt;William Belsham, &quot;Essays&quot;, printed for C. Dilly, 1789; original from the University of Michigan, digitized 21 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan muhawara tsakanin 'yanci a cikin ma'anar falsafa-metaphysical da ƙaddara za su ci gaba zuwa farkon karni na sha tara, musamman a fagen [[Protestan bangaskiya|tauhidin Furotesta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;theo&quot;&gt;Jared Sparks, ''[http://www.archive.org/stream/collectionofessa03chan/collectionofessa03chan_djvu.txt ''Collection of Essays and Tracts in Theology, from Various Authors, with Biographical and Critical Notices''], publicado por Oliver Everett, 13 Cornhill, 1824 (ver, Writings of Dr. Cogan, 205).''&lt;/ref&gt; The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a cikin Turanci, ya tabbatar da wannan tsohuwar amfani da kalmar 'yanci ta hanyar bayyana ma'anarsa a matsayin &quot;mai ba da shawara game da koyarwar' yancin zaɓe &quot;kuma, yana da ma'anar ma'ana, ya kuma ce shi&quot; mutum ne wanda ke riƙe da ka'idodin' yancin mutum musamman a cikin tunani da aiki.

Many decades later, ''libertarian'' was a term used by the French libertarian communist Joseph Déjacque&lt;ref name=&quot;Graham&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robert Graham (historian)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGraham2005&quot;&gt;[[Robert Graham (historian)|Graham, Robert]], ed. (2005). ''Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;1. Montreal: Black Rose Books. §17.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LeLibertaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mouton |first=Jean Claude |title=Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social |url=http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/libertaire.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191837/http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/libertaire.htm |archive-date=16 May 2011 |access-date=16 July 2019 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; to mean a form of left-wing politics that has been frequently used to refer to anarchism&lt;ref name=&quot;Nettlau&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Max Nettlau}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNettlau1996&quot;&gt;[[Max Nettlau|Nettlau, Max]] (1996). ''A Short History of Anarchism''. London: Freedom Press. p.&amp;nbsp;162. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0900384899|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0900384899&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[[oclc:37529250|37529250]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graham&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall&quot; /&gt; and libertarian socialism since the mid- to late 19th century. With the modern development of right-libertarian ideologies such as anarcho-capitalism and minarchism co-opting the term ''libertarian'' in the mid-20th century to instead advocate ''laissez-faire'' [[Jari-hujja|capitalism]] and strong [[Haƙƙin mallaka (na tattalin arziki)|private property rights]] such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources, the terms ''left-libertarianism'' and ''right-libertarianism'' have been used more often as to differentiate between the two.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodway&quot; /&gt; Socialist libertarianism has been included within a broad left-libertarianism while right-libertarianism mainly refers to ''laissez-faire'' capitalism such as Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism and Robert Nozick's minarchism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodway&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall 2008 p. 565&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Newman|2010}} &quot;It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all.&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana 'yanci na dama a matsayin hada' yancin mutum da adawa da jihar, tare da goyon baya mai karfi ga Kasuwanci kyauta da dukiyar masu zaman kansu. Hakkin dukiya shine batun da ya raba falsafancin 'yanci. A cewar Jennifer Carlson, 'yanci na dama shine mafi girman nau'in' 'yanci a Amurka. 'Yancin 'yanci na dama &quot;duba haƙƙin mallaka mai ƙarfi a matsayin tushen' yanci kuma ta haka ne - don ambaton taken rubutun Brian Doherty game da' yanci a Amurka - &quot;Radicals for Capitalism&quot;.

Herbert Kitschelt da Anthony J. McGann sun bambanta 'yanci na dama - &quot;dabara da ke haɗuwa da matsayi na kasuwa tare da adawa da ikon matsayi, goyon bayan shiga siyasa mara kyau, da amincewa da mata da muhalli&quot; - tare da mulkin mallaka.

Mark Bevir ya yi ikirarin cewa akwai nau'ikan 'yanci guda uku, wato hagu, dama da kuma' yanci kamar yadda Friedrich Hayek ya inganta.
[[Fayil:Nolan_chart_normal.svg|thumb|Taswirar Nolan]]
A cewar mai ba da 'yanci na Amurka na zamani Walter Block, masu ba da 'ya'yanci na hagu da masu ba da' yanci na dama sun yarda da wasu wuraren ba da 'yarci, amma &quot;inda  suka bambanta shine dangane da ma'anar ma'anar waɗannan axioms na tushe&quot;. Kodayake wasu 'yanci na iya ƙin bangaren siyasa, musamman bangaren siyasa na hagu-dama, 'yanci-yanci na dama da dama a Amurka an bayyana su a matsayin masu adawa, 'yancin dama,' Sabon Dama, 'yan adawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu mayar da martani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harmel |first=Robert |last2=Gibson |first2=Rachel K. |date=June 1995 |title=Right-Libertarian Parties and the &quot;New Values&quot;: A Re-examination |journal=Scandinavian Political Studies |volume=18 |issue=July 1993 |pages=97–118 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9477.1995.tb00157.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Baradat|2015}}

Dan gwagwarmayar 'yanci na Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa David Nolan, babban wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Libertarian, ya haɓaka abin da yanzu ake kira Nolan Chart don maye gurbin al'adun siyasa na hagu-dama. An yi amfani da jadawalin Nolan ta hanyar 'yanci da dama na zamani na Amurka da' yanci na dama waɗanda suka ƙi tsarin siyasa na gargajiya saboda rashin haɗin kai kuma suna ganin kansu a matsayin arewacin tsakiya. Ana amfani da shi a kokarin tantance ra'ayoyin 'yanci na yau da kullun waɗanda ke tallafawa kasuwannin' yanci da' yancin zamantakewa kuma suna ƙin abin da suke gani a matsayin ƙuntatawa kan' yancin tattalin arziki da na mutum da aka ɗora ta hagu da dama, bi da bi,  kodayake an soki wannan batu na ƙarshe.  Sauran 'yanci sun ki amincewa da rabuwa da' yanci na mutum da na tattalin arziki ko kuma suna jayayya cewa Nolan Chart ba ya ba da nauyi ga manufofin kasashen waje.

Tun lokacin da aka sake farfado da Neoliberalism a cikin shekarun 1970s, 'yanci na dama ya bazu fiye da Arewacin Amurka ta hanyar tankuna masu tunani da jam'iyyun siyasa. A cikin Amurka, ana kallon 'yanci a matsayin wannan matsayin kasuwar' yanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall 2008 p. 565&quot;&gt;Marshall, Peter (2008). ''[[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]''. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. &quot;The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces ''laissez-faire'' liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Newman|2010}} &quot;It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalmomin. ==
A matsayin kalma, wasu masu sharhi na siyasa, masana kimiyya da kafofin watsa labarai suna amfani da ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'yanci na dama'', musamman a Amurka, don bayyana falsafar' yanci wanda ke tallafawa jari-hujja na kasuwa kyauta da kuma haƙƙin mallaka mai ƙarfi, ban da tallafawa iyakantaccen gwamnati da [[Mallakar kai|mallaka kai]],  ana bambance shi da ra'ayoyin hagu waɗanda ba sa goyon bayan tsohon.{{Sfn|Vallentyne|2007}} A mafi yawan duniya, wannan matsayi na siyasa galibi an san shi da 'yanci na gargajiya, 'yanci da' yanci na tattalin arziki da kuma Neoliberalism.&lt;ref&gt;Boas, Taylor C.; Gans-Morse, Jordan (2009). &quot;Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan&quot;. ''Studies in Comparative International Development''. '''44''' (2): 151–152. {{Doi|10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Yafi alaƙa da [[Siyasa ta dama]], tallafi ga Kasuwanci kyauta da mallakar kayan masarufi. Bugu da ƙari, yawanci ana bambance shi da irin wannan akidar kamar dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa da 'yanci na zamantakewa waɗanda gabaɗaya ke son wasu nau'ikan jari-hujja kamar tattalin arziki mai gauraye, jari-huyen jihar da jari-hujanar jin daɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John |first=David C. |date=21 November 2003 |title=The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement |url=http://www.heritage.org/Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL811.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308173749/http://www.heritage.org/Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL811.cfm |archive-date=8 March 2010 |access-date=13 May 2010 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peter Vallentyne ya rubuta cewa 'yanci, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin game da mallaka, ba koyarwar dama ba ce a cikin mahallin siyasar hagu-dama saboda a kan batutuwan zamantakewa yana da alaƙa da hagu, yana adawa da dokokin da ke ƙuntata dangantakar jima'i tsakanin ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ta manya da kuma dokokin da ke sanya ra'ayoyin addini ko ayyuka da aikin soja na tilas. Ya bayyana 'yanci na dama kamar yadda yake riƙe da cewa albarkatun kasa marasa mallaka &quot;mutumin farko da ya gano su, ya haɗu da aikinta tare da su, ko kuma kawai ya yi ikirarin su - ba tare da yardar wasu ba, kuma ba tare da biyan su ba&quot;. Ya bambanta wannan da 'yanci na hagu, inda irin wannan &quot; albarkatun kasa da ba a dace da su ba na kowa ne a wasu hanyoyi masu daidaito&quot;. Hakazalika, Charlotte da Lawrence Becker sun ci gaba da cewa 'yanci na dama galibi yana nufin matsayin siyasa cewa saboda albarkatun kasa ba su da asali, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na iya mallaka su da son rai ba tare da yardar wasu ba.

Samuel Edward Konkin III, wanda ya bayyana agorism a matsayin wani nau'i na 'yanci na hagu  da kuma dabarun reshe na 'yancin kasuwa na hagu,  ya bayyana 'yanci-yanci na dama a matsayin &quot;mai fafutuka, ƙungiya, wallafe-wallafen ko halin da ke goyon 'Yan majalisa kawai a matsayin dabarun rage ko kawar da jihar, yawanci yana adawa da Counter-Economics, ko dai yana adawa ne da Jam' yanci ko kuma yana aiki don jan shi dama kuma ya fi son hadin gwiwa tare da ake zaton 'yanci' yanci'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Konkin III |first=Samuel Edward |title=An Agorist Primer |url=http://www.kopubco.com/pdf/An_Agorist_Primer_by_SEK3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311045911/https://www.kopubco.com/pdf/An_Agorist_Primer_by_SEK3.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2020 |publisher=Kopubco.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anthony Gregory ya ci gaba da cewa 'yanci &quot;zai iya komawa ga kowane adadin bambance-bambance na siyasa daban-daban kuma a wasu lokuta&quot;. Yayinda yake riƙe da cewa muhimmiyar bambanci ga 'yanci ba hagu ko dama ba ne, amma ko su ne &quot;masu goyon bayan gwamnati waɗanda ke amfani da maganganun' yanci don kare tashin hankali na jihar&quot;, ya bayyana 'yanci na dama kamar yadda yake da kuma ci gaba da sha'awar' yancin tattalin arziki, yana kallon salon rayuwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a matsayin &quot;babban wanda aka azabtar da jihar&quot; kuma yana son manufofin kasashen waje marasa shiga tsakani, yana raba &quot;tsayayya da Tsohon Dama ga daular&quot;.

=== Tsohon Dama. ===
Murray Rothbard, wanda rubuce-rubucensa da tasirin kansa suka taimaka wajen kirkirar wasu nau'o'in 'yanci na dama, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=David Miller (political theorist)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rubuta game da Tsohon dama a Amurka, hadin gwiwar mutane da aka kafa a cikin shekarun 1930, don adawa da Sabon Yarjejeniya a gida da shiga tsakani na soja a kasashen waje, cewa &quot;ba su bayyana ko tunanin kansu a matsayin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba: suna so su soke su rushe su, ba masu ra'ayi ba&quot;.  Bill Kauffman ya kuma rubuta game da irin waɗannan &quot;tsoffin 'yanci na dama&quot;.  Peter Marshall ya samo asali ne daga 'yanci na dama da kuma anarcho-capitalism musamman a baya ga Tsohon Dama kuma kamar yadda Sabon Dama ya sake shahara.

Mutanen da ake gani a cikin wannan tsohuwar al'adar 'yanci&lt;ref&gt;[[Ronald Radosh|Radosh, Ronald]] (1975). ''Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism''. New York City, New York: Simon.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Justin Raimondo|Raimondo, Justin]] (2008). ''Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement'' (2d ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: ISI.&lt;/ref&gt; sun haɗa da Frank Chodorov, &lt;ref&gt;[[Frank Chodorov|Chodorov, Frank]] (1962). ''Out of Step: The Autobiography of an Individualist''. New York City, New York: Devin-Adair.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, Charles H. (1980). ''Fugitive Essays: Selected Writings of Frank Chodorov''. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty.&lt;/ref&gt; John T. Flynn, &lt;ref&gt;[[John T. Flynn|Flynn, John T.]] (1973) [1944]. ''As We Go Marching: A Biting Indictment of the Coming of Domestic Fascism in America''. New York City, New York: Free Life.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Moser, John (2005). ''Right Turn: John T. Flynn and the Transformation of American Liberalism''. New York City, New York: New York University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Garet Garrett, [5] Rose Wilder Lane, [5] [6] H. L. Mencken, [5] Albert Jay Nock [4] [5] da Isabel Paterson [4] [5] [6]&lt;ref&gt;Ryant, Carl (1989). ''Profit's Prophet: Garet Garrett (1878–1954)''. Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ramsey, Bruce (2008). ''Unsanctioned Voice: Garet Garrett, Journalist of the Old Right''. Caldwell, Indiana: Caxton.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Rose Wilder Lane|Wilder Lane, Rose]] (2006) [1936]. ''Give Me Liberty''. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Rose Wilder Lane|Wilder Lane, Rose]] (2007) [1943]. ''The Discovery of Freedom: Man's Struggle against Authority''. Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[H. L. Mencken|Mencken, H. L.]] (1961). ''Letters of H. L. Mencken''. Knofp. pp. xiii, 189.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Albert Jay Nock|Nock, Albert Jay]] (1935). ''[[Our Enemy, the State]]''. New York City: Morrow.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Albert Jay Nock|Nock, Albert Jay]] (June 1936). &quot;Isaiah’s Job&quot;. ''Atlantic Monthly'' (157): 641–649.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Albert Jay Nock|Nock, Albert Jay]] (1943). ''Memoirs of a Superfluous Man''. New York City: Harper.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Isabel Paterson|Paterson, Isabel]] (1993). ''[[The God of the Machine]]''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Stephen D. Cox|Cox, Stephen D.]] (2004). ''The Woman and the Dynamo: Isabel Paterson and the Idea of America''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction.&lt;/ref&gt; Abin da waɗannan masu tunani suka yi kama da juna shine adawa da hauhawar jihar gudanarwa a lokacin Progressive Era da fadada ta dangane da Sabon Yarjejeniya da Yarjejeniyar Daidaitawa yayin da suke kalubalantar [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]] da shiga tsakani na soja.&lt;ref&gt;[[Bill Kauffman|Kauffman, Bill]] (2008). ''Ain't My America: The Long, Noble History of Antiwar Conservatism and Middle-American Anti-Imperialism''. New York City, New York: Metropolitan.&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ''Tsohon Dama'' lakabi ne game da abin da yawancin ko mafi yawan waɗannan adadi na iya kasancewa masu shakku kamar yadda yawancin suke tunanin kansu yadda ya kamata a matsayin masu sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya maimakon tsaron ƙasa da ra'ayin mazan jiya na masu tunani da ke da alaƙa da ra'ayyar ra'ayin rikon kwarya, tare da Chodorov da ya shahara da rubuce-rubuce: &quot;A gare ni, zan buge duk wanda ya kira ni mai ra'ayin ra'ayin ch'ayin ma'ayin ma yaudara a hanci&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Frank Chodorov|Chodorov, Frank]] (6 October 1956). &quot;Letter to the editor&quot;. ''National Review''. '''2''' (20): 23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, Charles H. (1981). &quot;Introduction&quot;. ''Fugitive Essays: Selected Writings of Frank Chodorov Compiled''. p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Hamayya da juriya ga jihar sun kusanci rikice-rikicen falsafa tare da Nock kuma sun kai ga rashin ƙasa a cikin shari'ar Chodorov. A gefe guda, Lew Rockwell da Jeffrey Tucker sun gano Tsohon Dama a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, suna jayayya cewa &quot;[v] iko na zamantakewa mai ƙarfi - kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin iyali, coci, da sauran cibiyoyin sulhu - tushe ne na al'umma mai kyau&quot; kuma &quot;[t] dabi'ar daidaito tana da halin kirki kuma tana lalata dukiyar masu zaman kansu da ikon zamantakewa&quot;.

Duk da yake mai zaman kansa ya shahara da ɗan gurguzu Benjamin Tucker a ƙarshen shekarun 1870 da farkon shekarun 1880,  H. L. Mencken da Albert Jay Nock sune fitattun mutane na farko a Amurka don bayyana kansu a matsayin masu zaman kansu a matsayin ma'anar masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Sun yi imanin cewa Franklin D. Roosevelt ya yi amfani da kalmar liberal don manufofinsa na New Deal wanda suka yi adawa da shi kuma sun yi amfani da ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'yanci'' don nuna goyon baya ga' 'yanci na gargajiya, son kai da kuma iyakantaccen gwamnati.

In the 1960s, Rothbard started publishing ''Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought'', believing that the left–right political spectrum had gone &quot;entirely askew&quot; since conservatives were sometimes more statist than liberals and tried to reach out to leftists and go beyond left and right. In 1971, Rothbard wrote about right-libertarianism which he described as supporting free trade, [[Haƙƙin mallaka (na tattalin arziki)|property rights]] and [[Mallakar kai|self-ownership]]. Rothbard would later describe it as anarcho-capitalism&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothbard |first=Murray |date=17 August 2007 |title=Floyd Arthur 'Baldy' Harper, RIP |url=http://mises.org/daily/2634 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213004500/http://mises.org/daily/2634 |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Mises Daily |publisher=Mises Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; and paleolibertarianism.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Doddoya</title>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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'''Doddoya''' ganye ne wanda a turanci ake kira Sent leaf/Clove Basil ganye ne mai daɗi da aka sani da ƙamshi da ɗanɗano. Ana noman shi a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya kuma ana daraja shi saboda amfanin magunguna da abinci mai gina jiki. Ganyen kamshi (Ocimum Gratissimum) yana da sunaye iri-iri kamar Nnchanwu (Igbo), Efinrin (Yoruba), da Doddoya (Hausa),Kafur(Kanuri), Ntong (Efik), da Aramogbo (Edo). Ana yawan amfani da ganyen kamshi wajen shirya nau'ika na miyar Abin I Daba daban kamar Baƙar miyar da miyar Banga. Har ila yau yana ba da rai ga barkono na [[Najeriya]], kamar wannan miya barkono na kaza ko miyar naman akuya.&lt;ref&gt;https://lowcarbafrica.com/african-vegetables-leafy-greens/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Tsirrai]]</text>
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      <text bytes="772" sha1="atvrl45sulmpnmipmq6opliqxqif28e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Doddoya''' ganye ne wanda a turanci ake kira Sent leaf/Clove Basil ganye ne mai daɗi da aka sani da ƙamshi da ɗanɗano. Ana noman shi a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya kuma ana daraja shi saboda amfanin magunguna da abinci mai gina jiki. Ganyen kamshi (Ocimum Gratissimum) yana da sunaye iri-iri kamar Nnchanwu (Igbo), Efinrin (Yoruba), da Doddoya (Hausa),Kafur(Kanuri), Ntong (Efik), da Aramogbo (Edo). Ana yawan amfani da ganyen kamshi wajen shirya nau'ika na miyar Abin I Daba daban kamar Baƙar miyar da miyar Banga. Har ila yau yana ba da rai ga barkono na [[Najeriya]], kamar wannan miya barkono na kaza ko miyar naman [[akuya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://lowcarbafrica.com/african-vegetables-leafy-greens/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Tsirrai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'ya'yan itace</title>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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[[Fayil:Municipal_Market_of_São_Paulo_city.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|'Ya'yan itatuwa daban-daban da aka shirya a wani shago a Kasuwar Municipal ta São PauloKasuwar Birni ta São Paulo]]
[[Fayil:Blackberryraspberrystrawberry.jpg|thumb|Sabon 'ya'yan itace na blackberries, strawberries, da raspberriesraspberry]]
A cikin ilimin shuke-shuke, '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ya'yan itace''' shine tsarin shuke-shiryen fure (angiosperms) wanda aka kafa daga Ovary bayan fure (duba jikin 'ya'ya'yan itatuwa).
Ƴaƴan itace sune hanyar da angiosperms ke yada tsaba. An yadu da 'ya'yan itace masu cin abinci musamman ta hanyar amfani da motsi na mutane da sauran dabbobi a cikin Dangantaka ta symbiotic wato, hanyar watsa iri ga ɗayan rukuni da [[Abinci mai gina jiki]] ga ɗayan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis375&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Robert A.|title=CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&amp;q=fruit&amp;pg=PA375|year=2002|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-0-8493-2327-0|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053317/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&amp;q=fruit&amp;pg=PA375#v=snippet&amp;q=fruit&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane, da sauran dabbobi da yawa, sun dogara da 'ya'yan itace a matsayin tushen abinci. Sakamakon haka, 'ya'yan itatuwa suna da babban bangare na aikin [[noma]] na duniya, kuma wasu (kamar [[Tuffa|apple]] da pomegranate) sun sami ma'anoni masu yawa na al'adu da alama.

A cikin harshe na yau da kullun da amfani da abinci, ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ya'yan itace'' yawanci suna nufin tsarin nama mai alaƙa da iri (ko samarwa) na tsire-tsire waɗanda yawanci suna da daɗi (ko mai zaki) kuma ana iya cinye su a cikin ƙasa, kamar apples, ayaba, inabi, lemun tsami, orange, da strawberries. A cikin amfani da shuke-shuke, kalmar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ya'yan itace'' ta haɗa da tsarin da yawa waɗanda ba a kira su kamar haka a cikin yaren yau da kullun, kamar kwayoyi, wake, masara, tumatir, da hatsi na alkama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Schlegel|first=Rolf H J|title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&amp;q=acarpous&amp;pg=PA177|year=2003|publisher=Haworth Press|isbn=978-1-56022-950-6|page=177|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053311/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&amp;q=acarpous&amp;pg=PA177|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mauseth271&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Mauseth|first=James D.|title=Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&amp;pg=PA271|year=2003|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|isbn=978-0-7637-2134-3|pages=271–72|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053426/https://books.google.com/books?id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&amp;pg=PA271#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botanical vs. abinci ==
[[Fayil:FruitArrangement.jpg|thumb|Shirye-shiryen 'ya'yan itace da aka fi sani da kayan lambu, gami da [[masara]] (mai), [[Tumatir]], da kuma squash daban-daban]]
Yawancin kalmomin harshe da aka saba amfani da su don 'ya'yan itace da tsaba sun bambanta da rarrabawar botanical. Misali, a cikin botany, ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ya'yan itace'' ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ne ko carpel wanda ke ƙunshe da tsaba, misali, orange, pomegranate, tumatir ko kabewa. Kwaya itace wani nau'in 'ya'yan itace ne (kuma ba ''iri'' ba), kuma iri ita ce ''kwai'' mai nunawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;McGee247&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Harold McGee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin harshen abinci, 'Ya'yan itace mai ɗanɗano ne- ko ba mai ɗanɗana ba- (har ma mai ɗanɗwano) na takamaiman shuka (misali, peach, pear ko lemun tsami); kwayoyi suna da wuya, mai, shuka marar ɗanɗano da ke samarwa a cikin harsashi (hazelnut, acorn). Abincin kayan lambu, wanda ake kira, yawanci kayan lambu ne ko kayan da ba su da dadi (zucchini, lettuce, broccoli, da tumatir). amma wasu na iya zama mai ɗanɗano (dankali mai ɗanɗana).&lt;ref&gt;For a [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruling on the matter, see ''[[Nix v. Hedden]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Fayil:Fresh_Fruit_Plate.jpg|thumb|Sabon 'ya'yan itace.]]
Misalan 'ya'yan itace da aka rarraba a cikin shuke-shuke waɗanda galibi ake kira [[Legum|kayan lambu]] sun haɗa da cucumber, pumpkin, da squash (duk su cucurbits ne); [[wake]], peanuts, da wake (duk kayan lambu); da [[masara]], eggplant, bell pepper (ko sweet pepper), da tumatir. Yawancin kayan yaji 'ya'yan itace ne, a cikin magana da shuke-shuke, gami da baƙar fata, chili, cumin da allspice.&lt;ref name=&quot;McGee247&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Harold McGee}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcGee2004&quot;&gt;[[Harold McGee|McGee, Harold]] (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&amp;q=On+Food+And+Cooking&amp;pg=PA247 ''On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen'']. [[Simon &amp; Schuster]]. pp.&amp;nbsp;247–48. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-684-80001-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053312/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&amp;q=On+Food+And+Cooking&amp;pg=PA247#v=snippet&amp;q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&amp;f=false Archived] from the original on 2024-01-30&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin haka, ana kiran rhubarb sau da yawa 'ya'yan itace lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin pies, amma kayan abinci na rhubark shine ainihin ganyen ganye ko peciole na shuka. Ana ba da tsaba na gymnosperm mai cin abinci sau da yawa sunayen 'Ya'yan itace, misali, kwayoyin Ginkgo da kwayoyin pine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McGee|title=On Food and Cooking|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&amp;q=On+Food+And+Cooking&amp;pg=PA367|page=367|isbn=978-0-684-80001-1|year=2004|publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]]|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053419/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&amp;q=On+Food+And+Cooking&amp;pg=PA367#v=snippet&amp;q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A fannin shuke-shuke, [[Siril|hatsi]], kamar [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], ko alkama wani nau'in 'ya'yan itace ne (wanda ake kira caryopsis). Koyaya, bangon 'ya'yan itace yana da ƙanƙanta kuma ya haɗu da gashin iri, don haka kusan dukkanin' ya'yan itacen da za a iya cinyewa a zahiri iri ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lewis|title=CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&amp;q=fruit&amp;pg=PA238|page=238|isbn=978-0-8493-2327-0|year=2002|publisher=CRC Press|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053313/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&amp;q=fruit&amp;pg=PA238#v=snippet&amp;q=fruit&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
[[Fayil:Pomegranate_fruit_-_whole_and_piece_with_arils.jpg|thumb|'Ya'yan itace na pomegranate - gaba ɗaya da yanki tare da arils]]
[[Fayil:Fruit_Platter-_Seasonal_Fruits.jpg|thumb|'Ya'yan itace Platter- 'Ya'ya'yan itacen yanayi.]]
Layer na waje, sau da yawa mai cinyewa, na mafi yawan 'ya'yan itace ana kiransa ''pericarp''. Yawanci an kafa shi daga ovary, yana kewaye da tsaba; a wasu nau'o'in, duk da haka, wasu ƙwayoyin tsari suna ba da gudummawa ko samar da ɓangaren da za a iya cinyewa. Ana iya bayyana pericarp a cikin yadudduka uku daga waje zuwa ciki, watau, ''epicarp'', ''mesocarp'' da ''endocarp''.

An ce ƴaƴan itace da ke ɗauke da sanannen tsinkaye na ƙarshe an ce suna da ''baki''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glossary of Botanical Terms |url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/help/glossary#B |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008190434/https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/help/glossary#B |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=23 July 2014 |website=FloraBase |publisher=Western Australian Herbarium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaba ==Ƴaƴan itace suna fitowa ne daga taki da balaga na furanni ɗaya ko fiye. gynoecium, wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin ''Stigma-style-ovary'', yana tsakiyar a cikin furen-kai, kuma yana samar da duka ko wani ɓangare na 'ya'yan itace. A cikin Ovary (ies) akwai ƙwai ɗaya ko fiye. A nan ne ya fara wani tsari mai rikitarwa da ake kira fertilization sau biyu: mace gametophyte tana samar da kwai don manufar haihuwa.  (An kira mace gametophyte ''megagametophyte'', kuma ana kiranta embryo sac.) Bayan ninki biyu, ƙwai za su zama tsaba.

Ana amfani da ƙwai a cikin tsari wanda ke farawa tare da pollination, wanda shine motsi na pollen daga stamens zuwa tsarin stigma-style-ovary a cikin furen-kai. Bayan pollination, bututun pollen yana girma daga pollen (wanda aka ajiye) ta hanyar stigma zuwa cikin salon zuwa cikin ovary zuwa kwai. Ana canja maniyyi biyu daga pollen zuwa megagametophyte. A cikin megagametophyte, maniyyi ɗaya ya haɗu da kwai, ya samar da zygote, yayin da maniyyi na biyu ya shiga cikin tantanin halitta na tsakiya wanda ya samar da tantanin halitta, wanda ya kammala tsarin ninka sau biyu. Daga baya, zygote zai haifar da tayin na iri, kuma kwayar mahaifiyar endosperm za ta haifar da endosperme, kwayar abinci mai gina jiki da tayin ke amfani da ita.

Yayin da ƙwai suka girma zuwa tsaba, ovary ya fara nunawa kuma bangon ovary, ''pericarp'', na iya zama nama (kamar yadda yake a cikin 'ya'yan itace ko drupes), ko kuma yana iya samar da murfin waje mai wuya (kamar a cikin kwayoyi). A wasu ƴaƴan itatuwa masu yawa, yadda tsarin nama ke tasowa daidai yake da yawan ƙwai masu amfani. Ana rarraba pericarp zuwa nau'o'i biyu ko uku daban-daban; ana kiran waɗannan ''exocarp'' (Layer na waje, wanda ake kira epicarp), ''mesocarp'' (Tsakiyar Tsakiya), da ''endocarp'' (Layer ta ciki).

A wasu ƴaƴan itace, sepals, petals, stamen ko salon furen sun fadi yayin da 'ya'ya'yan itatuwa masu nama suka girma. Koyaya, don 'ya'yan itace masu sauƙi waɗanda aka samo daga ''Ƙananan ovary'' - watau, wanda ke ƙasa da haɗin wasu ɓangarorin furanni - akwai ɓangarori (ciki har da petals, sepals, da stamens) waɗanda suka haɗu da ovary kuma suka nuna tare da shi. Ga irin wannan yanayin, lokacin da sassan furanni ban da ovary suka zama wani muhimmin bangare na 'ya'yan itace da ke tasowa, ana kiransa 'ya'ya mai amfani. Misalan 'ya'yan itace masu amfani sun haɗa da apple, rose hip, strawberry, da pineapple.

Saboda sassa da yawa na furen ban da ovary na iya ba da gudummawa ga tsarin 'ya'yan itace, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci yadda wani 'ya'ya'yan itatuwa ke samuwa. Akwai hanyoyi uku na ci gaban 'ya'yan itace:

* 'Ya'yan itace na Apocarpous suna tasowa daga ''furen guda ɗaya'' (yayinda suke da ɗaya ko fiye daban, ba a haɗa su ba, carpels); su ne 'ya'yan itacen masu sauƙi.
* 'Ya'yan itace na Syncarpous suna tasowa daga ''gynoecium guda ɗaya'' (suna da carpels biyu ko fiye da suka haɗu tare).
* 'Ya'yan itace da yawa suna samuwa daga furanni da yawa - watau, fure-fure na furanni.
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Nectarine_Fruit_Development.jpg|The development sequence of a typical drupe, the nectarine (''Prunus persica'') over a 7.5-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer
Fayil:Mature_flower_diagram.svg|The parts of a flower, showing the stigma-style-ovary system.
Fayil:Pome_apples_text.jpg|An apple is a simple, fleshy fruit. Key parts are the epicarp, or exocarp, or outer skin (not labelled); and the mesocarp and endocarp (labelled).
Fayil:Ovary_position.svg|Insertion point: There are three positions of insertion of the ovary at the base of a flower: I superior; II half-inferior; III inferior. The 'insertion point' is where the androecium parts (a), the petals (p), and the sepals (s) all converge and attach to the receptacle (r). (Ovary=gynoecium (g).)
Fayil:Noni_fruit_dev.jpg|In the [[Morinda citrifolia|noni]], flowers are produced in time-sequence along the stem. It is possible to see a progression of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening.
Fayil:Tweelinggroei_appels.jpg|Twin apples.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rarraba 'ya'yan itace ==
[[Fayil:DewberriesWeb.jpg|thumb|Fure-fure na Dewberry. Lura pistils da yawa, kowannensu zai samar da Drupelet. Kowane furen zai zama 'ya'yan itace mai kama da blackberry.]]
[[Fayil:Rubus_caesius_fruit_-_Keila.jpg|thumb|'Ya'yan itace Dewberry]]
Dangane da hanyoyi uku na ci gaban 'ya'yan itace, masana kimiyya na shuke-shuke sun rarraba' ya'yan itaci zuwa manyan rukuni uku: 'ya'ya masu sauƙi, 'ya'yansa masu yawa, da' ya'ya itatuwa masu yawa (ko hadaddun).&lt;ref name=&quot;plants_systematics&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Gurcharan|title=Plants Systematics: An Integrated Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&amp;pg=PA83|year=2004|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-351-0|page=83|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053419/https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&amp;pg=PA83#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ƙungiyoyin suna nuna yadda aka shirya ovary da sauran gabobin furanni da kuma yadda 'ya'yan itatuwa ke tasowa, amma ba su da mahimmanci ga juyin halitta kamar yadda nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban zasu iya kasancewa a cikin rukuni ɗaya.

Duk da yake ɓangaren fungus wanda ke samar da ƙwayoyin cuta ana kiransa jikin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ya'yan itace'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sporophore from Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560984/sporophore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222204440/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560984/sporophore |archive-date=2011-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta cikin masarautar fungi ba na masarautar shuka ba.

=== 'Ya'yan itace masu sauki ===
[[Fayil:Milkweed-in-seed.jpg|right|thumb|'Ya'yan itace mai sauƙi mai bushewa: milkweed (Asclepias syriaca); dehiscence na 'ya'yan itacen follicular yana nuna tsaba a ciki.]]
'Ya'yan itace masu sauƙi sune sakamakon ripening-to-fruit na mai sauƙi ko mai fili ovary a cikin ''furen guda ɗaya'' tare da pistil guda ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 2003 16&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Schlegel|title=Encyclopedic Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&amp;q=acarpous&amp;pg=PA16|page=16|isbn=978-1-56022-950-6|year=2003|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&amp;q=acarpous&amp;pg=PA16|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin haka, furen guda ɗaya tare da pistils da yawa yawanci yana samar da 'ya'yan itace; kuma haɗuwa da furanni da yawa, ko 'ya'ya furanni da 'ya yawa', yana haifar da 'ya-ya'yan itatuwa da yawa'. Ana rarraba 'ya'yan itace masu sauƙi a matsayin bushe ko nama.

Don rarraba tsaba su, 'ya'yan itatuwa masu bushe na iya buɗewa kuma su fitar da tsaba zuwa iska, wanda ake kira dehiscence. Ko tsarin rarraba na iya dogaro da lalacewa da lalacewar 'ya'yan itace don fallasa tsaba; ko kuma yana iya dogarowa da cin 'ya'ya itace da fitar da tsaba ta hanyar frugivores - dukansu ana kiransu indehiscence. 'Ya'yan itace masu nama ba sa raba su, amma kuma ba su da kyau kuma suna iya dogaro da kayan lambu don rarraba tsaba su. Yawanci, duk layin waje na bangon ovary yana girma cikin [[Ɗan'ice|pericarp]] mai iya cinyewa.

yNau'o'in 'ya'yan itace masu sauƙi, (tare da misalai) sun haɗa da:

* Achene - wanda aka fi gani a cikin 'ya'yan itace (misali, strawberry, duba ƙasa).
* Capsule - (Brazil nut: botanically, ba kwai ba ne).
* Caryopsis - (gurasa, gami da alkama, [[shinkafa]], oats, [[sha'ir]]).
* Cypsela - 'ya'yan itace mai kama da achene wanda aka samo daga kowane furanni a cikin capitulum: (Dandelion).
* Fibrous drupe - (koconut, walnut: botanically, babu wani nut na gaskiya).
* Follicle - follicles an kafa su ne daga carpel guda Ƙarya, kuma suna buɗewa ta hanyar sutura ɗaya: (milkweed); kuma ana ganin su a cikin 'ya'yan itace: (Magnolia, peony).
* [[Legum|Legumes]] - (bean, wake, peanut: botanically, peanut shine iri na legume, ba kwai ba).
* Loment - wani nau'in legume indehiscent: (sweet vetch ko dankali na daji).
* Nut - (beechnut, hazelnut, acorn (na itacen oak): a fannin shuke-shuke, waɗannan ƙwayoyin gaskiya ne).
* Samara - (ash, elm, maple key).
* Schizocarp, duba ƙasa - (tsuntsu).
* Siliki - (tsuntsu mai tsayi).
* Silicle - (kayan makiyayi).
* Utricle - (beet, ''Rumes'').

'Ya'yan itace wanda wani bangare ko duk pericarp (bango na' ya'yan itacen) yana da nama a lokacin da ya girma ana kiransu' ya'ya'yan itaci masu sauƙi.

Nau'o'in 'ya'yan itace masu sauƙi, (tare da misalai) sun haɗa da:

* Berry - berry shine mafi yawan nau'in 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Dukan Layer na waje na bangon ovary yana girma cikin &quot;pericarp&quot; mai iya cinyewa, (duba ƙasa).
* 'Ya'yan itace na dutse ko drupe - ainihin halayyar drupe shine dutse mai wuya, &quot;mai laushi&quot; (wani lokacin ana kiransa &quot;pit&quot;). An samo shi ne daga bangon ovary na fure: Apricot, [[cherry]], zaitun, peach, plum, mango.
* Pome - 'ya'yan itace na pome: [[Tuffa|apples]], pears, rosehips, saskatoon berry, da dai sauransu, 'ya'ya ce mai laushi, 'ya-ya'yan itatuwa masu sauƙi, suna tasowa daga rabin-ƙasa. Pomes suna cikin iyalin Rosaceae .

==== 'Ya'yan itace ====
 
[[Fayil:Bananavarieties.jpg|thumb|'Ya'yan itatuwa na nau'ikan ayaba daban-daban guda huɗu (Ayan itace ne berries.) ]]
[[Fayil:Strawberry_surface_close_up_macro.jpg|thumb|Strawberry, yana nuna achenes a haɗe da farfajiya. A fannin shuke-shuke, strawberries ba 'ya'yan itace ba ne; an rarraba su azaman kayan haɗi.]]
[[Fayil:Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg|thumb|Fure na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAYc&quot;&gt;Magnolia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; × &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAYg&quot;&gt;wieseneri&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; yana nuna pistils da yawa da ke samar da gynoecium a tsakiyar furen. 'Ya'yan itacen wannan furen shine tarin follicles.]]
Berries wani nau'in 'ya'yan itace ne mai laushi wanda ke fitowa daga ovary guda ɗaya.  (Ovary kanta na iya zama fili, tare da carpels da yawa.) Kalmar botanical ta gaskiya ta haɗa da inabi, currants, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines), tumatir, chili peppers, da ayaba, amma ya cire wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa da ake kira &quot;-berry&quot; ta hanyar al'adar abinci ko ta hanyar amfani da kalmar - kamar strawberries da raspberries. Ana iya samar da 'ya'yan itace daga ɗaya ko fiye da carpels (watau, daga mai sauƙi ko mai faɗi) daga wannan, furen guda ɗaya. Ana saka tsaba a cikin ciki mai nama na ovary.

Misalan sun hada da:

* Tomato - a cikin sharuddan abinci, ana ɗaukar [[Tumatir]] a matsayin kayan lambu, amma an rarraba shi a matsayin 'ya'yan itace da 'ya'ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;abadi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mark Abadi |date=26 May 2018 |title=A tomato is actually a fruit — but it's a vegetable at the same time |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/tomato-fruit-or-vegetable-2018-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215004602/https://www.businessinsider.com/tomato-fruit-or-vegetable-2018-5 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=21 November 2019 |publisher=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ayaba|Banana]] - an bayyana 'ya'yan itace a matsayin &quot;berry na fata&quot;. A cikin nau'ikan da aka noma, tsaba suna raguwa kusan zuwa rashin wanzuwar.
* Pepo - 'ya'yan itace tare da fata wanda ya yi tauri: cucurbits, gami da gourds, squash, melons.
* Hesperidium - 'ya'yan itace tare da fata da ciki mai ɗanɗano: mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen citrus.
* Cranberry, gooseberry, redcurrant, inabi.

Strawberry, ba tare da la'akari da bayyanarsa ba, an rarraba shi azaman bushe, ba 'ya'yan itace mai nama ba. A fannin shuke-shuke, ba 'Ya'yan itace ba ne; 'ya'ya ce mai amfani da kayan haɗi, kalmar ƙarshe tana nufin ɓangaren nama ba daga ovaries na shuka ba amma daga abin da ke riƙe da ovaries. Yawancin busassun Achenes suna haɗe a waje na 'ya'yan itace-naman; sun bayyana a matsayin tsaba amma kowannensu a zahiri ovary ne na furen, tare da iri a ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esau&quot; /&gt;

Schizocarps 'ya'yan itatuwa ne masu bushe, kodayake wasu suna da nama. Sun samo asali ne daga ovaries na syncarpous amma ba su da ainihin dehisce; maimakon haka, sun rabu zuwa ɓangarori tare da iri ɗaya ko fiye. Sun haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban daga iyalai da yawa, gami da carrot, parsnip, parsley, cumin.

=== 'Ya'yan itace da aka haɗa ===
[[Fayil:Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif|thumb|Bayani game da furen raspberry: akwai tarin pistils a tsakiyar furen.  (A pistil kunshi Stigma, style, da Ovary.) The stigma ne apical (a salon) nodule cewa karbar pollen; style ne mai kama da tushe cewa ya shimfiɗa zuwa ovary, wanda shine basal part cewa dauke da kwai-kafa.]]
[[Fayil:Lilyfruit.jpg|thumb|''Lilium'' unripe capsule fruit; wani aggregate 'ya'yan itace.]]
Ana kuma kiran 'ya'yan itace da aka tara a tara, ko etaerio; yana tasowa daga furen guda ɗaya wanda ke gabatar da pistils masu sauƙi da yawa. Kowane pistil yana dauke da carpel guda ɗaya; tare, suna samar da 'ya'yan itace. Babban ci gaba (ya'yan itace) na tarin pistils ana kiransa 'ya'yan itatuwa, 'ya'ya itace etaerio, ko kuma kawai etaerio.

Nau'o'i daban-daban na 'ya'yan itace na iya samar da etaerios daban-daban, kamar su achenes, drupelets, follicles, da berries.

* Misali, nau'in Ranunculaceae, gami da ''Clematis'' da ''Ranunculus'', suna samar da etaerio na Achenes;
* ''Rubus'' jinsuna, ciki har da raspberry: wani etaerio na Drupelets;
* Nau'in ''Calotropis'': wani etaerio na 'ya'yan itace;
* ''Annona'' species: wani etaerio na 'Ya'yan itace.

Wasu wasu nau'o'in da aka sani da yawa da kuma etaerios (ko tarawa) sune:

* Teasel; 'ya'yan itace tarin cypselas ne.
* Tuliptree; 'ya'yan itace tarin samaras ne.
* Magnolia da peony; 'ya'yan itace tarin follicles ne.
* Gishiri mai zaki na Amurka; 'ya'yan itace tarin capsules ne.
* Sycamore; 'ya'yan itace tarin achenes ne.

Ana kiran pistils na raspberry ''drupe'' saboda kowane pistil yana kama da karamin drupe da aka haɗe da akwatin. A wasu 'ya'yan itace, kamar su blackberry, akwati, wani sashi na kayan haɗi, ya yi tsawo sannan ya bunkasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na' ya'yan itacen, yana mai da blackberry ya zama 'ya'ya'yan haɗi. Strawberry kuma 'ya'yan itace ne mai haɗawa, wanda tsaba ke ƙunshe a cikin Achenes. Musamman a cikin waɗannan misalai, 'ya'yan itace suna tasowa daga furen guda ɗaya, tare da pistils da yawa.

=== 'Ya'yan itace kala kala ===
An kafa 'ya'yan itace da yawa daga tarin furanni, ('ya'yan furanni da yawa) - wanda kuma ake kira inflorescence. Kowane ('ƙaramin') furen yana samar da 'ya'yan itace guda ɗaya, wanda, yayin da duk ke tasowa, duk suna haɗuwa cikin tarin' ya'yan itacen. Misalan sun hada da pineapple, fig, Mulberry, Orange na Osage, da breadfruit. An samar da fure (ƙungiya) na fararen furanni, wanda ake kira kai, da farko. Bayan taki, kowane furen a cikin tarin ya bunkasa ya zama drupe; yayin da drupes ke fadada, suna bunkasa a matsayin kwayar halitta, suna haɗuwa cikin 'ya'yan itace masu yawa da ake kira ''syncarp''.

Za'a iya lura da matakai masu ci gaba na fure da yawa da ci gaban 'ya'yan itace a reshe ɗaya na mulberry na Indiya, ko ''[[Morinda citrifolia|Noyi]]''. A lokacin jerin ci gaba, ana fara ci gaba na biyu, na uku, da kuma karin inflorescences bi da bi a kan reshe ko tushe.

=== Siffofin 'ya'yan itace masu amfani ===
 
'Ya'yan itace na iya haɗawa da ƙwayoyin da aka samo daga wasu sassan furanni ban da ovary, gami da akwati, hypanthium, petals, ko sepals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Schlegel|title=Encyclopedic Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&amp;q=acarpous&amp;pg=PA123|page=123|isbn=978-1-56022-950-6|year=2003|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&amp;q=acarpous&amp;pg=PA123|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Ya'yan itace masu amfani suna faruwa a cikin dukkan nau'o'i uku na ci gaban' ya'yan itacen - mai sauƙi, tarawa, da yawa. Ana sanya 'ya'yan itace masu amfani akai-akai ta hanyar kalmar hyphenated da ke nuna haruffa biyu. Misali, pineapple 'ya'yan itace ne mai kayan haɗi da yawa, blackberry 'ya'ya ce mai kayan haɗe-haɗe, kuma apple 'ya'yi ne mai kayan aiki mai sauƙi.

=== Misalai na 'ya'yan itace masu nama ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace masu nama
!Irin wannan
!Misalan
|-
|'Ya'yan itace masu nama
|'Ya'yan itace na Gaskiya, 'ya'yan itacen dutse, pome
|-
|'Ya'yan itace da aka haɗa
|Boysenberry, Lilium, Magnolia, raspberry, pawpaw, blackberry, strawberry
|-
|'Ya'yan itace da yawa
|Fig, osage orange, Mulberry, pineapple
|-
|'Ya'yan itace na Gaskiya
|[[Ayaba|Banana]], blackcurrant, blueberry, chili pepper, [[Eggplant|kwai]]&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Cranberry&quot;&gt;cranberry, eggplant, gooseberry, inabi, [[Gweba|guava]], kiwifruit, lucuma, pomegranate, redcurrant, [[Tumatir|Tumar]], watermelonalade
|-
|'Ya'yan itace na gaskiya: Pepo
|Cucumber, gourd, melon, pumpkinkabewa
|-
|'Ya'yan itace na gaskiya: Hesperidium
|Grapefruit, [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]&quot; data-linkid=&quot;433&quot; href=&quot;./Lemon&quot; id=&quot;mwAlg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lemon&quot;&gt;lemun tsami, lemun zuma, orange
|-
|'Ya'yan itace masu amfani
|[[Tuffa|Apple]], rose hip, dutse 'ya'yan itace, pineapple, blackberry, strawberry
|}

== 'Ya'yan itace marasa iri ==
[[Fayil:Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg|right|thumb|'Ya'yan itace na pineapple sun haɗa da nama daga sepals da kuma pistils na furanni da yawa. 'Ya'yan itace ne mai kayan haɗi da yawa.]]
Rashin shuka wani muhimmin fasalin wasu 'ya'yan itace ne na kasuwanci. Kasuwancin shuke-shuke na ayaba da pineapples misalai ne na 'Ya'yan itace  marasa iri. Wasu nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace (musamman grapefruit, mandarin orange, navel orange, satsumas), inabi na tebur, da na watermelons suna da daraja saboda rashin iri. A wasu nau'o'in, rashin iri shine sakamakon ''parthenocarpy'', inda 'ya'yan itace suka sauka ba tare da taki ba. 'Ya'yan itace na Parthenocarpic na iya (ko ba zai iya) buƙatar pollination, amma yawancin' ya'yan itacen citrus marasa iri suna buƙatar motsawa daga pollination don samar da' ya'ya itace. Banana da inabi marasa iri sune triploids, kuma rashin iri yana haifar da zubar da ciki na shuka mai ciki wanda aka samar ta hanyar taki, wani abu da aka sani da ''stenospermocarpy'', wanda ke buƙatar pollination na al'ada da taki.

== Yaduwar tsaba ==
Bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin 'ya'yan itace ya dogara da hanyoyin warwatsewa da aka yi amfani da su ga tsaba. Ana samun warwatse ta iska ko ruwa, ta hanyar fashewa, da kuma hulɗa da dabbobi.

Wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa suna gabatar da fatarsu ta waje ko kwarangwal da aka rufe da spikes ko ƙugiya; waɗannan sun samo asali ne ko dai don hana masu neman abinci daga cin su ko kuma su yi amfani da su don haɗe kansu da gashi, gashin tsuntsaye, ko tufafin dabbobi, don haka amfani da su a matsayin wakilai na watsawa. Wadannan tsire-tsire ana kiransu [[Watsewar iri|zoochorous]]; misalai na yau da kullun sun haɗa da cocklebur, tsire-shuke na unicorn, da beggarticks (ko allurar Mutanen Espanya) .

Ta hanyar ci gaban juyin halitta na juna, kayan 'ya'yan itace masu nama yawanci suna kira ga dabbobi masu fama da yunwa, don haka ana ɗaukar tsaba da ke ciki, ana ɗauke su, kuma daga baya ana ajiye su (watau, an zubar da su) a nesa da shuka na iyaye. Hakazalika, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu gina jiki, masu mai yawanci suna motsa tsuntsaye da Squirrels su tara su, suna binne su a cikin ƙasa don dawo da su daga baya a lokacin hunturu na ƙarancin; don haka, ana shuka tsaba da ba a ci ba yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin yanayin halitta don tsiro da girma sabon shuka mai nisa daga iyaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;McGee247&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Harold McGee}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcGee2004&quot;&gt;[[Harold McGee|McGee, Harold]] (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&amp;q=On+Food+And+Cooking&amp;pg=PA247 ''On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen'']. [[Simon &amp; Schuster]]. pp.&amp;nbsp;247–48. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-684-80001-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053312/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&amp;q=On+Food+And+Cooking&amp;pg=PA247#v=snippet&amp;q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&amp;f=false Archived] from the original on 2024-01-30&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran 'ya'yan itace sun samo asali ne daga fuka-fuki masu laushi da tsawo ko fuka-fuka masu kama da helikofta, misali, elm, maple, da tuliptree. Wannan hanyar tana ƙara nisan warwatse daga iyaye ta hanyar iska. Sauran 'ya'yan itace da iska ke watsawa suna da ƙananan &quot;parachute&quot;, misali, Dandelion, milkweed, salsify.

'Ya'yan itacen kwakwa na iya iyo dubban mil a cikin teku, don haka yada tsaba. Sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa da za su iya warwatsewa ta hanyar ruwa sune Nipa dabino da screw pine.

Wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa sun samo asali ne daga hanyoyin motsawa waɗanda ke jefa tsaba mai nisa - watakila har zuwa {{Cvt|100|m}}   a cikin yanayin sand treebox - ta hanyar fashewar fashewa ko wasu irin waɗannan hanyoyin (duba rashin haƙuri da squirting cucumber). 

== Amfani da abinci ==
[[Fayil:Fruits_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg|thumb|Zaɓin 'ya'yan itace don sayarwa a kasuwa a Faransa]]
[[Fayil:Picking_blackberries_in_Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|Karɓar blackberries a [[Oklahoma]]]]
Yawancin 'ya'yan itace - 'ya'ya masu nama (mai sauƙi) daga apples zuwa berries zuwa watermelon; 'ya' ya'yan itacen bushe (mai sauƙi), ciki har da wake da shinkafa da kwakwa; 'ya-ya'yan itatuwa da suka hada da strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, pawpaw; da' ya'ya da yawa kamar pineapple, ɓaure, mulberries - suna da daraja a kasuwanci a matsayin abincin mutum. Ana cinye su sabo kuma a matsayin jams, marmalade da sauran kayan adana 'ya'yan itace. Ana amfani da su sosai a cikin kayan da aka ƙera da kuma sarrafawa (keke, kukis, kayan burodi, dandano, ice cream, yogurt, kayan lambu, kayan lambobi masu daskarewa da abinci) da abin sha kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itace da Abin sha mai barasa (brandy, giya na'yan itacen, ruwan inabi).  An samo kayan yaji kamar vanilla, baƙar fata, paprika, da allspice daga 'ya'yan itace. Ana matse [[Zaitun|'Ya'yan itacen zaitun]] don Man zaitun kuma ana amfani da irin wannan aikin ga wasu' ya'yan itace da kayan lambu masu mai. Wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa suna samuwa a duk shekara, yayin da wasu (kamar blackberries da apricots a Burtaniya) suna ƙarƙashin wadatar yanayi.

Ana kuma amfani da 'Ya'yan itace don zamantakewa da bayar da kyauta a cikin nau'ikan kwando na' ya'yan itacen da furanni na' yaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Best Gift Baskets for the Holidays - Consumer Reports |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/11/best-gift-baskets-for-the-holidays/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214831/https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/11/best-gift-baskets-for-the-holidays/index.htm |archive-date=2021-06-02 |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=www.consumerreports.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Clare |title=How Edible Arrangements Sold $500 Million Of Fruit Bouquets In 2013 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2014/04/08/how-edible-arrangements-sold-500-million-of-fruit-bouquets-in-2013/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521010141/https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2014/04/08/how-edible-arrangements-sold-500-million-of-fruit-bouquets-in-2013/ |archive-date=2022-05-21 |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawanci, ana sayen 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa - &quot;abincin lambu&quot; a cikin harshen abinci - (ciki har da tumatir, wake mai kore, ganye, bel, cucumber, eggplant, okra, pumpkin, squash, zucchini) ana sayar da su kowace rana a cikin kasuwannin kayan lambu da kayan lambu kuma ana dawo da su zuwa gidajen abinci, a gida ko gidan abinci, don shirya abinci.

=== Adanawa ===
Dukkanin 'ya'yan itace suna amfana daga kulawa mai kyau bayan girbi, kuma a cikin' ya'yan itaces da yawa, hormone na tsire-tsire ethylene yana haifar da nunawa. Sabili da haka, kiyaye mafi yawan 'ya'yan itace a cikin ingantaccen sarkar sanyi shine mafi kyau don adanawa bayan girbi, tare da manufar fadadawa da tabbatar da rayuwar ajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pxkf&quot;&gt;Why Cold Chain for Fruits: {{Cite web |last=Kohli |first=Pawanexh |year=2008 |title=Fruits and Vegetables Post-Harvest Care: The Basics |url=http://crosstree.info/Documents/Care%20of%20F%20n%20V.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204061346/http://www.crosstree.info/Documents/Care |archive-date=2016-12-04 |access-date=2009-09-28 |publisher=Crosstree Techno-visors}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Fruit_Nutrition.png|thumb|Comparing fresh fruits for fiber, potassium (K), and vitamin C.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} Each disk-point refers to a {{Cvt|100|g}} serving of the fresh fruit named. The size of the disk represents the amount of fiber (as percentage of the recommended daily allowance, RDA) in a serving of fruit (see key at upper right). The amount of vitamin C (as percent RDA) is plotted on the x–axis and the amount of potassium (K), in mg on the y–axis. Bananas are high in value for fiber and potassium, and oranges for fiber and vitamin C. (Apricots are highest in potassium; strawberries are rich in vitamin C.) Watermelon, providing low levels of both K and vitamin C and almost no fiber, is of least value for the three nutrients together.]]
Fiber na abinci da aka cinye a cin 'ya'yan itace yana inganta gamsuwa, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen sarrafa nauyin jiki da taimakawa rage cholesterol na jini, haɗari ga [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=L. |last2=Rosner |first2=B. |last3=Willett |first3=W. W. |last4=Sacks |first4=F. M. |date=January 1999 |title=Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=30–42 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30 |issn=0002-9165 |pmid=9925120 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da 'ya'yan itace yana ƙarƙashin bincike na farko don yiwuwar inganta abinci mai gina jiki da kuma shafar cututtukan da ba su da tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, Greenwood DC, Riboli E, Vatten LJ, Tonstad S. |date=2017 |title=Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease |url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/3/1029/3039477 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=1029–1056 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyw319 |pmc=5837313 |pmid=28338764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006100306/https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/doi/10.1093/ije/dyw319/3039477/Fruit-and-vegetable-intake-and-the-risk-of |archive-date=2017-10-06 |access-date=2021-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Angelino D, Godos J, Ghelfi F, Tieri M, Titta L, Lafranconi A, Marventano S, Alonzo E, Gambera A, Sciacca S, Buscemi S, Ray S, Galvano F, Del Rio D, Grosso G. |date=2019 |title=Fruit and vegetable consumption and health outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/7725224 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=652–667 |doi=10.1080/09637486.2019.1571021 |pmid=30764679 |s2cid=73455999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130054332/https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Fruit_and_vegetable_consumption_and_health_outcomes_an_umbrella_review_of_observational_studies/7725224 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2023-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da rage haɗarin cututtuka da yawa da raguwar aiki da ke da alaƙa ti tsufa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lim |first=Stephen S. |last2=Vos |first2=Theo |last3=Flaxman |first3=Abraham D. |last4=Danaei |first4=Goodarz |last5=Shibuya |first5=Kenji |last6=Adair-Rohani |first6=Heather |last7=Amann |first7=Markus |last8=Anderson |first8=H. Ross |last9=Andrews |first9=Kathryn G. |date=2012-12-15 |title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2224–60 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 |issn=1474-547X |pmc=4156511 |pmid=23245609}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB |year=2014 |title=Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue=Jul 29 |page=g4490 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g4490 |pmc=4115152 |pmid=25073782}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yip |first=Cynthia Sau Chun |last2=Chan |first2=Wendy |last3=Fielding |first3=Richard |date=March 2019 |title=The Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes with Burden of Diseases: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses |journal=Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=464–481 |doi=10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.007 |issn=2212-2672 |pmid=30639206 |s2cid=58628014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsaro na abinci ===
Don amincin abinci, CDC ta ba da shawarar yadda za a yi amfani da 'ya'yan itace da kuma shirye-shirye don rage haɗarin gurɓataccen abinci da cututtukan abinci. Ya kamata a zaɓi sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu a hankali; a shagon, bai kamata a lalata su ba ko a gurgunta su; kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da su a firiji ko a kewaye su da kankara.

Ya kamata a wanke dukkan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu kafin a ci. Wannan shawarar ta shafi samar da fata ko fata da ba a ci ba. Ya kamata a yi shi kafin a shirya ko a ci don kauce wa lalacewa da wuri.

=== Rashin jituwa ===
Rashin lafiyan ƴaƴan itace ya kai kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na duk rashin lafiyan da suka shafi abinci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America |url=http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&amp;sub=20&amp;cont=286 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006052320/http://aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&amp;sub=20&amp;cont=286 |archive-date=2012-10-06 |access-date=2014-04-25 |publisher=Aafa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da ba abinci ba ==
[[Fayil:PorcelainBerry.JPG|thumb|Ana yawan dasa Itacen inabi na porcelain saboda kyawawan 'ya'yan itace masu launi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Porcelain vine |url=https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/porcelain-vine#destination |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225184959/https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/porcelain-vine#destination |archive-date=2020-12-25 |access-date=2020-11-24 |publisher=The Morton Arboretum}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Saboda 'ya'yan itace sun kasance babban bangare na abincin ɗan adam, al'adu daban-daban sun haɓaka amfani daban-daban ga' ya'yan itacen da ba su dogara da su don abinci ba. Misali:
==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Amfani]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kadek Agung</title>
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'''I Kadek Agung Widnyana Putra''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yunin  shekara ta 1998) [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] ne na ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar Lig 1 Bali United . Ya fi taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari]], amma kuma yana iya taka leda a dan wasan tsaki da kuma reshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kadek Agung Widnyana - Bali United {{!}} Ligina Database Stats |url=http://www.shsti.net/pemain/view/3124/kadek-agung-widnyana.html |access-date=18 January 2018 |website=www.shsti.net |language=id |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060705/http://www.shsti.net/pemain/view/3124/kadek-agung-widnyana.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== Bali United ===
A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2018, Agung ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko, yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar Lig 1 Bali United &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=RESMI! BALI UNITED KONTRAK EMPAT PEMAIN JEBOLAN TIM U-19 {{!}} Bali United Official Website |url=http://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/resmi-bali-united-kontrak-empat-pemain-jebolan-tim-u-19/ |access-date=18 January 2018 |website=Bali United Official Website |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207155120/https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/resmi-bali-united-kontrak-empat-pemain-jebolan-tim-u-19/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan an inganta shi daga Bali United U-19 kuma an gabatar da shi a matsayin dan wasan gwaji a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 2017. Ya sabunta kwangilar, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tawagar har zuwa karshen kakar shekara ta 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2017 |title=RESMI! BALI UNITED PERKENALKAN TIGA PUNGGAWA ANYAR SERTA EMPAT PEMAIN TRIAL {{!}} Bali United Official Website |url=http://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/resmi-bali-united-perkenalkan-tiga-punggawa-anyar-serta-empat-pemain-trial/ |access-date=18 January 2018 |website=Bali United Official Website |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002121606/https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/resmi-bali-united-perkenalkan-tiga-punggawa-anyar-serta-empat-pemain-trial/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agung ya fara buga wasan gwagwalada farko da kuma wasan farko na Bali United a wasan 1-0 da ya ci Mitra Kukar a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2018 a matsayin mai gwagwalada maye gurbin Irfan Bachdim a minti na 73. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BALI UNITED VS. MITRA KUKAR  1 - 0 |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/15/indonesia/super-liga/persisam-putra-samarinda/mitra-kukar-kartanegara/2758880/ |access-date=15 October 2018 |publisher=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Agung ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar Ligue 1 ta 2018 a Bali United a wasan 2-2 a kan Borneo a Filin wasa na Kapten I Wayan Dipta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAGA KONTRA BORNEO FC JADI BUKTI NYATA KUALITAS KADEK AGUNG WIDNYANA |url=https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/laga-kontra-borneo-fc-jadi-bukti-nyata-kualitas-kadek-agung-widnyana/ |access-date=25 October 2018 |publisher=baliutd.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Kadek Agung ya buga wa tawagar kasa da shekaru 22 ta Indonesia wasa a gasar zakarun matasa ta AFF U-22 ta shekara ta 2019. Ya sami kira don shiga babbar Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Indonesia a watan Mayu 2021. Ya samu lambar yabo ta farko a wasan sada zumunci da Oman a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Starting XI Timnas Indonesia vs Oman Egy Maulana Vikri Starter |url=https://www.kumparan.com/amp/kumparanbola/starting-xi-timnas-indonesia-vs-oman-egy-maulana-vikri-starter-1vq8dQOgC1Y |website=kumparan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resmi, Ini 28 Pemain Timnas Indonesia Untuk Kualifikasi Piala Dunia 2022 |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1461987/resmi-ini-28-pemain-timnas-indonesia-untuk-kualifikasi-piala-dunia-2022 |website=bola.tempo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Yuni 2021, ya zira kwallaye na farko na kasa da kasa a kan Thailand a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, gwagwa inda Indonesia ta zira kwallayen 2-2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2021 |title=Hasil Akhir Thailand vs Indonesia: Gol I Kadek Agung dan Evan Dimas Buat Pertandingan Berakhir Imbang 2-2 |url=https://kabarbesuki.pikiran-rakyat.com/bola/pr-192000857/hasil-akhir-thailand-vs-indonesia-gol-i-kadek-agung-dan-evan-dimas-buat-pertandingan-berakhir-imbang-2-2 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=pikiranrakyat.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|20 December 2024.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/i-kadek-agung-widnyana-putra/573158/|title=Indonesia - K. Agung - Profile with news, career statistics and history|website=Soccerway|accessdate=2020-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Bali United
|2018
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Lig 1
|7
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|7
|1
|-
|2019
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Lig 1
|9
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|9
|0
|-
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Lig 1
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|2021–22
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Lig 1
|11
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2021 Menpora Cup|Menpora Cup]].}}
|0
|13
|0
|-
|2022–23
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Lig 1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2023–24
|Lig 1
|28
|1
|0
|0
|5
|0
|0
|0
|33
|1
|-
|2024–25
|Lig 1
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|12
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!69
!2
!0
!0
!5
!0
!2
!0
!76
!2
|}

; Bayani
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
{{Updated|match played 29 December 2021}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara
!Ƙungiyar ƙasa
!Shekara
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
|Indonesia
|2021
|10
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!10
!1
|}

=== Manufofin kasa da kasa ===
''Manufofin Indonesia''
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot;
!#
!Ranar
!Wurin da ake ciki
!Abokin hamayya
!Sakamakon
!Sakamakon
!Gasar
|-
|1.
|3 Yuni 2021
|Filin wasa na Al Maktoum, [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]
|{{Fb|THA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2
|cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022
|}

== Daraja ==

=== Kungiyar ===

; Bali United

* Lig 1: 2019, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bali United Juara Liga 1 Usai Penantian Lima Tahun |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20191201153907-142-453121/bali-united-juara-liga-1-usai-penantian-lima-tahun |website=cnnindonesia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021-222021–22

=== Kasashen Duniya ===
'''Indonesia U-22'''

* Gasar Matasa ta AFF U-22: 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yan |date=26 February 2019 |title=Indonesia beat Thailand 2-1 to win AFF U-22 Championship |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-02/26/c_137852625.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227120813/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-02/26/c_137852625.htm |archive-date=February 27, 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Indonesia'''

* Wanda ya ci gaba a Gasar cin kofin AFF: 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Piala AFF 2020 Indonesia vs Thailand: Statistik Pertandingan Tunjukkan Kelemahan Garuda {{!}} liputan6.com |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/4844069/piala-aff-2020-indonesia-vs-thailand-statistik-pertandingan-tunjukkan-kelemahan-garuda |access-date=30 December 2021 |website=www.liputan6.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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    <title>Lucrezia Marinella</title>
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'''Lucrezia Marinella''' (1571-1653) mawaki yace, marubuciya, masanin falsafa, mai jayayya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin mata daga Jamhuriyar Venice . An fi saninta da littafinta mai suna The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men (1600). &lt;ref name=&quot;SEP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deslauriers |first=Marguerite |title=Lucrezia Marinella (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lucrezia-marinella/ |access-date=8 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; An lura da ayyukanta don kawo mata cikin al'ummar falsafa da kimiyya a lokacin marigayi Renaissance.

== Rayuwa ==
Lucrezia Marinella 'yar likita ce kuma masanin falsafar halitta, Giovanni Marinelli, wanda ya rubuta litattafai, wasu daga cikinsu suna kan lafiyar mata, tsabta da kyau.[1] Kodayake mahaifinta bai fito daga Venice ba, Lucrezia da iyalinta sun kasance &quot;cittadinaza&quot;. Ɗan'uwanta, Curzo Marinella, shi ma likita ne kuma Lucrezia ta auri likita Girolamo Vacca .[2] Babu wani daga cikin 'ya'yanta da aka haifa a Venice.[3] Mahaifinta na iya kasancewa muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi tsakanin karatunta na sirri da rubuce-rubuce da kuma duniya mai zurfi na fannonin wallafe-wallafen Venetian, gami da Accademia de&quot; Desiosi . [4][5]

Marinella kuma tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Giovanni Nicoló Doglioni wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar Venetian. Ta sami goyon baya daga takwarorinta kuma tana da tasiri wajen kafa makarantar 'sabon' Venetian saboda salon rubuce-rubucenta mai ƙarfi da fahimtar haƙƙin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolsky |first=Stephen |date=2001 |title=Moderata Fonte, Lucrezia Marinella, Giuseppe Passi: An Early Seventeenth-Century Feminist Controversy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3735864 |journal=The Modern Language Review |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.2307/3735864 |issn=0026-7937 |jstor=3735864 |s2cid=162224637}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marinella ta taimaka wa wasu marubuta mata su ci gaba da buga rubuce-rubucen su, wanda ya kasance da wuya ga mata a wannan lokacin saboda ƙuntatawa da yawa. Marubutan mata sun fara jayayya da ikirarin da wasu marubutan maza suka yi, kamar Giuseppe Passi, wanda ya nuna basirinsu da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubuce. Ba kamar sauran makarantu ba, an ba mata damar sukar da kuma musanta nuna bambanci game da ƙarancin mata, amma kuma suna da goyon baya daga wasu farfesa maza da abokan aiki.

A wannan zamanin, mata da yawa sun shiga masallatai ko kuma sun zama masu ba da kyauta (kamar sanannen Veronica Franco). Shigar da gidan ibada yana nufin cewa ba a tilasta wa mace ta yi aure ba kuma za ta iya bin ilimi da ci gaban ruhaniya. Amma, a lokaci guda [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] ya ci gaba da ra'ayoyi masu tsauri game da jinsi da tsammanin matsayin mata da yanayi. Koyaya, Lucrezia Marinella ba ta shiga gidan ibada ba kuma ba a matsa mata cikin aure ba. Ta fito ne daga dangin kwararru wanda ya karfafa karatunta sosai, kuma mahaifinta yana da matukar goyon baya. Kodayake, Marinella ta sami tallafi daga takwarorinta don jinkirta aure da ci gaba da karatunta har yanzu tana da shingen da yawa da ke hana ta rubutu. Ta rayu a lokacin Counter-Reformation wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin lokutan da suka fi wuya a tarihin Italiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=ALLEN |first=PRUDENCE |last2=SALVATORE |first2=FILIPPO |date=1992 |title=Lucrezia Marinelli and Woman's Identity in Late Italian Renaissance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43444859 |journal=Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=5–39 |issn=0034-429X |jstor=43444859}}&lt;/ref&gt; Italiya ta kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya wanda ya jagoranci cocin Katolika don mamaye 'yancin siyasa da kuma sanya sabbin ƙuntatawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wadannan canje-canje na addini, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da wallafe-wallafen sun fara aiki lokacin da Marinella ta fara aikin rubuce-rubuce. Wadannan ƙuntatawa sun iyakance rubuce-rubucenta, amma an ƙarfafa ta ta dage daga ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga Kiristoci Neoplatonists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Sun yi imani da cikakkiyar tunanin ɗan adam, dole ne mutane su rabu da bambancin jinsi da aka sani don zama mutum mai zaman kansa.

Kodayake rubuce-rubucen Lucrezia sun kawo ta suna, ta rayu a ɓoye. An yi imanin cewa rayuwar Lucrezia ita ce abin da ya ba ta damar rubuta abubuwa da yawa da wuri. Amma rayuwa ta ɓoyewa ta kasance sananne ga mata na matsayinta na zamantakewa a cikin karni na sha shida a Italiya. Ba ta yi tafiya ba, sai dai zuwa wuraren ibada na gida, babu wata shaida da ta tattara tare da wasu marubuta don tattaunawa, kuma babu wani rikodin ta har ma da halartar tarurruka da aka gudanar a makarantun waje.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mata a Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya da Farkon Renaissance ==
Hakkin mata da daidaito na mata sun kasance babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga rubuce-rubucen Marinella. A ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya da farkon zamanin Renaissance a Italiya, mata galibi mata ne da uwaye. Mata da yawa da ke son neman ilimi ko dai dole ne su kasance masu daraja, su shiga gidajen ibada, ko kuma su zama masu ba da kyauta. Mata galibi ba sa cikin tattaunawar siyasa kuma dole ne su kasance masu ban mamaki don a san su sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2019}}Marinella tana magana a cikin rubuce-rubucenta game da al'adar rashin daidaito na mata wanda ya ci gaba a duk al'adun Yamma kuma ya samo asali ne daga [[Ibrananci]], Girkanci, Roman, da manufofin Kirista.

Kodayake Marinella na ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi kyau na lokacin, wanda ya haɗa da Moderata Fonte, Arcangela Tarabotti da Veronica Franco . Ayyukan Marinella galibi suna hulɗa da haƙƙin mata har ma ta tabbatar da cewa mata sun fi maza, wanda ya kasance sanannen gardama a wannan lokacin don ayyukan jayayya da falsafa.[1] Ta yi haka ne ta hanyar aikinta, La no Keni et l'eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti et mancamenti de gli uomini . [2] A mayar da martani ga rubuce-rubucen adawa da mata na Passi, ta lura cewa ba ta sha'awar tunanin maza ba. Rubuce-rubucenta galibi suna bin tushen tushen tunanin adawa da mata.

A cikin La no Keni et l'eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti et mancamenti de gli uomini, ta lura da tushen tunanin adawa da mata wanda za'a iya danganta shi da tasirin [[Aristotle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolsky |first=Stephen |year=2001 |title=Moderata Fonte, Lucrezia Marinella, Giuseppe Passi: An Early Seventeenth-Century Feminist Controversy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3735864 |journal=The Modern Language Review |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.2307/3735864 |jstor=3735864 |s2cid=162224637}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ki yarda da ra'ayin mace mara cikakke, kamar yadda Aristotelians suka ba da shawarar. Marinella ta yi jayayya da imanin su cewa yanayin sanyi na mata ya bambanta da gaske, yana mai da su ƙasa da maza. Ta yi amfani da maganganun Aristotle don tallafawa a sauran muhawara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Marinella kuma ta rubuta a cikin salon soyayya ta fastoci, kamar yadda yake a ''Arcadia Felice'' . Wannan nau'in ya kasance a al'ada iyakance ga marubutan maza kuma ya ƙunshi haruffa maza; duk da haka ''Arcadia Felice'' ta bincika soyayya da lalata a matsayin rikitarwa na makirci maimakon ƙuduri.

Kotun Ferrara ta karfafa marubuta su yi gwaji tare da fastoci. Marinella ta rungumi rubuce-rubucen fastoci saboda ya ba ta damar bayyana al'umma da ke sake bayyana dangantakar tsakanin maza da mata. Rubuce-rubucen fastoci tsakanin marubutan maza har yanzu suna ƙarfafa dabi'un shugabanci kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga imani mai lahani game da yadda ya kamata mata su ba da guddina ga al'umma. Sabanin haka, wannan salon wallafe-wallafen ya ba da damar marubutan mata su yi gwaji da faɗaɗa ikon cin gashin kansu da iko a cikin tsarin zamantakewa. Marubutan mata sun ga rubuce-rubuce a matsayin nau'in bayyana kansu wanda aka hana shi a abubuwa da yawa na rayuwarsu. siffofin fastoci sun ba da cikakkiyar wuri mai tsarki ga Marinella don tsara cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarta a cikin rubuce-rubucenta, kamar a Arcadia Felice . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:1601_Marinella_La_Nobilita.jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|Shafin taken na 1601 na Marinella's La nobilita, et l'eccellenza delle donne .]]
Ayyukanta ba tare da jayayya ba. Ta rubuta akai-akai don mayar da martani ga jayayya da mata; La nobilita, et l'eccellenza delle donne kare mata masu ilimi ne waɗanda ke da haƙƙin ra'ayinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Marinella marubuciya ce mai ladabi a cikin nau'o'i da yawa. Ayyukanta sun fito ne daga sharhin falsafa game da shayari zuwa ayyukan addini, kuma sun samo asali ne daga tushe daban-daban ciki har da ayyukan kimiyya da na almara. A rayuwarta, Marinella ta buga littattafai 10; wani lokacin akwai kusan shekaru 10 na shiru tsakanin ayyukanta, musamman bayan aurenta da Girolamo Vacca tsakanin 1606-1617.  Tattaunawarta ta farko, The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, ta ga haske a cikin 1600, kuma an rubuta ta da sauri don mayar da martani ga Giuseppe Passi's diatribe game da lahani na mata, &quot;Dei donneschi difetti. &quot; Ya bayyana abin da ya ɗauka kuskuren mata ne ciki har da banza, haɗama, da wuce gona da iri. Amsar da Marinella ta yi game da ikirarin Passi na misogynist ya sa wasu mutane su nuna rashin amincewarsu da rubuce-rubucensa. Da yake cike da ra'ayoyi, Passi ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa an fassara shi ba daidai ba kuma a hankali ya kauce daga yada ra'ayoyinsa na tsattsauran ra'ayi game da mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

Marinella ta ɗauki ɓangaren farko na taken kanta daga fassarar Italiyanci na wata takarda ta Faransanci da ba a san ta ba, &quot;Della nobilita et eccellenza delle donne,&quot;  wanda aka buga a Venice a cikin 1549. Littafin ya kasance mai tsawo na jayayya game da hare-haren da aka kai wa mata da tsaron su. Har ila yau, ya kai hari kan maza saboda irin laifuffukan da Passi ya zargi mata. Tsarin rubutun ta ya biyo bayan na Passi, yayin da ta sanya kalaman da misalai a kan juna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Mutane da yawa sun lura cewa wannan shine rubuce-rubucen da ya fi tayar da hankali kuma mai yiwuwa ne ya sa Passi ya raina ilmantarwa da ra'ayoyin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Marinella ita ce mace ta farko a Italiya da ta yi jayayya da wani mutum a cikin bugawa, kuma wannan shine kawai lokacin da ta rubuta a bayyane game da misogyny na Passi. Amsar da ta yi game da misogyny shine dalilin da ya sa har yanzu ana gane ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan misalai na ilimin mata. An yi tunanin cewa an buga La nobilita, et l'eccellenza delle donne da sauri saboda haɗin da Marinella ke da shi da Kwalejin Venetian.

A cikin aikinta ''Enrico'', Marinella ta zaɓi batun da ya kasance na addini da siyasa, kuma hakan ya gina a kan ayyukanta na baya. Ta jaddada gaskiyar cewa an cire mata daga tattaunawar siyasa a wannan lokacin. A cikin aikin, ta nuna girman kai na kishin kasa a Venice kuma ta fitar da wani nau'in Venetian na abubuwan da suka faru na Crusade na huɗu, wanda babu takardun Venetian da suka wanzu. Wannan batu a cikin tarihin Venice yana tunatar da mai karatu game da makomar Venice da shigo da ita. A cikin ''Enrico'', Marinella ta zaɓi yin rubutu a cikin ɗayan mafi girman nau'ikan wallafe-wallafen lokacinta, wanda shine saboda dalilai na al'adu ba tare da ni'ima ba a Venice. Mata masu gwagwarmayar Marinella a cikin ''Enrico'' suna sanye da makamai na namiji tare da alheri da mutunci; an rubuta su a matsayin masu daraja a cikin aiki da tunani, kuma a matsayin budurwa masu tsabta (Querelle des femmes).  ''Arcadia Felice'' kuma ta sake maimaita ra'ayin cewa soyayya tana ƙuntata ga mata kuma tana lalata 'yancinsu da kirkirarsu.

Ayyukan Marinella, Vita di Maria Vergine, wanda aka rubuta a 1602 sananne ne don ba da labarin rayuwar Budurwa Maryamu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brazeau |first=Bryan |date=2021-06-11 |title='Defying Gravity': Prose Epic and Heroic Style in Lucrezia Marinella's 1602 Vita di Maria Vergine |url=https://academic.oup.com/crj/article/13/1/107/6297009 |journal=Classical Receptions Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.1093/crj/claa029 |issn=1759-5142}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rubuta shi a cikin aya da rubutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tushen wannan aikin sau da yawa shine abin da ke raba shi. Marinella ta yi amfani da haɗuwa da asusun Linjila da sauran Linjila kamar Pseudo-Matthew da Protoevangelium na Yakubu, waɗanda za a lura da su a matsayin apocryphal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, an zargi Lucrezia Marinella da satar sassan wannan rubutun. Masanin kimiyya, [[Eleonora Carinci]], ta lura cewa aikinta ya yi daidai da Na Pietro Aretino.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mata Katolika da yawa a cikin ƙarni na goma sha shida da na goma sha bakwai sun keɓe rubuce-rubuce ga Budurwa Maryamu. Marinella ta rubuta daya daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi tsayi kuma suka bayyana a kan Budurwa Maryamu. Ta ba da cikakken bayani game da mu'ujizai da Maryamu ta samu da kuma ikon da zai iya kewaye da halayyar mata da abubuwan da suke so. Muhimmancin Marinella, da sauran mata, da aka rarraba Maryamu a matsayin misali mai kyau ya kasance mai tasiri wajen sake rarraba manufar ga mata da iyawarsu.

A cikin aikin karshe na Marinella, Gargadi ga Mata da Sauran idan Da fatan alheri, tana da alama ta juya hanya a kan muhawara ta baya, &quot;yabon cikakken domestication na mata kuma yana ba da shawarar a cikin mafi ƙarfin kalmomin cewa suna guje wa ayyukan ilimi... [kuma] su kasance da ƙarfi a cikin ... bangaren sirri, suna barin duniyar siyasa da falsafar ga maza... Ta [ci gaba] jayayya da goyon bayan tsare-tsare ga mata, ta sanya mafi girma a kan ƙwarewar mata yayin da suke amfani da su kula da kuma ta haifi yara, kuma ta hanyar yin amfani da yara, kuma guje wa 'yancin mata' yanci' yanci mata a cikin wallafe-wallafen gida'[and] A kan ɓoye, Lucrezia ta rubuta: &quot;Na kuma bayyana wannan a cikin littafin da ake kira The Nobility and Excellence of Women, amma yanzu ina la'akari da batun a cikin hanyar da ta fi girma, ina da ra'ayi cewa ba sakamakon sarrafawa ba ne ko kuma aikin rai mai fushi, amma nufin da kuma tanadi na yanayi da Allah. &quot;  Duk da ƙoƙarinta da imani mai ƙarfi, rubuce-rubucenta na baya sun fi shafar da matsin lamba na al'umma kuma ta yi kama da cewa za a yarda da mata a yarda da su daidai da maza. A cikin ''Gargaɗin'', ta gargadi mata game da bin sana'o'i na sana'a daga gidansu saboda yadda tsarin ke ci gaba da zaluntar nasarar mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

Marinella ta sanannen Nobility and Excellence of Women, ya gabatar da muhawara da yawa na mata har yanzu ana nazarin su a yau. Imanin da ta yi cewa nazarin kimiyya ya kasance a cikin muhawara game da mata an bayyana shi a cikin wannan aikin. Ta bayyana bukatar samun daidaito a cikin adabi da kimiyya ga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dangane da da'awar cewa babu mata masu ilimi a fannin fasaha da kimiyya, Marinella ta ci gaba da lissafin nasarorin ilimi daban-daban na mata a cikin ƙarni da yawa, ta samo asali daga samfuran kamar Famous Women by [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;The Nobility and Excellence of Women, yana amfani da waɗannan misalai na baya don gina sabon ma'anar mace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ana iya kallon wannan aikin ba kawai a matsayin gardamar haƙƙin mata ba, har ma da kallon damar mata a fannin kimiyya da ilimi. Sau da yawa ana kwatanta Noble da Excellence of Women da Moderata Fonte's The Worth of Women in academic circles.

=== Jerin ayyukan ===
---Marinella, L., 1595, La Colomba sacra, Poema eroico. Venice.

---, 1597, ''Vita del serafico da glorioso San Francesco. ''  An bayyana shi a cikin ottava rima. Ove idan spiegano ya yi watsi da shi, ya yi amfani da shi kuma ya yi amfani le shi, Venice.

---, 1598, ''Amore innamorato ed impazzato,'' Venice.

---, 1601a, La no Keni da Eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti da mancamenti de gli uomini. ''La no Keni da l'eccellenza delle suna ba da co' diffetti da mancamenti de gli uomini. ''Discorso di Lucrezia Marinella a cikin wani bangare na musamman, G , Venice.

---, 1601b, The Nobility and Excellence of Women, and the Defects and Vices of Men, Dunhill, A. (ed. da trans.), [[Chicago]]: Jami'ar Chicago Press, 1999.

---, 1602, ''La vita di Maria vergine imperatrice dell'universo. '' ''An bayyana shi a cikin prosa da ottava rima,'' Venice.

---, 1603, Rime sacre, Venice.

---, 1605, L'''Arcadia felice,'' Venice.

---, 1605a, L'Arcadia felice, F. Lavocat (ed.), Florence: Accademia toscana di scienze e lettere, 'La Colombaria&quot; 162, 1998.

---, 1605b, Vita del serafico, da kuma mai ɗaukaka San Francesco. ''Vita del serafico, da kuma glorioso San Francesco. An bayyana shi a cikin ottava rima,'' Venice.

---, 1606, ''Vita di Santa Giustina a cikin ottava rima,'' Florence.

---, 1617, La imperatrice dell'universo. ''Sarauniyar duniya. Waƙar jarumi,'' Venice.

---, 1617a, ''La vita di Maria Vergine imperatrice dell'universo,'' Venice.

---, 1617b, Vite de' dodeci heroi di Christo, da kuma na' Quatro Evangelisti, Venice.

---, 1624, De' gesti heroici e della vita maravilosa della serafica Santa Caterina da Siena, Venice.

---, 1635, L'''Enrico ovvero Bisanzio acquistato. '' . ''Waƙar jarumi,'' Venice.

---, 1645a, Essortationi alle donne et a gli altri se a loro7. a grado di Lucretia Marinella . Sashe na farko, Venice.

---, 1645b, Gargadi ga Mata da Sauran idan Sun yi Allah, L. Benedetti (ed. da trans.), [[Toronto]]: Cibiyar Nazarin Gyara da Renaissance, 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEP&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa da tasiri ==
Francesco Agostino della Chiesa ya bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;mace mai faɗakarwa da ilmantarwa&quot; kuma ya tabbatar da cewa &quot;ba zai yiwu a wuce ta ba&quot;.  Cristofero Bronzino, ta furta ta musamman a rubuce-rubuce da waka, mafi yawan nasarorin da aka samu a cikin waƙoƙi masu tsarki, kuma babban gwani ne a falsafar ɗabi'a da ta halitta.&quot;An kuma ce Arcangela Tarabotti tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu sha'awarta, amma zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta an ce Lucrezia ta &quot;harbe&quot;  aikin mahaifinta a matsayin likita ya rinjayi kuma ya motsa ta sha'awar kimiyya.  Marinella ta keɓe The Nobility and Excellence of Women ga wani likita kuma abokiyar mahaifinta Lucio Scarano wanda ya yi sha'awar koyar da ita. A wani lokaci, ya kira ta &quot;The Greek ornament of our century&quot; kuma ya kwatanta ta da mawaki Korina.Marinella ta keɓe waƙarta ''Amoro Innamorato da Impazzato'' ga wata mata mai karatu: Caterina de 'Medici, Duchess na Mantua . 

== Mutuwa ==
Marinella ya mutu daga zazzabin cuta, wani nau'in zazzabin cizon sauro, a cikin Campiello dei Squillini a Venice a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1653. An binne ta a cocin Ikklisiya na kusa da S. Pantaleone . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Tushe ===

* Westwater, Lynn Lara. &quot;Muryar damuwa: Rubuce-rubucen mata da kuma adawa da mata a cikin karni na goma sha bakwai na Venice (Italiya, Lucrezia Marinella, Sara Copio Sullam, Arcangela Tarabotti).&quot; Dissertation Abstracts International. Sashe na A: Humanities da Social Sciences 64, No. 10 (2003): 3705. Nazarin Mata na Duniya, EBSCOhost
* Putnam, Christie-Anne, da Anna Riehl. &quot;Lucrezia Marinella da &quot;Querelle des Femmes&quot; a cikin karni na sha bakwai a Italiya. &quot; Jaridar Karni na Sha shida 41, lamba ta 4 (Winter 2010 20010): 1200-1201. Cikakken Binciken Ilimi, EBSCOhost
* Byars, Jana. &quot;Byars on Marinella&quot;. H-Net Reviews In The Humanities &amp; Social Sciences (Disamba 2012): 1-2. Cikakken Binciken Ilimi, EBSCOhost
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men (Book).&quot; ISIS: Jaridar Tarihin Kimiyya a cikin Al'umma 92, No. 4 (Disamba 2001): 779.Cikakken Binciken Ilimi, EBSCOhost
* Marinella, Lucrezia, da Anne Dunhill. 1999. ''Girma da kyawawan halaye na mata, da lahani da mugunta na maza.'' Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press.
* Lucrezia Marinella De&quot; gesti eroici e della vita maravigliosa della Serafica S. Caterina da Siena De&quot; gesti éoici e delle vita maravigleosa della Serafic S. Catarina da Siina by Lucrezia Marinella Review by: Stephen Kolsky
* An samo asali ne daga littafin nan The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/lucrezia-marinella/]

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Luca Piantoni, ''Mirabile kirista ed eloquenza sacra a cikin Lucrezia Marinelli'', a cikin Poesia e retorica del Sacro tra Cinque e Seicento, a cura di Elisabetta Selmi, Erminia Ardissino, Alessandria, Edizioni Dell'Orso, 2009, shafuffuka 435-445.&amp;nbsp;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://gynocentrism.com/2013/09/12/lucrezia-marinella-gynocentrism-in-the-16th-century/ Lucrezia Marinella: gynocentrism a cikin 1600]
*  
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&amp;UID=12525 Lucrezia Marinella Vacca a cikin The Literary Encyclopedia]
* (Hotuna) http://www.projectcontinua.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lucrezia-Marinelli-183x300.jpg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816163242/http://www.projectcontinua.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lucrezia-Marinelli-183x300.jpg |date=2025-08-16 }}
* Querelle (Lucrezia Marinella Querelle.ca) shafin yanar gizon da aka sadaukar da shi ga ayyukan marubutan da ke ba da gudummawa ga bangaren mata na querelle des femmes .
[[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1571]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1653]]
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[[Fayil:Draft_Kvardek_du_t_shirt.svg|thumb|Sau da yawa ana sukar sayar da T-shirts tare da taken [[Mace|mata]] saboda yawancin samar da masana'antu na duniya mata ne ke gudanar da su a kasashen Kudancin duniya a karkashin yanayin cin zarafin ma'aikata.&lt;ref name=&quot;perifericas&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sansón |first=Daniela |date=22 December 2019 |title=La ciencia económica se olvidó de las mujeres |url=https://perifericas.es/blogs/blog/la-ciencia-economica-se-olvido-de-las-mujeres |journal=PeriFéricas: Escuela de feminismos alternativos |language=es |access-date=14 February 2025 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211185739/https://perifericas.es/blogs/blog/la-ciencia-economica-se-olvido-de-las-mujeres |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bardaji Goikoetxea |first=Itziar |date=6 March 2019 |title=De feminismos y gaztetxes |url=https://www.pikaramagazine.com/2019/03/de-feminismos-y-gaztetxes/ |journal=[[Pikara Magazine]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kasuwancin [[jari-hujja]] mai launin shudi ko jari-hugi na mata kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana, daga hangen nesa, shigar da wasu ka'idojin ƙungiyar mata cikin jari-huji da tattalin arzikin kasuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Loe |first=Meika |year=1999 |title=Feminism for Sale: Case Study of a Pro-Sex Feminist Business |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/190437 |journal=Gender and Society |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=705–732 |doi=10.1177/089124399013006003 |jstor=190437 |s2cid=145250693}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Fraser |first=Nancy |author-link=Nancy Fraser |title=How feminism became capitalism's handmaiden - and how to reclaim it |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/14/feminism-capitalist-handmaiden-neoliberal |work=The Guardian |date=14 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ik9Io2muuuEC|title=Reinventing Anarchy, Again| first= Howard J. |last= Ehrlich| editor=AK Press| year= 1996|publisher=AK Press |isbn=9781873176887 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/190437|title= Feminism for Sale: Case Study of a Pro-Sex Feminist Business| journal= Gender and Society| year=1999|first =Meika |last= Loe|volume= 13|issue= 6|pages= 705–732|doi= 10.1177/089124399013006003|jstor= 190437|s2cid= 145250693}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url= https://es.calameo.com/read/005721734a88162d616ac| title= Marchas nocturnas 24N. Burgos (2017 - 2018)|first = Beatriz |last= Vivancos Núñez|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu sukar sun dogara ne, a gefe guda, akan gardamar cewa hadewar [[Mace|mata]] cikin Kasuwar aiki bai haifar da canji a cikin Tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki zuwa ga wanda ya fi kwance da daidaito ba,  kuma ba a rarraba aikin kulawa daidai ba,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url= http://www.esquerdadiario.com.br/A-falacia-do-capitalismo-feminista-paridade-entre-generos-levara-mais-257-anos-para-ser-atingida| title=A falácia do capitalismo feminista: paridade entre gêneros levará mais 257 anos para ser atingida| journal= Esquerda Diario|date=17 December 2019|language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kasance mafi yawan mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://cpalsocial.org/documentos/565.pdf |title=En la espiral de la energía. Colapso del capitalismo global y civilizatorio |isbn=978-84-947850-7-8 |language=es |last1=Durán |first1=Ramón Fernández |last2=Reyes |first2=Luis González |date=2018 |publisher=Libros en Acción }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A gefe guda, akwai kuma bincike game da yadda ake amfani da [[Feminism|mata]] don sayar da kayayyaki (kamar kiɗa ko tufafi), rasa muhimmancin siyasa kuma ya zama kawai yanayin da ba ya tambayar yanayin samar da waɗannan kayayyakin kuma ya cire mafi yawan jama'ar duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;perifericas&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1 October 2019 |title=Ernesto Castro: &quot;El trap es un fenómeno de gente que quiere volver a sentirse joven&quot; |url=https://www.yorokobu.es/ernesto-castro-trap/ |journal=Yorokobu |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
{{Columns-list|* [[Feminationalism]]
* [[Gender bias]]
* [[Gender gap]]
* [[Gender parity]]
* [[Gender perspective]]
* [[Green capitalism]]
* [[Inclusive capitalism]]
* [[Intersectionality]]
* [[Pink capitalism]]
* [[Progressive capitalism]]
* [[Purplewashing]]
* [[Women's liberation]]|colwidth=22em}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Lorraine Bahrick</title>
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'''Lorraine E. Bahrick''' masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne wanda aka sani da bincikenta game da fahimtar juna da kuma tasirin tasirin rikice-rikice a kan ilmantarwa a jariri da ƙuruciya. Ayyukanta a cikin waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da bincika yadda haɗin bayanai daga hanyoyi daban-daban na ji, kamar hangen nesa, ji, da taɓawa, ke ba da gudummawa ga fahimta, fahimta, da ci gaban zamantakewa na jarirai da yara. Ta kuma bincika yadda redundancy ko overlap of ji information, tasiri wadannan ci gaba hanyoyin. Ita ce Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar [[Florida]] ta Duniya kuma Daraktan Ci gaban Yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Florida International University-Digital |title=Lorraine Bahrick |url=https://case.fiu.edu/about/directory/profiles/bahrick-lorraine.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=case.fiu.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Lorraine Bahrick a cikin dangin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam. Mahaifinta, Harry Bahrick, babban gwani ne a kan ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam, memba ne a sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] Wesleyan . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hébert-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hébert |first=Richard |date=2007-10-01 |title=When Harry Met Psychology: A Profile of Harry Bahrick |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/when-harry-met-psychology-a-profile-of-harry-bahrick |journal=APS Observer |language=en-US |volume=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Phyllis Bahrick, ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan kuma ta koyar da darussan a sashen ilimin halayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obituary information for Phyllis Bahrick |url=https://www.robinsonfuneralhomeinc.com/obituaries/obituary-listings?obId=22834773 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.robinsonfuneralhomeinc.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bahrick ta girma tare da burin bin sawun kwararru na iyayenta, &lt;ref name=&quot;Hébert-2007&quot; /&gt; amma ta tsara hanya ta musamman ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ci gaban fahimta da fahimta a jariri da ƙuruciya, ta bambanta sosai daga aikin mahaifinta tare da manya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garcia-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Ashley |date=March 28, 2019 |title=Women in Research: Lorraine Bahrick |url=https://casenews.fiu.edu/2019/03/28/women-in-research-lorraine-bahrick/ |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bahrick ta sami digiri na BA daga Kwalejin Hampshire a 1975. Ta halarci makarantar digiri a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], inda ta sami Ph.D. a 1979 a cikin gwaji da ilimin halayyar mutum a karkashin kulawar Ulric Neisser da Eleanor Gibson . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bahrick-1983&quot; /&gt; Kodayake binciken Bahrick da farko ya mayar da hankali kan fahimta manya, abubuwan da take so sun koma jariri da ci gaban yara saboda ta yi imanin cewa yara sun ba da taga don fahimtar halayyar manya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garcia-2019&quot;/&gt; A Cornell, ta gudanar da bincike kan ci gaban jarirai tare da Neisser da Gibson,  kuma ta yi nazarin motsawa a karkashin kulawar A. Wade Boykin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bahrick |first=Lorraine E. |last2=Walker |first2=Arlene S. |last3=Neisser |first3=Ulric |date=1981-07-01 |title=Selective looking by infants |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285%2881%2990014-1 |journal=Cognitive Psychology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=377–390 |doi=10.1016/0010-0285(81)90014-1 |issn=0010-0285 |pmid=7237992 |s2cid=5339719}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Arlene S |last2=Owsley |first2=Cynthia J |last3=Megaw-Nyce |first3=Jane |last4=Gibson |first4=Eleanor J |last5=Bahrick |first5=Lorraine E |date=1980 |title=Detection of Elasticity as an Invariant Property of Objects by Young Infants |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/p090713 |journal=Perception |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=713–718 |doi=10.1068/p090713 |issn=0301-0066 |pmid=7220243 |s2cid=11370618}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lorraine E Bahrick |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lorraine-Bahrick |website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da Gibson da sauransu, ta buga takarda ta farko mai taken Detection of elasticity a matsayin kayan aiki na abubuwa ta kananan jarirai  , yana nuna farkon aikin bincikenta da nufin gano ka'idojin ci gaban fahimta jarirai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Arlene S |last2=Owsley |first2=Cynthia J |last3=Megaw-Nyce |first3=Jane |last4=Gibson |first4=Eleanor J |last5=Bahrick |first5=Lorraine E |date=1980 |title=Detection of Elasticity as an Invariant Property of Objects by Young Infants |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p090713 |journal=Perception |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=713–718 |doi=10.1068/p090713 |issn=0301-0066 |pmid=7220243 |s2cid=11370618}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken karatun ta na Ph.D. game da fahimtar jarirai game da daidaituwa ta lokaci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na multimodal, ya ba da shawarar cewa fitowar fahimta ta intermodal ta dogara da gano alaƙar da ba ta canzawa a cikin abubuwan gani da na ji ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahrick-1983&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bahrick |first=Lorraine E. |date=1983-10-01 |title=Infants' perception of substance and temporal synchrony in multimodal events |url= |journal=Infant Behavior and Development |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=429–451 |doi=10.1016/S0163-6383(83)90241-2 |issn=0163-6383}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bahrick ta kasance Postdoctoral Fellow a Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 1979 zuwa 1980, inda ta yi aiki a karkashin jagorancin John S. Watson . [1] A lokacin postdoc, ta ci gaba da zurfafawa cikin fagen fahimtar jarirai. Takardar ta Detection of intermodal proprioceptive-visual contingency a matsayin yiwuwar tushen fahimtar kai a jariri ya ba da shawarar cewa daidaito da aka bayar ta hanyar gabatarwar jiki na mutum ana gane shi ta hanyar gano haɗin haɗin da ba ya canzawa tsakanin bayanin proprioceptive don motsi da nuni na gani na wannan motsi. Sanin waɗannan alaƙa yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban jariri na fahimtar kai.

Daga 1981 zuwa 1983, Bahrick ya kasance Mataimakin Masanin Bincike na II a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . A shekara ta 1983, ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Florida a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Psychology a Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya &amp; Ilimi, kuma ta kasance a can a duk lokacin da take aiki. Ta kasance Masanin Ziyarar a Sashen Psychology, [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a cikin 2010. Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa &lt;ref name=&quot;Intersensory Perception of Social Events&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intersensory Perception of Social Events: Typical and Atypical Development (Project Number 5K02HD064943-02) |url=https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8073593}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intersensory Processing, Developmental Trajectories, and Longitudinal Outcomes (Project Number 2R01HD053776-06) |url=https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8506380}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Autism Speaks &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 0350201 – SLC Catalyst: South Florida Research Consortium on the Development of Attention, Perception, Learning, and Memory |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0350201 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.nsf.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne suka ba da kuɗin bincikenta kuma an buga shi a cikin manyan mujallu a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 9300956 – SGER: Young Children's Reaction to a Natural Disaster: Memory and Stress |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9300956 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.nsf.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Communications&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Florida International University-Digital |title=Lorraine Bahrick |url=https://case.fiu.edu/about/directory/profiles/bahrick-lorraine.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=case.fiu.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da tallafi ==
Binciken farko na Bahrick ya mayar da hankali kan gano ka'idojin gaba ɗaya na ci gaban fahimta na jarirai, da nufin fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru na ci gaba - yadda ƙwarewar kulawa ta asali a jariri ke aiki a matsayin tubalan gini don harshe da ci gaban zamantakewa daga baya, kuma bi da bi, shirye-shiryen makaranta (misali sarrafa kai da ƙwarewar kafin karatu da rubutu). &lt;ref name=&quot;Communications&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garcia-2019&quot;/&gt; A daya daga cikin karatun farko, ta nuna cewa daidaituwa ta lokaci tsakanin murya da motsi na abu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ilmantarwa na jariri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gogate |first=Lakshmi J. |last2=Bahrick |first2=Lorraine E. |date=1998-05-01 |title=Intersensory Redundancy Facilitates Learning of Arbitrary Relations between Vowel Sounds and Objects in Seven-Month-Old Infants |url= |journal=Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=133–149 |doi=10.1006/jecp.1998.2438 |issn=0022-0965 |pmid=9637756}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, ta fara aiki tare da Robert Lickliter, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, a kan nazarin ci gaban fahimta mai yawa, kulawa mai zaɓaɓɓu, zamantakewa, da aiki na harshe a cikin jarirai, yara, da yara masu ci gaba da ci gaba. Sun ba da shawarar Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis, cewa redundancy na bayanai a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban na ji yana tasiri ga yadda jarirai ke ba da hankali da kuma koyon abubuwan fahimta.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bahrick |first=Lorraine E. |last2=Lickliter |first2=Robert |date=2000 |title=Intersensory redundancy guides attentional selectivity and perceptual learning in infancy. |journal=Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=190–201 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.190 |issn=1939-0599 |pmc=2704001 |pmid=10749076}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lickliter |first=Robert |last2=Bahrick |first2=Lorraine E. |date=2000 |title=The development of infant intersensory perception: Advantages of a comparative convergent-operations approach. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.260 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |language=en |volume=126 |issue=2 |pages=260–280 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.260 |issn=1939-1455 |pmid=10748643}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake gabatarwar unimodal tana jawo hankali ga takamaiman fasalulluka, gabatarwar multimodal tana inganta ilmantarwa na rabawa, kaddarorin amodal. Peter Mundy ya zama mai sha'awar aikinsu kuma ya fara bincika sarrafawa da ci gaba da farko a cikin mahallin autism, yana ba da ƙarin shaidar cewa zaɓin hankali da ilmantarwa a cikin jariri ana jagorantar su ta hanyar rashin amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Garcia-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Rhea|url-status=Klin|access-date=Cohen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bahrick ta yi amfani da kwarewarta na bincike don bunkasa Yarjejeniyar Binciken Bincike na Multisensory, wanda ke auna mahimman ƙwarewar kulawa guda uku a cikin jarirai na preverbal: mai da hankali, saurin canza hankali, da ganowa tare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Todd |first=James Torrence |last2=Bahrick |first2=Lorraine E. |date=2022-10-01 |title=Individual Differences in Multisensory Attention Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Predict Language and Symptom Severity: Evidence from the Multisensory Attention Assessment Protocol (MAAP) |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |language=en |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=4685–4710 |doi=10.1007/s10803-022-05752-3 |issn=0162-3257 |pmc=10065966 |pmid=36181648}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin sabon abu, wannan yarjejeniyar tana ba da damar tattara bayanan lokacin kallon bidiyo daga nesa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eschman |first=Bret |last2=Todd |first2=James Torrence |last3=Sarafraz |first3=Amin |last4=Edgar |first4=Elizabeth V. |last5=Petrulla |first5=Victoria |last6=McNew |first6=Myriah |last7=Gomez |first7=William |last8=Bahrick |first8=Lorraine E. |date=2022 |title=Remote Data Collection During a Pandemic: A New Approach for Assessing and Coding Multisensory Attention Skills in Infants and Young Children |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731618 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=8815727 |pmid=35126224 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bahrick |first=Lorraine E. |last2=Todd |first2=James Torrence |date=2017 |title=Databrary |url=https://nyu.databrary.org/volume/326 |doi=10.17910/b7.326 |access-date=2023-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma haɓaka Intersensory Processing Efficiency Protocol, gwajin da ya fi wuya wanda ke kimanta ingancin jarirai, yara, da manya wajen daidaita bayanan ji da na gani ta hanyar buƙatar su ɗaure rafi na bayanan ji zuwa wani takamaiman abin gani daga tsararru.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Do you see what I mean? The role of visual speech information in lexical representations |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6399&amp;context=utk_gradthes |website=Trace Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange |access-date=2025-03-06 |archive-date=2024-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603170441/https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6399&amp;context=utk_gradthes |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bahrick |first=Lorraine E. |last2=Todd |first2=James Torrence |date=2017 |title=Databrary |url=https://nyu.databrary.org/volume/336 |doi=10.17910/b7.336 |access-date=2023-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bahrick ya sami goyon baya mai yawa daga Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa don nazarin ci gaban ƙwarewar kulawa da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scribd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table #121 Nih Research Career Development (K) Awards: Competing and Noncompeting Grant Listing Fiscal Year 2013 {{!}} PDF {{!}} Universities And Colleges {{!}} Higher Education |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/234557703/bbbm |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Scribd |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan, wanda ya haɗa da jarirai daga watanni uku zuwa shekaru uku, ya bincika yadda jan hankali na jarirai ke tasiri tasirin amsawar uwa akan sakamakon harshe na farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Testa |first=Kaitlyn |last2=McNew |first2=Myriah E. |last3=Todd |first3=James Torrence |last4=Eschman |first4=Bret |last5=Bahrick |first5=Lorraine E. |date=2023-05-01 |title=Infant distractibility from social events mediates the relation between maternal responsiveness and infant language outcomes |url= |journal=Infant Behavior and Development |volume=71 |pages=101840 |doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101840 |issn=0163-6383 |pmc=10512971 |pmid=37210883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da masu bincike Elizabeth V. Edgar James Todd, Shannon Pruden, da Bethany Reeb-Sutherland, Bahrick ya sami tallafi daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara da Ci gaban Dan Adam don bincika yadda sarrafawa a cikin jariri ke tasiri alaƙar tsakanin matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki a farkon ƙuruciya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Edgar |first=Elizabeth V. |last2=Eschman |first2=Bret |last3=Todd |first3=James Torrence |last4=Testa |first4=Kaitlyn |last5=Ramirez |first5=Bethany |last6=Bahrick |first6=Lorraine E. |date=2023-08-01 |title=The effects of socioeconomic status on working memory in childhood are partially mediated by intersensory processing of audiovisual events in infancy |url= |journal=Infant Behavior and Development |volume=72 |pages=101844 |doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101844 |issn=0163-6383 |pmc=10527496 |pmid=37271061}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran aiki, wanda ya goyi bayan tallafi daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, ya bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar yara, damuwa, da aiki na tunanin mutum bayan Guguwar Andrew, haɓaka fahimtar yadda yara ke tunawa da jimrewa da [[Raunin kwakwalwa|Abubuwan da suka faru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sales-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sales |first=Jessica McDermott |last2=Fivush |first2=Robyn |last3=Parker |first3=Janat |last4=Bahrick |first4=Lorraine |date=2005 |title=Stressing Memory: Long-Term Relations Among Children's Stress, Recall and Psychological Outcome Following Hurricane Andrew |url= |journal=Journal of Cognition and Development |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=529–545 |doi=10.1207/s15327647jcd0604_5 |issn=1524-8372 |s2cid=2939326}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan wakilci ==

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Koyon Intermodal a jariri: Koyon bisa ga nau'ikan dangantaka guda biyu a cikin abubuwan da ake ji da kuma abubuwan da ake gani. ''Ci gaban Yara, 59'' (1), 197-209.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Intersensory redundancy yana jagorantar zaɓin hankali da ilmantarwa a jariri. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 36 (2), 190-201.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Intersensory redundancy yana jagorantar ci gaban kulawa ta zaɓaɓɓu, fahimta, da fahimta a jariri. ''Jagoranci na yanzu a cikin Kimiyya ta Halitta, 13'' (3), 99-102
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga [[Ibrananci]] da aka yi amfani da ita. Haɗuwa da fuska da muryoyi a jariri yana hango sakamakon harshe a cikin yara ƙanana. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 58 (8), 1413-1428.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Bambance-bambance na Mutum a cikin Kwarewar Kulawa ta Multisensory a cikin Yara da ke da rikicewar Autism Spectrum Tsinkaya Harshe da Alamun Alamar: Shaida daga Yarjejeniyar Binciken Kulawa ta Multi-sensory (MAAP). Jaridar Autism da Ciwon Ci gaba, 1-26.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Bakistan''' ( Urdu    , lit. '   ) ' yan ƙasa ne kuma 'yan ƙasa na [[Pakistan|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan]] . Pakistan ita ce kasa ta biyar a yawan jama'a, mai yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 241.5, tana da yawan musulmi na biyu a cikin shekarar 2023. Kimanin kashi 90% na al'ummar kasar suna [[Mabiya Sunnah|bin addinin Sunna]] . Yawancin kusan kashi 97% na Pakistan [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne. Yawancin 'yan Pakistan suna magana da yarukan na dangin Indo-Iran ( Indo-Aryan da dangin [[Iranian languages|Iran]] ).

Ana zaune a Kudancin Asiya, ƙasar kuma ita ce tushen ɗimbin ɗimbin ƴan ƙasashen waje, waɗanda galibinsu suna zaune a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, waɗanda ke da kimanin mutane miliyan 4.7.  Baƙi na biyu mafi girma na Pakistan yana zaune a ko'ina cikin Arewa maso yammacin Turai da Yammacin Turai, inda akwai kimanin miliyan 2.4; fiye da rabin wannan adadi na zama a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] (duba 'yan Pakistan na Burtaniya ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2017 |title=2.43 million Pakistanis working in Europe |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1391730/overseas-workforce-2-43-million-pakistanis-working-europe |website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2011census&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |access-date=28 February 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123182221/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci ==
Kasancewa daya daga cikin al'umma mafi girma a duniya, mutanen Pakistan na cikin kabilu daban-daban, tare da rinjaye mafi rinjaye na 'yan asalin harsunan Indo-Iran .  Dangane da kabilanci, al'ummar Indo-Aryan sun ƙunshi mafi yawan al'umma a lardunan gabashin Pakistan Punjab, Sindh da [[Kashmir]], yayin da al'ummar Iran suka ƙunshi mafi rinjaye a lardunan [[Balochistan]] da Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Baya ga lardunanta guda hudu, Pakistan tana kuma gudanar da [[Rikicin Kashmir|yankuna biyu da ake takaddama]] a kai da ake kira Azad Jammu da Kashmir da Gilgit-Baltistan ; yankunan biyu kuma suna da rinjayen Indo-Aryan in ban da yankin Baltistan na ƙarshe, wanda yawancin al'ummar Tibet ke zaune. Pakistan kuma tana da yawan jama'ar Dravidian da ba su da ƙima, yawancinsu ƴan Indiya ta Kudu ne waɗanda suka samo asalinsu zuwa jahohin sarakunan tarihi irin su Hyderabad Deccan kuma suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin ƙabilun [[Muhajir mutane|Muhajirs]] ( lit. ' '   ), wadanda suka isa kasar bayan rabuwar Birtaniya Indiya a shekarar 1947. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muhajir {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/muhajir |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan kungiyoyin kabilanci a kasar sun hada da [[Mutanen Punjabi|Punjabis]], Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, da mutanen Baloch ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Ethnic Groups In Pakistan |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-in-pakistan.html |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - Linguistic and Ethnic Groups |url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/31.htm |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan lambobi na [[Kashmiris]], Brahuis, Hindkowans, Paharis, mutanen Shina, Burusho, Wakhis, Baltis, Chitralis, da sauran tsiraru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hurst |first=Christopher O. |date=1 January 1996 |title=Pakistan's ethnic divide |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10576109608436002 |journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=179–198 |doi=10.1080/10576109608436002 |issn=1057-610X}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Feroz |date=1996 |title=Ethnicity, Class and State in Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404794 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=47 |pages=3050–3053 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4404794}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==
 
Kasancewar Pakistan a matsayin kasa ta Musulunci tun bayan kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1956 ya haifar da gagarumin allurar [[Musulunci]] a mafi yawan al'adun Pakistan da rayuwar yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri ga dabi'u da al'adun tarihi na al'ummar musulmi . Bambance-bambancen al'adu na yanki yana tasiri sosai akan auratayya da sauran manyan al'amuran amma gabaɗaya suna bin [[Fiƙihu|hukunce-hukuncen shari'a]] a inda ake buƙata. Tufafin ƙasa na Pakistan shine shalwar kameez, rigar unisex da aka sawa ko'ina,   da rigar ƙasa,  ta Pakistan. Lokacin da mata suka sanya shalwar-kameez a wasu yankuna, yawanci suna sanya doguwar gyale ko shawl da ake kira dupatta a kai ko wuya.  Ana kuma amfani da dupatta a matsayin nau'i na kunya-ko da yake an yi shi da abubuwa masu laushi, yana rufe kullun jikin na sama ta hanyar wucewa ta kafadu. Ga matan musulmi, dupatta ba ta da ƙarfi maimakon chador ko burqa .

== Harsuna ==
[[Urdu]], ko ''Lashkari'' (لشکری),  yaren Indo-Aryan, shine yaren yaren Pakistan, kuma yayin da yake raba matsayin hukuma tare da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]], shine yaren da aka fi so kuma mafi rinjaye da ake amfani da shi don sadarwa tsakanin kabilu daban-daban. Ba a yarda cewa yare ne da ke da alaƙa da kowace kabila ba kuma masu magana da shi sun fito daga wurare daban-daban.   Kodayake Indo-Aryan a cikin rarrabuwa, ainihin asalinsa a matsayin harshe suna jayayya da malamai.  Koyaya, duk da kasancewa a matsayin harshen Faransanci na ƙasar, yawancin 'yan Pakistan suna magana da yarensu na ƙabilanci kuma yaren yare a matsayin na biyu. Yawancin harsunan yanki da na lardi ana magana da su azaman yarukan asali ta ƙungiyoyin kabilanci daban-daban na Pakistan, tare da [[Harshen Punjab|harshen Punjabi]] yana da yawan jama'a na ƙasa a matsayin harshen farko na kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a. Harsuna masu magana sama da miliyan ɗaya kowanne sun haɗa da Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, Brahui, da Hindko . Yaren Pakistan na Ingilishi kuma ana magana da shi a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, kodayake galibi a cikin birane kamar [[Islamabad]] da [[Karachi]] .

== Addini ==
Pakistan ta amince da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa a hukumance. Mafi yawan 'yan Pakistan sun bayyana a matsayin musulmi, kuma kasar ce ta biyu mafi yawan al'ummar musulmi a duniya bayan Indonesia . [1] [2] Sauran tsirarun addinai sun haɗa da Hindu, Kiristanci, Ahmadiyya, Sikhism, Baha'i Faith, Zoroastrianism, da Kalasha . 'Yan tsiraru na Hindu da Kirista na Pakistan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin addinai na biyu da na uku mafi girma a ƙasar, bi da bi.

== Yan kasashen waje ==
[[Fayil:Map_of_the_Pakistani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|right|thumb|Rarraba 'yan kasashen waje na Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;]]
Baƙi na Pakistan suna da babban matsayi a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], [[Turai]], [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amirka]], da [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] . A cewar Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziƙi da Harkokin Jama'a ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Pakistan ce ke da yawan baƙi na bakwai a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=India has largest diaspora population in world: UN |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un-183731 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Ma'aikatar Pakistan ta Ketare da Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam na Gwamnatin Pakistan, kusan 'yan Pakistan miliyan 10+ suna zaune a ƙasashen waje, tare da mafi yawan (sama da miliyan 4.7) suna zaune a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Year Book 2017-18 |url=http://callsarzameen.ophrd.gov.pk/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829202243/http://callsarzameen.ophrd.gov.pk/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=18 March 2020 |publisher=Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
 

* Jerin 'yan Pakistan
* Alkaluman Pakistan
* Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci a Pakistan
* Yan Pakistan na ketare

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Kara karantawa ==

* Abbasi, Nadia Mushtaq. &quot;Yan gudun hijira na Pakistan a Turai da kuma tasirinsa ga gina dimokuradiyya a Pakistan&quot;. ''Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya da Taimakon Zabe'' (2010).
* Awan, Shehzadi Zamurrad. &quot;Mahimmancin Ilimi don Ƙarfafa Mata a Punjab, Pakistan&quot;. ''Jaridar Nazarin Mata ta Duniya'' 18.1 (2016): 208+ [http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1920&amp;context=jiws akan layi]
* Bolognani, Marta, da Stephen Lyon, ed. ''Pakistan da ƴan ƙasashen waje: Hanyoyi da yawa'' (Springer, 2011).
* Eglar, Zekiya. ''Kauyen Punjabi a Pakistan: Halayen Al'umma, Kasa, da Tattalin Arziki'' (Oxford UP, 2010).
* Kalra, Virinder S., ed. ''Yan kasashen waje na Pakistan: Al'adu, rikici, da canji'' (Oxford UP, 2009).
* Bano, Sha. &quot;Gudun da gidajen tarihi ke nuna tarihin al'adun Pakistan&quot;. (2019).
* Marsden, Magnus. &quot; [[doi:10.1111/j.0268-540X.2005.00324.x|Masu ilimin ƙauyen musulmi: rayuwar hankali a arewacin Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Ilimin ɗan adam a yau'' 21.1 (2005): 10-15.
* Mughal, MAZ &quot; [[doi:10.1080/1683478X.2015.1055543|Hanyoyin nazarin ɗan adam akan masallaci a Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Nazarin Anthropology na Asiya'' 14.2 (2015): 166-181.
* Abdur Rauf. &quot; [[doi:10.3138/jcfs.18.3.403|Matan karkara da iyali: Nazarin wani ƙauyen Punjabi a Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Jaridar Kwatanta Nazarin Iyali'' (1987): 403-415.

=== Asalin Pakistan ===

* Vasil'ev, IB, PF Kuznetsov, da AP Semenova. &quot;Potapovo Bone Ground na Indo-Iran kabilu a kan Volga&quot; (1994).
* Ahsan, Ayzaz. ''Indus Saga'' . Roli Books Private Limited, 2005.
* Mehdi, SQ, et al. &quot;Asalin al'ummar Pakistan&quot;. ''Diversit Genomic'' y. Springer, Boston, MA, 1999. 83-90.
* Balanovsky, Oleg, et al. &quot;Bincike mai zurfi na phylogenetic na haplogroup G1 yana ba da ƙididdiga na SNP da sauye-sauye na STR akan Y-chromosome na ɗan adam kuma yana bayyana ƙaura na masu magana da Iran&quot;. ''PLoS Daya'' 10.4 (2015): e0122968.
* Allchin, FR &quot;Shaidar Tarihi na Archaeological da Harshe-Shaidar Tarihi don Motsin Mutanen Indo-Aryan Masu Magana zuwa Kudancin Asiya&quot;. ''NARTMONGÆ'' (1981): 65.
* Ahmed, Mukhtar. ''Tsohuwar Pakistan-Tarihin Archaeological: Juzu'i na III: Wayewar Harappan-Al'adun Kayan Kaya'' . Amazon, 2014.
[[Rukuni:CS1 errors: external links]]
[[Rukuni:Gungiyar ta Pakistan]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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      <comment>/* Yan kasashen waje */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10913" sha1="p24x7sm3fki0j5n4mx5csdoogqqun0n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Bakistan''' ( Urdu    , lit. '   ) ' yan ƙasa ne kuma 'yan ƙasa na [[Pakistan|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan]] . Pakistan ita ce kasa ta biyar a yawan jama'a, mai yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 241.5, tana da yawan musulmi na biyu a cikin shekarar 2023. Kimanin kashi 90% na al'ummar kasar suna [[Mabiya Sunnah|bin addinin Sunna]] . Yawancin kusan kashi 97% na Pakistan [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne. Yawancin 'yan Pakistan suna magana da yarukan na dangin Indo-Iran ( Indo-Aryan da dangin [[Iranian languages|Iran]] ).

Ana zaune a Kudancin Asiya, ƙasar kuma ita ce tushen ɗimbin ɗimbin ƴan ƙasashen waje, waɗanda galibinsu suna zaune a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, waɗanda ke da kimanin mutane miliyan 4.7.  Baƙi na biyu mafi girma na Pakistan yana zaune a ko'ina cikin Arewa maso yammacin Turai da Yammacin Turai, inda akwai kimanin miliyan 2.4; fiye da rabin wannan adadi na zama a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] (duba 'yan Pakistan na Burtaniya ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2017 |title=2.43 million Pakistanis working in Europe |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1391730/overseas-workforce-2-43-million-pakistanis-working-europe |website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2011census&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |access-date=28 February 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123182221/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci ==
Kasancewa daya daga cikin al'umma mafi girma a duniya, mutanen Pakistan na cikin kabilu daban-daban, tare da rinjaye mafi rinjaye na 'yan asalin harsunan Indo-Iran .  Dangane da kabilanci, al'ummar Indo-Aryan sun ƙunshi mafi yawan al'umma a lardunan gabashin Pakistan Punjab, Sindh da [[Kashmir]], yayin da al'ummar Iran suka ƙunshi mafi rinjaye a lardunan [[Balochistan]] da Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Baya ga lardunanta guda hudu, Pakistan tana kuma gudanar da [[Rikicin Kashmir|yankuna biyu da ake takaddama]] a kai da ake kira Azad Jammu da Kashmir da Gilgit-Baltistan ; yankunan biyu kuma suna da rinjayen Indo-Aryan in ban da yankin Baltistan na ƙarshe, wanda yawancin al'ummar Tibet ke zaune. Pakistan kuma tana da yawan jama'ar Dravidian da ba su da ƙima, yawancinsu ƴan Indiya ta Kudu ne waɗanda suka samo asalinsu zuwa jahohin sarakunan tarihi irin su Hyderabad Deccan kuma suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin ƙabilun [[Muhajir mutane|Muhajirs]] ( lit. ' '   ), wadanda suka isa kasar bayan rabuwar Birtaniya Indiya a shekarar 1947. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muhajir {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/muhajir |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan kungiyoyin kabilanci a kasar sun hada da [[Mutanen Punjabi|Punjabis]], Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, da mutanen Baloch ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Ethnic Groups In Pakistan |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-in-pakistan.html |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - Linguistic and Ethnic Groups |url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/31.htm |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan lambobi na [[Kashmiris]], Brahuis, Hindkowans, Paharis, mutanen Shina, Burusho, Wakhis, Baltis, Chitralis, da sauran tsiraru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hurst |first=Christopher O. |date=1 January 1996 |title=Pakistan's ethnic divide |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10576109608436002 |journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=179–198 |doi=10.1080/10576109608436002 |issn=1057-610X}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Feroz |date=1996 |title=Ethnicity, Class and State in Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404794 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=47 |pages=3050–3053 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4404794}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==
 
Kasancewar Pakistan a matsayin kasa ta Musulunci tun bayan kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1956 ya haifar da gagarumin allurar [[Musulunci]] a mafi yawan al'adun Pakistan da rayuwar yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri ga dabi'u da al'adun tarihi na al'ummar musulmi . Bambance-bambancen al'adu na yanki yana tasiri sosai akan auratayya da sauran manyan al'amuran amma gabaɗaya suna bin [[Fiƙihu|hukunce-hukuncen shari'a]] a inda ake buƙata. Tufafin ƙasa na Pakistan shine shalwar kameez, rigar unisex da aka sawa ko'ina,   da rigar ƙasa,  ta Pakistan. Lokacin da mata suka sanya shalwar-kameez a wasu yankuna, yawanci suna sanya doguwar gyale ko shawl da ake kira dupatta a kai ko wuya.  Ana kuma amfani da dupatta a matsayin nau'i na kunya-ko da yake an yi shi da abubuwa masu laushi, yana rufe kullun jikin na sama ta hanyar wucewa ta kafadu. Ga matan musulmi, dupatta ba ta da ƙarfi maimakon chador ko burqa .

== Harsuna ==
[[Urdu]], ko ''Lashkari'' (لشکری),  yaren Indo-Aryan, shine yaren yaren Pakistan, kuma yayin da yake raba matsayin hukuma tare da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]], shine yaren da aka fi so kuma mafi rinjaye da ake amfani da shi don sadarwa tsakanin kabilu daban-daban. Ba a yarda cewa yare ne da ke da alaƙa da kowace kabila ba kuma masu magana da shi sun fito daga wurare daban-daban.   Kodayake Indo-Aryan a cikin rarrabuwa, ainihin asalinsa a matsayin harshe suna jayayya da malamai.  Koyaya, duk da kasancewa a matsayin harshen Faransanci na ƙasar, yawancin 'yan Pakistan suna magana da yarensu na ƙabilanci kuma yaren yare a matsayin na biyu. Yawancin harsunan yanki da na lardi ana magana da su azaman yarukan asali ta ƙungiyoyin kabilanci daban-daban na Pakistan, tare da [[Harshen Punjab|harshen Punjabi]] yana da yawan jama'a na ƙasa a matsayin harshen farko na kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a. Harsuna masu magana sama da miliyan ɗaya kowanne sun haɗa da Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, Brahui, da Hindko . Yaren Pakistan na Ingilishi kuma ana magana da shi a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, kodayake galibi a cikin birane kamar [[Islamabad]] da [[Karachi]] .

== Addini ==
Pakistan ta amince da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa a hukumance. Mafi yawan 'yan Pakistan sun bayyana a matsayin musulmi, kuma kasar ce ta biyu mafi yawan al'ummar musulmi a duniya bayan Indonesia . [1] [2] Sauran tsirarun addinai sun haɗa da Hindu, Kiristanci, Ahmadiyya, Sikhism, Baha'i Faith, Zoroastrianism, da Kalasha . 'Yan tsiraru na Hindu da Kirista na Pakistan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin addinai na biyu da na uku mafi girma a ƙasar, bi da bi.

== Ƴan ƙasashen waje ==
[[Fayil:Map_of_the_Pakistani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|right|thumb|Rarraba 'yan kasashen waje na Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;]]
Baƙi na Pakistan suna da babban matsayi a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], [[Turai]], [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amirka]], da [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] . A cewar Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziƙi da Harkokin Jama'a ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Pakistan ce ke da yawan baƙi na bakwai a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=India has largest diaspora population in world: UN |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un-183731 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Ma'aikatar Pakistan ta Ketare da Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam na Gwamnatin Pakistan, kusan 'yan Pakistan miliyan 10+ suna zaune a ƙasashen waje, tare da mafi yawan (sama da miliyan 4.7) suna zaune a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Year Book 2017-18 |url=http://callsarzameen.ophrd.gov.pk/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829202243/http://callsarzameen.ophrd.gov.pk/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=18 March 2020 |publisher=Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
 

* Jerin 'yan Pakistan
* Alkaluman Pakistan
* Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci a Pakistan
* Yan Pakistan na ketare

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Kara karantawa ==

* Abbasi, Nadia Mushtaq. &quot;Yan gudun hijira na Pakistan a Turai da kuma tasirinsa ga gina dimokuradiyya a Pakistan&quot;. ''Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya da Taimakon Zabe'' (2010).
* Awan, Shehzadi Zamurrad. &quot;Mahimmancin Ilimi don Ƙarfafa Mata a Punjab, Pakistan&quot;. ''Jaridar Nazarin Mata ta Duniya'' 18.1 (2016): 208+ [http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1920&amp;context=jiws akan layi]
* Bolognani, Marta, da Stephen Lyon, ed. ''Pakistan da ƴan ƙasashen waje: Hanyoyi da yawa'' (Springer, 2011).
* Eglar, Zekiya. ''Kauyen Punjabi a Pakistan: Halayen Al'umma, Kasa, da Tattalin Arziki'' (Oxford UP, 2010).
* Kalra, Virinder S., ed. ''Yan kasashen waje na Pakistan: Al'adu, rikici, da canji'' (Oxford UP, 2009).
* Bano, Sha. &quot;Gudun da gidajen tarihi ke nuna tarihin al'adun Pakistan&quot;. (2019).
* Marsden, Magnus. &quot; [[doi:10.1111/j.0268-540X.2005.00324.x|Masu ilimin ƙauyen musulmi: rayuwar hankali a arewacin Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Ilimin ɗan adam a yau'' 21.1 (2005): 10-15.
* Mughal, MAZ &quot; [[doi:10.1080/1683478X.2015.1055543|Hanyoyin nazarin ɗan adam akan masallaci a Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Nazarin Anthropology na Asiya'' 14.2 (2015): 166-181.
* Abdur Rauf. &quot; [[doi:10.3138/jcfs.18.3.403|Matan karkara da iyali: Nazarin wani ƙauyen Punjabi a Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Jaridar Kwatanta Nazarin Iyali'' (1987): 403-415.

=== Asalin Pakistan ===

* Vasil'ev, IB, PF Kuznetsov, da AP Semenova. &quot;Potapovo Bone Ground na Indo-Iran kabilu a kan Volga&quot; (1994).
* Ahsan, Ayzaz. ''Indus Saga'' . Roli Books Private Limited, 2005.
* Mehdi, SQ, et al. &quot;Asalin al'ummar Pakistan&quot;. ''Diversit Genomic'' y. Springer, Boston, MA, 1999. 83-90.
* Balanovsky, Oleg, et al. &quot;Bincike mai zurfi na phylogenetic na haplogroup G1 yana ba da ƙididdiga na SNP da sauye-sauye na STR akan Y-chromosome na ɗan adam kuma yana bayyana ƙaura na masu magana da Iran&quot;. ''PLoS Daya'' 10.4 (2015): e0122968.
* Allchin, FR &quot;Shaidar Tarihi na Archaeological da Harshe-Shaidar Tarihi don Motsin Mutanen Indo-Aryan Masu Magana zuwa Kudancin Asiya&quot;. ''NARTMONGÆ'' (1981): 65.
* Ahmed, Mukhtar. ''Tsohuwar Pakistan-Tarihin Archaeological: Juzu'i na III: Wayewar Harappan-Al'adun Kayan Kaya'' . Amazon, 2014.
[[Rukuni:CS1 errors: external links]]
[[Rukuni:Gungiyar ta Pakistan]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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'''Bakistan''' ( Urdu    , lit. '   ) ' yan ƙasa ne kuma 'yan ƙasa na [[Pakistan|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan]] . Pakistan ita ce kasa ta biyar a yawan jama'a, mai yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 241.5, tana da yawan musulmi na biyu a cikin shekarar 2023. Kimanin kashi 90% na al'ummar kasar suna [[Mabiya Sunnah|bin addinin Sunna]] . Yawancin kusan kashi 97% na Pakistan [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne. Yawancin 'yan Pakistan suna magana da yarukan na dangin Indo-Iran ( Indo-Aryan da dangin [[Iranian languages|Iran]] ).

Ana zaune a Kudancin Asiya, ƙasar kuma ita ce tushen ɗimbin ɗimbin ƴan ƙasashen waje, waɗanda galibinsu suna zaune a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, waɗanda ke da kimanin mutane miliyan 4.7.  Baƙi na biyu mafi girma na Pakistan yana zaune a ko'ina cikin Arewa maso yammacin Turai da Yammacin Turai, inda akwai kimanin miliyan 2.4; fiye da rabin wannan adadi na zama a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] (duba 'yan Pakistan na Burtaniya ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2017 |title=2.43 million Pakistanis working in Europe |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1391730/overseas-workforce-2-43-million-pakistanis-working-europe |website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2011census&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |access-date=28 February 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123182221/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci ==
Kasancewa daya daga cikin al'umma mafi girma a duniya, mutanen Pakistan na cikin kabilu daban-daban, tare da rinjaye mafi rinjaye na 'yan asalin harsunan Indo-Iran .  Dangane da kabilanci, al'ummar Indo-Aryan sun ƙunshi mafi yawan al'umma a lardunan gabashin Pakistan Punjab, Sindh da [[Kashmir]], yayin da al'ummar Iran suka ƙunshi mafi rinjaye a lardunan [[Balochistan]] da Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Baya ga lardunanta guda hudu, Pakistan tana kuma gudanar da [[Rikicin Kashmir|yankuna biyu da ake takaddama]] a kai da ake kira Azad Jammu da Kashmir da Gilgit-Baltistan ; yankunan biyu kuma suna da rinjayen Indo-Aryan in ban da yankin Baltistan na ƙarshe, wanda yawancin al'ummar Tibet ke zaune. Pakistan kuma tana da yawan jama'ar Dravidian da ba su da ƙima, yawancinsu ƴan Indiya ta Kudu ne waɗanda suka samo asalinsu zuwa jahohin sarakunan tarihi irin su Hyderabad Deccan kuma suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin ƙabilun [[Muhajir mutane|Muhajirs]] ( lit. ' '   ), wadanda suka isa kasar bayan rabuwar Birtaniya Indiya a shekarar 1947. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muhajir {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/muhajir |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan kungiyoyin kabilanci a kasar sun hada da [[Mutanen Punjabi|Punjabis]], Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, da mutanen Baloch ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Ethnic Groups In Pakistan |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-in-pakistan.html |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - Linguistic and Ethnic Groups |url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/31.htm |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan lambobi na [[Kashmiris]], Brahuis, Hindkowans, Paharis, mutanen Shina, Burusho, Wakhis, Baltis, Chitralis, da sauran tsiraru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hurst |first=Christopher O. |date=1 January 1996 |title=Pakistan's ethnic divide |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10576109608436002 |journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=179–198 |doi=10.1080/10576109608436002 |issn=1057-610X}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Feroz |date=1996 |title=Ethnicity, Class and State in Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404794 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=47 |pages=3050–3053 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4404794}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==
 
Kasancewar Pakistan a matsayin kasa ta Musulunci tun bayan kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1956 ya haifar da gagarumin allurar [[Musulunci]] a mafi yawan al'adun Pakistan da rayuwar yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri ga dabi'u da al'adun tarihi na al'ummar musulmi . Bambance-bambancen al'adu na yanki yana tasiri sosai akan auratayya da sauran manyan al'amuran amma gabaɗaya suna bin [[Fiƙihu|hukunce-hukuncen shari'a]] a inda ake buƙata. Tufafin ƙasa na Pakistan shine shalwar kameez, rigar unisex da aka sawa ko'ina,   da rigar ƙasa,  ta Pakistan. Lokacin da mata suka sanya shalwar-kameez a wasu yankuna, yawanci suna sanya doguwar gyale ko shawl da ake kira dupatta a kai ko wuya.  Ana kuma amfani da dupatta a matsayin nau'i na kunya-ko da yake an yi shi da abubuwa masu laushi, yana rufe kullun jikin na sama ta hanyar wucewa ta kafadu. Ga matan musulmi, dupatta ba ta da ƙarfi maimakon chador ko burqa .

== Harsuna ==
[[Urdu]], ko ''Lashkari'' (لشکری),  yaren Indo-Aryan, shine yaren yaren Pakistan, kuma yayin da yake raba matsayin hukuma tare da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]], shine yaren da aka fi so kuma mafi rinjaye da ake amfani da shi don sadarwa tsakanin kabilu daban-daban. Ba a yarda cewa yare ne da ke da alaƙa da kowace kabila ba kuma masu magana da shi sun fito daga wurare daban-daban.   Kodayake Indo-Aryan a cikin rarrabuwa, ainihin asalinsa a matsayin harshe suna jayayya da malamai.  Koyaya, duk da kasancewa a matsayin harshen Faransanci na ƙasar, yawancin 'yan Pakistan suna magana da yarensu na ƙabilanci kuma yaren yare a matsayin na biyu. Yawancin harsunan yanki da na lardi ana magana da su azaman yarukan asali ta ƙungiyoyin kabilanci daban-daban na Pakistan, tare da [[Harshen Punjab|harshen Punjabi]] yana da yawan jama'a na ƙasa a matsayin harshen farko na kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a. Harsuna masu magana sama da miliyan ɗaya kowanne sun haɗa da Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, Brahui, da Hindko . Yaren Pakistan na Ingilishi kuma ana magana da shi a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, kodayake galibi a cikin birane kamar [[Islamabad]] da [[Karachi]] .

== Addini ==
Pakistan ta amince da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa a hukumance. Mafi yawan 'yan Pakistan sun bayyana a matsayin musulmi, kuma kasar ce ta biyu mafi yawan al'ummar musulmi a duniya bayan Indonesia . [1] [2] Sauran tsirarun addinai sun haɗa da Hindu, Kiristanci, Ahmadiyya, Sikhism, Baha'i Faith, Zoroastrianism, da Kalasha . 'Yan tsiraru na Hindu da Kirista na Pakistan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin addinai na biyu da na uku mafi girma a ƙasar, bi da bi.

== Ƴan ƙasashen waje ==
[[Fayil:Map_of_the_Pakistani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|right|thumb|Rarraba 'yan kasashen waje na Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;]]
Baƙi na Pakistan suna da babban matsayi a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], [[Turai]], [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amirka]], da [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] . A cewar Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziƙi da Harkokin Jama'a ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Pakistan ce ke da yawan baƙi na bakwai a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=India has largest diaspora population in world: UN |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un-183731 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Ma'aikatar Pakistan ta Ketare da Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam na Gwamnatin Pakistan, kusan 'yan Pakistan miliyan 10+ suna zaune a ƙasashen waje, tare da mafi yawan (sama da miliyan 4.7) suna zaune a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Year Book 2017-18 |url=http://callsarzameen.ophrd.gov.pk/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829202243/http://callsarzameen.ophrd.gov.pk/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=18 March 2020 |publisher=Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
 

* Jerin 'yan Pakistan
* Alkaluman Pakistan
* Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci a Pakistan
* Yan Pakistan na ketare

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙara karantawa ==

* Abbasi, Nadia Mushtaq. &quot;Yan gudun hijira na Pakistan a Turai da kuma tasirinsa ga gina dimokuradiyya a Pakistan&quot;. ''Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya da Taimakon Zabe'' (2010).
* Awan, Shehzadi Zamurrad. &quot;Mahimmancin Ilimi don Ƙarfafa Mata a Punjab, Pakistan&quot;. ''Jaridar Nazarin Mata ta Duniya'' 18.1 (2016): 208+ [http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1920&amp;context=jiws akan layi]
* Bolognani, Marta, da Stephen Lyon, ed. ''Pakistan da ƴan ƙasashen waje: Hanyoyi da yawa'' (Springer, 2011).
* Eglar, Zekiya. ''Kauyen Punjabi a Pakistan: Halayen Al'umma, Kasa, da Tattalin Arziki'' (Oxford UP, 2010).
* Kalra, Virinder S., ed. ''Yan kasashen waje na Pakistan: Al'adu, rikici, da canji'' (Oxford UP, 2009).
* Bano, Sha. &quot;Gudun da gidajen tarihi ke nuna tarihin al'adun Pakistan&quot;. (2019).
* Marsden, Magnus. &quot; [[doi:10.1111/j.0268-540X.2005.00324.x|Masu ilimin ƙauyen musulmi: rayuwar hankali a arewacin Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Ilimin ɗan adam a yau'' 21.1 (2005): 10-15.
* Mughal, MAZ &quot; [[doi:10.1080/1683478X.2015.1055543|Hanyoyin nazarin ɗan adam akan masallaci a Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Nazarin Anthropology na Asiya'' 14.2 (2015): 166-181.
* Abdur Rauf. &quot; [[doi:10.3138/jcfs.18.3.403|Matan karkara da iyali: Nazarin wani ƙauyen Punjabi a Pakistan]] &quot;. ''Jaridar Kwatanta Nazarin Iyali'' (1987): 403-415.

=== Asalin Pakistan ===

* Vasil'ev, IB, PF Kuznetsov, da AP Semenova. &quot;Potapovo Bone Ground na Indo-Iran kabilu a kan Volga&quot; (1994).
* Ahsan, Ayzaz. ''Indus Saga'' . Roli Books Private Limited, 2005.
* Mehdi, SQ, et al. &quot;Asalin al'ummar Pakistan&quot;. ''Diversit Genomic'' y. Springer, Boston, MA, 1999. 83-90.
* Balanovsky, Oleg, et al. &quot;Bincike mai zurfi na phylogenetic na haplogroup G1 yana ba da ƙididdiga na SNP da sauye-sauye na STR akan Y-chromosome na ɗan adam kuma yana bayyana ƙaura na masu magana da Iran&quot;. ''PLoS Daya'' 10.4 (2015): e0122968.
* Allchin, FR &quot;Shaidar Tarihi na Archaeological da Harshe-Shaidar Tarihi don Motsin Mutanen Indo-Aryan Masu Magana zuwa Kudancin Asiya&quot;. ''NARTMONGÆ'' (1981): 65.
* Ahmed, Mukhtar. ''Tsohuwar Pakistan-Tarihin Archaeological: Juzu'i na III: Wayewar Harappan-Al'adun Kayan Kaya'' . Amazon, 2014.
[[Rukuni:CS1 errors: external links]]
[[Rukuni:Gungiyar ta Pakistan]]
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    <title>Angelina Baiden-Amissah</title>
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'''Angelina Baiden-Amissah''' (an haife ta 8 Fabrairu 1954) 'yar siyasar [[Ghana]] ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce ta mazabar Shama ta [[Yankin Yammaci, Ghana|Yankin Yammacin]] [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 July 2004 |title=Angelina Baiden-Amissah re-elected as NPP parliamentary candidate |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Angelina-Baiden-Amissah-re-elected-as-NPP-parliamentary-candidate-62681 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Baiden-Amissah dan majalisa ne na 4 a jamhuriya ta 4 a matsayin wakilin mazabar Shama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results – Shama Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/western/227/index.php |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407102150/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/western/227/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokoki ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Aikinta na Siyasa ya fara ne a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da ta tsaya takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2000 a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party . Ta lashe zaben ne da jimillar kuri’u 8,284 da aka kada a babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekara ta 2000, wanda ya zama kashi 31% na yawan kuri’un da aka kada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Election shama Constituency Results |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/elections/constituency-details/2000/shama |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Graphic Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sake tsayawa takara a lokacin babban zaben 2004 kuma ta ci gaba da rike kujerarta da jimillar kuri'u 14,782.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |title=Parliament – Western Region Election 2004 Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/parliament/western/index.php |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sake tsayawa takara a zaben 2008 kuma ta rasa kujerarta a hannun Gabriel Kodwo Essilfie na jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |title=Ghana Election 2008 Results – Shama Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/western/227/index.php |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407102557/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/western/227/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Baiden-Amissah Kirista ce. 

== Sana'a ==
Baiden-Amissah shi ma mamba ne na kamfanin kera Silinda na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 October 2018|title=New board for Ghana Cylinder Manufacturing inaugurated|url=https://citibusinessnews.com/new-board-for-ghana-cylinder-manufacturing-inaugurated/|access-date=5 August 2020|website=Citi Business News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance ƙwararren ilimi kuma mataimakiyar ministar ilimi, kimiya da wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Kuneva, Meglena Shtilianova, (born 22 June 1957), Deputy Prime Minister for European Policies Coordination and Institutional Affairs, since 2014, and Minister of Education and Science, since 2016, Bulgaria|date=1 December 2008|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u246701}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magana ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]]</text>
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'''Angelina Baiden-Amissah''' (an haife ta 8 Fabrairu 1954) 'yar siyasar [[Ghana]] ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce ta mazabar Shama ta [[Yankin Yammaci, Ghana|Yankin Yammacin]] [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 July 2004 |title=Angelina Baiden-Amissah re-elected as NPP parliamentary candidate |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Angelina-Baiden-Amissah-re-elected-as-NPP-parliamentary-candidate-62681 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Baiden-Amissah dan majalisa ne na 4 a jamhuriya ta 4 a matsayin wakilin mazabar Shama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results – Shama Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/western/227/index.php |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407102150/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/western/227/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokoki ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Aikinta na Siyasa ya fara ne a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da ta tsaya takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2000 a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party . Ta lashe zaben ne da jimillar kuri’u 8,284 da aka kada a babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekara ta 2000, wanda ya zama kashi 31% na yawan kuri’un da aka kada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Election shama Constituency Results |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/elections/constituency-details/2000/shama |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Graphic Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sake tsayawa takara a lokacin babban zaben 2004 kuma ta ci gaba da rike kujerarta da jimillar kuri'u 14,782.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |title=Parliament – Western Region Election 2004 Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/parliament/western/index.php |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sake tsayawa takara a zaben 2008 kuma ta rasa kujerarta a hannun Gabriel Kodwo Essilfie na jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peace FM |title=Ghana Election 2008 Results – Shama Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/western/227/index.php |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407102557/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/western/227/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Baiden-Amissah Kirista ce. 

== Sana'a ==
Baiden-Amissah shi ma mamba ne na kamfanin kera Silinda na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 October 2018|title=New board for Ghana Cylinder Manufacturing inaugurated|url=https://citibusinessnews.com/new-board-for-ghana-cylinder-manufacturing-inaugurated/|access-date=5 August 2020|website=Citi Business News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance ƙwararren ilimi kuma mataimakiyar ministar ilimi, kimiya da wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Kuneva, Meglena Shtilianova, (born 22 June 1957), Deputy Prime Minister for European Policies Coordination and Institutional Affairs, since 2014, and Minister of Education and Science, since 2016, Bulgaria|date=1 December 2008|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u246701}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magana ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Rachel Glennerster</title>
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'''Rachel Glennerster''' CMG (an haife ta a 21 ga Oktoba 1965)  masanin tattalin arziki ne na Burtaniya. Ita Mataimakiyar Farfesa ce a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Chicago . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachel Glennerster |url=https://rglennerster.ssd.uchicago.edu/ |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=rglennerster.ssd.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanar da ita a matsayin sabon shugaban Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya, tun daga watan Satumbar 2024.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Center for Global Development Appoints Rachel Glennerster as New President |url=https://www.cgdev.org/article/center-global-development-appoints-dr-rachel-glennerster-new-president |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Center for Global Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2018 da 2021 ta yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin tattalin arziki na Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa da Ofishin Kasashen Waje, Commonwealth da Ci Gaban. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Rachel Glennerster CMG |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/rachel-glennerster |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Glennerster ta sami digiri na farko na zane-zane a Falsafa, Siyasa, da Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 1988, inda ta kasance memba na Kwalejin Somerville .  Daga nan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin Birkbeck, Jami'ar London a 1995 da kuma digiri na biyu na tattalin arziki daga wannan ma'aikatar a shekara ta 2004. 

== Ayyuka ==
Tsakanin 1988 da 1994, Glennerster ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga HM Treasury a gwamnatin Burtaniya.  Ta kasance memba na tawagar Burtaniya a IMF da [[Bankin Duniya]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996,  kuma mai ba da gudummawa a Cibiyar Harvard don Ci gaban Duniya a 1996-97. [1]&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Rachel Glennerster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachel Glennerster |url=https://www.theigc.org/person/rachel-glennerster/ |access-date=2019-04-23 |website=IGC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1997, Glennerster ta shiga Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya (IMF), da farko a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki sannan kuma a matsayin babban masanin tattalin arziƙi, inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara ta 2004.  A cikin shekaru talatin, daga 2000 zuwa 2004, ta kuma koyar a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kennedy ta [[Jami'ar Harvard]] a matsayin malami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Glennerster |first=Rachel |title=Glennerster Academic CV March 2015 |url=https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/documents/Glennerster%20Academic%20CV%20March%202015.pdf |access-date=11 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 2004 zuwa 2017, Glennerster ya kasance babban darakta na Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)  a Cibiyar Fasaha ta [[Massachusetts]] (MIT) . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Rachel Glennerster |url=https://www.povertyactionlab.org/glennerster |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=www.povertyactionlab.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance co-shugaban shirin bangaren noma na J-PAL tsakanin 2004 da 2014, kuma ta kasance co-shekara bangaren ilimi tun 2014.

A shekara ta 2010, ta zama jagorar ilimi ga Saliyo a Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya, cibiyar bincike da ke tare da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London da [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone |url=https://www.theigc.org/country/sierra-leone/ |website=IGC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, Glennerster ya shiga Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-07 |title=J-PAL Executive Director Rachel Glennerster Appointed Chief Economist at UK Department for International Development |url=https://www.povertyactionlab.org/updates/j-pal-executive-director-rachel-glennerster-appointed-chief-economist-uk-department |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.povertyactionlab.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anders |first=Molly |date=2 January 2018 |title=Meet DFID's new head economist |url=https://www.devex.com/news/meet-dfid-s-new-head-economist-91649 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Devex}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Rachel Glennerster CMG |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/rachel-glennerster |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikalin Ci Gaban Duniya na Burtaniya, a matsayin babban masanin tattalin arziki. A cikin 2020, biyo bayan hadewar sashen tare da Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth da Ci Gaban), ta zama babban masanin tattalin arziki, rawar da ta cika har zuwa Yuli 2021. Ta kuma zauna a cikin Kwamitin Ba da Shawara Mai Zaman Kanta kan Tasirin Ci Gaban da Kwamitin Zartarwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Rachel Glennerster2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachel Glennerster |url=https://www.theigc.org/person/rachel-glennerster/ |access-date=2019-04-23 |website=IGC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Rachel Glennerster CMG |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/rachel-glennerster |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, Glennerster ya shiga Jami'ar Chicago a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Tattalin Arziki a Sashen Kimiyya na Jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachel Glennerster |url=https://rglennerster.ssd.uchicago.edu/ |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=rglennerster.ssd.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2023, Glennerster ya shiga Kwamitin Amintattun Duniya a Bayanai, wani littafi na kimiyya mai buɗewa wanda aka mayar da hankali kan manyan matsalolin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roser |first=Max |last2=Ortiz-Ospina |first2=Esteban |date=2023-12-28 |title=Welcoming Rachel Glennerster and Andrew Dilnot |url=https://ourworldindata.org/new-board-members |journal=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu 2024, Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa Glennerster zai zama shugabanta na gaba, tun daga watan Satumbar 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Center for Global Development Appoints Rachel Glennerster as New President |url=https://www.cgdev.org/article/center-global-development-appoints-dr-rachel-glennerster-new-president |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Center for Global Development}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta gaji Masood Ahmed, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar na tsawon shekaru bakwai. Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya wata tanki ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wanda ke mai da hankali kan ci gaban kasa da kasa.

== Shirye-shiryen ==
A cikin shekara ta 2007, Glennerster ya taimaka wajen kafa Deworm the World Initiative, shirin da ke da niyyar kara samun ilimi da inganta kiwon lafiya daga kawar da [[Macijin ciki|tsutsotsi na hanji]] ga yara masu haɗari kuma ya taimaka wajen &quot;dakatar da&quot; miliyoyin yara a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deworm the World Initiative |url=https://www.evidenceaction.org/dewormtheworld |access-date=2019-04-18 |website=Evidence Action}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Denning |first=Paul |date=27 May 2010 |title=Deworming the World {{!}} MIT News |url=https://news.mit.edu/2010/deworming-forbes |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kasance memba na Giving What We Can, wata kungiya mai tasiri ta sadaukarwa wacce membobinta suka yi alkawarin ba da kashi 10% na kuɗin shiga ga masu fa'ida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our members |url=https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/about-us/members |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Giving What We Can |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga shirin a farkonsa a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who started Giving What We Can? - Giving What We Can |url=https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/faq/who-started-giving-what-we-can |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Giving What We Can}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Yankunan bincike na Glennerster sun haɗa da kuma mayar da hankali kan gwaje-gwaje na bazuwar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, karamin bashi, karfafa mata, da shugabanci. A fannin ƙasa, bincikenta ya mamaye Afirka ta Yamma da Asiya ta Kudu, gami da ƙasashe kamar [[Burkina Faso]], [[Saliyo]], [[Bangladesh]], Indiya, da Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachel Glennerster |url=https://www.eaglobal.org/speakers/rachel-glennerster/ |access-date=2019-04-23 |website=EA Global}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken bincikenta ya hada da:

* Shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma, sanannen dabarun ga masu ba da agaji na kasashen waje, suna da tasiri mai kyau na ɗan gajeren lokaci akan samar da kayan jama'a na gida da sakamakon tattalin arziki, amma ƙananan tasiri akan ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa da haɗa kungiyoyin da aka ware. Wannan shaidar ta dogara ne akan rarraba shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma a fadin yankuna a Saliyo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Casey |first=Katherine |last2=Glennerster |first2=Rachel |last3=Miguel |first3=Edward |date=May 2011 |title=Reshaping Institutions: Evidence on Aid Impacts Using a Pre-Analysis Plan |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w17012 |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |series=Working Paper Series |doi=10.3386/w17012 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; (tare da Katherine Casey da Edward Miguel).
* Wani kimantawa na bazuwar game da tasirin microfinance a Indiya ya nuna cewa rance na rukuni na micro-credit ba shi da tasiri sosai ga amfani, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, karfafa mata, matsakaicin ribar kasuwanci, fara sabon kasuwanci, da kuma matsakaicin kuɗin kowane wata ga kowane mutum. Duk da haka an sami sakamako mai kyau a kan kashe kayan aiki mai ɗorewa da saka hannun jari na kasuwanci  (tare da Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, da Cynthia Kinnan).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Measuring the Impact of Microfinance in Hyderabad, India {{!}} The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab |url=https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/measuring-impact-microfinance-hyderabad-india |access-date=2019-04-23 |website=www.povertyactionlab.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin bincike game da tattalin arzikin halayyar bin maganin tarin fuka a Pakistan, bincike ya auna tasirin tunatarwar maganin SMS na yau da kullun game da sakamakon magani ga marasa lafiya na tarin fuka. Ba a sami tasiri tsakanin sakonnin SMS da kuma kulawar marasa lafiya da suka bayar da rahoton kansu ga tsarin magani, lafiyar jiki, da lafiyar hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monitoring Patient Compliance with Tuberculosis Treatment Regimes in Pakistan {{!}} The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab |url=https://www.povertyactionlab.org/fr/evaluation/monitoring-patient-compliance-tuberculosis-treatment-regimes-pakistan |access-date=2019-04-23 |website=www.povertyactionlab.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da wannan binciken tare da Aamir Khan da Shama Mohammed .
* A cikin binciken 2023, ta kiyasta asarar duniya daga annoba ya kai sama da dala biliyan 800 a kowace shekara.

== Littattafai ==
Glennerster ita ce marubuciyar Running Randomized Evaluations, littafi game da gudanar da kimantawa na tasirin bazuwar a aikace a kasashe masu tasowa, da kuma Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases, littafin da ke tsara dabarun motsawa ga masu haɓakawa don gudanar da bincike mai tsada da ake buƙata don haɓaka allurar rigakafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rachel Glennerster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachel Glennerster |url=https://www.theigc.org/person/rachel-glennerster/ |access-date=2019-04-23 |website=IGC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da Michael Kremer ta kuma rubuta littafin Small Changes, Big Results: Behavioral Economics at Work in Poor Countries .

== Karramawa da kyaututtuka ==
An nada Glennerster a matsayin Aboki na Order of St Michael da St George (CMG) a cikin 2021 New Year Honours don hidimomi ga ci gaban kasa da kasa.

An ambaci ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana tattalin arziki mata 2% har zuwa Yuni 2024, a cewar IDEAS / RePEC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Female Economists Rankings {{!}} IDEAS/RePEc |url=https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.women.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=ideas.repec.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* Bayani na bidiyo na laccoci da tambayoyin da Rachel Glennerster ta yi:

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
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  <page>
    <title>Matsayin Mata a Kasar Masar</title>
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[[Fayil:Harem women make public speeches - Egypt 1919.jpg|thumb|Matan Harem suna yin Jawabi a Bainar Jama'a]]
[[Fayil:Fellah women, Egypt (1860-1920).jpg|thumb|Matan Fella na Egypt]]
'''Matsayin mata a Masar''' ya canza a tsawon lokaci, daga zamanin da zuwa zamani. Bayanan binciken kayan tarihi na farko sun nuna cewa an dauki matan Masar daidai da maza ba tare da la’akari da matsayin aure ba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Human Development Report 2023/2024&quot; (PDF). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS. Retrieved 2 March 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Gender Gap Report 2024&quot; (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 3 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haƙƙin mata a ƙasar Masar ya faɗaɗa a ƙarni na 20. Sai dai rashin daidaito na shari'a yana ci gaba da wanzuwa, inda dokokin yanzu suka bambanta sosai tsakanin mata da maza ta fuskar aure da saki&lt;ref&gt;Bernard-Maugiron, Nathalie (2023), Wing, Adrien K.; Kassim, Hisham A. (eds.), &quot;Family Law in Egypt&quot;, Family Law and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa: Change and Stasis since the Arab Spring, Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–58,&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Fayil:International Women's Day in Egypt - Flickr - Al Jazeera English (105).jpg|thumb|Ranar Mata ta Duniya a Egypt]]

== Matan Misira a zamanin Da ==
An bayyana mata kasa da maza a lokacin da ake maganar wani shugaba mafi girma a Masarautar Masar yana kirga talakawansa. Wannan matsayi ya yi kama da yadda ake kula da manoma a tsakiyar zamanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Johnson, Janet H. (2002). &quot;Women's Legal Rights in Ancient Egypt, paragraph 1&quot;. Retrieved 12 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin yara, ana renon mata don su dogara kawai ga ubanninsu da yayyensu. Lokacin da mata suka yi aure, sun dogara ga mazajensu su yanke hukunci, yayin da su kansu matan aka dogara da su don aiwatar da ayyukan gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mata a al'adance sun shagaltu da ayyukan gida da tarbiyyar yara kuma da wuya su sami damar saduwa da mazan da ba a cikin iyali ba. Matan Masarautar Masarawa sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar Masarawa. Sarauniya Tiye, kaka ga sarki Tut ta kasance cikin siyasa sosai, har sarki Mitanni makwabciyarta ya rubuta mata don tabbatar da kyakykyawar fata a tsakanin mutanensu lokacin da danta Akhenaten ya hau kan karagar mulki&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Sarauniya Aahmose ta samu kyautar ƙudaje na gwal don bajintar soja.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Daniel., Meyerson (2009). In the valley of the kings : Howard Carter and the mystery of King Tutankhamun's tomb (1st ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780345476937&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 262433259.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cleopatra da Nefertiti suna daga cikin sanannun sarakuna a cikin al'ummar Masar. An san Cleopatra da ta yi mulki tare da Marc Antony a kusan shekara ta 31 BC, kuma ita ce mataimakiyar 'yan'uwan mijinta biyu da danta.&lt;ref&gt;paragraph 5, Lewis, Jone Johnson. 2006. Cleopatra. (accessed April 12, 2009).&lt;/ref&gt; Nefertiti ita ce babbar matar wani Fir'auna Masar, Amenhotep IV. An san Nefertiti a matsayin macen Masar mai aiki a cikin al'umma, da kuma 'ya'yanta.&lt;ref&gt; paragraph 2 Lewis, Jone Johnson. 2006. Cleopatra. (accessed April 12, 2009)&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga mata sarakunan Masar, Hatshepsut ya kwace sarautar&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; kuma ya yi sarauta a Masar a matsayin Fir'auna daga kimanin 1479 zuwa 1458 BC. Ta dogara da yawancin tattalin arzikin Masar akan kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;paragraph 1 El-Sayed, Sayed Z. 1995. Queen Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt: The first oceanographic cruise? (accessed April 12, 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mata a Masarautar Roman ==
A ƙarni na uku AZ, a lokacin rashin zaman lafiya a Daular Roma, [[Masarautar Zenobia]], sarauniyar Daular Palmyrene ta ƙwace a ɗan lokaci. Ita ce shugaba mai kishi kuma mai ƙwazo, Zenobia ta faɗaɗa mulkinta bayan kashe mijinta, Sarki Odaenathus, wanda ya kasance babban ƙawance na Romawa a kan Sassanids. Kusan 270 AZ, ta yi amfani da karfin ikon Romawa kuma ta kaddamar da yakin soja wanda ya mika mulkin Palmyrene a kan Masar da yawancin lardunan gabas, suna da'awar yin aiki don bukatun ɗanta, Wahballath. Ikonta a kan Masar, muhimmin mai ba da hatsi ga Roma, ya haifar da babbar barazana ga Sarkin sarakuna Aurelian. Duk da haka, mulkinta bai daɗe ba; A shekara ta 272 AZ, Aurelian ya ƙaddamar da wani gagarumin yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya ci sojojin Zenobia kuma ya kewaye babban birninta, Palmyra. A ƙarshe an kama Zenobia yayin ƙoƙarin gudu zuwa Daular Sassanid, kuma har yanzu ba a san makomarta ba.&lt;ref&gt;Andrade, Nathanael J. (2018). Zenobia: Shooting Star of Palmyra. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-063882-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.  &lt;/ref&gt;

== Mata a Masar Byzantine ==
A ƙarshen tsohuwar tarihi da kuma Masar ta Byzantine, mata sukan taka rawar gani, kodayake na biyu, a fagen tattalin arziki. A ƙarni na huɗu AZ, maza da mata a cikin birane sun mallaki filayen noma na karkara. Ko da yake mata sun mallaki ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da maza, galibi saboda tsarin tattalin arziƙin Romawa waɗanda ke tattare da dukiya a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar maza, mata sun gaji da ba da hayar ƙasa, galibi suna sarrafa dukiya tare da dangi maza. Koyaya, maza yawanci suna zama wakilansu a cikin ma'amalar kasuwanci. Zawarawa da marayu, waɗanda ba su da masu ba da shawara ga maza, sun fi fuskantar cin gajiyar kuɗi. Haka nan matan Masarawa na birni sun tsunduma cikin saye da sayarwa da haya da jinginar gidaje ko sassan gidaje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Bagnall, Roger S. (2021-05-11). Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton University Press. pp. 92–99. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-2116-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.  Kelley, Anna C. (2024-03-08).&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mallakar kadarori, matan birni sun shiga harkokin kuɗi kamar ba da rancen kuɗi da cinikin kayayyaki. Mata masu ƙanƙanta sun kasance masu himma wajen yin ciniki, masana'anta, hidimar gida, da sauran sana'o'i daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ko da yake mata a ƙarshen zamanin d Misira suna da haƙƙin mallaka na doka don mallakar kadarori kuma su shiga kwangiloli, tsarin sarauta ya iyakance ayyukansu. Ana sa ran za su kasance a cikin gidajensu, ƙarƙashin ikon danginsu maza, kuma galibi suna buƙatar wakilcin maza don yin kwangilar doka. Yayin da waɗannan dokokin suka shafi ƴan ƙasar Roma, an kafa irin waɗannan dokokin lardi a cikin Masarautar Romawa, suna nuna akidar Romawa ta iyali da ke da tushe mai zurfi cikin kimar ubanni da tsarin tsarin mulki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Duk da haka, ƙananan mata a ƙarshen zamanin d Misira sun sami damar gina al'umma kuma, sakamakon haka, sun sami gagarumin tasiri a fannonin da maza suka mamaye, kamar tattalin arziki, addini, da siyasar gida. Misalai na musamman sun haɗa da masu kasuwanci mata, masu gudanarwa, da masu karɓar haraji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Building women's social capital in Late Antique Egypt: business owners and civic administrators&quot;. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 48 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/byz.2023.38. hdl:10023/29462. ISSN 0307-0131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mata A Zamanin Musulunci ==
Bayan fadadawar musulmi zuwa kasar Masar, rayuwar mata a yankin ta kara yin tasiri ta hanyar koyarwar Musulunci. Al'ummar Masar na zamanin da sun ba da muhimmanci sosai ga ayyukan mata a matsayin masu kula da gida, tare da rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun ta shafi aure, haihuwa, mutuwa, gudanar da gida, shiga cikin bukukuwan addini da sauran al'amuran cikin gida. Shari’ar Musulunci ta tanadi tsantsan wariyar jinsi, da bayar da shawarwari kan ware mata da kuma takaita mu’amalarsu da mazajen da ke wajen iyalansu. Malaman addini irin su Ibn al-Hajj, sun yi gargadin cewa saba wa wadannan ka’idojin wariya na iya haifar da rudani a cikin al’umma. Don haka ne wasu sarakuna da suka hada da Fatimid halifa al-Hakim da Sarkin Mamluk Barsbay suka fitar da hukunce-hukuncen da ke hana mata motsi musamman a lokutan da ake fama da matsaloli kamar yunwa da annoba[13].

Duk da wannan hane-hane, mata da yawa, musamman na }anana da matsakaita, ba su cika cika buri na Musulunci ba, gami da ka'idojin keɓancewa. A cikin karni na 14 na Alkahira, mata suna shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a, suna yawan ziyartar kasuwanni, wuraren shakatawa, makabarta, wuraren ibada, da masallatai, gami da halartar bukukuwan addini. Mata masu karamin karfi sukan yi aiki a cikin gidajen iyalai masu arziki, suna yin ayyuka kamar su makoki, masu aikin yi, ungozoma, wanzami, masu hidimar wanka, da likitoci. Haka kuma, mata suna da wasu hanyoyi na yin tasiri a cikin gidajensu ta hanyar ƙin kusanci ko barazanar rabuwa don samun galaba a kan mazajensu.[13]

== Karni na 19 ==
A cikin shekarun 1890, kashi biyu na yawan matan Alexandria sun san karatu idan aka kwatanta da kashi ɗaya a Alkahira. Sakamakon haka, ƙwararrun wallafe-wallafen mata kamar al-Fatāh na Hind Nawal, mujallar mata ta farko ta ƙasar, ta fito.[14]

== Matsayin Mata na zamani ==
Domin takaita cudanya da mata da maza a matsayin al'ada, ayyuka irin su sutura da wariyar jinsi a makarantu, aiki, da shagala sun zama ruwan dare. Haka kuma, iyalai masu karamin karfi, musamman a Upper-Egypt, sun kasance suna janye mata daga makaranta yayin da suke balaga don rage mu'amalarsu da maza. Maza masu karamin karfi sukan fi son aure fiye da matan da aka ware maimakon wadanda suka yi aiki ko kuma suka halarci makarantar sakandare.

Mulkin Gamal Abdul Nasser ya kasance da tsarinsa na fafutukar kare hakkin mata ta hanyar manufofin jin dadin jama'a, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da mace ta jiha. An ba wa mata damar yin zabe kuma an bayyana daidaiton damammaki a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Masar na shekara ta 1956, wanda ya haramta wariyar jinsi. An canza dokokin aiki don tabbatar da matsayin mata a cikin ma'aikata kuma an kare hutun haihuwa bisa doka. A lokaci guda kuma, jihar ta murkushe kungiyoyin mata masu zaman kansu, tare da barin karancin wakilcin mata a siyasance[15].

Shirin 'yantar da tattalin arziki na gwamnatin Sadat ya haifar da rugujewar wannan tsari da sake farfado da manufofin da masu kishin Islama suka yi tasiri. Yayin da shekarun Nasserist ke ba da damar yin nazari da yawa ga mata, manufofin Sadat sun rage damar da mata ke samu. Rashin aikin yi ga mata ya canza daga 5.8% 1960 zuwa 40.7% a 1986. A maimakon manufofin tallafawa mata ta fuskar tattalin arziki a lokacin daukar ciki, an ƙarfafa mata su bar aiki gaba ɗaya ko kuma suyi aiki na ɗan lokaci[15]

.Shekarar Mubarak ta kasance da ƙarin zubar da yancin mata da matsayi. An soke kujerun majalisar mata da aka tanada da kuma dokar matsayin mutum ta 1979 a cikin 1987, sabuwar dokar da ba ta da ruwa ta dauki matsayinta wacce ta ba da damar karancin iko ga mata a lokuta na saki.[15]

Haka nan kuma hijirar da dimbin al'ummar kasar Masar, wadanda akasarinsu maza ne, ya shafi matsayin matan Masar. Wani bincike da Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya ta gudanar ya gano cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na iyalan bakin haure da aka yi hira da su, wata mace ce ke jagorantar su a yayin da ba shi da namijin hijira (miji/mahaifi). Ga wa] annan gidaje, ku] a] en na wakiltar wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun kudin shiga, wanda ya kai kashi 43 cikin 100 na jimillar kuɗin shiga. Kashi 52% na matan bakin haure sun yanke shawarar yadda za su kashe kudaden da aka karba. A sauran shari’o’in kuma, shugaban gidan ya samu ‘yancin cin gashin kansa na gaskiya domin an cimma matsaya kan yadda za a yi amfani da kudaden da za a aika ta hanyar tuntubar juna tsakanin dan hijira da shugaban gidan kuma a wasu lokuta kadan (11%) bakin hauren ya yanke shawara shi kadai[16]. 

Kuri'ar Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta 2010 ta nuna cewa kashi 45% na maza na Masar da kashi 76% na mata sun goyi bayan daidaiton jinsi.[17] Wannan kuri’ar ta nuna cewa, bisa ka’ida, mutane sukan amince da ’yancin mace na yin aiki a wajen gida, inda kashi 61% na wadanda suka amsa sun amince cewa “ya kamata mata su rika yin aiki a wajen gida”, amma a lokaci guda kuma sun nuna shakku, yayin da kashi 11% na maza da kashi 36% na mata suka amince da wannan magana gaba daya; kuma kashi 75% sun yarda cewa &quot;lokacin da ayyuka suka yi karanci, ya kamata maza su sami damar yin aiki&quot;[18]. Kuri'un da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 da 2011 sun nuna cewa kashi 39% sun yi la'akari da daidaiton jinsi &quot;mai matukar muhimmanci&quot; ga makomar Masar bayan juyin juya hali kuma kashi 54% na Masarawa sun goyi bayan wariyar jinsi a wurin aiki.[19] [20]  

Duk da tsayin daka da aka yi na kare hakkin mata na ƙwadago, ba haka lamarin yake ba a ƙarni na 21 a Masar. A cikin ma’aikatun gwamnati an fi ba mata kariya da haƙƙin ƙwadago da ke tabbatar da matsayinsu da ba da fa’idodi kamar hutun haihuwa. A cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu akwai ƙarancin haƙƙin ƙwadago ga mata kuma kamfanoni ba su da yuwuwar ɗaukar mata saboda “kuɗin haɗin kai” kamar kula da yara da hutun haihuwa. Don haka ana nuna wa mata wariya a ma’aikata kuma ba a ba su damar yin sana’ar da ake so ba. Wannan ya shafi mata masu ilimi ko marasa ilimi saboda ana iya samun ayyukan yi a matakai daban-daban, amma fifiko yana kan takwarorinsu na maza[21].


== Manazarta ==
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[[Fayil:Harem women make public speeches - Egypt 1919.jpg|thumb|Matan Harem suna yin Jawabi a Bainar Jama'a]]
[[Fayil:Fellah women, Egypt (1860-1920).jpg|thumb|Matan Fella na Egypt]]
'''Matsayin mata a Masar''' ya canza a tsawon lokaci, daga zamanin da zuwa zamani. Bayanan binciken kayan tarihi na farko sun nuna cewa an dauki matan Masar daidai da maza ba tare da la’akari da matsayin aure ba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Human Development Report 2023/2024&quot; (PDF). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS. Retrieved 2 March 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Gender Gap Report 2024&quot; (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 3 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haƙƙin mata a ƙasar Masar ya faɗaɗa a ƙarni na 20. Sai dai rashin daidaito na shari'a yana ci gaba da wanzuwa, inda dokokin yanzu suka bambanta sosai tsakanin mata da maza ta fuskar aure da saki&lt;ref&gt;Bernard-Maugiron, Nathalie (2023), Wing, Adrien K.; Kassim, Hisham A. (eds.), &quot;Family Law in Egypt&quot;, Family Law and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa: Change and Stasis since the Arab Spring, Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–58,&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Fayil:International Women's Day in Egypt - Flickr - Al Jazeera English (105).jpg|thumb|Ranar Mata ta Duniya a Egypt]]

== Matan Misira a zamanin Da ==
An bayyana mata kasa da maza a lokacin da ake maganar wani shugaba mafi girma a Masarautar Masar yana kirga talakawansa. Wannan matsayi ya yi kama da yadda ake kula da manoma a tsakiyar zamanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Johnson, Janet H. (2002). &quot;Women's Legal Rights in Ancient Egypt, paragraph 1&quot;. Retrieved 12 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin yara, ana renon mata don su dogara kawai ga ubanninsu da yayyensu. Lokacin da mata suka yi aure, sun dogara ga mazajensu su yanke hukunci, yayin da su kansu matan aka dogara da su don aiwatar da ayyukan gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mata a al'adance sun shagaltu da ayyukan gida da tarbiyyar yara kuma da wuya su sami damar saduwa da mazan da ba a cikin iyali ba. Matan Masarautar Masarawa sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar Masarawa. Sarauniya Tiye, kaka ga sarki Tut ta kasance cikin siyasa sosai, har sarki Mitanni makwabciyarta ya rubuta mata don tabbatar da kyakykyawar fata a tsakanin mutanensu lokacin da danta Akhenaten ya hau kan karagar mulki&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Sarauniya Aahmose ta samu kyautar ƙudaje na gwal don bajintar soja.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Daniel., Meyerson (2009). In the valley of the kings : Howard Carter and the mystery of King Tutankhamun's tomb (1st ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780345476937&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 262433259.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cleopatra da Nefertiti suna daga cikin sanannun sarakuna a cikin al'ummar Masar. An san Cleopatra da ta yi mulki tare da Marc Antony a kusan shekara ta 31 BC, kuma ita ce mataimakiyar 'yan'uwan mijinta biyu da danta.&lt;ref&gt;paragraph 5, Lewis, Jone Johnson. 2006. Cleopatra. (accessed April 12, 2009).&lt;/ref&gt; Nefertiti ita ce babbar matar wani Fir'auna Masar, Amenhotep IV. An san Nefertiti a matsayin macen Masar mai aiki a cikin al'umma, da kuma 'ya'yanta.&lt;ref&gt; paragraph 2 Lewis, Jone Johnson. 2006. Cleopatra. (accessed April 12, 2009)&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga mata sarakunan Masar, Hatshepsut ya kwace sarautar&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; kuma ya yi sarauta a Masar a matsayin Fir'auna daga kimanin 1479 zuwa 1458 BC. Ta dogara da yawancin tattalin arzikin Masar akan kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;paragraph 1 El-Sayed, Sayed Z. 1995. Queen Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt: The first oceanographic cruise? (accessed April 12, 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mata a Masarautar Roman ==
A ƙarni na uku AZ, a lokacin rashin zaman lafiya a Daular Roma, [[Masarautar Zenobia]], sarauniyar Daular Palmyrene ta ƙwace a ɗan lokaci. Ita ce shugaba mai kishi kuma mai ƙwazo, Zenobia ta faɗaɗa mulkinta bayan kashe mijinta, Sarki Odaenathus, wanda ya kasance babban ƙawance na Romawa a kan Sassanids. Kusan 270 AZ, ta yi amfani da karfin ikon Romawa kuma ta kaddamar da yakin soja wanda ya mika mulkin Palmyrene a kan Masar da yawancin lardunan gabas, suna da'awar yin aiki don bukatun ɗanta, Wahballath. Ikonta a kan Masar, muhimmin mai ba da hatsi ga Roma, ya haifar da babbar barazana ga Sarkin sarakuna Aurelian. Duk da haka, mulkinta bai daɗe ba; A shekara ta 272 AZ, Aurelian ya ƙaddamar da wani gagarumin yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya ci sojojin Zenobia kuma ya kewaye babban birninta, Palmyra. A ƙarshe an kama Zenobia yayin ƙoƙarin gudu zuwa Daular Sassanid, kuma har yanzu ba a san makomarta ba.&lt;ref&gt;Andrade, Nathanael J. (2018). Zenobia: Shooting Star of Palmyra. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-063882-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.  &lt;/ref&gt;

== Mata a Masar Byzantine ==
A ƙarshen tsohuwar tarihi da kuma Masar ta Byzantine, mata sukan taka rawar gani, kodayake na biyu, a fagen tattalin arziki. A ƙarni na huɗu AZ, maza da mata a cikin birane sun mallaki filayen noma na karkara. Ko da yake mata sun mallaki ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da maza, galibi saboda tsarin tattalin arziƙin Romawa waɗanda ke tattare da dukiya a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar maza, mata sun gaji da ba da hayar ƙasa, galibi suna sarrafa dukiya tare da dangi maza. Koyaya, maza yawanci suna zama wakilansu a cikin ma'amalar kasuwanci. Zawarawa da marayu, waɗanda ba su da masu ba da shawara ga maza, sun fi fuskantar cin gajiyar kuɗi. Haka nan matan Masarawa na birni sun tsunduma cikin saye da sayarwa da haya da jinginar gidaje ko sassan gidaje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Bagnall, Roger S. (2021-05-11). Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton University Press. pp. 92–99. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4008-2116-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.  Kelley, Anna C. (2024-03-08).&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mallakar kadarori, matan birni sun shiga harkokin kuɗi kamar ba da rancen kuɗi da cinikin kayayyaki. Mata masu ƙanƙanta sun kasance masu himma wajen yin ciniki, masana'anta, hidimar gida, da sauran sana'o'i daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ko da yake mata a ƙarshen zamanin d Misira suna da haƙƙin mallaka na doka don mallakar kadarori kuma su shiga kwangiloli, tsarin sarauta ya iyakance ayyukansu. Ana sa ran za su kasance a cikin gidajensu, ƙarƙashin ikon danginsu maza, kuma galibi suna buƙatar wakilcin maza don yin kwangilar doka. Yayin da waɗannan dokokin suka shafi ƴan ƙasar Roma, an kafa irin waɗannan dokokin lardi a cikin Masarautar Romawa, suna nuna akidar Romawa ta iyali da ke da tushe mai zurfi cikin kimar ubanni da tsarin tsarin mulki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Duk da haka, ƙananan mata a ƙarshen zamanin d Misira sun sami damar gina al'umma kuma, sakamakon haka, sun sami gagarumin tasiri a fannonin da maza suka mamaye, kamar tattalin arziki, addini, da siyasar gida. Misalai na musamman sun haɗa da masu kasuwanci mata, masu gudanarwa, da masu karɓar haraji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Building women's social capital in Late Antique Egypt: business owners and civic administrators&quot;. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 48 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/byz.2023.38. hdl:10023/29462. ISSN 0307-0131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mata A Zamanin Musulunci ==
Bayan fadadawar musulmi zuwa kasar Masar, rayuwar mata a yankin ta kara yin tasiri ta hanyar koyarwar Musulunci. Al'ummar Masar na zamanin da sun ba da muhimmanci sosai ga ayyukan mata a matsayin masu kula da gida, tare da rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun ta shafi aure, haihuwa, mutuwa, gudanar da gida, shiga cikin bukukuwan addini da sauran al'amuran cikin gida. Shari’ar Musulunci ta tanadi tsantsan wariyar jinsi, da bayar da shawarwari kan ware mata da kuma takaita mu’amalarsu da mazajen da ke wajen iyalansu. Malaman addini irin su Ibn al-Hajj, sun yi gargadin cewa saba wa wadannan ka’idojin wariya na iya haifar da rudani a cikin al’umma. Don haka ne wasu sarakuna da suka hada da Fatimid halifa al-Hakim da Sarkin Mamluk Barsbay suka fitar da hukunce-hukuncen da ke hana mata motsi musamman a lokutan da ake fama da matsaloli kamar yunwa da annoba[13].

Duk da wannan hane-hane, mata da yawa, musamman na }anana da matsakaita, ba su cika cika buri na Musulunci ba, gami da ka'idojin keɓancewa. A cikin karni na 14 na Alkahira, mata suna shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a, suna yawan ziyartar kasuwanni, wuraren shakatawa, makabarta, wuraren ibada, da masallatai, gami da halartar bukukuwan addini. Mata masu karamin karfi sukan yi aiki a cikin gidajen iyalai masu arziki, suna yin ayyuka kamar su makoki, masu aikin yi, ungozoma, wanzami, masu hidimar wanka, da likitoci. Haka kuma, mata suna da wasu hanyoyi na yin tasiri a cikin gidajensu ta hanyar ƙin kusanci ko barazanar rabuwa don samun galaba a kan mazajensu.[13]

== Ƙarni na 19 ==
A cikin shekarun 1890, kashi biyu na yawan matan Alexandria sun san karatu idan aka kwatanta da kashi ɗaya a Alkahira. Sakamakon haka, ƙwararrun wallafe-wallafen mata kamar al-Fatāh na Hind Nawal, mujallar mata ta farko ta ƙasar, ta fito.[14]

== Matsayin Mata na zamani ==
Domin takaita cudanya da mata da maza a matsayin al'ada, ayyuka irin su sutura da wariyar jinsi a makarantu, aiki, da shagala sun zama ruwan dare. Haka kuma, iyalai masu karamin karfi, musamman a Upper-Egypt, sun kasance suna janye mata daga makaranta yayin da suke balaga don rage mu'amalarsu da maza. Maza masu karamin karfi sukan fi son aure fiye da matan da aka ware maimakon wadanda suka yi aiki ko kuma suka halarci makarantar sakandare.

Mulkin Gamal Abdul Nasser ya kasance da tsarinsa na fafutukar kare hakkin mata ta hanyar manufofin jin dadin jama'a, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da mace ta jiha. An ba wa mata damar yin zabe kuma an bayyana daidaiton damammaki a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Masar na shekara ta 1956, wanda ya haramta wariyar jinsi. An canza dokokin aiki don tabbatar da matsayin mata a cikin ma'aikata kuma an kare hutun haihuwa bisa doka. A lokaci guda kuma, jihar ta murkushe kungiyoyin mata masu zaman kansu, tare da barin karancin wakilcin mata a siyasance[15].

Shirin 'yantar da tattalin arziki na gwamnatin Sadat ya haifar da rugujewar wannan tsari da sake farfado da manufofin da masu kishin Islama suka yi tasiri. Yayin da shekarun Nasserist ke ba da damar yin nazari da yawa ga mata, manufofin Sadat sun rage damar da mata ke samu. Rashin aikin yi ga mata ya canza daga 5.8% 1960 zuwa 40.7% a 1986. A maimakon manufofin tallafawa mata ta fuskar tattalin arziki a lokacin daukar ciki, an ƙarfafa mata su bar aiki gaba ɗaya ko kuma suyi aiki na ɗan lokaci[15]

.Shekarar Mubarak ta kasance da ƙarin zubar da yancin mata da matsayi. An soke kujerun majalisar mata da aka tanada da kuma dokar matsayin mutum ta 1979 a cikin 1987, sabuwar dokar da ba ta da ruwa ta dauki matsayinta wacce ta ba da damar karancin iko ga mata a lokuta na saki.[15]

Haka nan kuma hijirar da dimbin al'ummar kasar Masar, wadanda akasarinsu maza ne, ya shafi matsayin matan Masar. Wani bincike da Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya ta gudanar ya gano cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na iyalan bakin haure da aka yi hira da su, wata mace ce ke jagorantar su a yayin da ba shi da namijin hijira (miji/mahaifi). Ga wa] annan gidaje, ku] a] en na wakiltar wata muhimmiyar hanyar samun kudin shiga, wanda ya kai kashi 43 cikin 100 na jimillar kuɗin shiga. Kashi 52% na matan bakin haure sun yanke shawarar yadda za su kashe kudaden da aka karba. A sauran shari’o’in kuma, shugaban gidan ya samu ‘yancin cin gashin kansa na gaskiya domin an cimma matsaya kan yadda za a yi amfani da kudaden da za a aika ta hanyar tuntubar juna tsakanin dan hijira da shugaban gidan kuma a wasu lokuta kadan (11%) bakin hauren ya yanke shawara shi kadai[16]. 

Kuri'ar Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta 2010 ta nuna cewa kashi 45% na maza na Masar da kashi 76% na mata sun goyi bayan daidaiton jinsi.[17] Wannan kuri’ar ta nuna cewa, bisa ka’ida, mutane sukan amince da ’yancin mace na yin aiki a wajen gida, inda kashi 61% na wadanda suka amsa sun amince cewa “ya kamata mata su rika yin aiki a wajen gida”, amma a lokaci guda kuma sun nuna shakku, yayin da kashi 11% na maza da kashi 36% na mata suka amince da wannan magana gaba daya; kuma kashi 75% sun yarda cewa &quot;lokacin da ayyuka suka yi karanci, ya kamata maza su sami damar yin aiki&quot;[18]. Kuri'un da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 da 2011 sun nuna cewa kashi 39% sun yi la'akari da daidaiton jinsi &quot;mai matukar muhimmanci&quot; ga makomar Masar bayan juyin juya hali kuma kashi 54% na Masarawa sun goyi bayan wariyar jinsi a wurin aiki.[19] [20]  

Duk da tsayin daka da aka yi na kare hakkin mata na ƙwadago, ba haka lamarin yake ba a ƙarni na 21 a Masar. A cikin ma’aikatun gwamnati an fi ba mata kariya da haƙƙin ƙwadago da ke tabbatar da matsayinsu da ba da fa’idodi kamar hutun haihuwa. A cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu akwai ƙarancin haƙƙin ƙwadago ga mata kuma kamfanoni ba su da yuwuwar ɗaukar mata saboda “kuɗin haɗin kai” kamar kula da yara da hutun haihuwa. Don haka ana nuna wa mata wariya a ma’aikata kuma ba a ba su damar yin sana’ar da ake so ba. Wannan ya shafi mata masu ilimi ko marasa ilimi saboda ana iya samun ayyukan yi a matakai daban-daban, amma fifiko yana kan takwarorinsu na maza[21].


== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>'Yan asalin Australiya</title>
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{{Reflist}}
[[Fayil:Hut_Eastern_Arrernte_Basedow.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum na Arrernte na Gabas na Gundumar Arltunga, Yankin Arewa, a cikin shekarun 1923. Gidansa an rufe shi da ciyawa.]]
[[Fayil:186_Aboriginal_dwellings_w480.jpg|thumb|Gidajen da ke karɓar iyalai na Aboriginal a Ofishin Jakadancin Hermannsburg, Yankin Arewa, a shekarar 1923]]
Aboriginal Australians su ne 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawancin tsibirai, ban da mutanen da suka bambanta da kabilanci na Torres Strait Islands.

Mutane sun fara ƙaura zuwa [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] shekaru 50,000 zuwa 65,000 da suka gabata, kuma a tsawon lokaci sun kafa ƙungiyoyin harshe 500.&lt;ref name=&quot;socio-cultural&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Traditional sociocultural patterns|encyclopedia=Britannica|year=2023|last1=Berndt|first1=Ronald M.|last2=Tonkinson|first2=Robert|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|location=Chicago|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australian-Aboriginal/Traditional-sociocultural-patterns|access-date=19 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, mutanen Aboriginal sun zauna a kan manyan sassan nahiyar. An ware su a yawancin ƙananan tsibirai da Tasmania lokacin da aka mamaye ƙasar a farkon lokacin Holocene inter-glacial, kimanin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=Patrick |last2=O'Leary |first2=Michael |last3=McDonald |first3=Jo |year=2023 |title=The evolution of Australian island geographies and the emergence and persistence of Indigenous maritime cultures |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=308 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108071 |doi-access=free |article-number=108071}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kuma wannan, mutanen Asalin Austireliya sun ci gaba da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa a cikin nahiyar kuma wasu kungiyoyi sun ci gaba leeral da dangantaka da Torres Strait Islanders da mutanen Makassar na zamanin da ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]].

A cikin dubban shekaru, mutanen Aboriginal sun haɓaka hanyoyin cinikayya masu rikitarwa, alaƙar al'adu, doka ''da'' addinai,&lt;ref name=&quot;socio-cultural&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  waɗanda suka zama wasu daga cikin tsofaffi, kuma mai yiwuwa mafi tsufa, al'adun ci gaba a duniya.  A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai na Ostiraliya, mutanen Aboriginal sun kunshi al'ummomin al'adu masu rikitarwa tare da Harsuna sama da Dari biyu (250)  da kuma digiri daban-daban na fasaha da ƙauyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey |url=http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424032821/http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]] |ref={{harvid|AIATSIS|2014}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harsuna (ko yaruka) da ƙungiyoyin mutane masu alaƙa da harshe suna da alaƙa da yankunan da aka sani da &quot;Ƙasar&quot;, wanda suke da alaƙa mai zurfi ta ruhaniya.

Bangaskiyar Aboriginal ta zamani cakuda ce mai rikitarwa, ta bambanta da yanki da mutum a fadin nahiyar. An kuma tsara su ne ta hanyar imani na gargajiya, rushewar mulkin mallaka, addinai da Turawa suka kawo nahiyar, da kuma batutuwan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Arlene |last2=Russell-Mundine |first2=Gabrielle |date=18 August 2019 |title=Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |journal=Teaching in Higher Education |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |issn=1356-2517 |s2cid=149824646}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Jenny |date=25 January 2012 |title=The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war |url=https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/77 |journal=Te Kaharoa |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 |issn=1178-6035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da imani na al'adu na gargajiya kuma ana raba su ta hanyar rawa, labarun, waƙoƙi, da fasaha waɗanda gaba ɗaya ke haɗa ilimin rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma tsohuwar halitta da aka sani da Mafarki.

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta na ƙungiyoyin Aboriginal suna ci gaba, amma shaidar ta nuna cewa suna da gado na kwayoyin halitta daga tsohuwar Asiya amma ba mutane na zamani ba. Suna da wasu kamanceceniya da Papuans, amma an ware su daga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya na dogon lokaci. Suna da tarihin kwayoyin halitta mai rikitarwa, amma a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata ne wasu suka bayyana su a matsayin, kuma suka fara nuna kansu a matsayin, rukuni ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Profile, Table I01 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halin asalin asalin ya canza a tsawon lokaci da wuri, tare da zuriyar iyali, ganewar kai, da karɓar al'umma duk na muhimmancin daban-daban.

A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2021, mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander sun ƙunshi kashi 3.8% na yawan mutanen Ostiraliya. Yawancin mutanen Aboriginal a yau suna magana da [[Turanci]] kuma suna zaune a birane. Wasu na iya amfani da kalmomi da kalmomi na Aboriginal a cikin Turanci na Aboriginal na Australiya (wanda kuma yana da tasiri na Harsunan Aboriginal cikin [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] da tsarin nahawu). Mutane da yawa amma ba duka ba suna magana da Harsunan gargajiya daban-daban na danginsu da mutanensu. Mutanen Aboriginal, tare da mutanen Torres Strait Islander, suna da mummunar kiwon lafiya da rashi na tattalin arziƙi idan aka kwatanta da al'ummar ƙasar Australiya.

== Asalin ==
 &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:239px;max-width:239px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:1981_event_Australian_aboriginals.jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Masu rawa na Aboriginal na Arnhem Land a cikin 1981&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Glen_Namundja.jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Arnhem Land mai zane Glen Namundja a Injalak Arts[[Injalak Arts|Ayyukan Injalak]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Didgeridoo_(Imagicity_1070).jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Dan wasan [[Didgeridoo]] Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr yana aiki tare da East Journey &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGraves2017&quot;&gt;Graves, Randin (2 June 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa kakannin Aboriginal Australians na yau sun fara ƙaura zuwa nahiyar shekaru 50,000 zuwa 65,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Martin A. J. |last2=Spooner |first2=Nigel A. |last3=McDonnell |first3=Kathryn |last4=O'Connell |first4=James F. |date=January 2021 |title=Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |url-status=live |journal=Geoarchaeology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=92–108 |bibcode=2021Gearc..36...92W |doi=10.1002/gea.21822 |issn=0883-6353 |s2cid=225321249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004091731/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarksonJacobs201722&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=Chris |last2=Jacobs |first2=Zenobia |last3=Marwick |first3=Ben |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Wallis |first5=Lynley |last6=Smith |first6=Mike |last7=Roberts |first7=Richard G. |last8=Hayes |first8=Elspeth |last9=Lowe |first9=Kelsey |last10=Carah |first10=Xavier |last11=Florin |first11=S. Anna |last12=McNeil |first12=Jessica |last13=Cox |first13=Delyth |last14=Arnold |first14=Lee J. |last15=Hua |first15=Quan |year=2017 |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4803 |journal=Nature |volume=547 |issue=7663 |pages=306–310 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C |doi=10.1038/nature22968 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=28726833 |s2cid=205257212 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin genomic ya nuna cewa yawan mutanen Ostiraliya ya faru ne tsakanin shekaru 43,000 zuwa 60,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Jim |last2=O'connell |first2=James F. |date=2020 |title=A different paradigm for the initial colonisation of Sahul |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/arco.5207 |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1002/arco.5207 |issn=1834-4453 |quote=Y-chromosome data show parallel patterns, with deeply rooted Sahul-specific haplogroups C and K diverging from the most closely related non-Sahul lineages c.54 ka and dividing into Australia- and New Guinea-specific lineages c.48–53 ka (Bergstrom et al. 2016).” p5 ... While the chronology of Sahul colonisation remains important, we see no arguable cause-and-effect nexus between when Sahul colonisation ﬁrst occurred and AMH ability to achieve it (cf. Davidson &amp; Noble 1992). If we exclude the extreme age claimed for Madjedbebe (Clarkson et al. 2017) the increasing consensus of available evidence currently puts this event in the range 47–51 ka.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Ray |last2=Rohrlach |first2=Adam |last3=Soubrier |first3=Julien |last4=Bover |first4=Pere |last5=Llamas |first5=Bastien |last6=Tuke |first6=Jonathan |last7=Bean |first7=Nigel |last8=Abdullah-Highfold |first8=Ali |last9=Agius |first9=Shane |last10=O’Donoghue |first10=Amy |last11=O’Loughlin |first11=Isabel |last12=Sutton |first12=Peter |last13=Zilio |first13=Fran |last14=Walshe |first14=Keryn |last15=Williams |first15=Alan N. |date=8 April 2017 |title=Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=544 |issue=7649 |pages=180–184 |bibcode=2017Natur.544..180T |doi=10.1038/nature21416 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=28273067 |quote=The timing of human arrival in Australia was estimated using the age of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the different Australian-only haplogroups, calculated using a molecular clock with substitution rates calibrated with ancient European and Asian mitogenomes18. Although these TMRCA values are likely to be minimal estimates given the limited sampling, they group in a narrow window of time from approximately 43–47 ka (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Figs 2, 3), consistent with previous studies (Supplementary Information). ... The resulting independent estimate for  initial colonization of Sahul, 48.8 ±  1.3 ka, is a close match to the genetic age estimates (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 4).}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taufik |first=Leonard |last2=Teixeira |first2=João C. |last3=Llamas |first3=Bastien |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Tobler |first5=Raymond |last6=Purnomo |first6=Gludhug A. |date=16 December 2022 |title=Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=2373 |doi=10.3390/genes13122373 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9778601 |pmid=36553640 |quote=Genetic inferences suggest that the initial peopling of the region occurred around 50–60 kya, with the separation of Aboriginal Australian and New Guinea populations occurring around the same time [p 6]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |date=9 March 2021 |title=How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=e2101173118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801173H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101173118 |pmc=7958237 |pmid=33602727 |quote=Dating the diversification of present-day lineages of mitochondrial DNA—a part of our genome maternally transmitted—supports a single and rapid dispersal of all ancestral non-African populations less than 55,000 y ago (9). |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Suna iya samun ɗayan tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth's oldest |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=[[Australian Geographic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Arnhem Land a Yankin Arewa, tarihin baki wanda ya ƙunshi labaran da suka haɗa da labaran da aka haɗa da Mutanen Yolngu ta hanyar daruruwan tsararraki. Fasahar dutse ta Aboriginal, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar fasahar zamani, ya nuna cewa al'adunsu sun ci gaba tun daga zamanin d ̄ a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Discover the oldest continuous living culture on Earth |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/plan-your-australian-holiday/northern-territory/oldest-continuous-living-culture/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana tarihin d ̄ a sun yi imanin cewa zai kasance da wahala ga mutanen Aboriginal su samo asali ne kawai daga yankin Asiya, saboda ba su da isasshen mutane da za su yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya da tsibirai da ke kewaye da su don cika farkon girman yawan mutanen da aka gani a ƙarni na 19. Kakannin mutanen Aboriginal na Australiya na yanzu sun yi ƙaura daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta teku a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene, suna mai da su cikin na farko a duniya da suka kammala tafiye-tafiye na teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sun zauna a kan manyan sassan nahiyar Australiya lokacin da matakan teku suka ragu. A wannan lokacin, Australia, Tasmania da New Guinea sun kasance wani ɓangare na wannan ƙasar, wanda aka sani da Sahul . Yayin da matakan teku suka tashi, mutanen da ke kan Ƙasar Australiya da tsibirai da ke kusa da su sun ƙara warewa, wasu a Tasmania da wasu daga cikin ƙananan tsibirai na bakin teku lokacin da ƙasar ta cika da ruwa a farkon Holocene, Lokacin inter-glacial wanda ya fara kimanin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Rebe Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da masu bincike suka yi a shekarar 2021 a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewar Kwarewar Australiya don Biodiversity da Heritage sun tsara hanyoyin ƙaura na mutane yayin da suka ƙaura a fadin [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Nahiyar Australiya]] zuwa kudancinsa da abin da ke yanzu Tasmania, sannan wani ɓangare na ƙasar. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan bayanai daga masu binciken tarihi, masu ilimin ɗan adam, masu ilimin muhalli, masu ilimin kwayoyin halitta, masu ilimin yanayi, masu ilimin ƙasa, da masu ilimin ruwa.

An yi niyyar kwatanta wannan bayanan tare da Tarihin baki na mutanen Aboriginal, gami da labarun Mafarki, fasahar dutse ta Australiya, da siffofin harshe na harsuna da yawa na Aboriginal waɗanda ke nuna yadda mutanen suka bunkasa daban. Hanyoyin, waɗanda marubuta suka kira &quot;superhighways&quot;, suna kama da manyan hanyoyi na yanzu da hanyoyin stock a Ostiraliya.

=== Halitta ===
 &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:235px;max-width:235px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:233px;max-width:233px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png|alt=|231x231px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Matsayi na asali na asalin Australiya tsakanin sauran [[East-Eurasian|Mutanen Gabashin Eurasia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa yawan jama'a da ke fitowa daga Filin Farisa a lokacin farkon lokacin Upper Paleolithic ya mamaye yankin Asiya-Pacific ta hanyar warwatsewar hanyar kudu. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan guguwar ta fadada zuwa yankin Kudancin da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma daga baya ta rabu da sauri zuwa cikin kakannin Tsohon Kudancin Indiya (AASI), Andamanese, Gabashin Asiya, da Australasians, gami da Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=E. Andrew |last2=Liu |first2=Yichen |last3=Fu |first3=Qiaomei |date=3 December 2024 |title=Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/reconstructing-the-human-population-history-of-east-asia-through-ancient-genomics/0524D629660B5E43FC7094C043D54C6A |journal=Elements in Ancient East Asia |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009246675 |isbn=978-1-009-24667-5 |quote=Australasian, one of three deeply branching East Asian lineages (with AASI and ESEA). AA includes modern-day Papuans and Aboriginal Australians.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aoki |first=Kenichi |last2=Takahata |first2=Naoyuki |last3=Oota |first3=Hiroki |last4=Wakano |first4=Joe Yuichiro |last5=Feldman |first5=Marcus W. |date=30 August 2023 |title=Infectious diseases may have arrested the southward advance of microblades in Upper Palaeolithic East Asia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=290 |issue=2005 |pages=20231262 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.1262 |pmc=10465978 |pmid=37644833 |quote=A single major migration of modern humans into the continents of Asia and Sahul was strongly supported by earlier studies using mitochondrial DNA, the non-recombining portion of Y chromosomes, and autosomal SNP data [42–45]. Ancestral Ancient South Indians with no West Eurasian relatedness, East Asians, Onge (Andamanese hunter–gatherers) and Papuans all derive in a short evolutionary time from the eastward dispersal of an out-of-Africa population [46,47]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=6 January 2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Mallick et al. found that a well-fitting admixture graph (qpGraph, Box 1) grouped Papuans, Australians, and the Andamanese Onge with East Asians, with additional Denisovan admixture into Papuans and Australians [15]. ... Though present-day Asians and Australasians are more closely related to each other than to present-day Europeans, genetic comparisons highlight deep separations between mainland East and Southeast Asians, island Southeast Asians, and Australasians.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Wadannan al'ummomin an san su da Gabashin Eurasia. Aboriginal Australians suna da alaƙa da sauran [[Osheniya|Oceanians]], kamar su Papuans da [[Mutanen Melanesia|Melanesians]], waɗanda ake kira &quot;Australasians&quot; kuma wanda za'a iya bayyana su a matsayin &quot;dangi mai zurfi na Gabashin Asiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=1 April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/4/889/2838774 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vallini |first=Leonardo |last2=Zampieri |first2=Carlo |last3=Shoaee |first3=Mohamed Javad |last4=Bortolini |first4=Eugenio |last5=Marciani |first5=Giulia |last6=Aneli |first6=Serena |last7=Pievani |first7=Telmo |last8=Benazzi |first8=Stefano |last9=Barausse |first9=Alberto |last10=Mezzavilla |first10=Massimo |last11=Petraglia |first11=Michael D. |last12=Pagani |first12=Luca |date=25 March 2024 |title=The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1882 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1882V |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10963722 |pmid=38528002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake an sanya ranar da aka yarda da ita don bambancin mutane na zamani bayan ƙaura daga Afirka a shekaru 60-50,000 da suka gabata, akwai, duk da haka, shaidar cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya na iya ɗaukar kakanninmu daga asalin ɗan adam na baya (xOoA) wanda ya samo asali 75,000 zuwa 62,000 da suka gabata. Wannan rukuni na baya an kiyasta cewa mai yiwuwa ya ba da gudummawa kusan kashi 2% ga 'yan asalin Australiya na zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taufik |first=Leonard |last2=Teixeira |first2=João C. |last3=Llamas |first3=Bastien |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Tobler |first5=Raymond |last6=Purnomo |first6=Gludhug A. |date=16 December 2022 |title=Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=2373 |doi=10.3390/genes13122373 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9778601 |pmid=36553640 |quote=Genomic data have repeatedly demonstrated that all contemporary non-African AMH populations have diversified from an ancestral AMH group that left Africa between 60–50 kya [28]; however, the initial results from a single deeply sequenced Aboriginal Australian genome derived from a ~100-year-old hair sample proposed that Indigenous Australians also carry substantial AMH ancestry from an earlier African diaspora that originated 75–62 kya [29]. ... though notably a small contribution (~2%) from a deeper AMH source cannot be entirely ruled out [30]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |date=9 March 2021 |title=How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=e2101173118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801173H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101173118 |pmc=7958237 |pmid=33602727 |quote=However, it has often been argued that pioneer groups could have been totally replaced by later demographically dominant waves and thereby, left no genetic trace in extant populations. ... and unless it documents a failed early colonization of Australia, its age is difficult to reconcile with the genetic evidence (9, 12). |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mallick et al. 2016 da Mark Lipson et al. 2017 sun sami rarrabuwa na gabashin Eurasians da Yammacin Eurasians sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 45,000 da suka gabata, tare da 'yan asalin Australiya da ke cikin gabashin Eurasian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mallick |first=Swapan |last2=Li |first2=Heng |last3=Lipson |first3=Mark |last4=Mathieson |first4=Iain |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Reich |first6=David |date=13 October 2016 |title=The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=201–206 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..201M |doi=10.1038/nature18964 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5161557 |pmid=27654912}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=1 April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/4/889/2838774 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboriginal Australians, tare da Papuans, na iya zama 'yar'uwa ce ga wata ƙungiya ta Asiya guda ɗaya da ta ƙunshi AASI, Andamanese da Gabashin Asiya, da kuma cirewa daga Yammacin Eurasia,  ko kuma a madadin haka suna cikin ƙungiyar Gabashin Eurasia ba tare da tsarin cladal mai ƙarfi na ciki game da asalin Asiya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Mayukh |last2=Bertranpetit |first2=Jaume |last3=Lao |first3=Oscar |date=16 January 2019 |title=Approximate Bayesian computation with deep learning supports a third archaic introgression in Asia and Oceania |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=246 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10..246M |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-08089-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6335398 |pmid=30651539 |quote=OOA origin of modern humans, with a Eurasian split between Europeans and the group comprising two subgroups, East Asians, Indian and Andamanese on one hand, and Papuans and Australians on the other.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:PCA_of_Orang_Asli_and_Andamanese_with_world_populations_in_HGDP.png|thumb|PCA na Orang Asli (Semang) da Andamanese, tare da yawan jama'a a duniya a cikin HGDP &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aghakhanian |first=Farhang |date=14 April 2015 |title=Unravelling the Genetic History of Negritos and Indigenous Populations of Southeast Asia |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/5/1206/604030 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=1206–1215 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv065 |pmc=4453060 |pmid=25877615 |access-date=8 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fayil:Noongar_traditional_dancers,_Perth,_Australia.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Masu rawa na gargajiya na Noongar a Perth]]
Bayanan kwayar halitta game da 'yan asalin [[Borneo]] da [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] sun nuna cewa suna da alaƙa da sauran kungiyoyin Asiya, fiye da idan aka kwatanta da kungiyoyin daga Papua New Guinea da Australia. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jama'a a Ostiraliya sun ware na dogon lokaci daga sauran kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sun kasance ba su taɓa shi ba ta hanyar ƙaura da faɗaɗa yawan jama'a a cikin wannan yanki, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Layin Wallace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huoponen2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huoponen |first=Kirsi |last2=Schurr |first2=Theodore G. |last3=Chen |first3=Yu-Sheng |last4=Wallace |first4=Douglas C. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation |journal=Human Immunology |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=954–969 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 |pmid=11543898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Iyaye guda ɗaya ====
[[Haplogroup M-P256|M]]&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Haplogroup S-B254&quot;&gt;S=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;268&quot; href=&quot;./Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup&quot; id=&quot;mwAT4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup&quot;&gt;Y-chromosome haplogroup na yau da kullun tsakanin Aboriginal Australians shine C1b2, sannan haplogrops S da M suka biyo baya; waɗannan haplogramps na ƙarshe ma suna da yawa a tsakanin Papuans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nagle |first=Nano |last2=Ballantyne |first2=Kaye N. |last3=van Oven |first3=Mannis |last4=Tyler-Smith |first4=Chris |last5=Xue |first5=Yali |last6=Taylor |first6=Duncan |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=Turkalov |first9=Rust |last10=van Oorschot |first10=Roland A. H. |last11=McAllister |first11=Peter |last12=Williams |first12=Lesley |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Mitchell |first14=Robert J. |last15=Genographic Consortium |date=30 March 2016 |title=Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26515539/#:~:text=Haplogroups%20C-M347,%20K-,long-term%20presence%20in%20Australia. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=367–381 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22886 |issn=1096-8644 |pmid=26515539}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sauran karatu ====
A cikin binciken shekarar 2001, an tattara samfurori na jini daga wasu Mutanen Warlpiri a Yankin Arewa don nazarin tsarin kwayar halitta (wanda ba wakilin dukkan mutanen Aboriginal a Ostiraliya ba). Binciken ya kammala cewa Warlpiri sun fito ne daga tsoffin Asiya waɗanda DNA ɗin su har yanzu yana cikin ƙungiyoyin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kodayake sun ragu sosai. DNA na Warlpiri ba shi da wasu bayanai da aka samu a cikin kwayoyin halitta na Asiya na zamani, kuma yana ɗauke da bayanan da ba a samu a wasu kwayoyin halitta ba. Wannan yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin keɓewar Aboriginal na dā.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huoponen2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huoponen |first=Kirsi |last2=Schurr |first2=Theodore G. |last3=Chen |first3=Yu-Sheng |last4=Wallace |first4=Douglas C. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation |journal=Human Immunology |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=954–969 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 |pmid=11543898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan kwayoyin halitta da aka fitar a cikin shekarar 2011 ta Morten Rasmussen et al., Wanda ya ɗauki samfurin DNA daga farkon ƙarni na 20 na kulle gashin ɗan Aboriginal, ya gano cewa kakannin Aboriginal tabbas sun yi hijira ta Kudancin Asiya da Maritime kudu maso gabashin Asiya, zuwa Australia, inda suka zauna. Sakamakon haka, a wajen Afirka, al'ummomin Aboriginal sun mamaye yanki ɗaya ci gaba fiye da sauran al'ummomin ɗan adam. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin Australiya na zamani sune zuriyar kai tsaye daga igiyar gabas, wa₦an₦a suka bar Afirka har zuwa shekaru 75,000 da suka wuce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=Morten |last2=Guo |first2=Xiaosen |last3=Wang |first3=Yong |last4=Lohmueller |first4=Kirk E. |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Albrechtsen |first6=Anders |last7=Skotte |first7=Line |last8=Lindgreen |first8=Stinus |last9=Metspalu |first9=Mait |last10=Jombart |first10=Thibaut |display-authors=2 |date=7 October 2011 |title=An Aboriginal Australia Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages=94–98 |bibcode=2011Sci...334...94R |doi=10.1126/science.1211177 |pmc=3991479 |pmid=21940856}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |year=2011 |title=First Aboriginal genome sequenced |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110922/full/news.2011.551.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news.2011.551 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=16 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da binciken binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan da aka gano a kusa da tafkin Mungo wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}}Tunanin &quot;tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba&quot; ya dogara ne akan keɓantawar al'ummomin Aboriginal, &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; ɗan ƙaramin hulɗa da al'adun waje ba kafin tuntuɓar masunta [[Makassar|Makassan]] da masu binciken Dutch har zuwa shekaru 500 da suka wuce.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}

Binciken Rasmussen ya kuma sami shaidar cewa mutanen Aboriginal suna ɗauke da wasu kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da Denisovans (nau'in ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa amma ya bambanta da Neanderthals) na Asiya; binciken ya nuna cewa akwai karuwa a cikin raba allle tsakanin Denisovan da Aboriginal Australian genomes, idan aka kwatanta da sauran Eurasians ko 'yan Afirka. Binciken DNA daga ƙashin yatsa da aka tono a Siberia, masu bincike sun kammala cewa Denisovans sun yi ƙaura daga Siberia zuwa sassan wurare masu zafi na Asiya kuma sun haɗu da mutane na zamani a kudu maso gabashin Asiya shekaru 44,000 BP, kafin Ostiraliya ta rabu da New Guinea kimanin shekaru 11,700 BP. Sun ba da gudummawar DNA ga 'yan asalin Australiya da kuma New Guineans na yanzu da kuma wata kabila ta asali a Philippines da aka sani da Mamanwa . Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da 'yan asalin Australiya a matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin mutanen da ke rayuwa a duniya. Wataƙila su ne tsofaffi a waje da Afirka, kuma suna iya samun al'adun da suka fi tsufa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=DNA confirms Aboriginal culture is one of the Earth's oldest |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest |publisher=Australian Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 a Jami'ar Cambridge ya nuna cewa kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata ne wadannan mutane suka isa Sahul (Babban nahiyar da ta kunshi Australia ta yanzu da tsibirai da New Guinea). Matsayin teku ya tashi kuma ya ware Australia kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, amma Aboriginal Australians da Papuans sun rabu da juna ta hanyar kwayar halitta a baya, kimanin shekaru 37,000 BP, watakila saboda ragowar gadar ƙasa ba za a iya wucewa ba. Wannan keɓewa ya sa mutanen Aboriginal su zama al'adun da suka fi tsufa a duniya. Binciken ya kuma sami shaidar wani rukuni na hominin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke da alaƙa da Denisovans, wanda kakannin Aboriginal da Papuan dole ne su haɗu da su, suna barin alamar kusan 4% a cikin yawancin Aboriginal Australians. Akwai, duk da haka, ƙaruwar bambancin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin 'yan asalin Australiya bisa ga rarraba ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;klein2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=23 September 2016 |title=DNA Study Finds Aboriginal Australians World's Oldest Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/news/dna-study-finds-aboriginal-australians-worlds-oldest-civilization |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=History |publisher=A&amp;E Television Networks |quote=Updated Aug 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malaspinas |first=Anna-Sapfo |last2=Westaway |first2=Michael C. |last3=Muller |first3=Craig |last4=Sousa |first4=Vitor C. |last5=Lao |first5=Oscar |last6=Alves |first6=Isabel |last7=Bergström |first7=Anders |last8=Athanasiadis |first8=Georgios |last9=Cheng |first9=Jade Y. |last10=Crawford |first10=Jacob E. |last11=Heupink |first11=Tim H. |last12=Macholdt |first12=Enrico |last13=Peischl |first13=Stephan |last14=Rasmussen |first14=Simon |last15=Schiffels |first15=Stephan |display-authors=7 |date=13 October 2016 |title=A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=207–214 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..207M |doi=10.1038/nature18299 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=7617037 |pmid=27654914 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Migration_routes_and_their_contribution_to_the_East_Timor_mtDNA_pool.gif|thumb|An kiyasta mazaunin ɗan adam na farko na Oceania tsakanin shekaru 60,000 da 40,000 da suka gabata. Sakamakon archaeogenetic ya nuna mulkin mallaka na kudancin Sahul (Australia) kafin shekaru 37,000 da suka gabata da kuma lokacin shayarwa a arewacin Sahul, sannan ya biyo bayan fadada yamma a cikin Australia bayan kimanin shekaru 28,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=Sibylle M. |last2=Bodner |first2=Martin |last3=Souto |first3=Luis |last4=Zimmermann |first4=Bettina |last5=Huber |first5=Gabriela |last6=Strobl |first6=Christina |last7=Röck |first7=Alexander W. |last8=Achilli |first8=Alessandro |last9=Olivieri |first9=Anna |last10=Torroni |first10=Antonio |last11=Côrte-Real |first11=Francisco |date=14 February 2015 |title=Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=70 |doi=10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=4342813 |pmid=25757516 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Carlhoff et al. 2021 sun bincika samfurin mai farauta da tarawa na Holocene (&quot;Leang Panninge&quot;) daga [[Sulawesi|Kudancin Sulawesi]], wanda ke da alaƙa da adadi mai yawa na kwayar halitta tare da Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jama'a sun rabu da kakannin Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. Hakanan samfurin ya nuna alaƙar kwayar halitta tare da mutanen Gabashin Asiya da mutanen Andaman na Kudancin Asiya. Marubutan sun lura cewa ana iya tsara wannan samfurin mai farauta-mai tarawa tare da ~50% na kakannin Australiya / Papua kuma ko dai tare da ~ 50% na Gabashin Asiya ko Andamanese Onge, yana nuna zurfin rabuwa tsakanin Leang Panninge da Aboriginal / Papuan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carlhoff |first=Selina |last2=Duli |first2=Akin |last3=Nägele |first3=Kathrin |last4=Nur |first4=Muhammad |last5=Skov |first5=Laurits |last6=Sumantri |first6=Iwan |last7=Oktaviana |first7=Adhi Agus |last8=Hakim |first8=Budianto |last9=Burhan |first9=Basran |last10=Syahdar |first10=Fardi Ali |last11=McGahan |first11=David P. |date=2021 |title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea |journal=Nature |volume=596 |issue=7873 |pages=543–547 |bibcode=2021Natur.596..543C |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8387238 |pmid=34433944}}&lt;/ref&gt; [Littafi na 1]

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da Larena et al. A shekarata 2021 suka yi sun gano cewa mutanen Negrito na [[Filipin|Philippines]] sun rabu da kakanninmu na Aboriginal Australians da Papuans kafin biyun suka rabu da juna, amma bayan kakanninsu na yau da kullun ya rabu da kakanninsu da Mutanen Gabashin Asiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larena |first=M |date=March 2021 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=13 |pages=e2026132118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |pmc=8020671 |pmid=33753512 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Larena M, McKenna J, Sanchez-Quinto F, Bernhardsson C, Ebeo C, Reyes R, Casel O, Huang JY, Hagada KP, Guilay D, Reyes J, Allian FP, Mori V, Azarcon LS, Manera A, Terando C, Jamero L, Sireg G, Manginsay-Tremedal R, Labos MS, Vilar RD, Latiph A, Saway RL, Marte E, Magbanua P, Morales A, Java I, Reveche R, Barrios B, Burton E, Salon JC, Kels MJ, Albano A, Cruz-Angeles RB, Molanida E, Granehäll L, Vicente M, Edlund H, Loo JH, Trejaut J, Ho SY, Reid L, Lambeck K, Malmström H, Schlebusch C, Endicott P, Jakobsson M |date=October 2021 |title=Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=19 |pages=4219–4230.e10 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E4219L |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 |pmc=8596304 |pmid=34388371}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canje-canje game da shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata ===
dingo ya isa Ostiraliya kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Kusan wannan lokacin, akwai canje-canje a cikin harshe (tare da dangin harshen Pama-Nyungan da ke yadawa a mafi yawan ƙasar), da kuma fasahar kayan aikin dutse. An yi amfani da ƙananan kayan aiki. Ta haka ne aka ƙaddara hulɗar ɗan adam, kuma an ba da shawarar bayanan kwayar halitta na nau'o'i biyu don tallafawa kwararar kwayar halitta daga Indiya zuwa Ostiraliya: na farko, alamun abubuwan da ke cikin Kudancin Asiya a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar Aboriginal Australia, waɗanda aka ruwaito bisa ga bayanan SNP na ƙwayoyin halitta; kuma na biyu, kasancewar zuriyar Y chromosome (maza), wanda aka tsara haplogroup C, tare da kakanninmu na baya-bayan nan kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=McCarthy |first4=Shane |last5=Pollard |first5=Martin O. |last6=Ayub |first6=Qasim |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=van Oorschot |first9=Roland A. H. |last10=McAllister |first10=Peter |last11=Williams |first11=Lesley |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Mitchell |first13=R. John |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=21 March 2016 |title=Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=809–813 |bibcode=2016CBio...26..809B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 |pmc=4819516 |pmid=26923783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau'in shaidar farko ya fito ne daga binciken shekarar 2013 da Cibiyar Max Planck ta Cibiyar Nazarin Juyin Halitta ta yi amfani da manyan bayanai na genotyping daga tafkin Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, tsibirin Southeast Asians, da Indians. Ya gano cewa kungiyoyin New Guinea da Mamanwa (yankin Philippines) sun rabu da Aboriginal kimanin shekaru 36,000 da suka gabata (akwai shaidar da ke tallafawa cewa waɗannan al'ummomin sun fito ne daga baƙi da suka fara &quot;hanyar kudu&quot; daga Afirka, kafin wasu ƙungiyoyi a yankin).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}Har ila yau, yawan Indiya da Australiya sun haɗu tun kafin hulɗar Turai, tare da wannan kwayar halitta da ke faruwa a lokacin Holocene ({{Circa}} shekaru 4,200 da suka gabata). &lt;ref name=&quot;maxplanck2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pugach |first=Irina |last2=Delfin |first2=Frederick |last3=Gunnarsdóttir |first3=Ellen |last4=Kayser |first4=Manfred |last5=Stoneking |first5=Mark |date=29 January 2013 |title=Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=1803–1808 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.1803P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211927110 |pmc=3562786 |pmid=23319617 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu binciken suna da ra'ayoyi guda biyu game da wannan: ko dai wasu Indiyawa suna da hulɗa da mutane a Indonesia waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka canja waɗannan kwayoyin Indiya zuwa 'yan asalin Australiya, ko kuma ƙungiyar Indiyawa da suka yi ƙaura daga Indiya zuwa Ostiraliya kuma suka haɗu da mazauna yankin kai tsaye.

Marubutan binciken na shekarar 2016 sun kammala cewa, kodayake wannan ba ya ƙaryata kasancewar kowane yaduwar kwayar halitta ta Holocene ko tasirin da ba na kwayar halitta ba daga Kudancin Asiya a wannan lokacin, kuma bayyanar dingo tana ba da hujja mai ƙarfi ga lambobin sadarwa na waje, shaidar gabaɗaya ta dace da cikakkiyar rashin yaduwar kwayoyin halitta, kuma tana nuna asalin asali don canje-canje na fasaha da harshe. Sun danganta bambancin tsakanin sakamakon su da binciken da suka gabata ga ci gaba a fasaha; babu wani daga cikin sauran binciken da ya yi amfani da cikakken Y chromosome sequencing, wanda ke da mafi girman daidaito. Misali, an nuna amfani da hanyar Y STRs goma don rage yawan lokutan bambance-bambance. Gudun kwayoyin halitta a fadin tsibirin da ke da faɗin kilomita 150 (93  Torres Strait, yana da inganci kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar bayanai, kodayake a wannan lokacin ba za a iya tantance shi daga wannan binciken ba lokacin da a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata ya iya faruwa - sabbin dabarun nazari suna da damar magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=McCarthy |first4=Shane |last5=Pollard |first5=Martin O. |last6=Ayub |first6=Qasim |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=van Oorschot |first9=Roland A. H. |last10=McAllister |first10=Peter |last11=Williams |first11=Lesley |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Mitchell |first13=R. John |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=21 March 2016 |title=Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=809–813 |bibcode=2016CBio...26..809B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 |pmc=4819516 |pmid=26923783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rubutun digirin digirinsa na Bergstrom na shekara ta 2018 yana kallon yawan mutanen Sahul ya nuna cewa ban da cakuda kwanan nan, yawan mutanen yankin sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga sauran duniya tun lokacin da suka rabu kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata. Ya rubuta &quot;Babu wata shaida game da kwararar kwayar halitta ta Kudancin Asiya zuwa Ostiraliya .... Duk da cewa Sahul ya kasance ƙasa ɗaya da aka haɗa har zuwa [shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata], ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a duk faɗin Ostiraliya kusan suna da alaƙa da Papuans, kuma akasin haka, kuma biyun sun bayyana sun rabu ta hanyar kwayar halitta tun [kimanin shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata].&amp;nbsp;

=== Daidaitawar muhalli ===
[[Fayil:Alexander_Schramm_-_An_Aboriginal_encampment,_near_the_Adelaide_foothills_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Wani sansanin Aboriginal kusa da tuddai na [[Adelaide]] a cikin zanen 1854 na Alexander Schramm]]
Aboriginal Australians suna da ƙwarewar da aka gada don daidaitawa da yanayin zafi na muhalli a hanyoyi daban-daban. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 1958 wanda ya kwatanta yanayin sanyi a cikin Mutanen Pitjantjatjara da ke zaune a hamada idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar mutanen Turai ya nuna cewa yanayin sanyaya na ƙungiyar Aboriginal ya bambanta da na fararen mutane, kuma sun sami damar yin barci sosai ta hanyar dare mai sanyi na hamada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scholander |first=P. F. |last2=Hammel |first2=H. T. |last3=Hart |first3=J. S. |last4=LeMessurier |first4=D. H. |last5=Steen |first5=J. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 1958 |title=Cold Adaptation in Australian Aborigines |journal=[[Journal of Applied Physiology]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=211–218 |doi=10.1152/jappl.1958.13.2.211 |pmid=13575330}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken Jami'ar Cambridge na  shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa maye gurbi mai amfani a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa thyroxine, hormone da ke da hannu wajen daidaita metabolism na jiki, yana taimakawa wajen dai-daita zafin jiki don amsawa ga zazzabi. Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa mutanen hamada suna iya samun zafin jiki mafi girma ba tare da hanzarta aikin dukan jiki ba, wanda zai iya zama mai cutarwa musamman a cututtukan yara. Wannan yana taimakawa kare mutane don tsira daga tasirin kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Caitlyn Gribbin |date=29 January 2014 |title=Genetic mutation helps Aboriginal people survive tough climate, research finds |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-29/genetic-modification-helps-aboriginal-people-survive-hot-climat/5225742 |website=ABC News |format=text and audio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Qi |first=Xiaoqiang |last2=Chan |first2=Wee Lee |last3=Read |first3=Randy J. |last4=Zhou |first4=Aiwu |last5=Carrell |first5=Robin W. |date=22 March 2014 |title=Temperature-responsive release of thyroxine and its environmental adaptation in Australians |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=281 |issue=1779 |pages=20132747 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2747 |pmc=3924073 |pmid=24478298}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da yawan jama'a ==
Mutanen Aboriginal sun rayu dubban shekaru a [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|nahiyar Ostiraliya]], ta hanyar sauye-sauye daban-daban a cikin ƙasa. Yankin da ke cikin iyakokin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a yau ya haɗa da tsibirin Tasmania, K'gari (a baya Fraser Island) , Hinchinbrook Island, &lt;ref name=&quot;actoss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Preferences in terminology when referring to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples |url=https://www.actcoss.org.au/sites/default/files/public/publications/gulanga-good-practice-guide-preferences-terminology-referring-to-aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-peoples.pdf |access-date=16 December 2019 |series=Gulanga Good Practice Guides |publisher=ACT Council of Social Service Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsibirin Tiwi, Tsibirin Kangaroo da Groote Eylandt . 'Yan asalin tsibirin Torres Strait, duk da haka, ba Aboriginal ba ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00143 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |series=No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41 |publisher=Australian Government |quote=s 3:  Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00083 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |series=No. 150, 1989: Compilation No. 54 |publisher=Australian Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rademaker |first=Laura |date=7 February 2018 |title=Tiwi Christianity: Aboriginal histories, Catholic mission and a surprising conversion |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/tiwi-christianity-aboriginal-histories-catholic-mission-and-a-su/10095012 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=ABC Religion and Ethics |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 86%; margin:2em;&quot;
|+Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da canjin ƙididdiga Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander mutane, 2006-2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=4 April 2023 |title=Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/understanding-change-counts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-census/latest-release |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Ƙididdigar jama'a
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Yawan mutane
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canjin tsakanin jama'a (lambar) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canjin tsakanin jama'a (kashi) 
|-
|2006
|455,028
|45,025
|11.0
|-
|2011
|548,368
|93,340
|20.5
|-
|2016
|649,171
|100,803
|18.4
|-
|2021
|812,728
|163,557
|25.2
|}
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2021, mutanen da suka bayyana kansu a kan ƙididdigar ƙididdigal a matsayin asalin Aboriginal da / ko Torres Strait Islander sun kai 812,728 daga cikin jimlar 25,422,788 'yan Australia, daidai da kashi 3.2% na yawan mutanen Australia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Australia: 2021 census all persons QuickStats |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karuwar mutane 163,557, ko 25.2%, tun ƙididdigun da suka gabata a cikin shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=4 April 2023 |title=Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/understanding-change-counts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-census/latest-release |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan alƙaluma - haihuwa, mutuwa da ƙaura {{Refn|Population change due to overseas migration continued to account for less than 2 per cent of the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander population.}} - sun kai 43.5% na karuwa (mutane 71,086). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This information is too vague. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;da&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;, 76.2% na wannan karuwar an danganta shi ga mutanen da ke da shekaru 0-19 a cikin shekarar 2021, sun lalace a matsayin 52.5% na masu shekaru 0-4 (haihuwa tun daga 2016) da 23.7% na masu shekaru 5-19.  

== Harsuna ==
 
Yawancin mutanen Aboriginal suna magana da Turanci, &lt;ref name=&quot;langstats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=2076.0: Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2016: Main language spoken at home and English proficiency |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/656ea6473a7580bbca258236000c30f7!OpenDocument |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da kalmomin Aboriginal da aka kara don ƙirƙirar Turanci na Aboriginal na Australiya (wanda kuma yana da tasirin tasirin Harsunan Aboriginal a cikin [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] da tsarin nahawu). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it? |url=https://ab-ed.nesa.nsw.edu.au/go/aboriginal-english/what-is-aboriginal-english-like |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=ABED}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar, musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa, suna da harsuna da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;langstats&quot; /&gt; Yawancin asalin harsunan Aboriginal 250-400 (fiye da harsuna 250 da kimanin nau'ikan yare 800 a nahiyar) suna cikin haɗari ko sun ƙare, &lt;ref name=&quot;aiatsis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Indigenous Australian Languages |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/indigenous-australian-languages |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake ana yin wasu ƙoƙari a farfaɗo da harshe ga wasu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, har yanzu yara ne ke samun harsuna 13 na gargajiya, kuma kimanin wasu 100 da tsofaffi ke magana kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Jane |date=20 January 2019 |title=The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often |url=http://theconversation.com/the-state-of-australias-indigenous-languages-and-how-we-can-help-people-speak-them-more-often-109662 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aiatsis&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ==
 
Da yake warwatse a fadin nahiyar Australiya a tsawon lokaci, mutanen zamanin d ̄ a sun fadada kuma sun bambanta zuwa kungiyoyi daban-daban, kowannensu yana da nasa yare da al'adu. Fiye da mutane 400 na asalin Australiya an gano su, an rarrabe su da sunayen da ke nuna yarensu na kakanninmu, yaruka, ko tsarin magana na musamman. A cewar sanannen masanin ilimin ɗan adam, masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi da masanin zamantakewa Harry Lourandos, a tarihi, waɗannan kungiyoyin sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna uku na al'adu, yankunan Arewa, Kudancin da Tsakiya. Yankunan Arewa da Kudancin, suna da wadataccen albarkatun ruwa da na gandun daji, sun fi yawan jama'a fiye da yankin Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lourandos&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Bathurst_Island_men.jpg|right|thumb|Maza daga Tsibirin Bathurst, 1939]]

=== Sunayen da suka danganci ƙasa ===
Akwai wasu sunaye daban-daban daga Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don gano kungiyoyi bisa ga [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]], waɗanda aka sani da aljanu, gami da:

* Anangu a arewacin Kudancin Australia, da yankunan da ke kusa da Yammacin Australia da Yankin Arewa
* Goorie (nau'in furcin da rubutun Koori) a Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland da wasu sassan arewacin New South Wales
* Koori (ko Koorie) a New South Wales da Victoria (Aboriginal Victorians) 
* Murri a Tsakiya da Arewacin Queensland, wani lokacin yana nufin duk Aboriginal Queenslanders
* Nunga a kudancin Kudancin Australia
* Noongar a kudancin Yammacin Australia
* Palawah (ko Pallawah) a Tasmania
* Tiwi a Tsibirin Tiwi daga Arnhem Land (NT) 

=== Wasu misalai na ƙananan rukuni ===
Sauran sunayen rukuni sun dogara ne akan ƙungiyar harshe ko takamaiman yaren da ake magana. Wadannan kuma sun dace da yankuna masu girma daban-daban. Wasu misalai sune:

* Anindilyakwa a kan Groote Eylandt (a kan Arnhem Land), NT
* Arrernte a tsakiyar Ostiraliya &lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bininj a Yammacin Arnhem Land (NT) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garde |first=Murray |title=bininj |url=https://www.njamed.com/#bininj |access-date=20 June 2019 |website=Bininj Kunwok Dictionary |publisher=Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gunggari a kudu maso yammacin Queensland &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Reference |url=http://gunggaripeople.weebly.com/general-reference.html |access-date=29 November 2016 |website=Life and Times of the Gunggari People, QLD (Pathfinder)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muruwari a New South Wales
* Luritja (Kukatja), wani rukuni na Anangu wanda ya dogara da harshe
* Ngunnawal a cikin Babban Birnin Australiya da yankunan da ke kewaye da New South Wales
* Pitjantjatjara, wani rukuni na Anangu wanda ya dogara da harshe
* Wangai a cikin Yammacin Australiya Goldfields
* Warlpiri (Yapa) a yammacin tsakiyar yankin Arewa
* Yamatji a tsakiyar Yammacin Australia
* Yolngu a gabashin Arnhem Land (NT) 

=== Matsalolin da ke bayyana kungiyoyi ===
 
. Koyaya, waɗannan jerin ba cikakke ba ne ko kuma cikakke, kuma akwai haɗuwa. Masana da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sun ɗauki hanyoyi daban-daban wajen ƙoƙarin fahimtar da bayyana al'adun Aboriginal da al'ummomi, wasu suna mai da hankali kan ƙananan matakan (ƙabilar, dangi, da dai sauransu), wasu kuma akan harsuna da al'adun al'adu da suka bazu a manyan yankuna da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. [[Anthropologist|Masana ilimin ɗan adam]] sun gamu da matsaloli da yawa wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana abin da ke ƙunshe da mutanen Aboriginal / al'umma / rukuni / ƙabilar, ba tare da sunayensu ba. Ilimi game da al'adun Aboriginal na mulkin mallaka da ƙungiyoyin al'umma har yanzu sun dogara da fassarorin masu kallo, waɗanda aka tace ta hanyar hanyoyin mulkin mallaka na kallon al'ummomin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Tom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ruwan gishiri, ruwa mai laushi, gandun daji ko mutanen hamada.

== Bayyanawa na asali ==
 

=== Kalmomin ===
Kalmar Aboriginal Australians ta haɗa da mutane da yawa daban-daban waɗanda suka ci gaba a duk faɗin Ostiraliya sama da shekaru 50,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarksonJacobs2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=Chris |last2=Jacobs |first2=Zenobia |last3=Marwick |first3=Ben |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Wallis |first5=Lynley |author-link5=Lynley Wallis |last6=Smith |first6=Mike |last7=Roberts |first7=Richard G. |last8=Hayes |first8=Elspeth |last9=Lowe |first9=Kelsey |last10=Carah |first10=Xavier |last11=Florin |first11=S. Anna |last12=McNeil |first12=Jessica |last13=Cox |first13=Delyth |last14=Arnold |first14=Lee J. |last15=Hua |first15=Quan |display-authors=2 |year=2017 |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4803 |journal=Nature |volume=547 |issue=7663 |pages=306–310 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C |doi=10.1038/nature22968 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=28726833 |s2cid=205257212 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan mutane suna da tarihin kwayoyin halitta, ko da yake yana da rikitarwa,  amma a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata ne kawai aka bayyana su kuma suka fara nuna kansu a matsayin rukuni ɗaya, a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fesl&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fesl |first=Eve D. |author-link=Eve Fesl |year=1986 |title='Aborigine' and 'Aboriginal' |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLawB/1986/39.html |journal=Aboriginal Law Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da yake wasu sun fi son kalmar ''Aboriginal'' zuwa Aboriginal a baya, kamar yadda aka ga ƙarshen yana da asalin nuna bambanci kai tsaye,  amfani da kalmar ''''Aborigine'''' ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke la'akari da kalmar a matsayin mummunan ra'ayi da wariyar launin fata daga zamanin mulkin mallaka na Australia.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Fesl&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Solonec |first=Tammy |date=9 August 2015 |title=Why saying 'Aborigine' isn't OK: 8 facts about Indigenous people in Australia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/08/why-saying-aborigine-isnt-ok-8-facts-about-indigenous-people-in-australia/ |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Amnesty.org |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=Why do media organisations like News Corp, Reuters and The New York Times still use words like 'Aborigines'? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/02/23/why-do-media-organisations-news-corp-reuters-and-new-york-times-still-use-words |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=NITV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anar kalmar ''Aboriginal'' ta canza a tsawon lokaci da wuri, tare da muhimmancin zuriyar iyali, ganewar kai da karɓar al'umma duk suna da muhimmancin daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;AECG Inc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Aboriginality and Identity: Perspectives, Practices and Policies |url=http://www.sectorconnect.org.au/assets/pdf/resources/resourcepg/Aboriginal/Aboriginality_and_Identity_Report_(November_2011).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024319/http://www.sectorconnect.org.au/assets/pdf/resources/resourcepg/Aboriginal/Aboriginality_and_Identity_Report_(November_2011).pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=New South Wales AECG Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Blandy |first=Sarah |last2=Sibley |first2=David |date=2010 |title=Law, boundaries and the production of space |journal=Social &amp; Legal Studies |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=275–284 |doi=10.1177/0964663910372178 |s2cid=145479418}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malbon |first=Justin |date=2003 |title=The Extinguishment of Native Title{{mdash}}The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=310–335 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2003.10854523 |s2cid=147150152}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan asalin Australiya'' tana nufin' yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da mutanen tsibirin Torres Strait, kuma ana amfani da kalmar ne kawai lokacin da aka haɗa kungiyoyi biyu a cikin batun da ake magana, ko kuma ta hanyar nuna kansa ta mutum a matsayin' yan asalin.  (Mutanen tsibirin Torres Strait sun bambanta da ƙabilanci da al'adu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Torres Strait |url=http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1 |access-date=21 October 2019 |website=Torres Strait Shire Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da musayar al'adu mai yawa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin Aboriginal, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2006 |title=Australia Now – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tsibirin Torres na Strait galibi suna cikin Queensland amma suna da matsayi na gwamnati daban. ) Wasu ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan asalin ƙasar'' sun ki amincewa da lakafta su 'yan asalin, a matsayin kalmar wucin gadi da ƙin yarda, saboda wasu mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ba sun kira kansu' yan asalin ƙasar saboda an haife su a Ostiraliya.

=== Al'adu da imani ===
 
'Yan asalin Australiya suna da imani na musamman ga kowane taron jama'a ([[Ƙabila|kabilar]]) kuma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behind-the-dots-of-Aboriginal-Art&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the dots of Aboriginal Art |url=https://www.aboriginal-art-australia.com/aboriginal-art-library/aboriginal-dot-art-behind-the-dots/ |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangaskiyar 'yan asalin Australiya ta zamani cakuda ce mai rikitarwa, ta bambanta da yanki da mutum a fadin nahiyar. An tsara su ne ta hanyar imani na gargajiya, rushewar mulkin mallaka, addinai da Turawa suka kawo nahiyar, da kuma batutuwan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Arlene |last2=Russell-Mundine |first2=Gabrielle |date=18 August 2019 |title=Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |journal=Teaching in Higher Education |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |issn=1356-2517 |s2cid=149824646}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Jenny |date=25 January 2012 |title=The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war |url=https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/77 |journal=Te Kaharoa |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 |issn=1178-6035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da imani na al'adu na gargajiya kuma ana raba su ta hanyar rawa, labarun, waƙoƙi da fasaha - musamman Papunya Tula (zane-zane) - gaba ɗaya suna ba da labarin halitta da aka sani da The Dreamtime . &lt;ref name=&quot;Behind-the-dots-of-Aboriginal-Art&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Jennifer |date=2012 |title=The Altyerre Story-'Suffering Badly by Translation': The Altyerre Story |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x |journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–178 |doi=10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, masu warkarwa na gargajiya sun kasance masu kula da muhimman labarun mafarki da kuma matsayinsu na likita (alal misali Ngangkari a cikin hamada ta Yamma).  Wasu mahimman tsari da jigogi ana raba su a duk faɗin nahiyar tare da cikakkun bayanai da ƙarin abubuwa daban-daban tsakanin harshe da ƙungiyoyin al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt; Misali, a cikin The Dreamtime na yawancin yankuna, ruhu ya halicci duniya sannan ya gaya wa mutane su bi da dabbobi da ƙasa ta hanyar da ta girmama ƙasa. A Yankin Arewa ana yawan cewa wannan babban [[maciji]] ne ko maciji wanda ke tafiya a cikin ƙasa da sama yana yin duwatsu da teku. Amma a wasu wurare ruhohin da suka halicci duniya an san su da ruwan sama da ruhohin ruwa. Manyan ruhohin kakanninmu sun hada da Macijin Rainbow, Baiame, Dirawong da Bunjil. Hakazalika, mutanen Arrernte na tsakiyar Ostiraliya sun yi imanin cewa bil'adama sun samo asali ne daga manyan kakannin da suka kawo rana, iska da ruwan sama sakamakon fashewa a saman Duniya lokacin da suka farka daga barcin su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin lafiya da tattalin arziki ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Saboda rashin amfani da aka ambata a sama, al'ummomin Aboriginal na Australiya suna fuskantar yawan kashe kansa, idan aka kwatanta da al'ummomi marasa asali. Wadannan batutuwan sun samo asali ne daga dalilai daban-daban na musamman ga al'ummomin asali, kamar raunin tarihi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elliott-Farrelly |first=Terri |date=January 2004 |title=Australian Aboriginal suicide: The need for an Aboriginal suicidology? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |journal=Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=138–145 |doi=10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |issn=1446-7984 |s2cid=71578621}}&lt;/ref&gt; rashin fa'ida na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da raguwar samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marrone |first=Sonia |date=July 2007 |title=Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities in health care services among indigenous populations |journal=International Journal of Circumpolar Health |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=188–198 |doi=10.3402/ijch.v66i3.18254 |issn=2242-3982 |pmid=17655060 |s2cid=1720215 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, wannan matsala ta fi shafar matasa 'yan asalin ƙasar, kamar yadda matasa da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasa na iya jin ba su da alaƙa da al'adunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Isaacs |first=Anton |last2=Sutton |first2=Keith |date=16 June 2016 |title=An Aboriginal youth suicide prevention project in rural Victoria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 |journal=Advances in Mental Health |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=118–125 |doi=10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 |issn=1838-7357 |s2cid=77905930}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don yaki da karuwar kashe-kashen kai, masu bincike da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa hada wasu al'adu a cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin kashe-kashin kai zai taimaka wajen yaki da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin al'umma. Bincike da ya gabata ya gano cewa shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar da membobin al'umma da yawa, a zahiri, suna son shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da suka fi sani da al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ridani |first=Rebecca |last2=Shand |first2=Fiona L. |last3=Christensen |first3=Helen |last4=McKay |first4=Kathryn |last5=Tighe |first5=Joe |last6=Burns |first6=Jane |last7=Hunter |first7=Ernest |date=16 September 2014 |title=Suicide Prevention in Australian Aboriginal Communities: A Review of Past and Present Programs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12121 |journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=111–140 |doi=10.1111/sltb.12121 |issn=0363-0234 |pmid=25227155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'adu da suka shafi matasa 'yan asalin sun kalubalanci ra'ayin kashe kansa tsakanin matasa' yan asalin ƙasar, tare da shirye-shirye da yawa na zamantakewa da motsin rai ta amfani da bayanan al'adu don samar da hanyoyin magance da inganta lafiyar hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skerrett |first=Delaney Michael |last2=Gibson |first2=Mandy |last3=Darwin |first3=Leilani |last4=Lewis |first4=Suzie |last5=Rallah |first5=Rahm |last6=De Leo |first6=Diego |date=30 March 2017 |title=Closing the Gap in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth Suicide: A Social-Emotional Wellbeing Service Innovation Project |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1111/ap.12277 |issn=0005-0067 |s2cid=151609217 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murrup-Stewart |first=Cammi |last2=Searle |first2=Amy K. |last3=Jobson |first3=Laura |last4=Adams |first4=Karen |date=16 November 2018 |title=Aboriginal perceptions of social and emotional wellbeing programs: A systematic review of literature assessing social and emotional wellbeing programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians perspectives |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12367 |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=171–186 |doi=10.1111/ap.12367 |issn=0005-0067 |s2cid=150362243}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun al'ummomin da ke nesa ==
[[Fayil:Aboriginal_Australian_women_and_children,_Maloga,_N.S.W.jpg|thumb|Hoton tarihi na mata da yara na Aboriginal Australia, Maloga, New South Wales a kusa da 1900 (a cikin tufafin Turai) ]]
Motsi na tashar na shekarun 1970 da shekarar 1980, lokacin da mutanen Aboriginal suka koma kananan ƙauyuka masu nisa a ƙasar gargajiya, sun kawo fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morice |first=Rodney D. |year=1976 |title=Woman Dancing Dreaming: Psychosocial Benefits of the Aboriginal Outstation Movement |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |publisher=AMPCo |volume=2 |issue=25–26 |pages=939–942 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb115531.x |issn=0025-729X |pmid=1035404 |s2cid=28327004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  amma ba a ba da horo da damar yin aiki a lokuta da yawa ba, kuma tallafi daga gwamnatoci ya ragu a cikin shekarar 2000s, musamman a zamanin Gwamnatin Howard.&lt;ref name=&quot;expch1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Fred}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;expch10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Fred}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke Ostiraliya mai nisa galibi ƙananan ne, garuruwa masu zaman kansu tare da kayan aiki na asali, a kan [[Native title in Australia|ƙasar mallakar gargajiya]]. Wadannan al'ummomin suna da mazauna tsakanin 20 zuwa 300 kuma galibi ana rufe su ga baƙi saboda dalilai na al'adu. Masana da masu tsara manufofi sun tattauna game da yiwuwar al'ummomin Aboriginal a yankunan hamada. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 da [[CSIRO]] ta jaddada muhimmancin ɗaukar tsarin buƙata don ayyuka a cikin ƙauyukan hamada, kuma ta kammala cewa &quot;idan ana ci gaba da sanya mafita daga sama zuwa ƙasa ba tare da godiya ga mahimman direbobi na ƙauyuka a yankunan hamada ba, to waɗancan mafita za su ci gaba da kasancewa masu son kai, kuma ba su da tasiri a cikin dogon lokaci&quot;

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==
 This article incorporates text by Anders Bergström et al. available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

* {{Cite web |date=24 December 2018 |title=Start exploring Australian Aboriginal culture |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/ |website=Creative Spirits}}
* {{Cite web |title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/ |website=AIATSIS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/ |website=AIATSIS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Art of Australia: Understanding its History |url=https://artark.com.au/pages/aboriginal-art-of-australia-understanding-its-history |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=ARTARK}}

== Haɗin waje ==

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{{Reflist}}
[[Fayil:Hut_Eastern_Arrernte_Basedow.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum na Arrernte na Gabas na Gundumar Arltunga, Yankin Arewa, a cikin shekarun 1923. Gidansa an rufe shi da ciyawa.]]
[[Fayil:186_Aboriginal_dwellings_w480.jpg|thumb|Gidajen da ke karɓar iyalai na Aboriginal a Ofishin Jakadancin Hermannsburg, Yankin Arewa, a shekarar 1923]]
Aboriginal Australians su ne 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawancin tsibirai, ban da mutanen da suka bambanta da kabilanci na Torres Strait Islands.

Mutane sun fara ƙaura zuwa [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] shekaru 50,000 zuwa 65,000 da suka gabata, kuma a tsawon lokaci sun kafa ƙungiyoyin harshe 500.&lt;ref name=&quot;socio-cultural&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Traditional sociocultural patterns|encyclopedia=Britannica|year=2023|last1=Berndt|first1=Ronald M.|last2=Tonkinson|first2=Robert|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|location=Chicago|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australian-Aboriginal/Traditional-sociocultural-patterns|access-date=19 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, mutanen Aboriginal sun zauna a kan manyan sassan nahiyar. An ware su a yawancin ƙananan tsibirai da Tasmania lokacin da aka mamaye ƙasar a farkon lokacin Holocene inter-glacial, kimanin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=Patrick |last2=O'Leary |first2=Michael |last3=McDonald |first3=Jo |year=2023 |title=The evolution of Australian island geographies and the emergence and persistence of Indigenous maritime cultures |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=308 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108071 |doi-access=free |article-number=108071}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kuma wannan, mutanen Asalin Austireliya sun ci gaba da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa a cikin nahiyar kuma wasu kungiyoyi sun ci gaba leeral da dangantaka da Torres Strait Islanders da mutanen Makassar na zamanin da ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]].

A cikin dubban shekaru, mutanen Aboriginal sun haɓaka hanyoyin cinikayya masu rikitarwa, alaƙar al'adu, doka ''da'' addinai,&lt;ref name=&quot;socio-cultural&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  waɗanda suka zama wasu daga cikin tsofaffi, kuma mai yiwuwa mafi tsufa, al'adun ci gaba a duniya.  A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai na Ostiraliya, mutanen Aboriginal sun kunshi al'ummomin al'adu masu rikitarwa tare da Harsuna sama da Dari biyu (250)  da kuma digiri daban-daban na fasaha da ƙauyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey |url=http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424032821/http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]] |ref={{harvid|AIATSIS|2014}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harsuna (ko yaruka) da ƙungiyoyin mutane masu alaƙa da harshe suna da alaƙa da yankunan da aka sani da &quot;Ƙasar&quot;, wanda suke da alaƙa mai zurfi ta ruhaniya.

Bangaskiyar Aboriginal ta zamani cakuda ce mai rikitarwa, ta bambanta da yanki da mutum a fadin nahiyar. An kuma tsara su ne ta hanyar imani na gargajiya, rushewar mulkin mallaka, addinai da Turawa suka kawo nahiyar, da kuma batutuwan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Arlene |last2=Russell-Mundine |first2=Gabrielle |date=18 August 2019 |title=Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |journal=Teaching in Higher Education |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |issn=1356-2517 |s2cid=149824646}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Jenny |date=25 January 2012 |title=The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war |url=https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/77 |journal=Te Kaharoa |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 |issn=1178-6035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da imani na al'adu na gargajiya kuma ana raba su ta hanyar rawa, labarun, waƙoƙi, da fasaha waɗanda gaba ɗaya ke haɗa ilimin rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma tsohuwar halitta da aka sani da Mafarki.

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta na ƙungiyoyin Aboriginal suna ci gaba, amma shaidar ta nuna cewa suna da gado na kwayoyin halitta daga tsohuwar Asiya amma ba mutane na zamani ba. Suna da wasu kamanceceniya da Papuans, amma an ware su daga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya na dogon lokaci. Suna da tarihin kwayoyin halitta mai rikitarwa, amma a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata ne wasu suka bayyana su a matsayin, kuma suka fara nuna kansu a matsayin, rukuni ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Profile, Table I01 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halin asalin asalin ya canza a tsawon lokaci da wuri, tare da zuriyar iyali, ganewar kai, da karɓar al'umma duk na muhimmancin daban-daban.

A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2021, mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander sun ƙunshi kashi 3.8% na yawan mutanen Ostiraliya. Yawancin mutanen Aboriginal a yau suna magana da [[Turanci]] kuma suna zaune a birane. Wasu na iya amfani da kalmomi da kalmomi na Aboriginal a cikin Turanci na Aboriginal na Australiya (wanda kuma yana da tasiri na Harsunan Aboriginal cikin [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] da tsarin nahawu). Mutane da yawa amma ba duka ba suna magana da Harsunan gargajiya daban-daban na danginsu da mutanensu. Mutanen Aboriginal, tare da mutanen Torres Strait Islander, suna da mummunar kiwon lafiya da rashi na tattalin arziƙi idan aka kwatanta da al'ummar ƙasar Australiya.

== Asalin ==
 &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:239px;max-width:239px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:1981_event_Australian_aboriginals.jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Masu rawa na Aboriginal na Arnhem Land a cikin 1981&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Glen_Namundja.jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Arnhem Land mai zane Glen Namundja a Injalak Arts[[Injalak Arts|Ayyukan Injalak]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Didgeridoo_(Imagicity_1070).jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Dan wasan [[Didgeridoo]] Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr yana aiki tare da East Journey &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGraves2017&quot;&gt;Graves, Randin (2 June 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa kakannin Aboriginal Australians na yau sun fara ƙaura zuwa nahiyar shekaru 50,000 zuwa 65,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Martin A. J. |last2=Spooner |first2=Nigel A. |last3=McDonnell |first3=Kathryn |last4=O'Connell |first4=James F. |date=January 2021 |title=Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |url-status=live |journal=Geoarchaeology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=92–108 |bibcode=2021Gearc..36...92W |doi=10.1002/gea.21822 |issn=0883-6353 |s2cid=225321249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004091731/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarksonJacobs201722&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=Chris |last2=Jacobs |first2=Zenobia |last3=Marwick |first3=Ben |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Wallis |first5=Lynley |last6=Smith |first6=Mike |last7=Roberts |first7=Richard G. |last8=Hayes |first8=Elspeth |last9=Lowe |first9=Kelsey |last10=Carah |first10=Xavier |last11=Florin |first11=S. Anna |last12=McNeil |first12=Jessica |last13=Cox |first13=Delyth |last14=Arnold |first14=Lee J. |last15=Hua |first15=Quan |year=2017 |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4803 |journal=Nature |volume=547 |issue=7663 |pages=306–310 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C |doi=10.1038/nature22968 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=28726833 |s2cid=205257212 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin genomic ya nuna cewa yawan mutanen Ostiraliya ya faru ne tsakanin shekaru 43,000 zuwa 60,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Jim |last2=O'connell |first2=James F. |date=2020 |title=A different paradigm for the initial colonisation of Sahul |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/arco.5207 |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1002/arco.5207 |issn=1834-4453 |quote=Y-chromosome data show parallel patterns, with deeply rooted Sahul-specific haplogroups C and K diverging from the most closely related non-Sahul lineages c.54 ka and dividing into Australia- and New Guinea-specific lineages c.48–53 ka (Bergstrom et al. 2016).” p5 ... While the chronology of Sahul colonisation remains important, we see no arguable cause-and-effect nexus between when Sahul colonisation ﬁrst occurred and AMH ability to achieve it (cf. Davidson &amp; Noble 1992). If we exclude the extreme age claimed for Madjedbebe (Clarkson et al. 2017) the increasing consensus of available evidence currently puts this event in the range 47–51 ka.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Ray |last2=Rohrlach |first2=Adam |last3=Soubrier |first3=Julien |last4=Bover |first4=Pere |last5=Llamas |first5=Bastien |last6=Tuke |first6=Jonathan |last7=Bean |first7=Nigel |last8=Abdullah-Highfold |first8=Ali |last9=Agius |first9=Shane |last10=O’Donoghue |first10=Amy |last11=O’Loughlin |first11=Isabel |last12=Sutton |first12=Peter |last13=Zilio |first13=Fran |last14=Walshe |first14=Keryn |last15=Williams |first15=Alan N. |date=8 April 2017 |title=Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=544 |issue=7649 |pages=180–184 |bibcode=2017Natur.544..180T |doi=10.1038/nature21416 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=28273067 |quote=The timing of human arrival in Australia was estimated using the age of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the different Australian-only haplogroups, calculated using a molecular clock with substitution rates calibrated with ancient European and Asian mitogenomes18. Although these TMRCA values are likely to be minimal estimates given the limited sampling, they group in a narrow window of time from approximately 43–47 ka (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Figs 2, 3), consistent with previous studies (Supplementary Information). ... The resulting independent estimate for  initial colonization of Sahul, 48.8 ±  1.3 ka, is a close match to the genetic age estimates (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 4).}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taufik |first=Leonard |last2=Teixeira |first2=João C. |last3=Llamas |first3=Bastien |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Tobler |first5=Raymond |last6=Purnomo |first6=Gludhug A. |date=16 December 2022 |title=Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=2373 |doi=10.3390/genes13122373 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9778601 |pmid=36553640 |quote=Genetic inferences suggest that the initial peopling of the region occurred around 50–60 kya, with the separation of Aboriginal Australian and New Guinea populations occurring around the same time [p 6]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |date=9 March 2021 |title=How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=e2101173118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801173H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101173118 |pmc=7958237 |pmid=33602727 |quote=Dating the diversification of present-day lineages of mitochondrial DNA—a part of our genome maternally transmitted—supports a single and rapid dispersal of all ancestral non-African populations less than 55,000 y ago (9). |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Suna iya samun ɗayan tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth's oldest |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=[[Australian Geographic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Arnhem Land a Yankin Arewa, tarihin baki wanda ya ƙunshi labaran da suka haɗa da labaran da aka haɗa da Mutanen Yolngu ta hanyar daruruwan tsararraki. Fasahar dutse ta Aboriginal, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar fasahar zamani, ya nuna cewa al'adunsu sun ci gaba tun daga zamanin d ̄ a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Discover the oldest continuous living culture on Earth |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/plan-your-australian-holiday/northern-territory/oldest-continuous-living-culture/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana tarihin d ̄ a sun yi imanin cewa zai kasance da wahala ga mutanen Aboriginal su samo asali ne kawai daga yankin Asiya, saboda ba su da isasshen mutane da za su yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya da tsibirai da ke kewaye da su don cika farkon girman yawan mutanen da aka gani a ƙarni na 19. Kakannin mutanen Aboriginal na Australiya na yanzu sun yi ƙaura daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta teku a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene, suna mai da su cikin na farko a duniya da suka kammala tafiye-tafiye na teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sun zauna a kan manyan sassan nahiyar Australiya lokacin da matakan teku suka ragu. A wannan lokacin, Australia, Tasmania da New Guinea sun kasance wani ɓangare na wannan ƙasar, wanda aka sani da Sahul . Yayin da matakan teku suka tashi, mutanen da ke kan Ƙasar Australiya da tsibirai da ke kusa da su sun ƙara warewa, wasu a Tasmania da wasu daga cikin ƙananan tsibirai na bakin teku lokacin da ƙasar ta cika da ruwa a farkon Holocene, Lokacin inter-glacial wanda ya fara kimanin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Rebe Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da masu bincike suka yi a shekarar 2021 a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewar Kwarewar Australiya don Biodiversity da Heritage sun tsara hanyoyin ƙaura na mutane yayin da suka ƙaura a fadin [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Nahiyar Australiya]] zuwa kudancinsa da abin da ke yanzu Tasmania, sannan wani ɓangare na ƙasar. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan bayanai daga masu binciken tarihi, masu ilimin ɗan adam, masu ilimin muhalli, masu ilimin kwayoyin halitta, masu ilimin yanayi, masu ilimin ƙasa, da masu ilimin ruwa.

An yi niyyar kwatanta wannan bayanan tare da Tarihin baki na mutanen Aboriginal, gami da labarun Mafarki, fasahar dutse ta Australiya, da siffofin harshe na harsuna da yawa na Aboriginal waɗanda ke nuna yadda mutanen suka bunkasa daban. Hanyoyin, waɗanda marubuta suka kira &quot;superhighways&quot;, suna kama da manyan hanyoyi na yanzu da hanyoyin stock a Ostiraliya.

=== Halitta ===
 &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:235px;max-width:235px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:233px;max-width:233px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png|alt=|231x231px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Matsayi na asali na asalin Australiya tsakanin sauran [[East-Eurasian|Mutanen Gabashin Eurasia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa yawan jama'a da ke fitowa daga Filin Farisa a lokacin farkon lokacin Upper Paleolithic ya mamaye yankin Asiya-Pacific ta hanyar warwatsewar hanyar kudu. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan guguwar ta fadada zuwa yankin Kudancin da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma daga baya ta rabu da sauri zuwa cikin kakannin Tsohon Kudancin Indiya (AASI), Andamanese, Gabashin Asiya, da Australasians, gami da Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=E. Andrew |last2=Liu |first2=Yichen |last3=Fu |first3=Qiaomei |date=3 December 2024 |title=Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/reconstructing-the-human-population-history-of-east-asia-through-ancient-genomics/0524D629660B5E43FC7094C043D54C6A |journal=Elements in Ancient East Asia |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009246675 |isbn=978-1-009-24667-5 |quote=Australasian, one of three deeply branching East Asian lineages (with AASI and ESEA). AA includes modern-day Papuans and Aboriginal Australians.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aoki |first=Kenichi |last2=Takahata |first2=Naoyuki |last3=Oota |first3=Hiroki |last4=Wakano |first4=Joe Yuichiro |last5=Feldman |first5=Marcus W. |date=30 August 2023 |title=Infectious diseases may have arrested the southward advance of microblades in Upper Palaeolithic East Asia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=290 |issue=2005 |pages=20231262 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.1262 |pmc=10465978 |pmid=37644833 |quote=A single major migration of modern humans into the continents of Asia and Sahul was strongly supported by earlier studies using mitochondrial DNA, the non-recombining portion of Y chromosomes, and autosomal SNP data [42–45]. Ancestral Ancient South Indians with no West Eurasian relatedness, East Asians, Onge (Andamanese hunter–gatherers) and Papuans all derive in a short evolutionary time from the eastward dispersal of an out-of-Africa population [46,47]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=6 January 2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Mallick et al. found that a well-fitting admixture graph (qpGraph, Box 1) grouped Papuans, Australians, and the Andamanese Onge with East Asians, with additional Denisovan admixture into Papuans and Australians [15]. ... Though present-day Asians and Australasians are more closely related to each other than to present-day Europeans, genetic comparisons highlight deep separations between mainland East and Southeast Asians, island Southeast Asians, and Australasians.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Wadannan al'ummomin an san su da Gabashin Eurasia. Aboriginal Australians suna da alaƙa da sauran [[Osheniya|Oceanians]], kamar su Papuans da [[Mutanen Melanesia|Melanesians]], waɗanda ake kira &quot;Australasians&quot; kuma wanda za'a iya bayyana su a matsayin &quot;dangi mai zurfi na Gabashin Asiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=1 April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/4/889/2838774 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vallini |first=Leonardo |last2=Zampieri |first2=Carlo |last3=Shoaee |first3=Mohamed Javad |last4=Bortolini |first4=Eugenio |last5=Marciani |first5=Giulia |last6=Aneli |first6=Serena |last7=Pievani |first7=Telmo |last8=Benazzi |first8=Stefano |last9=Barausse |first9=Alberto |last10=Mezzavilla |first10=Massimo |last11=Petraglia |first11=Michael D. |last12=Pagani |first12=Luca |date=25 March 2024 |title=The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1882 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1882V |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10963722 |pmid=38528002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake an sanya ranar da aka yarda da ita don bambancin mutane na zamani bayan ƙaura daga Afirka a shekaru 60-50,000 da suka gabata, akwai, duk da haka, shaidar cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya na iya ɗaukar kakanninmu daga asalin ɗan adam na baya (xOoA) wanda ya samo asali 75,000 zuwa 62,000 da suka gabata. Wannan rukuni na baya an kiyasta cewa mai yiwuwa ya ba da gudummawa kusan kashi 2% ga 'yan asalin Australiya na zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taufik |first=Leonard |last2=Teixeira |first2=João C. |last3=Llamas |first3=Bastien |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Tobler |first5=Raymond |last6=Purnomo |first6=Gludhug A. |date=16 December 2022 |title=Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=2373 |doi=10.3390/genes13122373 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9778601 |pmid=36553640 |quote=Genomic data have repeatedly demonstrated that all contemporary non-African AMH populations have diversified from an ancestral AMH group that left Africa between 60–50 kya [28]; however, the initial results from a single deeply sequenced Aboriginal Australian genome derived from a ~100-year-old hair sample proposed that Indigenous Australians also carry substantial AMH ancestry from an earlier African diaspora that originated 75–62 kya [29]. ... though notably a small contribution (~2%) from a deeper AMH source cannot be entirely ruled out [30]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |date=9 March 2021 |title=How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=e2101173118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801173H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101173118 |pmc=7958237 |pmid=33602727 |quote=However, it has often been argued that pioneer groups could have been totally replaced by later demographically dominant waves and thereby, left no genetic trace in extant populations. ... and unless it documents a failed early colonization of Australia, its age is difficult to reconcile with the genetic evidence (9, 12). |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mallick et al. 2016 da Mark Lipson et al. 2017 sun sami rarrabuwa na gabashin Eurasians da Yammacin Eurasians sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 45,000 da suka gabata, tare da 'yan asalin Australiya da ke cikin gabashin Eurasian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mallick |first=Swapan |last2=Li |first2=Heng |last3=Lipson |first3=Mark |last4=Mathieson |first4=Iain |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Reich |first6=David |date=13 October 2016 |title=The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=201–206 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..201M |doi=10.1038/nature18964 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5161557 |pmid=27654912}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=1 April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/4/889/2838774 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboriginal Australians, tare da Papuans, na iya zama 'yar'uwa ce ga wata ƙungiya ta Asiya guda ɗaya da ta ƙunshi AASI, Andamanese da Gabashin Asiya, da kuma cirewa daga Yammacin Eurasia,  ko kuma a madadin haka suna cikin ƙungiyar Gabashin Eurasia ba tare da tsarin cladal mai ƙarfi na ciki game da asalin Asiya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Mayukh |last2=Bertranpetit |first2=Jaume |last3=Lao |first3=Oscar |date=16 January 2019 |title=Approximate Bayesian computation with deep learning supports a third archaic introgression in Asia and Oceania |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=246 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10..246M |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-08089-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6335398 |pmid=30651539 |quote=OOA origin of modern humans, with a Eurasian split between Europeans and the group comprising two subgroups, East Asians, Indian and Andamanese on one hand, and Papuans and Australians on the other.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:PCA_of_Orang_Asli_and_Andamanese_with_world_populations_in_HGDP.png|thumb|PCA na Orang Asli (Semang) da Andamanese, tare da yawan jama'a a duniya a cikin HGDP &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aghakhanian |first=Farhang |date=14 April 2015 |title=Unravelling the Genetic History of Negritos and Indigenous Populations of Southeast Asia |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/5/1206/604030 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=1206–1215 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv065 |pmc=4453060 |pmid=25877615 |access-date=8 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fayil:Noongar_traditional_dancers,_Perth,_Australia.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Masu rawa na gargajiya na Noongar a Perth]]
Bayanan kwayar halitta game da 'yan asalin [[Borneo]] da [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] sun nuna cewa suna da alaƙa da sauran kungiyoyin Asiya, fiye da idan aka kwatanta da kungiyoyin daga Papua New Guinea da Australia. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jama'a a Ostiraliya sun ware na dogon lokaci daga sauran kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sun kasance ba su taɓa shi ba ta hanyar ƙaura da faɗaɗa yawan jama'a a cikin wannan yanki, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Layin Wallace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huoponen2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huoponen |first=Kirsi |last2=Schurr |first2=Theodore G. |last3=Chen |first3=Yu-Sheng |last4=Wallace |first4=Douglas C. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation |journal=Human Immunology |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=954–969 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 |pmid=11543898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Iyaye guda ɗaya ====
[[Haplogroup M-P256|M]]&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Haplogroup S-B254&quot;&gt;S=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;268&quot; href=&quot;./Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup&quot; id=&quot;mwAT4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup&quot;&gt;Y-chromosome haplogroup na yau da kullun tsakanin Aboriginal Australians shine C1b2, sannan haplogrops S da M suka biyo baya; waɗannan haplogramps na ƙarshe ma suna da yawa a tsakanin Papuans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nagle |first=Nano |last2=Ballantyne |first2=Kaye N. |last3=van Oven |first3=Mannis |last4=Tyler-Smith |first4=Chris |last5=Xue |first5=Yali |last6=Taylor |first6=Duncan |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=Turkalov |first9=Rust |last10=van Oorschot |first10=Roland A. H. |last11=McAllister |first11=Peter |last12=Williams |first12=Lesley |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Mitchell |first14=Robert J. |last15=Genographic Consortium |date=30 March 2016 |title=Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26515539/#:~:text=Haplogroups%20C-M347,%20K-,long-term%20presence%20in%20Australia. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=367–381 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22886 |issn=1096-8644 |pmid=26515539}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sauran karatu ====
A cikin binciken shekarar 2001, an tattara samfurori na jini daga wasu Mutanen Warlpiri a Yankin Arewa don nazarin tsarin kwayar halitta (wanda ba wakilin dukkan mutanen Aboriginal a Ostiraliya ba). Binciken ya kammala cewa Warlpiri sun fito ne daga tsoffin Asiya waɗanda DNA ɗin su har yanzu yana cikin ƙungiyoyin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kodayake sun ragu sosai. DNA na Warlpiri ba shi da wasu bayanai da aka samu a cikin kwayoyin halitta na Asiya na zamani, kuma yana ɗauke da bayanan da ba a samu a wasu kwayoyin halitta ba. Wannan yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin keɓewar Aboriginal na dā.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huoponen2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huoponen |first=Kirsi |last2=Schurr |first2=Theodore G. |last3=Chen |first3=Yu-Sheng |last4=Wallace |first4=Douglas C. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation |journal=Human Immunology |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=954–969 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 |pmid=11543898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan kwayoyin halitta da aka fitar a cikin shekarar 2011 ta Morten Rasmussen et al., Wanda ya ɗauki samfurin DNA daga farkon ƙarni na 20 na kulle gashin ɗan Aboriginal, ya gano cewa kakannin Aboriginal tabbas sun yi hijira ta Kudancin Asiya da Maritime kudu maso gabashin Asiya, zuwa Australia, inda suka zauna. Sakamakon haka, a wajen Afirka, al'ummomin Aboriginal sun mamaye yanki ɗaya ci gaba fiye da sauran al'ummomin ɗan adam. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin Australiya na zamani sune zuriyar kai tsaye daga igiyar gabas, wa₦an₦a suka bar Afirka har zuwa shekaru 75,000 da suka wuce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=Morten |last2=Guo |first2=Xiaosen |last3=Wang |first3=Yong |last4=Lohmueller |first4=Kirk E. |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Albrechtsen |first6=Anders |last7=Skotte |first7=Line |last8=Lindgreen |first8=Stinus |last9=Metspalu |first9=Mait |last10=Jombart |first10=Thibaut |display-authors=2 |date=7 October 2011 |title=An Aboriginal Australia Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages=94–98 |bibcode=2011Sci...334...94R |doi=10.1126/science.1211177 |pmc=3991479 |pmid=21940856}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |year=2011 |title=First Aboriginal genome sequenced |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110922/full/news.2011.551.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news.2011.551 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=16 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da binciken binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan da aka gano a kusa da tafkin Mungo wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}}Tunanin &quot;tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba&quot; ya dogara ne akan keɓantawar al'ummomin Aboriginal, &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; ɗan ƙaramin hulɗa da al'adun waje ba kafin tuntuɓar masunta [[Makassar|Makassan]] da masu binciken Dutch har zuwa shekaru 500 da suka wuce.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}

Binciken Rasmussen ya kuma sami shaidar cewa mutanen Aboriginal suna ɗauke da wasu kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da Denisovans (nau'in ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa amma ya bambanta da Neanderthals) na Asiya; binciken ya nuna cewa akwai karuwa a cikin raba allle tsakanin Denisovan da Aboriginal Australian genomes, idan aka kwatanta da sauran Eurasians ko 'yan Afirka. Binciken DNA daga ƙashin yatsa da aka tono a Siberia, masu bincike sun kammala cewa Denisovans sun yi ƙaura daga Siberia zuwa sassan wurare masu zafi na Asiya kuma sun haɗu da mutane na zamani a kudu maso gabashin Asiya shekaru 44,000 BP, kafin Ostiraliya ta rabu da New Guinea kimanin shekaru 11,700 BP. Sun ba da gudummawar DNA ga 'yan asalin Australiya da kuma New Guineans na yanzu da kuma wata kabila ta asali a Philippines da aka sani da Mamanwa . Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da 'yan asalin Australiya a matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin mutanen da ke rayuwa a duniya. Wataƙila su ne tsofaffi a waje da Afirka, kuma suna iya samun al'adun da suka fi tsufa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=DNA confirms Aboriginal culture is one of the Earth's oldest |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest |publisher=Australian Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 a Jami'ar Cambridge ya nuna cewa kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata ne wadannan mutane suka isa Sahul (Babban nahiyar da ta kunshi Australia ta yanzu da tsibirai da New Guinea). Matsayin teku ya tashi kuma ya ware Australia kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, amma Aboriginal Australians da Papuans sun rabu da juna ta hanyar kwayar halitta a baya, kimanin shekaru 37,000 BP, watakila saboda ragowar gadar ƙasa ba za a iya wucewa ba. Wannan keɓewa ya sa mutanen Aboriginal su zama al'adun da suka fi tsufa a duniya. Binciken ya kuma sami shaidar wani rukuni na hominin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke da alaƙa da Denisovans, wanda kakannin Aboriginal da Papuan dole ne su haɗu da su, suna barin alamar kusan 4% a cikin yawancin Aboriginal Australians. Akwai, duk da haka, ƙaruwar bambancin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin 'yan asalin Australiya bisa ga rarraba ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;klein2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=23 September 2016 |title=DNA Study Finds Aboriginal Australians World's Oldest Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/news/dna-study-finds-aboriginal-australians-worlds-oldest-civilization |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=History |publisher=A&amp;E Television Networks |quote=Updated Aug 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malaspinas |first=Anna-Sapfo |last2=Westaway |first2=Michael C. |last3=Muller |first3=Craig |last4=Sousa |first4=Vitor C. |last5=Lao |first5=Oscar |last6=Alves |first6=Isabel |last7=Bergström |first7=Anders |last8=Athanasiadis |first8=Georgios |last9=Cheng |first9=Jade Y. |last10=Crawford |first10=Jacob E. |last11=Heupink |first11=Tim H. |last12=Macholdt |first12=Enrico |last13=Peischl |first13=Stephan |last14=Rasmussen |first14=Simon |last15=Schiffels |first15=Stephan |display-authors=7 |date=13 October 2016 |title=A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=207–214 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..207M |doi=10.1038/nature18299 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=7617037 |pmid=27654914 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Migration_routes_and_their_contribution_to_the_East_Timor_mtDNA_pool.gif|thumb|An kiyasta mazaunin ɗan adam na farko na Oceania tsakanin shekaru 60,000 da 40,000 da suka gabata. Sakamakon archaeogenetic ya nuna mulkin mallaka na kudancin Sahul (Australia) kafin shekaru 37,000 da suka gabata da kuma lokacin shayarwa a arewacin Sahul, sannan ya biyo bayan fadada yamma a cikin Australia bayan kimanin shekaru 28,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=Sibylle M. |last2=Bodner |first2=Martin |last3=Souto |first3=Luis |last4=Zimmermann |first4=Bettina |last5=Huber |first5=Gabriela |last6=Strobl |first6=Christina |last7=Röck |first7=Alexander W. |last8=Achilli |first8=Alessandro |last9=Olivieri |first9=Anna |last10=Torroni |first10=Antonio |last11=Côrte-Real |first11=Francisco |date=14 February 2015 |title=Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=70 |doi=10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=4342813 |pmid=25757516 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Carlhoff et al. 2021 sun bincika samfurin mai farauta da tarawa na Holocene (&quot;Leang Panninge&quot;) daga [[Sulawesi|Kudancin Sulawesi]], wanda ke da alaƙa da adadi mai yawa na kwayar halitta tare da Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jama'a sun rabu da kakannin Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. Hakanan samfurin ya nuna alaƙar kwayar halitta tare da mutanen Gabashin Asiya da mutanen Andaman na Kudancin Asiya. Marubutan sun lura cewa ana iya tsara wannan samfurin mai farauta-mai tarawa tare da ~50% na kakannin Australiya / Papua kuma ko dai tare da ~ 50% na Gabashin Asiya ko Andamanese Onge, yana nuna zurfin rabuwa tsakanin Leang Panninge da Aboriginal / Papuan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carlhoff |first=Selina |last2=Duli |first2=Akin |last3=Nägele |first3=Kathrin |last4=Nur |first4=Muhammad |last5=Skov |first5=Laurits |last6=Sumantri |first6=Iwan |last7=Oktaviana |first7=Adhi Agus |last8=Hakim |first8=Budianto |last9=Burhan |first9=Basran |last10=Syahdar |first10=Fardi Ali |last11=McGahan |first11=David P. |date=2021 |title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea |journal=Nature |volume=596 |issue=7873 |pages=543–547 |bibcode=2021Natur.596..543C |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8387238 |pmid=34433944}}&lt;/ref&gt; [Littafi na 1]

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da Larena et al. A shekarata 2021 suka yi sun gano cewa mutanen Negrito na [[Filipin|Philippines]] sun rabu da kakanninmu na Aboriginal Australians da Papuans kafin biyun suka rabu da juna, amma bayan kakanninsu na yau da kullun ya rabu da kakanninsu da Mutanen Gabashin Asiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larena |first=M |date=March 2021 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=13 |pages=e2026132118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |pmc=8020671 |pmid=33753512 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Larena M, McKenna J, Sanchez-Quinto F, Bernhardsson C, Ebeo C, Reyes R, Casel O, Huang JY, Hagada KP, Guilay D, Reyes J, Allian FP, Mori V, Azarcon LS, Manera A, Terando C, Jamero L, Sireg G, Manginsay-Tremedal R, Labos MS, Vilar RD, Latiph A, Saway RL, Marte E, Magbanua P, Morales A, Java I, Reveche R, Barrios B, Burton E, Salon JC, Kels MJ, Albano A, Cruz-Angeles RB, Molanida E, Granehäll L, Vicente M, Edlund H, Loo JH, Trejaut J, Ho SY, Reid L, Lambeck K, Malmström H, Schlebusch C, Endicott P, Jakobsson M |date=October 2021 |title=Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=19 |pages=4219–4230.e10 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E4219L |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 |pmc=8596304 |pmid=34388371}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canje-canje game da shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata ===
dingo ya isa Ostiraliya kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Kusan wannan lokacin, akwai canje-canje a cikin harshe (tare da dangin harshen Pama-Nyungan da ke yadawa a mafi yawan ƙasar), da kuma fasahar kayan aikin dutse. An yi amfani da ƙananan kayan aiki. Ta haka ne aka ƙaddara hulɗar ɗan adam, kuma an ba da shawarar bayanan kwayar halitta na nau'o'i biyu don tallafawa kwararar kwayar halitta daga Indiya zuwa Ostiraliya: na farko, alamun abubuwan da ke cikin Kudancin Asiya a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar Aboriginal Australia, waɗanda aka ruwaito bisa ga bayanan SNP na ƙwayoyin halitta; kuma na biyu, kasancewar zuriyar Y chromosome (maza), wanda aka tsara haplogroup C, tare da kakanninmu na baya-bayan nan kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=McCarthy |first4=Shane |last5=Pollard |first5=Martin O. |last6=Ayub |first6=Qasim |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=van Oorschot |first9=Roland A. H. |last10=McAllister |first10=Peter |last11=Williams |first11=Lesley |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Mitchell |first13=R. John |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=21 March 2016 |title=Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=809–813 |bibcode=2016CBio...26..809B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 |pmc=4819516 |pmid=26923783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau'in shaidar farko ya fito ne daga binciken shekarar 2013 da Cibiyar Max Planck ta Cibiyar Nazarin Juyin Halitta ta yi amfani da manyan bayanai na genotyping daga tafkin Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, tsibirin Southeast Asians, da Indians. Ya gano cewa kungiyoyin New Guinea da Mamanwa (yankin Philippines) sun rabu da Aboriginal kimanin shekaru 36,000 da suka gabata (akwai shaidar da ke tallafawa cewa waɗannan al'ummomin sun fito ne daga baƙi da suka fara &quot;hanyar kudu&quot; daga Afirka, kafin wasu ƙungiyoyi a yankin).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}Har ila yau, yawan Indiya da Australiya sun haɗu tun kafin hulɗar Turai, tare da wannan kwayar halitta da ke faruwa a lokacin Holocene ({{Circa}} shekaru 4,200 da suka gabata). &lt;ref name=&quot;maxplanck2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pugach |first=Irina |last2=Delfin |first2=Frederick |last3=Gunnarsdóttir |first3=Ellen |last4=Kayser |first4=Manfred |last5=Stoneking |first5=Mark |date=29 January 2013 |title=Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=1803–1808 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.1803P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211927110 |pmc=3562786 |pmid=23319617 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu binciken suna da ra'ayoyi guda biyu game da wannan: ko dai wasu Indiyawa suna da hulɗa da mutane a Indonesia waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka canja waɗannan kwayoyin Indiya zuwa 'yan asalin Australiya, ko kuma ƙungiyar Indiyawa da suka yi ƙaura daga Indiya zuwa Ostiraliya kuma suka haɗu da mazauna yankin kai tsaye.

Marubutan binciken na shekarar 2016 sun kammala cewa, kodayake wannan ba ya ƙaryata kasancewar kowane yaduwar kwayar halitta ta Holocene ko tasirin da ba na kwayar halitta ba daga Kudancin Asiya a wannan lokacin, kuma bayyanar dingo tana ba da hujja mai ƙarfi ga lambobin sadarwa na waje, shaidar gabaɗaya ta dace da cikakkiyar rashin yaduwar kwayoyin halitta, kuma tana nuna asalin asali don canje-canje na fasaha da harshe. Sun danganta bambancin tsakanin sakamakon su da binciken da suka gabata ga ci gaba a fasaha; babu wani daga cikin sauran binciken da ya yi amfani da cikakken Y chromosome sequencing, wanda ke da mafi girman daidaito. Misali, an nuna amfani da hanyar Y STRs goma don rage yawan lokutan bambance-bambance. Gudun kwayoyin halitta a fadin tsibirin da ke da faɗin kilomita 150 (93  Torres Strait, yana da inganci kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar bayanai, kodayake a wannan lokacin ba za a iya tantance shi daga wannan binciken ba lokacin da a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata ya iya faruwa - sabbin dabarun nazari suna da damar magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=McCarthy |first4=Shane |last5=Pollard |first5=Martin O. |last6=Ayub |first6=Qasim |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=van Oorschot |first9=Roland A. H. |last10=McAllister |first10=Peter |last11=Williams |first11=Lesley |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Mitchell |first13=R. John |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=21 March 2016 |title=Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=809–813 |bibcode=2016CBio...26..809B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 |pmc=4819516 |pmid=26923783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rubutun digirin digirinsa na Bergstrom na shekara ta 2018 yana kallon yawan mutanen Sahul ya nuna cewa ban da cakuda kwanan nan, yawan mutanen yankin sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga sauran duniya tun lokacin da suka rabu kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata. Ya rubuta &quot;Babu wata shaida game da kwararar kwayar halitta ta Kudancin Asiya zuwa Ostiraliya .... Duk da cewa Sahul ya kasance ƙasa ɗaya da aka haɗa har zuwa [shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata], ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a duk faɗin Ostiraliya kusan suna da alaƙa da Papuans, kuma akasin haka, kuma biyun sun bayyana sun rabu ta hanyar kwayar halitta tun [kimanin shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata].&amp;nbsp;

=== Daidaitawar muhalli ===
[[Fayil:Alexander_Schramm_-_An_Aboriginal_encampment,_near_the_Adelaide_foothills_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Wani sansanin Aboriginal kusa da tuddai na [[Adelaide]] a cikin zanen 1854 na Alexander Schramm]]
Aboriginal Australians suna da ƙwarewar da aka gada don daidaitawa da yanayin zafi na muhalli a hanyoyi daban-daban. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 1958 wanda ya kwatanta yanayin sanyi a cikin Mutanen Pitjantjatjara da ke zaune a hamada idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar mutanen Turai ya nuna cewa yanayin sanyaya na ƙungiyar Aboriginal ya bambanta da na fararen mutane, kuma sun sami damar yin barci sosai ta hanyar dare mai sanyi na hamada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scholander |first=P. F. |last2=Hammel |first2=H. T. |last3=Hart |first3=J. S. |last4=LeMessurier |first4=D. H. |last5=Steen |first5=J. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 1958 |title=Cold Adaptation in Australian Aborigines |journal=[[Journal of Applied Physiology]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=211–218 |doi=10.1152/jappl.1958.13.2.211 |pmid=13575330}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken Jami'ar Cambridge na  shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa maye gurbi mai amfani a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa thyroxine, hormone da ke da hannu wajen daidaita metabolism na jiki, yana taimakawa wajen dai-daita zafin jiki don amsawa ga zazzabi. Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa mutanen hamada suna iya samun zafin jiki mafi girma ba tare da hanzarta aikin dukan jiki ba, wanda zai iya zama mai cutarwa musamman a cututtukan yara. Wannan yana taimakawa kare mutane don tsira daga tasirin kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Caitlyn Gribbin |date=29 January 2014 |title=Genetic mutation helps Aboriginal people survive tough climate, research finds |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-29/genetic-modification-helps-aboriginal-people-survive-hot-climat/5225742 |website=ABC News |format=text and audio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Qi |first=Xiaoqiang |last2=Chan |first2=Wee Lee |last3=Read |first3=Randy J. |last4=Zhou |first4=Aiwu |last5=Carrell |first5=Robin W. |date=22 March 2014 |title=Temperature-responsive release of thyroxine and its environmental adaptation in Australians |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=281 |issue=1779 |pages=20132747 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2747 |pmc=3924073 |pmid=24478298}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da yawan jama'a ==
Mutanen Aboriginal sun rayu dubban shekaru a [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|nahiyar Ostiraliya]], ta hanyar sauye-sauye daban-daban a cikin ƙasa. Yankin da ke cikin iyakokin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a yau ya haɗa da tsibirin Tasmania, K'gari (a baya Fraser Island) , Hinchinbrook Island, &lt;ref name=&quot;actoss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Preferences in terminology when referring to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples |url=https://www.actcoss.org.au/sites/default/files/public/publications/gulanga-good-practice-guide-preferences-terminology-referring-to-aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-peoples.pdf |access-date=16 December 2019 |series=Gulanga Good Practice Guides |publisher=ACT Council of Social Service Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsibirin Tiwi, Tsibirin Kangaroo da Groote Eylandt . 'Yan asalin tsibirin Torres Strait, duk da haka, ba Aboriginal ba ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00143 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |series=No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41 |publisher=Australian Government |quote=s 3:  Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00083 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |series=No. 150, 1989: Compilation No. 54 |publisher=Australian Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rademaker |first=Laura |date=7 February 2018 |title=Tiwi Christianity: Aboriginal histories, Catholic mission and a surprising conversion |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/tiwi-christianity-aboriginal-histories-catholic-mission-and-a-su/10095012 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=ABC Religion and Ethics |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 86%; margin:2em;&quot;
|+Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da canjin ƙididdiga Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander mutane, 2006-2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=4 April 2023 |title=Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/understanding-change-counts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-census/latest-release |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Ƙididdigar jama'a
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Yawan mutane
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canjin tsakanin jama'a (lambar) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canjin tsakanin jama'a (kashi) 
|-
|2006
|455,028
|45,025
|11.0
|-
|2011
|548,368
|93,340
|20.5
|-
|2016
|649,171
|100,803
|18.4
|-
|2021
|812,728
|163,557
|25.2
|}
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2021, mutanen da suka bayyana kansu a kan ƙididdigar ƙididdigal a matsayin asalin Aboriginal da / ko Torres Strait Islander sun kai 812,728 daga cikin jimlar 25,422,788 'yan Australia, daidai da kashi 3.2% na yawan mutanen Australia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Australia: 2021 census all persons QuickStats |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karuwar mutane 163,557, ko 25.2%, tun ƙididdigun da suka gabata a cikin shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=4 April 2023 |title=Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/understanding-change-counts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-census/latest-release |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan alƙaluma - haihuwa, mutuwa da ƙaura {{Refn|Population change due to overseas migration continued to account for less than 2 per cent of the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander population.}} - sun kai 43.5% na karuwa (mutane 71,086). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This information is too vague. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;da&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;, 76.2% na wannan karuwar an danganta shi ga mutanen da ke da shekaru 0-19 a cikin shekarar 2021, sun lalace a matsayin 52.5% na masu shekaru 0-4 (haihuwa tun daga 2016) da 23.7% na masu shekaru 5-19.  

== Harsuna ==
 
Yawancin mutanen Aboriginal suna magana da Turanci, &lt;ref name=&quot;langstats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=2076.0: Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2016: Main language spoken at home and English proficiency |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/656ea6473a7580bbca258236000c30f7!OpenDocument |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da kalmomin Aboriginal da aka kara don ƙirƙirar Turanci na Aboriginal na Australiya (wanda kuma yana da tasirin tasirin Harsunan Aboriginal a cikin [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] da tsarin nahawu). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it? |url=https://ab-ed.nesa.nsw.edu.au/go/aboriginal-english/what-is-aboriginal-english-like |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=ABED}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar, musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa, suna da harsuna da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;langstats&quot; /&gt; Yawancin asalin harsunan Aboriginal 250-400 (fiye da harsuna 250 da kimanin nau'ikan yare 800 a nahiyar) suna cikin haɗari ko sun ƙare, &lt;ref name=&quot;aiatsis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Indigenous Australian Languages |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/indigenous-australian-languages |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake ana yin wasu ƙoƙari a farfaɗo da harshe ga wasu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, har yanzu yara ne ke samun harsuna 13 na gargajiya, kuma kimanin wasu 100 da tsofaffi ke magana kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Jane |date=20 January 2019 |title=The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often |url=http://theconversation.com/the-state-of-australias-indigenous-languages-and-how-we-can-help-people-speak-them-more-often-109662 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aiatsis&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ==
 
Da yake warwatse a fadin nahiyar Australiya a tsawon lokaci, mutanen zamanin d ̄ a sun fadada kuma sun bambanta zuwa kungiyoyi daban-daban, kowannensu yana da nasa yare da al'adu. Fiye da mutane 400 na asalin Australiya an gano su, an rarrabe su da sunayen da ke nuna yarensu na kakanninmu, yaruka, ko tsarin magana na musamman. A cewar sanannen masanin ilimin ɗan adam, masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi da masanin zamantakewa Harry Lourandos, a tarihi, waɗannan kungiyoyin sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna uku na al'adu, yankunan Arewa, Kudancin da Tsakiya. Yankunan Arewa da Kudancin, suna da wadataccen albarkatun ruwa da na gandun daji, sun fi yawan jama'a fiye da yankin Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lourandos&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Bathurst_Island_men.jpg|right|thumb|Maza daga Tsibirin Bathurst, 1939]]

=== Sunayen da suka danganci ƙasa ===
Akwai wasu sunaye daban-daban daga Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don gano kungiyoyi bisa ga [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]], waɗanda aka sani da aljanu, gami da:

* Anangu a arewacin Kudancin Australia, da yankunan da ke kusa da Yammacin Australia da Yankin Arewa
* Goorie (nau'in furcin da rubutun Koori) a Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland da wasu sassan arewacin New South Wales
* Koori (ko Koorie) a New South Wales da Victoria (Aboriginal Victorians) 
* Murri a Tsakiya da Arewacin Queensland, wani lokacin yana nufin duk Aboriginal Queenslanders
* Nunga a kudancin Kudancin Australia
* Noongar a kudancin Yammacin Australia
* Palawah (ko Pallawah) a Tasmania
* Tiwi a Tsibirin Tiwi daga Arnhem Land (NT) 

=== Wasu misalai na ƙananan rukuni ===
Sauran sunayen rukuni sun dogara ne akan ƙungiyar harshe ko takamaiman yaren da ake magana. Wadannan kuma sun dace da yankuna masu girma daban-daban. Wasu misalai sune:

* Anindilyakwa a kan Groote Eylandt (a kan Arnhem Land), NT
* Arrernte a tsakiyar Ostiraliya &lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bininj a Yammacin Arnhem Land (NT) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garde |first=Murray |title=bininj |url=https://www.njamed.com/#bininj |access-date=20 June 2019 |website=Bininj Kunwok Dictionary |publisher=Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gunggari a kudu maso yammacin Queensland &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Reference |url=http://gunggaripeople.weebly.com/general-reference.html |access-date=29 November 2016 |website=Life and Times of the Gunggari People, QLD (Pathfinder)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muruwari a New South Wales
* Luritja (Kukatja), wani rukuni na Anangu wanda ya dogara da harshe
* Ngunnawal a cikin Babban Birnin Australiya da yankunan da ke kewaye da New South Wales
* Pitjantjatjara, wani rukuni na Anangu wanda ya dogara da harshe
* Wangai a cikin Yammacin Australiya Goldfields
* Warlpiri (Yapa) a yammacin tsakiyar yankin Arewa
* Yamatji a tsakiyar Yammacin Australia
* Yolngu a gabashin Arnhem Land (NT) 

=== Matsalolin da ke bayyana kungiyoyi ===
 
. Koyaya, waɗannan jerin ba cikakke ba ne ko kuma cikakke, kuma akwai haɗuwa. Masana da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sun ɗauki hanyoyi daban-daban wajen ƙoƙarin fahimtar da bayyana al'adun Aboriginal da al'ummomi, wasu suna mai da hankali kan ƙananan matakan (ƙabilar, dangi, da dai sauransu), wasu kuma akan harsuna da al'adun al'adu da suka bazu a manyan yankuna da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. [[Anthropologist|Masana ilimin ɗan adam]] sun gamu da matsaloli da yawa wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana abin da ke ƙunshe da mutanen Aboriginal / al'umma / rukuni / ƙabilar, ba tare da sunayensu ba. Ilimi game da al'adun Aboriginal na mulkin mallaka da ƙungiyoyin al'umma har yanzu sun dogara da fassarorin masu kallo, waɗanda aka tace ta hanyar hanyoyin mulkin mallaka na kallon al'ummomin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Tom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ruwan gishiri, ruwa mai laushi, gandun daji ko mutanen hamada.

== Bayyanawa na asali ==
 

=== Kalmomin ===
Kalmar Aboriginal Australians ta haɗa da mutane da yawa daban-daban waɗanda suka ci gaba a duk faɗin Ostiraliya sama da shekaru 50,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarksonJacobs2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=Chris |last2=Jacobs |first2=Zenobia |last3=Marwick |first3=Ben |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Wallis |first5=Lynley |author-link5=Lynley Wallis |last6=Smith |first6=Mike |last7=Roberts |first7=Richard G. |last8=Hayes |first8=Elspeth |last9=Lowe |first9=Kelsey |last10=Carah |first10=Xavier |last11=Florin |first11=S. Anna |last12=McNeil |first12=Jessica |last13=Cox |first13=Delyth |last14=Arnold |first14=Lee J. |last15=Hua |first15=Quan |display-authors=2 |year=2017 |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4803 |journal=Nature |volume=547 |issue=7663 |pages=306–310 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C |doi=10.1038/nature22968 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=28726833 |s2cid=205257212 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan mutane suna da tarihin kwayoyin halitta, ko da yake yana da rikitarwa,  amma a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata ne kawai aka bayyana su kuma suka fara nuna kansu a matsayin rukuni ɗaya, a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fesl&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fesl |first=Eve D. |author-link=Eve Fesl |year=1986 |title='Aborigine' and 'Aboriginal' |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLawB/1986/39.html |journal=Aboriginal Law Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da yake wasu sun fi son kalmar ''Aboriginal'' zuwa Aboriginal a baya, kamar yadda aka ga ƙarshen yana da asalin nuna bambanci kai tsaye,  amfani da kalmar ''''Aborigine'''' ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke la'akari da kalmar a matsayin mummunan ra'ayi da wariyar launin fata daga zamanin mulkin mallaka na Australia.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Fesl&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Solonec |first=Tammy |date=9 August 2015 |title=Why saying 'Aborigine' isn't OK: 8 facts about Indigenous people in Australia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/08/why-saying-aborigine-isnt-ok-8-facts-about-indigenous-people-in-australia/ |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Amnesty.org |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=Why do media organisations like News Corp, Reuters and The New York Times still use words like 'Aborigines'? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/02/23/why-do-media-organisations-news-corp-reuters-and-new-york-times-still-use-words |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=NITV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anar kalmar ''Aboriginal'' ta canza a tsawon lokaci da wuri, tare da muhimmancin zuriyar iyali, ganewar kai da karɓar al'umma duk suna da muhimmancin daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;AECG Inc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Aboriginality and Identity: Perspectives, Practices and Policies |url=http://www.sectorconnect.org.au/assets/pdf/resources/resourcepg/Aboriginal/Aboriginality_and_Identity_Report_(November_2011).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024319/http://www.sectorconnect.org.au/assets/pdf/resources/resourcepg/Aboriginal/Aboriginality_and_Identity_Report_(November_2011).pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=New South Wales AECG Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Blandy |first=Sarah |last2=Sibley |first2=David |date=2010 |title=Law, boundaries and the production of space |journal=Social &amp; Legal Studies |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=275–284 |doi=10.1177/0964663910372178 |s2cid=145479418}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malbon |first=Justin |date=2003 |title=The Extinguishment of Native Title{{mdash}}The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=310–335 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2003.10854523 |s2cid=147150152}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan asalin Australiya'' tana nufin' yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da mutanen tsibirin Torres Strait, kuma ana amfani da kalmar ne kawai lokacin da aka haɗa kungiyoyi biyu a cikin batun da ake magana, ko kuma ta hanyar nuna kansa ta mutum a matsayin' yan asalin.  (Mutanen tsibirin Torres Strait sun bambanta da ƙabilanci da al'adu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Torres Strait |url=http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1 |access-date=21 October 2019 |website=Torres Strait Shire Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da musayar al'adu mai yawa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin Aboriginal, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2006 |title=Australia Now – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tsibirin Torres na Strait galibi suna cikin Queensland amma suna da matsayi na gwamnati daban. ) Wasu ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan asalin ƙasar'' sun ki amincewa da lakafta su 'yan asalin, a matsayin kalmar wucin gadi da ƙin yarda, saboda wasu mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ba sun kira kansu' yan asalin ƙasar saboda an haife su a Ostiraliya.

=== Al'adu da imani ===
 
'Yan asalin Australiya suna da imani na musamman ga kowane taron jama'a ([[Ƙabila|kabilar]]) kuma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behind-the-dots-of-Aboriginal-Art&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the dots of Aboriginal Art |url=https://www.aboriginal-art-australia.com/aboriginal-art-library/aboriginal-dot-art-behind-the-dots/ |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangaskiyar 'yan asalin Australiya ta zamani cakuda ce mai rikitarwa, ta bambanta da yanki da mutum a fadin nahiyar. An tsara su ne ta hanyar imani na gargajiya, rushewar mulkin mallaka, addinai da Turawa suka kawo nahiyar, da kuma batutuwan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Arlene |last2=Russell-Mundine |first2=Gabrielle |date=18 August 2019 |title=Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |journal=Teaching in Higher Education |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |issn=1356-2517 |s2cid=149824646}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Jenny |date=25 January 2012 |title=The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war |url=https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/77 |journal=Te Kaharoa |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 |issn=1178-6035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da imani na al'adu na gargajiya kuma ana raba su ta hanyar rawa, labarun, waƙoƙi da fasaha - musamman Papunya Tula (zane-zane) - gaba ɗaya suna ba da labarin halitta da aka sani da The Dreamtime . &lt;ref name=&quot;Behind-the-dots-of-Aboriginal-Art&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Jennifer |date=2012 |title=The Altyerre Story-'Suffering Badly by Translation': The Altyerre Story |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x |journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–178 |doi=10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, masu warkarwa na gargajiya sun kasance masu kula da muhimman labarun mafarki da kuma matsayinsu na likita (alal misali Ngangkari a cikin hamada ta Yamma).  Wasu mahimman tsari da jigogi ana raba su a duk faɗin nahiyar tare da cikakkun bayanai da ƙarin abubuwa daban-daban tsakanin harshe da ƙungiyoyin al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt; Misali, a cikin The Dreamtime na yawancin yankuna, ruhu ya halicci duniya sannan ya gaya wa mutane su bi da dabbobi da ƙasa ta hanyar da ta girmama ƙasa. A Yankin Arewa ana yawan cewa wannan babban [[maciji]] ne ko maciji wanda ke tafiya a cikin ƙasa da sama yana yin duwatsu da teku. Amma a wasu wurare ruhohin da suka halicci duniya an san su da ruwan sama da ruhohin ruwa. Manyan ruhohin kakanninmu sun hada da Macijin Rainbow, Baiame, Dirawong da Bunjil. Hakazalika, mutanen Arrernte na tsakiyar Ostiraliya sun yi imanin cewa bil'adama sun samo asali ne daga manyan kakannin da suka kawo rana, iska da ruwan sama sakamakon fashewa a saman Duniya lokacin da suka farka daga barcin su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin lafiya da tattalin arziki ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Saboda rashin amfani da aka ambata a sama, al'ummomin Aboriginal na Australiya suna fuskantar yawan kashe kansa, idan aka kwatanta da al'ummomi marasa asali. Wadannan batutuwan sun samo asali ne daga dalilai daban-daban na musamman ga al'ummomin asali, kamar raunin tarihi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elliott-Farrelly |first=Terri |date=January 2004 |title=Australian Aboriginal suicide: The need for an Aboriginal suicidology? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |journal=Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=138–145 |doi=10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |issn=1446-7984 |s2cid=71578621}}&lt;/ref&gt; rashin fa'ida na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da raguwar samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marrone |first=Sonia |date=July 2007 |title=Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities in health care services among indigenous populations |journal=International Journal of Circumpolar Health |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=188–198 |doi=10.3402/ijch.v66i3.18254 |issn=2242-3982 |pmid=17655060 |s2cid=1720215 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, wannan matsala ta fi shafar matasa 'yan asalin ƙasar, kamar yadda matasa da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasa na iya jin ba su da alaƙa da al'adunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Isaacs |first=Anton |last2=Sutton |first2=Keith |date=16 June 2016 |title=An Aboriginal youth suicide prevention project in rural Victoria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 |journal=Advances in Mental Health |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=118–125 |doi=10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 |issn=1838-7357 |s2cid=77905930}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don yaki da karuwar kashe-kashen kai, masu bincike da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa hada wasu al'adu a cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin kashe-kashin kai zai taimaka wajen yaki da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin al'umma. Bincike da ya gabata ya gano cewa shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar da membobin al'umma da yawa, a zahiri, suna son shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da suka fi sani da al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ridani |first=Rebecca |last2=Shand |first2=Fiona L. |last3=Christensen |first3=Helen |last4=McKay |first4=Kathryn |last5=Tighe |first5=Joe |last6=Burns |first6=Jane |last7=Hunter |first7=Ernest |date=16 September 2014 |title=Suicide Prevention in Australian Aboriginal Communities: A Review of Past and Present Programs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12121 |journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=111–140 |doi=10.1111/sltb.12121 |issn=0363-0234 |pmid=25227155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'adu da suka shafi matasa 'yan asalin sun kalubalanci ra'ayin kashe kansa tsakanin matasa' yan asalin ƙasar, tare da shirye-shirye da yawa na zamantakewa da motsin rai ta amfani da bayanan al'adu don samar da hanyoyin magance da inganta lafiyar hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skerrett |first=Delaney Michael |last2=Gibson |first2=Mandy |last3=Darwin |first3=Leilani |last4=Lewis |first4=Suzie |last5=Rallah |first5=Rahm |last6=De Leo |first6=Diego |date=30 March 2017 |title=Closing the Gap in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth Suicide: A Social-Emotional Wellbeing Service Innovation Project |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1111/ap.12277 |issn=0005-0067 |s2cid=151609217 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murrup-Stewart |first=Cammi |last2=Searle |first2=Amy K. |last3=Jobson |first3=Laura |last4=Adams |first4=Karen |date=16 November 2018 |title=Aboriginal perceptions of social and emotional wellbeing programs: A systematic review of literature assessing social and emotional wellbeing programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians perspectives |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12367 |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=171–186 |doi=10.1111/ap.12367 |issn=0005-0067 |s2cid=150362243}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun al'ummomin da ke nesa ==
[[Fayil:Aboriginal_Australian_women_and_children,_Maloga,_N.S.W.jpg|thumb|Hoton tarihi na mata da yara na Aboriginal Australia, Maloga, New South Wales a kusa da 1900 (a cikin tufafin Turai) ]]
Motsi na tashar na shekarun 1970 da shekarar 1980, lokacin da mutanen Aboriginal suka koma kananan ƙauyuka masu nisa a ƙasar gargajiya, sun kawo fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morice |first=Rodney D. |year=1976 |title=Woman Dancing Dreaming: Psychosocial Benefits of the Aboriginal Outstation Movement |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |publisher=AMPCo |volume=2 |issue=25–26 |pages=939–942 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb115531.x |issn=0025-729X |pmid=1035404 |s2cid=28327004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  amma ba a ba da horo da damar yin aiki a lokuta da yawa ba, kuma tallafi daga gwamnatoci ya ragu a cikin shekarar 2000s, musamman a zamanin Gwamnatin Howard.&lt;ref name=&quot;expch1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Fred}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;expch10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Fred}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke Ostiraliya mai nisa galibi ƙananan ne, garuruwa masu zaman kansu tare da kayan aiki na asali, a kan [[Native title in Australia|ƙasar mallakar gargajiya]]. Wadannan al'ummomin suna da mazauna tsakanin 20 zuwa 300 kuma galibi ana rufe su ga baƙi saboda dalilai na al'adu. Masana da masu tsara manufofi sun tattauna game da yiwuwar al'ummomin Aboriginal a yankunan hamada. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 da [[CSIRO]] ta jaddada muhimmancin ɗaukar tsarin buƙata don ayyuka a cikin ƙauyukan hamada, kuma ta kammala cewa &quot;idan ana ci gaba da sanya mafita daga sama zuwa ƙasa ba tare da godiya ga mahimman direbobi na ƙauyuka a yankunan hamada ba, to waɗancan mafita za su ci gaba da kasancewa masu son kai, kuma ba su da tasiri a cikin dogon lokaci&quot;

== Dubi kuma ==

== Hanyoyin Haɗin Waje ==
 This article incorporates text by Anders Bergström et al. available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

* {{Cite web |date=24 December 2018 |title=Start exploring Australian Aboriginal culture |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/ |website=Creative Spirits}}
* {{Cite web |title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/ |website=AIATSIS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/ |website=AIATSIS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Art of Australia: Understanding its History |url=https://artark.com.au/pages/aboriginal-art-of-australia-understanding-its-history |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=ARTARK}}

== Haɗin waje ==

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{{Reflist}}
[[Fayil:Hut_Eastern_Arrernte_Basedow.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum na Arrernte na Gabas na Gundumar Arltunga, Yankin Arewa, a cikin shekarun 1923. Gidansa an rufe shi da ciyawa.]]
[[Fayil:186_Aboriginal_dwellings_w480.jpg|thumb|Gidajen da ke karɓar iyalai na Aboriginal a Ofishin Jakadancin Hermannsburg, Yankin Arewa, a shekarar 1923]]
Aboriginal Australians su ne 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawancin tsibirai, ban da mutanen da suka bambanta da kabilanci na Torres Strait Islands.

Mutane sun fara ƙaura zuwa [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] shekaru 50,000 zuwa 65,000 da suka gabata, kuma a tsawon lokaci sun kafa ƙungiyoyin harshe 500.&lt;ref name=&quot;socio-cultural&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Traditional sociocultural patterns|encyclopedia=Britannica|year=2023|last1=Berndt|first1=Ronald M.|last2=Tonkinson|first2=Robert|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|location=Chicago|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australian-Aboriginal/Traditional-sociocultural-patterns|access-date=19 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, mutanen Aboriginal sun zauna a kan manyan sassan nahiyar. An ware su a yawancin ƙananan tsibirai da Tasmania lokacin da aka mamaye ƙasar a farkon lokacin Holocene inter-glacial, kimanin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=Patrick |last2=O'Leary |first2=Michael |last3=McDonald |first3=Jo |year=2023 |title=The evolution of Australian island geographies and the emergence and persistence of Indigenous maritime cultures |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=308 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108071 |doi-access=free |article-number=108071}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kuma wannan, mutanen Asalin Austireliya sun ci gaba da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa a cikin nahiyar kuma wasu kungiyoyi sun ci gaba leeral da dangantaka da Torres Strait Islanders da mutanen Makassar na zamanin da ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]].

A cikin dubban shekaru, mutanen Aboriginal sun haɓaka hanyoyin cinikayya masu rikitarwa, alaƙar al'adu, doka ''da'' addinai,&lt;ref name=&quot;socio-cultural&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  waɗanda suka zama wasu daga cikin tsofaffi, kuma mai yiwuwa mafi tsufa, al'adun ci gaba a duniya.  A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai na Ostiraliya, mutanen Aboriginal sun kunshi al'ummomin al'adu masu rikitarwa tare da Harsuna sama da Dari biyu (250)  da kuma digiri daban-daban na fasaha da ƙauyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey |url=http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424032821/http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]] |ref={{harvid|AIATSIS|2014}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harsuna (ko yaruka) da ƙungiyoyin mutane masu alaƙa da harshe suna da alaƙa da yankunan da aka sani da &quot;Ƙasar&quot;, wanda suke da alaƙa mai zurfi ta ruhaniya.

Bangaskiyar Aboriginal ta zamani cakuda ce mai rikitarwa, ta bambanta da yanki da mutum a fadin nahiyar. An kuma tsara su ne ta hanyar imani na gargajiya, rushewar mulkin mallaka, addinai da Turawa suka kawo nahiyar, da kuma batutuwan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Arlene |last2=Russell-Mundine |first2=Gabrielle |date=18 August 2019 |title=Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |journal=Teaching in Higher Education |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |issn=1356-2517 |s2cid=149824646}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Jenny |date=25 January 2012 |title=The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war |url=https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/77 |journal=Te Kaharoa |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 |issn=1178-6035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da imani na al'adu na gargajiya kuma ana raba su ta hanyar rawa, labarun, waƙoƙi, da fasaha waɗanda gaba ɗaya ke haɗa ilimin rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma tsohuwar halitta da aka sani da Mafarki.

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta na ƙungiyoyin Aboriginal suna ci gaba, amma shaidar ta nuna cewa suna da gado na kwayoyin halitta daga tsohuwar Asiya amma ba mutane na zamani ba. Suna da wasu kamanceceniya da Papuans, amma an ware su daga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya na dogon lokaci. Suna da tarihin kwayoyin halitta mai rikitarwa, amma a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata ne wasu suka bayyana su a matsayin, kuma suka fara nuna kansu a matsayin, rukuni ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Profile, Table I01 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halin asalin asalin ya canza a tsawon lokaci da wuri, tare da zuriyar iyali, ganewar kai, da karɓar al'umma duk na muhimmancin daban-daban.

A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2021, mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander sun ƙunshi kashi 3.8% na yawan mutanen Ostiraliya. Yawancin mutanen Aboriginal a yau suna magana da [[Turanci]] kuma suna zaune a birane. Wasu na iya amfani da kalmomi da kalmomi na Aboriginal a cikin Turanci na Aboriginal na Australiya (wanda kuma yana da tasiri na Harsunan Aboriginal cikin [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] da tsarin nahawu). Mutane da yawa amma ba duka ba suna magana da Harsunan gargajiya daban-daban na danginsu da mutanensu. Mutanen Aboriginal, tare da mutanen Torres Strait Islander, suna da mummunar kiwon lafiya da rashi na tattalin arziƙi idan aka kwatanta da al'ummar ƙasar Australiya.

== Asalin ==
 &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:239px;max-width:239px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:1981_event_Australian_aboriginals.jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Masu rawa na Aboriginal na Arnhem Land a cikin 1981&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Glen_Namundja.jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Arnhem Land mai zane Glen Namundja a Injalak Arts[[Injalak Arts|Ayyukan Injalak]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Didgeridoo_(Imagicity_1070).jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Dan wasan [[Didgeridoo]] Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr yana aiki tare da East Journey &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGraves2017&quot;&gt;Graves, Randin (2 June 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa kakannin Aboriginal Australians na yau sun fara ƙaura zuwa nahiyar shekaru 50,000 zuwa 65,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Martin A. J. |last2=Spooner |first2=Nigel A. |last3=McDonnell |first3=Kathryn |last4=O'Connell |first4=James F. |date=January 2021 |title=Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |url-status=live |journal=Geoarchaeology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=92–108 |bibcode=2021Gearc..36...92W |doi=10.1002/gea.21822 |issn=0883-6353 |s2cid=225321249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004091731/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarksonJacobs201722&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=Chris |last2=Jacobs |first2=Zenobia |last3=Marwick |first3=Ben |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Wallis |first5=Lynley |last6=Smith |first6=Mike |last7=Roberts |first7=Richard G. |last8=Hayes |first8=Elspeth |last9=Lowe |first9=Kelsey |last10=Carah |first10=Xavier |last11=Florin |first11=S. Anna |last12=McNeil |first12=Jessica |last13=Cox |first13=Delyth |last14=Arnold |first14=Lee J. |last15=Hua |first15=Quan |year=2017 |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4803 |journal=Nature |volume=547 |issue=7663 |pages=306–310 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C |doi=10.1038/nature22968 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=28726833 |s2cid=205257212 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin genomic ya nuna cewa yawan mutanen Ostiraliya ya faru ne tsakanin shekaru 43,000 zuwa 60,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Jim |last2=O'connell |first2=James F. |date=2020 |title=A different paradigm for the initial colonisation of Sahul |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/arco.5207 |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1002/arco.5207 |issn=1834-4453 |quote=Y-chromosome data show parallel patterns, with deeply rooted Sahul-specific haplogroups C and K diverging from the most closely related non-Sahul lineages c.54 ka and dividing into Australia- and New Guinea-specific lineages c.48–53 ka (Bergstrom et al. 2016).” p5 ... While the chronology of Sahul colonisation remains important, we see no arguable cause-and-effect nexus between when Sahul colonisation ﬁrst occurred and AMH ability to achieve it (cf. Davidson &amp; Noble 1992). If we exclude the extreme age claimed for Madjedbebe (Clarkson et al. 2017) the increasing consensus of available evidence currently puts this event in the range 47–51 ka.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Ray |last2=Rohrlach |first2=Adam |last3=Soubrier |first3=Julien |last4=Bover |first4=Pere |last5=Llamas |first5=Bastien |last6=Tuke |first6=Jonathan |last7=Bean |first7=Nigel |last8=Abdullah-Highfold |first8=Ali |last9=Agius |first9=Shane |last10=O’Donoghue |first10=Amy |last11=O’Loughlin |first11=Isabel |last12=Sutton |first12=Peter |last13=Zilio |first13=Fran |last14=Walshe |first14=Keryn |last15=Williams |first15=Alan N. |date=8 April 2017 |title=Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=544 |issue=7649 |pages=180–184 |bibcode=2017Natur.544..180T |doi=10.1038/nature21416 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=28273067 |quote=The timing of human arrival in Australia was estimated using the age of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the different Australian-only haplogroups, calculated using a molecular clock with substitution rates calibrated with ancient European and Asian mitogenomes18. Although these TMRCA values are likely to be minimal estimates given the limited sampling, they group in a narrow window of time from approximately 43–47 ka (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Figs 2, 3), consistent with previous studies (Supplementary Information). ... The resulting independent estimate for  initial colonization of Sahul, 48.8 ±  1.3 ka, is a close match to the genetic age estimates (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 4).}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taufik |first=Leonard |last2=Teixeira |first2=João C. |last3=Llamas |first3=Bastien |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Tobler |first5=Raymond |last6=Purnomo |first6=Gludhug A. |date=16 December 2022 |title=Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=2373 |doi=10.3390/genes13122373 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9778601 |pmid=36553640 |quote=Genetic inferences suggest that the initial peopling of the region occurred around 50–60 kya, with the separation of Aboriginal Australian and New Guinea populations occurring around the same time [p 6]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |date=9 March 2021 |title=How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=e2101173118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801173H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101173118 |pmc=7958237 |pmid=33602727 |quote=Dating the diversification of present-day lineages of mitochondrial DNA—a part of our genome maternally transmitted—supports a single and rapid dispersal of all ancestral non-African populations less than 55,000 y ago (9). |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Suna iya samun ɗayan tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth's oldest |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=[[Australian Geographic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Arnhem Land a Yankin Arewa, tarihin baki wanda ya ƙunshi labaran da suka haɗa da labaran da aka haɗa da Mutanen Yolngu ta hanyar daruruwan tsararraki. Fasahar dutse ta Aboriginal, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar fasahar zamani, ya nuna cewa al'adunsu sun ci gaba tun daga zamanin d ̄ a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Discover the oldest continuous living culture on Earth |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/plan-your-australian-holiday/northern-territory/oldest-continuous-living-culture/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana tarihin d ̄ a sun yi imanin cewa zai kasance da wahala ga mutanen Aboriginal su samo asali ne kawai daga yankin Asiya, saboda ba su da isasshen mutane da za su yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya da tsibirai da ke kewaye da su don cika farkon girman yawan mutanen da aka gani a ƙarni na 19. Kakannin mutanen Aboriginal na Australiya na yanzu sun yi ƙaura daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta teku a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene, suna mai da su cikin na farko a duniya da suka kammala tafiye-tafiye na teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sun zauna a kan manyan sassan nahiyar Australiya lokacin da matakan teku suka ragu. A wannan lokacin, Australia, Tasmania da New Guinea sun kasance wani ɓangare na wannan ƙasar, wanda aka sani da Sahul . Yayin da matakan teku suka tashi, mutanen da ke kan Ƙasar Australiya da tsibirai da ke kusa da su sun ƙara warewa, wasu a Tasmania da wasu daga cikin ƙananan tsibirai na bakin teku lokacin da ƙasar ta cika da ruwa a farkon Holocene, Lokacin inter-glacial wanda ya fara kimanin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Rebe Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da masu bincike suka yi a shekarar 2021 a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewar Kwarewar Australiya don Biodiversity da Heritage sun tsara hanyoyin ƙaura na mutane yayin da suka ƙaura a fadin [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Nahiyar Australiya]] zuwa kudancinsa da abin da ke yanzu Tasmania, sannan wani ɓangare na ƙasar. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan bayanai daga masu binciken tarihi, masu ilimin ɗan adam, masu ilimin muhalli, masu ilimin kwayoyin halitta, masu ilimin yanayi, masu ilimin ƙasa, da masu ilimin ruwa.

An yi niyyar kwatanta wannan bayanan tare da Tarihin baki na mutanen Aboriginal, gami da labarun Mafarki, fasahar dutse ta Australiya, da siffofin harshe na harsuna da yawa na Aboriginal waɗanda ke nuna yadda mutanen suka bunkasa daban. Hanyoyin, waɗanda marubuta suka kira &quot;superhighways&quot;, suna kama da manyan hanyoyi na yanzu da hanyoyin stock a Ostiraliya.

=== Halitta ===
 &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:235px;max-width:235px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:233px;max-width:233px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png|alt=|231x231px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Matsayi na asali na asalin Australiya tsakanin sauran [[East-Eurasian|Mutanen Gabashin Eurasia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa yawan jama'a da ke fitowa daga Filin Farisa a lokacin farkon lokacin Upper Paleolithic ya mamaye yankin Asiya-Pacific ta hanyar warwatsewar hanyar kudu. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan guguwar ta fadada zuwa yankin Kudancin da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma daga baya ta rabu da sauri zuwa cikin kakannin Tsohon Kudancin Indiya (AASI), Andamanese, Gabashin Asiya, da Australasians, gami da Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=E. Andrew |last2=Liu |first2=Yichen |last3=Fu |first3=Qiaomei |date=3 December 2024 |title=Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/reconstructing-the-human-population-history-of-east-asia-through-ancient-genomics/0524D629660B5E43FC7094C043D54C6A |journal=Elements in Ancient East Asia |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009246675 |isbn=978-1-009-24667-5 |quote=Australasian, one of three deeply branching East Asian lineages (with AASI and ESEA). AA includes modern-day Papuans and Aboriginal Australians.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aoki |first=Kenichi |last2=Takahata |first2=Naoyuki |last3=Oota |first3=Hiroki |last4=Wakano |first4=Joe Yuichiro |last5=Feldman |first5=Marcus W. |date=30 August 2023 |title=Infectious diseases may have arrested the southward advance of microblades in Upper Palaeolithic East Asia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=290 |issue=2005 |pages=20231262 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.1262 |pmc=10465978 |pmid=37644833 |quote=A single major migration of modern humans into the continents of Asia and Sahul was strongly supported by earlier studies using mitochondrial DNA, the non-recombining portion of Y chromosomes, and autosomal SNP data [42–45]. Ancestral Ancient South Indians with no West Eurasian relatedness, East Asians, Onge (Andamanese hunter–gatherers) and Papuans all derive in a short evolutionary time from the eastward dispersal of an out-of-Africa population [46,47]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=6 January 2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Mallick et al. found that a well-fitting admixture graph (qpGraph, Box 1) grouped Papuans, Australians, and the Andamanese Onge with East Asians, with additional Denisovan admixture into Papuans and Australians [15]. ... Though present-day Asians and Australasians are more closely related to each other than to present-day Europeans, genetic comparisons highlight deep separations between mainland East and Southeast Asians, island Southeast Asians, and Australasians.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Wadannan al'ummomin an san su da Gabashin Eurasia. Aboriginal Australians suna da alaƙa da sauran [[Osheniya|Oceanians]], kamar su Papuans da [[Mutanen Melanesia|Melanesians]], waɗanda ake kira &quot;Australasians&quot; kuma wanda za'a iya bayyana su a matsayin &quot;dangi mai zurfi na Gabashin Asiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=1 April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/4/889/2838774 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vallini |first=Leonardo |last2=Zampieri |first2=Carlo |last3=Shoaee |first3=Mohamed Javad |last4=Bortolini |first4=Eugenio |last5=Marciani |first5=Giulia |last6=Aneli |first6=Serena |last7=Pievani |first7=Telmo |last8=Benazzi |first8=Stefano |last9=Barausse |first9=Alberto |last10=Mezzavilla |first10=Massimo |last11=Petraglia |first11=Michael D. |last12=Pagani |first12=Luca |date=25 March 2024 |title=The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1882 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1882V |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10963722 |pmid=38528002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake an sanya ranar da aka yarda da ita don bambancin mutane na zamani bayan ƙaura daga Afirka a shekaru 60-50,000 da suka gabata, akwai, duk da haka, shaidar cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya na iya ɗaukar kakanninmu daga asalin ɗan adam na baya (xOoA) wanda ya samo asali 75,000 zuwa 62,000 da suka gabata. Wannan rukuni na baya an kiyasta cewa mai yiwuwa ya ba da gudummawa kusan kashi 2% ga 'yan asalin Australiya na zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taufik |first=Leonard |last2=Teixeira |first2=João C. |last3=Llamas |first3=Bastien |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Tobler |first5=Raymond |last6=Purnomo |first6=Gludhug A. |date=16 December 2022 |title=Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=2373 |doi=10.3390/genes13122373 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9778601 |pmid=36553640 |quote=Genomic data have repeatedly demonstrated that all contemporary non-African AMH populations have diversified from an ancestral AMH group that left Africa between 60–50 kya [28]; however, the initial results from a single deeply sequenced Aboriginal Australian genome derived from a ~100-year-old hair sample proposed that Indigenous Australians also carry substantial AMH ancestry from an earlier African diaspora that originated 75–62 kya [29]. ... though notably a small contribution (~2%) from a deeper AMH source cannot be entirely ruled out [30]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |date=9 March 2021 |title=How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=e2101173118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801173H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101173118 |pmc=7958237 |pmid=33602727 |quote=However, it has often been argued that pioneer groups could have been totally replaced by later demographically dominant waves and thereby, left no genetic trace in extant populations. ... and unless it documents a failed early colonization of Australia, its age is difficult to reconcile with the genetic evidence (9, 12). |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mallick et al. 2016 da Mark Lipson et al. 2017 sun sami rarrabuwa na gabashin Eurasians da Yammacin Eurasians sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 45,000 da suka gabata, tare da 'yan asalin Australiya da ke cikin gabashin Eurasian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mallick |first=Swapan |last2=Li |first2=Heng |last3=Lipson |first3=Mark |last4=Mathieson |first4=Iain |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Reich |first6=David |date=13 October 2016 |title=The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=201–206 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..201M |doi=10.1038/nature18964 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5161557 |pmid=27654912}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=1 April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/4/889/2838774 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboriginal Australians, tare da Papuans, na iya zama 'yar'uwa ce ga wata ƙungiya ta Asiya guda ɗaya da ta ƙunshi AASI, Andamanese da Gabashin Asiya, da kuma cirewa daga Yammacin Eurasia,  ko kuma a madadin haka suna cikin ƙungiyar Gabashin Eurasia ba tare da tsarin cladal mai ƙarfi na ciki game da asalin Asiya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Mayukh |last2=Bertranpetit |first2=Jaume |last3=Lao |first3=Oscar |date=16 January 2019 |title=Approximate Bayesian computation with deep learning supports a third archaic introgression in Asia and Oceania |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=246 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10..246M |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-08089-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6335398 |pmid=30651539 |quote=OOA origin of modern humans, with a Eurasian split between Europeans and the group comprising two subgroups, East Asians, Indian and Andamanese on one hand, and Papuans and Australians on the other.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:PCA_of_Orang_Asli_and_Andamanese_with_world_populations_in_HGDP.png|thumb|PCA na Orang Asli (Semang) da Andamanese, tare da yawan jama'a a duniya a cikin HGDP &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aghakhanian |first=Farhang |date=14 April 2015 |title=Unravelling the Genetic History of Negritos and Indigenous Populations of Southeast Asia |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/5/1206/604030 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=1206–1215 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv065 |pmc=4453060 |pmid=25877615 |access-date=8 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fayil:Noongar_traditional_dancers,_Perth,_Australia.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Masu rawa na gargajiya na Noongar a Perth]]
Bayanan kwayar halitta game da 'yan asalin [[Borneo]] da [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] sun nuna cewa suna da alaƙa da sauran kungiyoyin Asiya, fiye da idan aka kwatanta da kungiyoyin daga Papua New Guinea da Australia. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jama'a a Ostiraliya sun ware na dogon lokaci daga sauran kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sun kasance ba su taɓa shi ba ta hanyar ƙaura da faɗaɗa yawan jama'a a cikin wannan yanki, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Layin Wallace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huoponen2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huoponen |first=Kirsi |last2=Schurr |first2=Theodore G. |last3=Chen |first3=Yu-Sheng |last4=Wallace |first4=Douglas C. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation |journal=Human Immunology |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=954–969 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 |pmid=11543898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Iyaye guda ɗaya ====
[[Haplogroup M-P256|M]]&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Haplogroup S-B254&quot;&gt;S=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;268&quot; href=&quot;./Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup&quot; id=&quot;mwAT4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup&quot;&gt;Y-chromosome haplogroup na yau da kullun tsakanin Aboriginal Australians shine C1b2, sannan haplogrops S da M suka biyo baya; waɗannan haplogramps na ƙarshe ma suna da yawa a tsakanin Papuans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nagle |first=Nano |last2=Ballantyne |first2=Kaye N. |last3=van Oven |first3=Mannis |last4=Tyler-Smith |first4=Chris |last5=Xue |first5=Yali |last6=Taylor |first6=Duncan |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=Turkalov |first9=Rust |last10=van Oorschot |first10=Roland A. H. |last11=McAllister |first11=Peter |last12=Williams |first12=Lesley |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Mitchell |first14=Robert J. |last15=Genographic Consortium |date=30 March 2016 |title=Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26515539/#:~:text=Haplogroups%20C-M347,%20K-,long-term%20presence%20in%20Australia. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=367–381 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22886 |issn=1096-8644 |pmid=26515539}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sauran karatu ====
A cikin binciken shekarar 2001, an tattara samfurori na jini daga wasu Mutanen Warlpiri a Yankin Arewa don nazarin tsarin kwayar halitta (wanda ba wakilin dukkan mutanen Aboriginal a Ostiraliya ba). Binciken ya kammala cewa Warlpiri sun fito ne daga tsoffin Asiya waɗanda DNA ɗin su har yanzu yana cikin ƙungiyoyin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kodayake sun ragu sosai. DNA na Warlpiri ba shi da wasu bayanai da aka samu a cikin kwayoyin halitta na Asiya na zamani, kuma yana ɗauke da bayanan da ba a samu a wasu kwayoyin halitta ba. Wannan yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin keɓewar Aboriginal na dā.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huoponen2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huoponen |first=Kirsi |last2=Schurr |first2=Theodore G. |last3=Chen |first3=Yu-Sheng |last4=Wallace |first4=Douglas C. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation |journal=Human Immunology |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=954–969 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 |pmid=11543898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan kwayoyin halitta da aka fitar a cikin shekarar 2011 ta Morten Rasmussen et al., Wanda ya ɗauki samfurin DNA daga farkon ƙarni na 20 na kulle gashin ɗan Aboriginal, ya gano cewa kakannin Aboriginal tabbas sun yi hijira ta Kudancin Asiya da Maritime kudu maso gabashin Asiya, zuwa Australia, inda suka zauna. Sakamakon haka, a wajen Afirka, al'ummomin Aboriginal sun mamaye yanki ɗaya ci gaba fiye da sauran al'ummomin ɗan adam. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin Australiya na zamani sune zuriyar kai tsaye daga igiyar gabas, wa₦an₦a suka bar Afirka har zuwa shekaru 75,000 da suka wuce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=Morten |last2=Guo |first2=Xiaosen |last3=Wang |first3=Yong |last4=Lohmueller |first4=Kirk E. |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Albrechtsen |first6=Anders |last7=Skotte |first7=Line |last8=Lindgreen |first8=Stinus |last9=Metspalu |first9=Mait |last10=Jombart |first10=Thibaut |display-authors=2 |date=7 October 2011 |title=An Aboriginal Australia Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages=94–98 |bibcode=2011Sci...334...94R |doi=10.1126/science.1211177 |pmc=3991479 |pmid=21940856}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |year=2011 |title=First Aboriginal genome sequenced |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110922/full/news.2011.551.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news.2011.551 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=16 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da binciken binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan da aka gano a kusa da tafkin Mungo wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}}Tunanin &quot;tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba&quot; ya dogara ne akan keɓantawar al'ummomin Aboriginal, &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; ɗan ƙaramin hulɗa da al'adun waje ba kafin tuntuɓar masunta [[Makassar|Makassan]] da masu binciken Dutch har zuwa shekaru 500 da suka wuce.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}

Binciken Rasmussen ya kuma sami shaidar cewa mutanen Aboriginal suna ɗauke da wasu kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da Denisovans (nau'in ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa amma ya bambanta da Neanderthals) na Asiya; binciken ya nuna cewa akwai karuwa a cikin raba allle tsakanin Denisovan da Aboriginal Australian genomes, idan aka kwatanta da sauran Eurasians ko 'yan Afirka. Binciken DNA daga ƙashin yatsa da aka tono a Siberia, masu bincike sun kammala cewa Denisovans sun yi ƙaura daga Siberia zuwa sassan wurare masu zafi na Asiya kuma sun haɗu da mutane na zamani a kudu maso gabashin Asiya shekaru 44,000 BP, kafin Ostiraliya ta rabu da New Guinea kimanin shekaru 11,700 BP. Sun ba da gudummawar DNA ga 'yan asalin Australiya da kuma New Guineans na yanzu da kuma wata kabila ta asali a Philippines da aka sani da Mamanwa . Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da 'yan asalin Australiya a matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin mutanen da ke rayuwa a duniya. Wataƙila su ne tsofaffi a waje da Afirka, kuma suna iya samun al'adun da suka fi tsufa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=DNA confirms Aboriginal culture is one of the Earth's oldest |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest |publisher=Australian Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 a Jami'ar Cambridge ya nuna cewa kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata ne wadannan mutane suka isa Sahul (Babban nahiyar da ta kunshi Australia ta yanzu da tsibirai da New Guinea). Matsayin teku ya tashi kuma ya ware Australia kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, amma Aboriginal Australians da Papuans sun rabu da juna ta hanyar kwayar halitta a baya, kimanin shekaru 37,000 BP, watakila saboda ragowar gadar ƙasa ba za a iya wucewa ba. Wannan keɓewa ya sa mutanen Aboriginal su zama al'adun da suka fi tsufa a duniya. Binciken ya kuma sami shaidar wani rukuni na hominin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke da alaƙa da Denisovans, wanda kakannin Aboriginal da Papuan dole ne su haɗu da su, suna barin alamar kusan 4% a cikin yawancin Aboriginal Australians. Akwai, duk da haka, ƙaruwar bambancin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin 'yan asalin Australiya bisa ga rarraba ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;klein2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=23 September 2016 |title=DNA Study Finds Aboriginal Australians World's Oldest Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/news/dna-study-finds-aboriginal-australians-worlds-oldest-civilization |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=History |publisher=A&amp;E Television Networks |quote=Updated Aug 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malaspinas |first=Anna-Sapfo |last2=Westaway |first2=Michael C. |last3=Muller |first3=Craig |last4=Sousa |first4=Vitor C. |last5=Lao |first5=Oscar |last6=Alves |first6=Isabel |last7=Bergström |first7=Anders |last8=Athanasiadis |first8=Georgios |last9=Cheng |first9=Jade Y. |last10=Crawford |first10=Jacob E. |last11=Heupink |first11=Tim H. |last12=Macholdt |first12=Enrico |last13=Peischl |first13=Stephan |last14=Rasmussen |first14=Simon |last15=Schiffels |first15=Stephan |display-authors=7 |date=13 October 2016 |title=A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=207–214 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..207M |doi=10.1038/nature18299 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=7617037 |pmid=27654914 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Migration_routes_and_their_contribution_to_the_East_Timor_mtDNA_pool.gif|thumb|An kiyasta mazaunin ɗan adam na farko na Oceania tsakanin shekaru 60,000 da 40,000 da suka gabata. Sakamakon archaeogenetic ya nuna mulkin mallaka na kudancin Sahul (Australia) kafin shekaru 37,000 da suka gabata da kuma lokacin shayarwa a arewacin Sahul, sannan ya biyo bayan fadada yamma a cikin Australia bayan kimanin shekaru 28,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=Sibylle M. |last2=Bodner |first2=Martin |last3=Souto |first3=Luis |last4=Zimmermann |first4=Bettina |last5=Huber |first5=Gabriela |last6=Strobl |first6=Christina |last7=Röck |first7=Alexander W. |last8=Achilli |first8=Alessandro |last9=Olivieri |first9=Anna |last10=Torroni |first10=Antonio |last11=Côrte-Real |first11=Francisco |date=14 February 2015 |title=Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=70 |doi=10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=4342813 |pmid=25757516 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Carlhoff et al. 2021 sun bincika samfurin mai farauta da tarawa na Holocene (&quot;Leang Panninge&quot;) daga [[Sulawesi|Kudancin Sulawesi]], wanda ke da alaƙa da adadi mai yawa na kwayar halitta tare da Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jama'a sun rabu da kakannin Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. Hakanan samfurin ya nuna alaƙar kwayar halitta tare da mutanen Gabashin Asiya da mutanen Andaman na Kudancin Asiya. Marubutan sun lura cewa ana iya tsara wannan samfurin mai farauta-mai tarawa tare da ~50% na kakannin Australiya / Papua kuma ko dai tare da ~ 50% na Gabashin Asiya ko Andamanese Onge, yana nuna zurfin rabuwa tsakanin Leang Panninge da Aboriginal / Papuan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carlhoff |first=Selina |last2=Duli |first2=Akin |last3=Nägele |first3=Kathrin |last4=Nur |first4=Muhammad |last5=Skov |first5=Laurits |last6=Sumantri |first6=Iwan |last7=Oktaviana |first7=Adhi Agus |last8=Hakim |first8=Budianto |last9=Burhan |first9=Basran |last10=Syahdar |first10=Fardi Ali |last11=McGahan |first11=David P. |date=2021 |title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea |journal=Nature |volume=596 |issue=7873 |pages=543–547 |bibcode=2021Natur.596..543C |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8387238 |pmid=34433944}}&lt;/ref&gt; [Littafi na 1]

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da Larena et al. A shekarata 2021 suka yi sun gano cewa mutanen Negrito na [[Filipin|Philippines]] sun rabu da kakanninmu na Aboriginal Australians da Papuans kafin biyun suka rabu da juna, amma bayan kakanninsu na yau da kullun ya rabu da kakanninsu da Mutanen Gabashin Asiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larena |first=M |date=March 2021 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=13 |pages=e2026132118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |pmc=8020671 |pmid=33753512 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Larena M, McKenna J, Sanchez-Quinto F, Bernhardsson C, Ebeo C, Reyes R, Casel O, Huang JY, Hagada KP, Guilay D, Reyes J, Allian FP, Mori V, Azarcon LS, Manera A, Terando C, Jamero L, Sireg G, Manginsay-Tremedal R, Labos MS, Vilar RD, Latiph A, Saway RL, Marte E, Magbanua P, Morales A, Java I, Reveche R, Barrios B, Burton E, Salon JC, Kels MJ, Albano A, Cruz-Angeles RB, Molanida E, Granehäll L, Vicente M, Edlund H, Loo JH, Trejaut J, Ho SY, Reid L, Lambeck K, Malmström H, Schlebusch C, Endicott P, Jakobsson M |date=October 2021 |title=Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=19 |pages=4219–4230.e10 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E4219L |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 |pmc=8596304 |pmid=34388371}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canje-canje game da shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata ===
dingo ya isa Ostiraliya kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Kusan wannan lokacin, akwai canje-canje a cikin harshe (tare da dangin harshen Pama-Nyungan da ke yadawa a mafi yawan ƙasar), da kuma fasahar kayan aikin dutse. An yi amfani da ƙananan kayan aiki. Ta haka ne aka ƙaddara hulɗar ɗan adam, kuma an ba da shawarar bayanan kwayar halitta na nau'o'i biyu don tallafawa kwararar kwayar halitta daga Indiya zuwa Ostiraliya: na farko, alamun abubuwan da ke cikin Kudancin Asiya a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar Aboriginal Australia, waɗanda aka ruwaito bisa ga bayanan SNP na ƙwayoyin halitta; kuma na biyu, kasancewar zuriyar Y chromosome (maza), wanda aka tsara haplogroup C, tare da kakanninmu na baya-bayan nan kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=McCarthy |first4=Shane |last5=Pollard |first5=Martin O. |last6=Ayub |first6=Qasim |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=van Oorschot |first9=Roland A. H. |last10=McAllister |first10=Peter |last11=Williams |first11=Lesley |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Mitchell |first13=R. John |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=21 March 2016 |title=Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=809–813 |bibcode=2016CBio...26..809B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 |pmc=4819516 |pmid=26923783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau'in shaidar farko ya fito ne daga binciken shekarar 2013 da Cibiyar Max Planck ta Cibiyar Nazarin Juyin Halitta ta yi amfani da manyan bayanai na genotyping daga tafkin Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, tsibirin Southeast Asians, da Indians. Ya gano cewa kungiyoyin New Guinea da Mamanwa (yankin Philippines) sun rabu da Aboriginal kimanin shekaru 36,000 da suka gabata (akwai shaidar da ke tallafawa cewa waɗannan al'ummomin sun fito ne daga baƙi da suka fara &quot;hanyar kudu&quot; daga Afirka, kafin wasu ƙungiyoyi a yankin).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}Har ila yau, yawan Indiya da Australiya sun haɗu tun kafin hulɗar Turai, tare da wannan kwayar halitta da ke faruwa a lokacin Holocene ({{Circa}} shekaru 4,200 da suka gabata). &lt;ref name=&quot;maxplanck2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pugach |first=Irina |last2=Delfin |first2=Frederick |last3=Gunnarsdóttir |first3=Ellen |last4=Kayser |first4=Manfred |last5=Stoneking |first5=Mark |date=29 January 2013 |title=Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=1803–1808 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.1803P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211927110 |pmc=3562786 |pmid=23319617 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu binciken suna da ra'ayoyi guda biyu game da wannan: ko dai wasu Indiyawa suna da hulɗa da mutane a Indonesia waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka canja waɗannan kwayoyin Indiya zuwa 'yan asalin Australiya, ko kuma ƙungiyar Indiyawa da suka yi ƙaura daga Indiya zuwa Ostiraliya kuma suka haɗu da mazauna yankin kai tsaye.

Marubutan binciken na shekarar 2016 sun kammala cewa, kodayake wannan ba ya ƙaryata kasancewar kowane yaduwar kwayar halitta ta Holocene ko tasirin da ba na kwayar halitta ba daga Kudancin Asiya a wannan lokacin, kuma bayyanar dingo tana ba da hujja mai ƙarfi ga lambobin sadarwa na waje, shaidar gabaɗaya ta dace da cikakkiyar rashin yaduwar kwayoyin halitta, kuma tana nuna asalin asali don canje-canje na fasaha da harshe. Sun danganta bambancin tsakanin sakamakon su da binciken da suka gabata ga ci gaba a fasaha; babu wani daga cikin sauran binciken da ya yi amfani da cikakken Y chromosome sequencing, wanda ke da mafi girman daidaito. Misali, an nuna amfani da hanyar Y STRs goma don rage yawan lokutan bambance-bambance. Gudun kwayoyin halitta a fadin tsibirin da ke da faɗin kilomita 150 (93  Torres Strait, yana da inganci kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar bayanai, kodayake a wannan lokacin ba za a iya tantance shi daga wannan binciken ba lokacin da a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata ya iya faruwa - sabbin dabarun nazari suna da damar magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=McCarthy |first4=Shane |last5=Pollard |first5=Martin O. |last6=Ayub |first6=Qasim |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=van Oorschot |first9=Roland A. H. |last10=McAllister |first10=Peter |last11=Williams |first11=Lesley |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Mitchell |first13=R. John |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=21 March 2016 |title=Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=809–813 |bibcode=2016CBio...26..809B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 |pmc=4819516 |pmid=26923783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rubutun digirin digirinsa na Bergstrom na shekara ta 2018 yana kallon yawan mutanen Sahul ya nuna cewa ban da cakuda kwanan nan, yawan mutanen yankin sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga sauran duniya tun lokacin da suka rabu kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata. Ya rubuta &quot;Babu wata shaida game da kwararar kwayar halitta ta Kudancin Asiya zuwa Ostiraliya .... Duk da cewa Sahul ya kasance ƙasa ɗaya da aka haɗa har zuwa [shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata], ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a duk faɗin Ostiraliya kusan suna da alaƙa da Papuans, kuma akasin haka, kuma biyun sun bayyana sun rabu ta hanyar kwayar halitta tun [kimanin shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata].&amp;nbsp;

=== Daidaitawar muhalli ===
[[Fayil:Alexander_Schramm_-_An_Aboriginal_encampment,_near_the_Adelaide_foothills_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Wani sansanin Aboriginal kusa da tuddai na [[Adelaide]] a cikin zanen 1854 na Alexander Schramm]]
Aboriginal Australians suna da ƙwarewar da aka gada don daidaitawa da yanayin zafi na muhalli a hanyoyi daban-daban. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 1958 wanda ya kwatanta yanayin sanyi a cikin Mutanen Pitjantjatjara da ke zaune a hamada idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar mutanen Turai ya nuna cewa yanayin sanyaya na ƙungiyar Aboriginal ya bambanta da na fararen mutane, kuma sun sami damar yin barci sosai ta hanyar dare mai sanyi na hamada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scholander |first=P. F. |last2=Hammel |first2=H. T. |last3=Hart |first3=J. S. |last4=LeMessurier |first4=D. H. |last5=Steen |first5=J. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 1958 |title=Cold Adaptation in Australian Aborigines |journal=[[Journal of Applied Physiology]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=211–218 |doi=10.1152/jappl.1958.13.2.211 |pmid=13575330}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken Jami'ar Cambridge na  shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa maye gurbi mai amfani a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa thyroxine, hormone da ke da hannu wajen daidaita metabolism na jiki, yana taimakawa wajen dai-daita zafin jiki don amsawa ga zazzabi. Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa mutanen hamada suna iya samun zafin jiki mafi girma ba tare da hanzarta aikin dukan jiki ba, wanda zai iya zama mai cutarwa musamman a cututtukan yara. Wannan yana taimakawa kare mutane don tsira daga tasirin kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Caitlyn Gribbin |date=29 January 2014 |title=Genetic mutation helps Aboriginal people survive tough climate, research finds |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-29/genetic-modification-helps-aboriginal-people-survive-hot-climat/5225742 |website=ABC News |format=text and audio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Qi |first=Xiaoqiang |last2=Chan |first2=Wee Lee |last3=Read |first3=Randy J. |last4=Zhou |first4=Aiwu |last5=Carrell |first5=Robin W. |date=22 March 2014 |title=Temperature-responsive release of thyroxine and its environmental adaptation in Australians |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=281 |issue=1779 |pages=20132747 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2747 |pmc=3924073 |pmid=24478298}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da yawan jama'a ==
Mutanen Aboriginal sun rayu dubban shekaru a [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|nahiyar Ostiraliya]], ta hanyar sauye-sauye daban-daban a cikin ƙasa. Yankin da ke cikin iyakokin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a yau ya haɗa da tsibirin Tasmania, K'gari (a baya Fraser Island) , Hinchinbrook Island, &lt;ref name=&quot;actoss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Preferences in terminology when referring to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples |url=https://www.actcoss.org.au/sites/default/files/public/publications/gulanga-good-practice-guide-preferences-terminology-referring-to-aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-peoples.pdf |access-date=16 December 2019 |series=Gulanga Good Practice Guides |publisher=ACT Council of Social Service Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsibirin Tiwi, Tsibirin Kangaroo da Groote Eylandt . 'Yan asalin tsibirin Torres Strait, duk da haka, ba Aboriginal ba ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00143 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |series=No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41 |publisher=Australian Government |quote=s 3:  Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00083 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |series=No. 150, 1989: Compilation No. 54 |publisher=Australian Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rademaker |first=Laura |date=7 February 2018 |title=Tiwi Christianity: Aboriginal histories, Catholic mission and a surprising conversion |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/tiwi-christianity-aboriginal-histories-catholic-mission-and-a-su/10095012 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=ABC Religion and Ethics |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 86%; margin:2em;&quot;
|+Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da canjin ƙididdiga Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander mutane, 2006-2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=4 April 2023 |title=Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/understanding-change-counts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-census/latest-release |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Ƙididdigar jama'a
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Yawan mutane
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canjin tsakanin jama'a (lambar) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canjin tsakanin jama'a (kashi) 
|-
|2006
|455,028
|45,025
|11.0
|-
|2011
|548,368
|93,340
|20.5
|-
|2016
|649,171
|100,803
|18.4
|-
|2021
|812,728
|163,557
|25.2
|}
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2021, mutanen da suka bayyana kansu a kan ƙididdigar ƙididdigal a matsayin asalin Aboriginal da / ko Torres Strait Islander sun kai 812,728 daga cikin jimlar 25,422,788 'yan Australia, daidai da kashi 3.2% na yawan mutanen Australia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Australia: 2021 census all persons QuickStats |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karuwar mutane 163,557, ko 25.2%, tun ƙididdigun da suka gabata a cikin shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=4 April 2023 |title=Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/understanding-change-counts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-census/latest-release |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan alƙaluma - haihuwa, mutuwa da ƙaura {{Refn|Population change due to overseas migration continued to account for less than 2 per cent of the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander population.}} - sun kai 43.5% na karuwa (mutane 71,086). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This information is too vague. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;da&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;, 76.2% na wannan karuwar an danganta shi ga mutanen da ke da shekaru 0-19 a cikin shekarar 2021, sun lalace a matsayin 52.5% na masu shekaru 0-4 (haihuwa tun daga 2016) da 23.7% na masu shekaru 5-19.  

== Harsuna ==
 
Yawancin mutanen Aboriginal suna magana da Turanci, &lt;ref name=&quot;langstats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=2076.0: Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2016: Main language spoken at home and English proficiency |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/656ea6473a7580bbca258236000c30f7!OpenDocument |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da kalmomin Aboriginal da aka kara don ƙirƙirar Turanci na Aboriginal na Australiya (wanda kuma yana da tasirin tasirin Harsunan Aboriginal a cikin [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] da tsarin nahawu). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it? |url=https://ab-ed.nesa.nsw.edu.au/go/aboriginal-english/what-is-aboriginal-english-like |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=ABED}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar, musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa, suna da harsuna da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;langstats&quot; /&gt; Yawancin asalin harsunan Aboriginal 250-400 (fiye da harsuna 250 da kimanin nau'ikan yare 800 a nahiyar) suna cikin haɗari ko sun ƙare, &lt;ref name=&quot;aiatsis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Indigenous Australian Languages |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/indigenous-australian-languages |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake ana yin wasu ƙoƙari a farfaɗo da harshe ga wasu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, har yanzu yara ne ke samun harsuna 13 na gargajiya, kuma kimanin wasu 100 da tsofaffi ke magana kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Jane |date=20 January 2019 |title=The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often |url=http://theconversation.com/the-state-of-australias-indigenous-languages-and-how-we-can-help-people-speak-them-more-often-109662 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aiatsis&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ==
 
Da yake warwatse a fadin nahiyar Australiya a tsawon lokaci, mutanen zamanin d ̄ a sun fadada kuma sun bambanta zuwa kungiyoyi daban-daban, kowannensu yana da nasa yare da al'adu. Fiye da mutane 400 na asalin Australiya an gano su, an rarrabe su da sunayen da ke nuna yarensu na kakanninmu, yaruka, ko tsarin magana na musamman. A cewar sanannen masanin ilimin ɗan adam, masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi da masanin zamantakewa Harry Lourandos, a tarihi, waɗannan kungiyoyin sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna uku na al'adu, yankunan Arewa, Kudancin da Tsakiya. Yankunan Arewa da Kudancin, suna da wadataccen albarkatun ruwa da na gandun daji, sun fi yawan jama'a fiye da yankin Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lourandos&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Bathurst_Island_men.jpg|right|thumb|Maza daga Tsibirin Bathurst, 1939]]

=== Sunayen da suka danganci ƙasa ===
Akwai wasu sunaye daban-daban daga Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don gano kungiyoyi bisa ga [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]], waɗanda aka sani da aljanu, gami da:

* Anangu a arewacin Kudancin Australia, da yankunan da ke kusa da Yammacin Australia da Yankin Arewa
* Goorie (nau'in furcin da rubutun Koori) a Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland da wasu sassan arewacin New South Wales
* Koori (ko Koorie) a New South Wales da Victoria (Aboriginal Victorians) 
* Murri a Tsakiya da Arewacin Queensland, wani lokacin yana nufin duk Aboriginal Queenslanders
* Nunga a kudancin Kudancin Australia
* Noongar a kudancin Yammacin Australia
* Palawah (ko Pallawah) a Tasmania
* Tiwi a Tsibirin Tiwi daga Arnhem Land (NT) 

=== Wasu misalai na ƙananan rukuni ===
Sauran sunayen rukuni sun dogara ne akan ƙungiyar harshe ko takamaiman yaren da ake magana. Wadannan kuma sun dace da yankuna masu girma daban-daban. Wasu misalai sune:

* Anindilyakwa a kan Groote Eylandt (a kan Arnhem Land), NT
* Arrernte a tsakiyar Ostiraliya &lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bininj a Yammacin Arnhem Land (NT) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garde |first=Murray |title=bininj |url=https://www.njamed.com/#bininj |access-date=20 June 2019 |website=Bininj Kunwok Dictionary |publisher=Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gunggari a kudu maso yammacin Queensland &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Reference |url=http://gunggaripeople.weebly.com/general-reference.html |access-date=29 November 2016 |website=Life and Times of the Gunggari People, QLD (Pathfinder)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muruwari a New South Wales
* Luritja (Kukatja), wani rukuni na Anangu wanda ya dogara da harshe
* Ngunnawal a cikin Babban Birnin Australiya da yankunan da ke kewaye da New South Wales
* Pitjantjatjara, wani rukuni na Anangu wanda ya dogara da harshe
* Wangai a cikin Yammacin Australiya Goldfields
* Warlpiri (Yapa) a yammacin tsakiyar yankin Arewa
* Yamatji a tsakiyar Yammacin Australia
* Yolngu a gabashin Arnhem Land (NT) 

=== Matsalolin da ke bayyana kungiyoyi ===
 
. Koyaya, waɗannan jerin ba cikakke ba ne ko kuma cikakke, kuma akwai haɗuwa. Masana da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sun ɗauki hanyoyi daban-daban wajen ƙoƙarin fahimtar da bayyana al'adun Aboriginal da al'ummomi, wasu suna mai da hankali kan ƙananan matakan (ƙabilar, dangi, da dai sauransu), wasu kuma akan harsuna da al'adun al'adu da suka bazu a manyan yankuna da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. [[Anthropologist|Masana ilimin ɗan adam]] sun gamu da matsaloli da yawa wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana abin da ke ƙunshe da mutanen Aboriginal / al'umma / rukuni / ƙabilar, ba tare da sunayensu ba. Ilimi game da al'adun Aboriginal na mulkin mallaka da ƙungiyoyin al'umma har yanzu sun dogara da fassarorin masu kallo, waɗanda aka tace ta hanyar hanyoyin mulkin mallaka na kallon al'ummomin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Tom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ruwan gishiri, ruwa mai laushi, gandun daji ko mutanen hamada.

== Bayyanawa na asali ==
 

=== Kalmomin ===
Kalmar Aboriginal Australians ta haɗa da mutane da yawa daban-daban waɗanda suka ci gaba a duk faɗin Ostiraliya sama da shekaru 50,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarksonJacobs2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=Chris |last2=Jacobs |first2=Zenobia |last3=Marwick |first3=Ben |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Wallis |first5=Lynley |author-link5=Lynley Wallis |last6=Smith |first6=Mike |last7=Roberts |first7=Richard G. |last8=Hayes |first8=Elspeth |last9=Lowe |first9=Kelsey |last10=Carah |first10=Xavier |last11=Florin |first11=S. Anna |last12=McNeil |first12=Jessica |last13=Cox |first13=Delyth |last14=Arnold |first14=Lee J. |last15=Hua |first15=Quan |display-authors=2 |year=2017 |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4803 |journal=Nature |volume=547 |issue=7663 |pages=306–310 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C |doi=10.1038/nature22968 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=28726833 |s2cid=205257212 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan mutane suna da tarihin kwayoyin halitta, ko da yake yana da rikitarwa,  amma a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata ne kawai aka bayyana su kuma suka fara nuna kansu a matsayin rukuni ɗaya, a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fesl&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fesl |first=Eve D. |author-link=Eve Fesl |year=1986 |title='Aborigine' and 'Aboriginal' |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLawB/1986/39.html |journal=Aboriginal Law Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da yake wasu sun fi son kalmar ''Aboriginal'' zuwa Aboriginal a baya, kamar yadda aka ga ƙarshen yana da asalin nuna bambanci kai tsaye,  amfani da kalmar ''''Aborigine'''' ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke la'akari da kalmar a matsayin mummunan ra'ayi da wariyar launin fata daga zamanin mulkin mallaka na Australia.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Fesl&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Solonec |first=Tammy |date=9 August 2015 |title=Why saying 'Aborigine' isn't OK: 8 facts about Indigenous people in Australia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/08/why-saying-aborigine-isnt-ok-8-facts-about-indigenous-people-in-australia/ |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Amnesty.org |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=Why do media organisations like News Corp, Reuters and The New York Times still use words like 'Aborigines'? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/02/23/why-do-media-organisations-news-corp-reuters-and-new-york-times-still-use-words |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=NITV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anar kalmar ''Aboriginal'' ta canza a tsawon lokaci da wuri, tare da muhimmancin zuriyar iyali, ganewar kai da karɓar al'umma duk suna da muhimmancin daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;AECG Inc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Aboriginality and Identity: Perspectives, Practices and Policies |url=http://www.sectorconnect.org.au/assets/pdf/resources/resourcepg/Aboriginal/Aboriginality_and_Identity_Report_(November_2011).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024319/http://www.sectorconnect.org.au/assets/pdf/resources/resourcepg/Aboriginal/Aboriginality_and_Identity_Report_(November_2011).pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=New South Wales AECG Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Blandy |first=Sarah |last2=Sibley |first2=David |date=2010 |title=Law, boundaries and the production of space |journal=Social &amp; Legal Studies |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=275–284 |doi=10.1177/0964663910372178 |s2cid=145479418}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malbon |first=Justin |date=2003 |title=The Extinguishment of Native Title{{mdash}}The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=310–335 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2003.10854523 |s2cid=147150152}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan asalin Australiya'' tana nufin' yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da mutanen tsibirin Torres Strait, kuma ana amfani da kalmar ne kawai lokacin da aka haɗa kungiyoyi biyu a cikin batun da ake magana, ko kuma ta hanyar nuna kansa ta mutum a matsayin' yan asalin.  (Mutanen tsibirin Torres Strait sun bambanta da ƙabilanci da al'adu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Torres Strait |url=http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1 |access-date=21 October 2019 |website=Torres Strait Shire Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da musayar al'adu mai yawa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin Aboriginal, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2006 |title=Australia Now – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tsibirin Torres na Strait galibi suna cikin Queensland amma suna da matsayi na gwamnati daban. ) Wasu ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan asalin ƙasar'' sun ki amincewa da lakafta su 'yan asalin, a matsayin kalmar wucin gadi da ƙin yarda, saboda wasu mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ba sun kira kansu' yan asalin ƙasar saboda an haife su a Ostiraliya.

=== Al'adu da imani ===
 
'Yan asalin Australiya suna da imani na musamman ga kowane taron jama'a ([[Ƙabila|kabilar]]) kuma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behind-the-dots-of-Aboriginal-Art&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the dots of Aboriginal Art |url=https://www.aboriginal-art-australia.com/aboriginal-art-library/aboriginal-dot-art-behind-the-dots/ |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangaskiyar 'yan asalin Australiya ta zamani cakuda ce mai rikitarwa, ta bambanta da yanki da mutum a fadin nahiyar. An tsara su ne ta hanyar imani na gargajiya, rushewar mulkin mallaka, addinai da Turawa suka kawo nahiyar, da kuma batutuwan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Arlene |last2=Russell-Mundine |first2=Gabrielle |date=18 August 2019 |title=Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |journal=Teaching in Higher Education |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |issn=1356-2517 |s2cid=149824646}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Jenny |date=25 January 2012 |title=The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war |url=https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/77 |journal=Te Kaharoa |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 |issn=1178-6035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da imani na al'adu na gargajiya kuma ana raba su ta hanyar rawa, labarun, waƙoƙi da fasaha - musamman Papunya Tula (zane-zane) - gaba ɗaya suna ba da labarin halitta da aka sani da The Dreamtime . &lt;ref name=&quot;Behind-the-dots-of-Aboriginal-Art&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Jennifer |date=2012 |title=The Altyerre Story-'Suffering Badly by Translation': The Altyerre Story |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x |journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–178 |doi=10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, masu warkarwa na gargajiya sun kasance masu kula da muhimman labarun mafarki da kuma matsayinsu na likita (alal misali Ngangkari a cikin hamada ta Yamma).  Wasu mahimman tsari da jigogi ana raba su a duk faɗin nahiyar tare da cikakkun bayanai da ƙarin abubuwa daban-daban tsakanin harshe da ƙungiyoyin al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt; Misali, a cikin The Dreamtime na yawancin yankuna, ruhu ya halicci duniya sannan ya gaya wa mutane su bi da dabbobi da ƙasa ta hanyar da ta girmama ƙasa. A Yankin Arewa ana yawan cewa wannan babban [[maciji]] ne ko maciji wanda ke tafiya a cikin ƙasa da sama yana yin duwatsu da teku. Amma a wasu wurare ruhohin da suka halicci duniya an san su da ruwan sama da ruhohin ruwa. Manyan ruhohin kakanninmu sun hada da Macijin Rainbow, Baiame, Dirawong da Bunjil. Hakazalika, mutanen Arrernte na tsakiyar Ostiraliya sun yi imanin cewa bil'adama sun samo asali ne daga manyan kakannin da suka kawo rana, iska da ruwan sama sakamakon fashewa a saman Duniya lokacin da suka farka daga barcin su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin lafiya da tattalin arziki ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Saboda rashin amfani da aka ambata a sama, al'ummomin Aboriginal na Australiya suna fuskantar yawan kashe kansa, idan aka kwatanta da al'ummomi marasa asali. Wadannan batutuwan sun samo asali ne daga dalilai daban-daban na musamman ga al'ummomin asali, kamar raunin tarihi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elliott-Farrelly |first=Terri |date=January 2004 |title=Australian Aboriginal suicide: The need for an Aboriginal suicidology? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |journal=Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=138–145 |doi=10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |issn=1446-7984 |s2cid=71578621}}&lt;/ref&gt; rashin fa'ida na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da raguwar samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marrone |first=Sonia |date=July 2007 |title=Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities in health care services among indigenous populations |journal=International Journal of Circumpolar Health |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=188–198 |doi=10.3402/ijch.v66i3.18254 |issn=2242-3982 |pmid=17655060 |s2cid=1720215 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, wannan matsala ta fi shafar matasa 'yan asalin ƙasar, kamar yadda matasa da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasa na iya jin ba su da alaƙa da al'adunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Isaacs |first=Anton |last2=Sutton |first2=Keith |date=16 June 2016 |title=An Aboriginal youth suicide prevention project in rural Victoria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 |journal=Advances in Mental Health |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=118–125 |doi=10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 |issn=1838-7357 |s2cid=77905930}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don yaki da karuwar kashe-kashen kai, masu bincike da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa hada wasu al'adu a cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin kashe-kashin kai zai taimaka wajen yaki da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin al'umma. Bincike da ya gabata ya gano cewa shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar da membobin al'umma da yawa, a zahiri, suna son shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da suka fi sani da al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ridani |first=Rebecca |last2=Shand |first2=Fiona L. |last3=Christensen |first3=Helen |last4=McKay |first4=Kathryn |last5=Tighe |first5=Joe |last6=Burns |first6=Jane |last7=Hunter |first7=Ernest |date=16 September 2014 |title=Suicide Prevention in Australian Aboriginal Communities: A Review of Past and Present Programs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12121 |journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=111–140 |doi=10.1111/sltb.12121 |issn=0363-0234 |pmid=25227155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'adu da suka shafi matasa 'yan asalin sun kalubalanci ra'ayin kashe kansa tsakanin matasa' yan asalin ƙasar, tare da shirye-shirye da yawa na zamantakewa da motsin rai ta amfani da bayanan al'adu don samar da hanyoyin magance da inganta lafiyar hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skerrett |first=Delaney Michael |last2=Gibson |first2=Mandy |last3=Darwin |first3=Leilani |last4=Lewis |first4=Suzie |last5=Rallah |first5=Rahm |last6=De Leo |first6=Diego |date=30 March 2017 |title=Closing the Gap in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth Suicide: A Social-Emotional Wellbeing Service Innovation Project |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1111/ap.12277 |issn=0005-0067 |s2cid=151609217 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murrup-Stewart |first=Cammi |last2=Searle |first2=Amy K. |last3=Jobson |first3=Laura |last4=Adams |first4=Karen |date=16 November 2018 |title=Aboriginal perceptions of social and emotional wellbeing programs: A systematic review of literature assessing social and emotional wellbeing programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians perspectives |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12367 |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=171–186 |doi=10.1111/ap.12367 |issn=0005-0067 |s2cid=150362243}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun al'ummomin da ke nesa ==
[[Fayil:Aboriginal_Australian_women_and_children,_Maloga,_N.S.W.jpg|thumb|Hoton tarihi na mata da yara na Aboriginal Australia, Maloga, New South Wales a kusa da 1900 (a cikin tufafin Turai) ]]
Motsi na tashar na shekarun 1970 da shekarar 1980, lokacin da mutanen Aboriginal suka koma kananan ƙauyuka masu nisa a ƙasar gargajiya, sun kawo fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morice |first=Rodney D. |year=1976 |title=Woman Dancing Dreaming: Psychosocial Benefits of the Aboriginal Outstation Movement |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |publisher=AMPCo |volume=2 |issue=25–26 |pages=939–942 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb115531.x |issn=0025-729X |pmid=1035404 |s2cid=28327004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  amma ba a ba da horo da damar yin aiki a lokuta da yawa ba, kuma tallafi daga gwamnatoci ya ragu a cikin shekarar 2000s, musamman a zamanin Gwamnatin Howard.&lt;ref name=&quot;expch1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Fred}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;expch10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Fred}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke Ostiraliya mai nisa galibi ƙananan ne, garuruwa masu zaman kansu tare da kayan aiki na asali, a kan [[Native title in Australia|ƙasar mallakar gargajiya]]. Wadannan al'ummomin suna da mazauna tsakanin 20 zuwa 300 kuma galibi ana rufe su ga baƙi saboda dalilai na al'adu. Masana da masu tsara manufofi sun tattauna game da yiwuwar al'ummomin Aboriginal a yankunan hamada. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 da [[CSIRO]] ta jaddada muhimmancin ɗaukar tsarin buƙata don ayyuka a cikin ƙauyukan hamada, kuma ta kammala cewa &quot;idan ana ci gaba da sanya mafita daga sama zuwa ƙasa ba tare da godiya ga mahimman direbobi na ƙauyuka a yankunan hamada ba, to waɗancan mafita za su ci gaba da kasancewa masu son kai, kuma ba su da tasiri a cikin dogon lokaci&quot;

== Dubi kuma ==

== Hanyoyin Haɗin Waje ==
 This article incorporates text by Anders Bergström et al. available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

* {{Cite web |date=24 December 2018 |title=Start exploring Australian Aboriginal culture |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/ |website=Creative Spirits}}
* {{Cite web |title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/ |website=AIATSIS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/ |website=AIATSIS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Art of Australia: Understanding its History |url=https://artark.com.au/pages/aboriginal-art-of-australia-understanding-its-history |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=ARTARK}}

== Manazarta ==

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'''Kgothatso Montjane''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 1986) 'yar wasan tennis ce na keken hannu na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin shekarar 2024, ta zama bakar fata ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da ta yi nasara a Wimbledon lokacin da ta lashe gasar wasan keken guragu sau biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vardien |first=Tashreeq |title=Wimbledon glory for SA's Montjane in wheelchair women's doubles |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/tennis/wimbledon/wimbledon-glory-for-sas-montjane-in-wheelchair-womens-doubles-with-kamiji-of-japan-20240714 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Sport |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Montjane a Seshego a gefen Polokwane, Limpopo tare da rashin lafiya na haihuwa wanda ya shafi hannayenta biyu da ƙafa tare da ɗayan ƙafar da aka yanke ta shekaru 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;stampa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Kgothatso Montjane, l'atleta sudafricana che sogna di fare la storia del tennis in carrozzina |trans-title=Kgothatso Montjane, the South African athlete who dreams of making the history of Wheelchair Tennis |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2016/09/10/sport/kgothatso-montjane-latleta-sudafricana-che-sogna-di-fare-la-storia-del-tennis-in-carrozzina-NujG879WFSOUze5mQAWq2H/pagina.html |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=lastampa.it |publisher=[[La Stampa]] |language=Italian |archive-date=September 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914085600/http://www.lastampa.it/2016/09/10/sport/kgothatso-montjane-latleta-sudafricana-che-sogna-di-fare-la-storia-del-tennis-in-carrozzina-NujG879WFSOUze5mQAWq2H/pagina.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
[[Fayil:Kgothatso Montjane KM US Open 2017.jpg|left|thumb| Montjane a 2017 US Open]]
Montjane ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan tennis ce na keken hannu wanda aka sanya ta a cikin manyan 'yan wasa 10 na ITF. Matsayinta mafi girma shine ta kasance 5 a duniya a shekarar 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;ITF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kgothatso Montjane ITF profile |url=http://www.itftennis.com/wheelchair/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100099915 |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=itftennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa ta a matsayin gwarzuwar ‘yar wasan naƙasassu ta Afirka ta Kudu sau uku, a shekarun 2005, 2011 da 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2011 |title=South African Sports Awards honours top performers |url=http://www.gov.za/south-african-sports-awards-honours-top-performers |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=gov.zaa |publisher=[[South African Government]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Montjane tana riƙe da taken (titles) guda 29 kuma ta lashe gasa kamar wasan keken hannu Belgian Open da Swiss Open. &lt;ref name=&quot;ITF&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kgothatso Montjane wins Swiss Open |url=http://citizen.co.za/435902/kgothatso-montjane-wins-swiss-open/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224043600/http://citizen.co.za/435902/kgothatso-montjane-wins-swiss-open/ |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=citizen.co.za |publisher=[[The Citizen (South Africa)|The Citizen]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ta yi nasara a cikin nau'i-nau'i, inda ta yi nasara, da sauransu, Belgian Open a shekarar 2015 tare da Jordanne Whiley. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jordanne Whiley: Wimbledon champion wins sixth title of 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/33777305 |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=bbc.com |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2013 da 2014, ta shiga cikin matsayi na 3 daga cikin gasa na Grand Slam 4, Australian Open, Roland Garros da US Open, inda ta sami damar kaiwa matakin kwata fainal da na kusa da na karshe a cikin 'yan wasa guda da na kusa da na ƙarshe a duk gasa ta biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kgothatso Montjane Player Profile Australien Open |url=http://www.ausopen.com/en_AU/players/overview/wwc000034.html |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=ausopen.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kasance memba a cikin tawagar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 2008, [[2012 Summer Paralympics|2012]] da 2016 Summer Paralympics, amma ba ta iya samun lambar yabo ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lucas Sithole Remains South Africa's Last Tennis Hope At Paralympics |url=http://afkinsider.com/132583/lucas-sithole-remains-south-africas-last-tennis-hope-at-paralympics/ |access-date=September 14, 2013 |website=afkinsider.com }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;stampa&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2016 |title=Wheelchair tennis quartet ready for Rio |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/84d1b1804d9c837181d1fbcfeb4bc468/Wheelchair-tennis-quartet-ready-for-Rio-20162407 |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=sabc.co.za |publisher=[[South African Broadcasting Corporation]]}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kasancewarta 'yar wasan nakasassu, ta kasance 'yar wasan cin kofin duniya ta 2009 da 2011 a Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2013 |title=Kgothatso Montjane |url=http://africastyledaily.com/sports/2013/07/08/kgothatso-montjane-wheelchair-tennis-star-defeats-odds-and-makes-history/ |access-date=July 14, 2013 |website=africastyledaily.com |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903105453/http://africastyledaily.com/sports/2013/07/08/kgothatso-montjane-wheelchair-tennis-star-defeats-odds-and-makes-history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa's sports awards nominees are announced |url=http://www.southafrica.info/news/sport/sports-awards-nominess-091115.htm |access-date=September 14, 2013 |website=southafrica.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Matlou named Sportswoman of the Year |url=http://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/matlou-named-sportswoman-year |access-date=September 14, 2013 |website=sanews.gov.za |publisher=Official government News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2018, ta sami nasarar cancantar shiga gasar Wimbledon mai daraja, a matsayin mace baƙar fata ta farko ta Afirka ta Kudu da ta yi hakan. A wannan shekarar, ta kuma shiga gasar US Open, don haka ta zama 'yar wasan tennis ta keken hannu ta farko a Afirka da ta samu tikitin shiga gasar Grand Slam guda huɗu a cikin wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;espn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kgothatso Montjane found wheelchair tennis and it opened up a whole new world |url=http://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/page/wheelchair-0906/2018-us-open-kgothatso-montjane-found-wheelchair-tennis-opened-whole-new-world-us-open |access-date=March 9, 2019 |website=espn.com |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2021, ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Grand Slam na farko a cikin guda kuma ta ninka sau biyu a Wimbledon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sibembe |first=Yanga |date=2021-07-12 |title=Double disappointment at Wimbledon for history-making tennis star Kgothatso Montjane |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-07-12-double-disappointment-at-wimbledon-for-history-making-tennis-star-kgothatso-montjane/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2023, ta lashe gasar French Open da US Open na keken hannu tare da abokin tarayya Yui Kamiji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beckett-Msiza |first=Janice |title=Kgothatso Montjane reflects on winning two Grand Slams in one year: ‘It came as a surprise’ |url=https://www.news24.com/you/news/local/kgothatso-montjane-reflects-on-winning-two-grand-slams-in-one-year-it-came-as-a-surprise-20231002-2 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=You |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar karshe ta Grand Slam ==

=== Masu keken guragu: 1 (1 wacce ta zo ta biyu) ===
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! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot; | Surface
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| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; | Asara
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| Ciyawa
|{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Diede de Groot|Sunan mahaifi Groot]]
| 2–6, 2–6
|}

=== Sau biyu na keken guragu: 11 (3 titles, wacce ta zo ta 8) ===
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; 
!Result
!Year
! style=&quot;width:130px;&quot; |Championship
! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot; |Surface
! style=&quot;width:160px;&quot; |Partner
! style=&quot;width:160px;&quot; |Opponents
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:150px;&quot; |Score
|- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2019
|US Open
|Hard
|{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Sabine Ellerbrock]]
|{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Diede de Groot]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Aniek van Koot]]
|2–6, 0–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffcc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2021
|Australian Open
|Hard
|{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Lucy Shuker]]
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Jiske Griffioen]]
|4–6, 1–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ccffcc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2021
|Wimbledon
|Grass
|{{Flagicon|GBR}} Lucy Shuker
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Yui Kamiji]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Jordanne Whiley]]
|0–6, 6–7&lt;sup&gt;(0–7)&lt;/sup&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#ebc2af;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2022
|French Open
|Clay
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Yui Kamiji
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} Aniek van Koot
|6–7&lt;sup&gt;(5–7)&lt;/sup&gt;, 6–1, [8–10]
|- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2022
|US Open
|Hard
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Yui Kamiji
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} Aniek van Koot
|2–6, 2–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ebc2af;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|2023
|French Open
|Clay
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Yui Kamiji
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|ARG}} María Florencia Moreno
|6–2, 6–3
|- style=&quot;background:#ccffcc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2023
|Wimbledon
|Grass
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Yui Kamiji
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} Jiske Griffioen
|1–6, 4–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|2023
|US Open
|Hard
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Yui Kamiji
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} Jiske Griffioen
|''walkover''
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffcc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2024
|Australian Open
|Hard
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Yui Kamiji
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} Jiske Griffioen
|3–6, 6–7&lt;sup&gt;(2–7)&lt;/sup&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#ebc2af;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2024
|French Open
|Clay
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Yui Kamiji
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} Aniek van Koot
|7–6&lt;sup&gt;(8–6)&lt;/sup&gt;, 6–7&lt;sup&gt;(2–7)&lt;/sup&gt;, [4–10]
|- style=&quot;background:#ccffcc;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#98fb98&quot; |Win
|2024
|Wimbledon
|Grass
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} Yui Kamiji
|{{Flagicon|NED}} Diede de Groot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NED}} Jiske Griffioen
|6-4, 6-4
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jova Kamateeka</title>
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'''Jovah Kamateeka''' wacce kuma aka sani da '''Kamateeka Jovah Karamagi''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Maris 1954) 'yar siyasar ƙasar [[Uganda]] ce kuma mai gudanarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=353 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=KAMATEEKA JOVAH KARAMAGI |url=https://nrm.co.ug/staff/kamateeka-jovah-karamagi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803093611/https://nrm.co.ug/staff/kamateeka-jovah-karamagi/ |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=NRM - NETTECH RELIABLE MEDIA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce Wakiliyar Mata ta gundumar Mitooma kuma tana da alaƙa da jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=It's a time bomb! MP Kamateeka concerned over use of hate speech ahead of 2021 elections |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/tag/ms-jovah-kamateeka |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gen Otafiire supporters injured in campaign fight |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/gen-otafiire-supporters-injured-in-campaign-fight-1637926 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaɓen shekarun 2021-2026, Jovah ta sha kaye a zaɓen a hannun Juliet Agasha Bashisha wacce ita ce wakiliyar mata ta gundumar Mitooma a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar siyasa ta NRM. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jovah Kamateeka Archives |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/jovah-kamateeka/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JOVAH KAMATEEKA DR, CANON, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, Mitooma |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=412 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin ilimi ==
A shekarar 1966, ta kammala Jarabawar Firamare a Makarantar Mitooma Boys Primary sannan ta shiga Bwerayangi Girls Senior Secondary School for Uganda Certificate of Education a shekarar 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A cikin shekarar 1972, ta kammala karatunta na ci gaba na Ilimin Uganda daga [[Makarantar Sakandare ta Gayaza|makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] don samun BA/ DIP ED (1976) kuma ta dawo a shekarar 1982 don samun Master of Arts. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarar 1985, an ba ta takardar shedar Shari'a (Course Officers Law Course) daga Cibiyar Bunƙasa Shari'a, [[Kampala]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ta shiga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda]] a shekarar 1993 don samun Diploma a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a &amp; Gudanarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarar 1994, ta shiga RIPA don samun Takaddun shaida a Tsarin Ayyuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta yi rajista a Master of Business Administration a ESAMI kuma ta kammala shi a shekarar 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarar 2010, an bai wa Jovah Masters na Nazarin Gudanarwa daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar aiki kafin shiga siyasa ==
A tsakanin shekarun 1982 zuwa 1988, ta yi aiki a [[Office of the President (Uganda)|ofishin shugaban ƙasa]]  a matsayin mataimakiyar sakatare. Daga baya ta shiga Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Makamashi tsakanin shekarun 1989-1990 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar Sakatare. Jovah ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar Sakatare a Hukumar Tsarin Mulki (1990-1993), da Ma'aikatar Ƙananan Hukumomi (1993 - 1997). Ta yi aiki a gidan gwamnati a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar  Sakatare daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 1999. Daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2010, ta kasance mataimakiyar Sakatare a Hukumar Gyara Dokokin Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwar Siyasa ==
Daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2021, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa a majalisa ta 9 da ta 10 ta Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ta yi aiki a kan Professional Body a matsayin cikakkiyar memba a African Association of Public Admin &amp; Management and Common Wealth ASS for Public Admin &amp; Management. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ita ce shugabar kwamitin kare hakkin ɗan Adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jovah Kamateeka |url=https://chimpreports.com/tag/jovah-kamateeka/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin kasuwanci da kwamitin kuɗi, tsare-tsare da ci gaban tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ita mamba ce a kwamitin harkokin shari'a da majalisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admini |title=Parliament Passes The Probate Resealing Bill 2019, Aimed at Easing Administering Of Property Across Borders – theinsider.ug |url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2021/03/18/parliament-passes-the-probate-resealing-bill-2019-aimed-at-easing-administering-of-property-across-borders/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729130152/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2021/03/18/parliament-passes-the-probate-resealing-bill-2019-aimed-at-easing-administering-of-property-across-borders/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes law on missing persons |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/94909 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Jovah Kamateeka bazawara ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Abubuwan sha'awarta sune karatu da haɗuwa da mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Jovah tana da sha'awa na musamman a cikin nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda take yi daga All Saints Mitooma Women DEV ASS, Hosting home cell, da Tallafin marayu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ita ce memba na majalisar jami'a Awist, memba na majalisar diocesan West Ankole kuma shugabar hukumar lafiya ta yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma na Uganda
* Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na tara
* Mitooma
* National Resistance Movement
* Majalisar Uganda
* Dan majalisa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Karolina Widerström</title>
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Karolina Olivia Widerström (10 Disamba 1856 - 4 Maris 1949) likita ce ta Sweden kuma likitan mata . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta samu ilimin jami'a a kasarta. Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ra'ayin mata kuma 'yar siyasa, kuma ta tsunduma cikin tambayoyin ilimin jima'i da zaben mata. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar mata ta kasa kuma memba a majalisar birnin Stockholm.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Karolina_Widerström_001.jpg|left|thumb| Karolina Widerström]]
An haifi Karolina Widerström a Helsingborg a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1856, ita ce ɗa tilo ga Olivia Erika Dillén kuma malamin gymnastics kuma likitan dabbobi Otto Fredrik Widerström. Iyalin sun koma Stockholm a 1873. Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a 1909, ta zauna tare da malami kuma shugabar mata Maria Aspman (1865-1944). 

An shigar da mata a hukumance a jami'o'i a Sweden a cikin 1870. Mahaifin Widerström ya so ta zama malamin motsa jiki kamar kansa. A cikin 1873-1875, Karolina Widerström daliba ce a Cibiyar Gymnastics ta Royal Central, kuma a cikin 1875-1877, ta kasance mataimakiyar Farfesa Branting. Ta kasance mai aiki a matsayin likitan motsa jiki . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karolina Olivia Widerström |url=https://skbl.se/en/article/KarolinaWiderstrom |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=[[Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 1879, ta sami digiri a ''Wallinska skolan'' kuma a 1880 ta sami digiri a falsafar likitanci a jami'a a Uppsala. A watan Mayu 1884, ta sami digiri na likita a ''Cibiyar Karolinska'' a Stockholm. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Aikin likita ==
Widerström yana son mata da ’yan mata su sani game da jikinsu, su yi ado da kyau, kuma su sami haƙƙoƙi da dama kamar maza. Ta kasance mai himma musamman a fannin likitan mata da lafiyar mata. Ayyukan da aka fi sani da ita a cikin filinta shine ''Kvinnohygien'' ('Tsarin Mata'), wanda aka fara bugawa a 1899, kuma an sake buga shi a cikin bugu bakwai har zuwa 1932. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan aiki ==
Dogaro da lafiyar mata da aka bayar, ita ce mai tallafawa mai goyon baya da karfi na Sweden Dress da karfi da karfi a cikin rubuce labaran lafiya, wanda a lokacin da ya kasance mummunan batun lafiya. 

Daga kimanin shekara ta 1900, Widerström ya kasance mai himma a cikin gwagwarmayar kawar da abin da ake kira reglementation na karuwai, wato rajistar tilastawa da kuma jarrabawa na yau da kullum game da cututtuka na karuwai, tsarin da aka yi muhawara sosai tsakanin masu rajin kare hakkin mata a lokacin, wanda ya shirya a cikin ''Svenska Federationen'' don adawa da shi.

== Harkokin siyasa ==
An zaɓi Karolina Widström a matsayin majalisar birnin Stockholm a 1912 don masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1915. An zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta Sweden a shekara ta 1918, shekara daya kafin a ba wa mata damar kada kuri’a a kasar Sweden a shekara ta 1919, kuma ta zama shugabar mata ta karshe lokacin da ta sauka daga mukaminta bayan da aka rushe kungiyar a shekarar 1921, lokacin da manufar kungiyar ta cika kuma dukkan jinsin biyu sun yi amfani da ‘yancin kada kuri’a a zaben 1921.

== Duba kuma ==

* Charlotte Yhlen, likita mace ta farko ta Sweden wacce ta sauke karatu daga jami'a (ko da yake a wannan yanayin, a ƙasashen waje)
* Hedda Andersson, likita mace ta biyu a Sweden
* Emmy Rappe, ƙwararriyar ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Sweden ta farko
* Astrid Björkman, mace ta farko a Sweden babban likita kuma manajan asibiti
* Anna Stecksén, mace ta farko ta Sweden don kare karatun digiri a cikin magani

== Manazarta ==

== Tushe ==

* Lena Hammarberg, ''Karolina Widerström - mai tsara jima'i och föreningskvinna''
* ''Tarihi na Svensk: Oscar II och hans tid, 1872–1907'', [[Erik Lindorm]] 1936 s.231
* ''Sveriges befolkning 1890'', ( CD-ROM ) Riksarkivet 2003
* [http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/biografier/ Rösträtt, biografier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103004132/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/biografier/ |date=2012-11-03 }}
* Lundberg, Anna (2008). Läkarnas blanka vapen: svensk smittskyddslagstiftning da historiskt perspektiv. Läkarnas blanka vapen: svensk smittskyddslagstiftning da historiskt perspektiv. Sid. 85. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-85509-08-9|978-91-85509-08-9]]

== Kara karantawa ==

* Karolina Widerström at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
[[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1856]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1949]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Mary Karooro Okurut</title>
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'''Mary Busingye Karoro Okurut''' (an Haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1954 kuma ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2025), wacce aka fi sani da '''Mary Karoro Okurut''', malama ce 'yar [[Uganda]], marubuciya kuma 'yar siyasa. Ita ce tsohuwar ministar gwamnatin ƙasar mai kula da ayyuka na gaba daya a ofishin Firayim Minista, a majalisar ministocin Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=6 June 2016 |title=Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin haka, daga ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015 zuwa 6 ga watan Yuni 2016, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar tsaro ta ƙasa. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, ta maye gurbin Wilson Muruli Mukasa, wanda aka naɗa shi [[Jinsi|ministan jinsi da al'amuran zamantakewa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=1 March 2015 |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin shekarun 2012 zuwa 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar jinsi da al'amuran zamantakewa a majalisar ministocin Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a shekarar 2012. Ta maye gurbin [[Syda Bbumba|Syda Bumba]], wanda ya yi murabus daga majalisar ministoci. Mary Karoro Okurut ita ma ta zama ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar mata ta Bushenyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=415 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaɓen shekarar 2020 na jam'iyyar NRM mai adawa da tutar jam'iyyar NRM, Karooro ta sha kaye a hannun Annet Katusiime Mugisha wacce aka zaɓa a matsayin wakiliyar mata 'yar majalisa ta gundumar Bushenyi a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=NELSON MANDELA {{!}} PML Daily |date=2020-09-04 |title=CONFIRMED! Minister Karooro concedes defeat after being uprooted by Annet Mugisha |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/09/confirmed-minister-karooro-concedes-defeat-after-being-uprooted-by-annet-mugisha.html |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Long-serving ministers lose NRM primary polls |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/long-serving-ministers-lose-nrm-primary-polls-1933424 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Big winners, losers in NRM primaries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/big-winners-losers-in-nrm-primaries-1933360 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=BUSHENYI: Minister Karooro Defeated by Katusiime in NRM Primaries |url=https://chimpreports.com/bushenyi-minister-karooro-defeated-by-katusiime-in-nrm-primaries/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-05 |title=Ministers lose miserably as voters seek new blood in NRM primaries |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/05/ministers-lose-miserably-as-voters-seek-new-blood-in-nrm-primaries/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta a gundumar Bushenyi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1954. Ta halarci ''makarantar firamare ta Bweranyangi'' da Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School don karatun firamare da sakandare, a cikin tsari. A cikin shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 18, ta shiga [[Kwalejin Triniti Nabbingo|Kwalejin Trinity Nabbingo]] don yin karatun sakandarenta. A cikin shekarar 1974, ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ta kammala karatun digiri a shekarar 1977 tare da digiri na farko a fannin adabi (BA.Lit). Bayan shekaru uku, a cikin shekarar 1981, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin adabi (MA.Lit), ita ma daga Jami'ar Makerere. A shekarar 1982, ta kara da Diploma a fannin Ilimi (Dip.Ed), daga wannan jami'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Karooro Okurut: Woman Representative Bushenyi District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223024240/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin aiki ==
Mary Karooro Okurut ta fara karatu a Makerere, a sashen adabi a shekarar 1981, da zarar ta kammala digiri na biyu. Ta ci gaba da rike matsayinta na Lecturer, har zuwa shekara ta 1993. Tana riƙe aikin a matsayin sakatariyar yaɗa labarai ga mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Uganda daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1996. Tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishiniya, a Hukumar Kula da Ilimi a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Uganda. Daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar yaɗa labarai na shugaban ƙasar Uganda. A shekara ta 2004 ta shiga siyasar Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Karooro Okurut: Work History 1981 to 2004 |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?%20p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131935/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?%20p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mace 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar gundumar Bushenyi a majalisar dokoki ta 10 ta Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Mary Karooro Okurut – Kampala Geopolitics Conference |url=https://kampalageopolitics.com/speaker/hon-mary-karooro-okurut/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin adabi ==
Kafin aikinta na siyasa, Okurut ta yiwu an fi saninta da gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabin Uganda duka a matsayin marubuciya kuma a matsayinta na wacce ta kafa kungiyar Marubuta Mata ta Uganda ([[Jiki|FEMRITE]]), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of FEMRITE |url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=21 |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=Uganda Women Writers' Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; kungiyar da tun daga lokacin ta sami kulawar duniya kuma har ya zuwa yau ta samar da ɗaya daga cikin wanda ya lashe kyautar Caine, Arach Monica de Nyeko, wanda labarinsa &quot;Jambula Tree&quot; ya lashe a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FEMRITE Achievements and Milestones |url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=7 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Women Writers' Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littattafan adabin Karooro Okurut sun haɗa da waɗannan litattafai: (a) “The Invisible Weevil” (1998) (  ) da (b) &quot;Matar Hukuma&quot; (  ). Ta kuma gyara &quot;Muryar Mace&quot; (1998) (  ), tarin gajerun labarai na marubutan mata na Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Books Authored or Edited by Mary Karooro Okurut |url=http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/mary-karooro-okurut |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=African Books Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta rubuta la'anar secradecow.

== Sana'ar siyasa ==
A shekarar 2004, Mary Karooro Okurut ta tsaya takarar mazaɓar mata ta gundumar Bushenyi akan tikitin jam’iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. Ta yi nasara kuma ta wakilci wannan mazaɓar a majalisar dokokin Uganda har zuwa yau. Ta riƙe mukamin ministar yaɗa labarai da bada jagoranci na ƙasa  daga watan Mayun 2011 har zuwa watan Mayun 2013, inda aka mayar da ita kan muƙaminta na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary B. Karooro Okurut |url=http://www.prauganda.com/about-us/prau-patrons/112-mary-b-karooro-okurut.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224120024/http://www.prauganda.com/about-us/prau-patrons/112-mary-b-karooro-okurut.html |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Public Relations Association of Uganda (PRAU)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani sauyi na majalisar ministoci da aka yi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, an naɗa ta ministar tsaro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;/&gt; Tun daga watan Afrilu 2020, karoro okurut ita ce ministar ayyuka na gabaɗaya a ofishin [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Office of the prime minister General duties |url=https://opm.go.ug/general-duties/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=Office of the prime minister}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan sirri ==
Mary K. Okurut ta auri  Hon. Stanislaus Okurut har zuwa rasuwarsa a safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 2014; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister Karooro Okurut's husband mourned |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1339430 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare suna da yara takwas – maza biyar mata uku. Ita 'yar addinin [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Musisi|first=Frederic|title=Former Transport minister, Stanislaus Okurut Is Dead|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Former-Transport-minister--Stanislaus-Okurut-is-dead/-/688334/2271980/-/hxnhd0z/-/index.html|date=5 April 2014|newspaper=Daily Monitor|accessdate=10 April 2014|archive-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408142941/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Former-Transport-minister--Stanislaus-Okurut-is-dead/-/688334/2271980/-/hxnhd0z/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Karugaba|first=Mary|title=MPs Pay Tribute to Stanislaus Okurut|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654362-mps-pay-tribute-to-stanislaus-okurut.html|newspaper=New Vision|date=9 April 2014|accessdate=10 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar ministocin Uganda
* Majalisar Uganda
* Gundumar Bushenyi
* [[Jiki|FEMRITE]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]</text>
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'''Mary Busingye Karoro Okurut''' (an Haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1954 kuma ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2025), wacce aka fi sani da '''Mary Karoro Okurut''', malama ce 'yar [[Uganda]], marubuciya kuma 'yar siyasa. Ita ce tsohuwar ministar gwamnatin ƙasar mai kula da ayyuka na gaba daya a ofishin Firayim Minista, a majalisar ministocin Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=6 June 2016 |title=Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin haka, daga ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015 zuwa 6 ga watan Yuni 2016, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar tsaro ta ƙasa. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, ta maye gurbin Wilson Muruli Mukasa, wanda aka naɗa shi [[Jinsi|ministan jinsi da al'amuran zamantakewa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=1 March 2015 |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin shekarun 2012 zuwa 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar jinsi da al'amuran zamantakewa a majalisar ministocin Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a shekarar 2012. Ta maye gurbin [[Syda Bbumba|Syda Bumba]], wanda ya yi murabus daga majalisar ministoci. Mary Karoro Okurut ita ma ta zama ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar mata ta Bushenyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=415 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaɓen shekarar 2020 na jam'iyyar NRM mai adawa da tutar jam'iyyar NRM, Karooro ta sha kaye a hannun Annet Katusiime Mugisha wacce aka zaɓa a matsayin wakiliyar mata 'yar majalisa ta gundumar Bushenyi a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=NELSON MANDELA {{!}} PML Daily |date=2020-09-04 |title=CONFIRMED! Minister Karooro concedes defeat after being uprooted by Annet Mugisha |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/09/confirmed-minister-karooro-concedes-defeat-after-being-uprooted-by-annet-mugisha.html |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Long-serving ministers lose NRM primary polls |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/long-serving-ministers-lose-nrm-primary-polls-1933424 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Big winners, losers in NRM primaries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/big-winners-losers-in-nrm-primaries-1933360 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=BUSHENYI: Minister Karooro Defeated by Katusiime in NRM Primaries |url=https://chimpreports.com/bushenyi-minister-karooro-defeated-by-katusiime-in-nrm-primaries/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-05 |title=Ministers lose miserably as voters seek new blood in NRM primaries |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/05/ministers-lose-miserably-as-voters-seek-new-blood-in-nrm-primaries/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta a gundumar Bushenyi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1954. Ta halarci ''makarantar firamare ta Bweranyangi'' da Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School don karatun firamare da sakandare, a cikin tsari. A cikin shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 18, ta shiga [[Kwalejin Triniti Nabbingo|Kwalejin Trinity Nabbingo]] don yin karatun sakandarenta. A cikin shekarar 1974, ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ta kammala karatun digiri a shekarar 1977 tare da digiri na farko a fannin adabi (BA.Lit). Bayan shekaru uku, a cikin shekarar 1981, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin adabi (MA.Lit), ita ma daga Jami'ar Makerere. A shekarar 1982, ta kara da Diploma a fannin Ilimi (Dip.Ed), daga wannan jami'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Karooro Okurut: Woman Representative Bushenyi District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223024240/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin aiki ==
Mary Karooro Okurut ta fara karatu a Makerere, a sashen adabi a shekarar 1981, da zarar ta kammala digiri na biyu. Ta ci gaba da rike matsayinta na Lecturer, har zuwa shekara ta 1993. Tana riƙe aikin a matsayin sakatariyar yaɗa labarai ga mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Uganda daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1996. Tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishiniya, a Hukumar Kula da Ilimi a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Uganda. Daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar yaɗa labarai na shugaban ƙasar Uganda. A shekara ta 2004 ta shiga siyasar Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Karooro Okurut: Work History 1981 to 2004 |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?%20p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131935/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?%20p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mace 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar gundumar Bushenyi a majalisar dokoki ta 10 ta Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Mary Karooro Okurut – Kampala Geopolitics Conference |url=https://kampalageopolitics.com/speaker/hon-mary-karooro-okurut/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin adabi ==
Kafin aikinta na siyasa, Okurut ta yiwu an fi saninta da gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabin Uganda duka a matsayin marubuciya kuma a matsayinta na wacce ta kafa kungiyar Marubuta Mata ta Uganda ([[Jiki|FEMRITE]]), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of FEMRITE |url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=21 |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=Uganda Women Writers' Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; kungiyar da tun daga lokacin ta sami kulawar duniya kuma har ya zuwa yau ta samar da ɗaya daga cikin wanda ya lashe kyautar Caine, Arach Monica de Nyeko, wanda labarinsa &quot;Jambula Tree&quot; ya lashe a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FEMRITE Achievements and Milestones |url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=7 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Women Writers' Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littattafan adabin Karooro Okurut sun haɗa da waɗannan litattafai: (a) “The Invisible Weevil” (1998) (  ) da (b) &quot;Matar Hukuma&quot; (  ). Ta kuma gyara &quot;Muryar Mace&quot; (1998) (  ), tarin gajerun labarai na marubutan mata na Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Books Authored or Edited by Mary Karooro Okurut |url=http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/mary-karooro-okurut |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=African Books Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta rubuta la'anar secradecow.

== Sana'ar siyasa ==
A shekarar 2004, Mary Karooro Okurut ta tsaya takarar mazaɓar mata ta gundumar Bushenyi akan tikitin jam’iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. Ta yi nasara kuma ta wakilci wannan mazaɓar a majalisar dokokin Uganda har zuwa yau. Ta riƙe mukamin ministar yaɗa labarai da bada jagoranci na ƙasa  daga watan Mayun 2011 har zuwa watan Mayun 2013, inda aka mayar da ita kan muƙaminta na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary B. Karooro Okurut |url=http://www.prauganda.com/about-us/prau-patrons/112-mary-b-karooro-okurut.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224120024/http://www.prauganda.com/about-us/prau-patrons/112-mary-b-karooro-okurut.html |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Public Relations Association of Uganda (PRAU)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani sauyi na majalisar ministoci da aka yi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, an naɗa ta ministar tsaro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;/&gt; Tun daga watan Afrilu 2020, karoro okurut ita ce ministar ayyuka na gabaɗaya a ofishin [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Office of the prime minister General duties |url=https://opm.go.ug/general-duties/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=Office of the prime minister}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan sirri ==
Mary K. Okurut ta auri  Hon. Stanislaus Okurut har zuwa rasuwarsa a safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 2014; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister Karooro Okurut's husband mourned |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1339430 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare suna da yara takwas – maza biyar mata uku. Ita 'yar addinin [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Musisi|first=Frederic|title=Former Transport minister, Stanislaus Okurut Is Dead|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Former-Transport-minister--Stanislaus-Okurut-is-dead/-/688334/2271980/-/hxnhd0z/-/index.html|date=5 April 2014|newspaper=Daily Monitor|accessdate=10 April 2014|archive-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408142941/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Former-Transport-minister--Stanislaus-Okurut-is-dead/-/688334/2271980/-/hxnhd0z/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Karugaba|first=Mary|title=MPs Pay Tribute to Stanislaus Okurut|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654362-mps-pay-tribute-to-stanislaus-okurut.html|newspaper=New Vision|date=9 April 2014|accessdate=10 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar ministocin Uganda
* Majalisar Uganda
* Gundumar Bushenyi
* [[Jiki|FEMRITE]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]</text>
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'''Mary Busingye Karoro Okurut''' (an Haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1954 kuma ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2025), wacce aka fi sani da '''Mary Karoro Okurut''', malama ce 'yar [[Uganda]], marubuciya kuma 'yar siyasa. Ita ce tsohuwar ministar gwamnatin ƙasar mai kula da ayyuka na gaba daya a ofishin Firayim Minista, a majalisar ministocin Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=6 June 2016 |title=Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin haka, daga ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015 zuwa 6 ga watan Yuni 2016, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar tsaro ta ƙasa. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, ta maye gurbin Wilson Muruli Mukasa, wanda aka naɗa shi [[Jinsi|ministan jinsi da al'amuran zamantakewa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=1 March 2015 |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin shekarun 2012 zuwa 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar jinsi da al'amuran zamantakewa a majalisar ministocin Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a shekarar 2012. Ta maye gurbin [[Syda Bbumba|Syda Bumba]], wanda ya yi murabus daga majalisar ministoci. Mary Karoro Okurut ita ma ta zama ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar mata ta Bushenyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=415 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaɓen shekarar 2020 na jam'iyyar NRM mai adawa da tutar jam'iyyar NRM, Karooro ta sha kaye a hannun Annet Katusiime Mugisha wacce aka zaɓa a matsayin wakiliyar mata 'yar majalisa ta gundumar Bushenyi a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na shekarar 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=NELSON MANDELA {{!}} PML Daily |date=2020-09-04 |title=CONFIRMED! Minister Karooro concedes defeat after being uprooted by Annet Mugisha |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/09/confirmed-minister-karooro-concedes-defeat-after-being-uprooted-by-annet-mugisha.html |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Long-serving ministers lose NRM primary polls |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/long-serving-ministers-lose-nrm-primary-polls-1933424 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Big winners, losers in NRM primaries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/big-winners-losers-in-nrm-primaries-1933360 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=BUSHENYI: Minister Karooro Defeated by Katusiime in NRM Primaries |url=https://chimpreports.com/bushenyi-minister-karooro-defeated-by-katusiime-in-nrm-primaries/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-05 |title=Ministers lose miserably as voters seek new blood in NRM primaries |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/05/ministers-lose-miserably-as-voters-seek-new-blood-in-nrm-primaries/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta a gundumar Bushenyi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1954. Ta halarci ''makarantar firamare ta Bweranyangi'' da Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School don karatun firamare da sakandare, a cikin tsari. A cikin shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 18, ta shiga [[Kwalejin Triniti Nabbingo|Kwalejin Trinity Nabbingo]] don yin karatun sakandarenta. A cikin shekarar 1974, ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ta kammala karatun digiri a shekarar 1977 tare da digiri na farko a fannin adabi (BA.Lit). Bayan shekaru uku, a cikin shekarar 1981, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin adabi (MA.Lit), ita ma daga Jami'ar Makerere. A shekarar 1982, ta kara da Diploma a fannin Ilimi (Dip.Ed), daga wannan jami'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Karooro Okurut: Woman Representative Bushenyi District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223024240/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin aiki ==
Mary Karooro Okurut ta fara karatu a Makerere, a sashen adabi a shekarar 1981, da zarar ta kammala digiri na biyu. Ta ci gaba da rike matsayinta na Lecturer, har zuwa shekara ta 1993. Tana riƙe aikin a matsayin sakatariyar yaɗa labarai ga mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Uganda daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1996. Tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishiniya, a Hukumar Kula da Ilimi a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Uganda. Daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar yaɗa labarai na shugaban ƙasar Uganda. A shekara ta 2004 ta shiga siyasar Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Karooro Okurut: Work History 1981 to 2004 |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?%20p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131935/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?%20p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=301&amp;const=Woman+Representative&amp;dist_id=53&amp;distname=Bushenyi |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mace 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar gundumar Bushenyi a majalisar dokoki ta 10 ta Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Mary Karooro Okurut – Kampala Geopolitics Conference |url=https://kampalageopolitics.com/speaker/hon-mary-karooro-okurut/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin adabi ==
Kafin aikinta na siyasa, Okurut ta yiwu an fi saninta da gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabin Uganda duka a matsayin marubuciya kuma a matsayinta na wacce ta kafa kungiyar Marubuta Mata ta Uganda ([[Jiki|FEMRITE]]), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of FEMRITE |url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=21 |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=Uganda Women Writers' Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; kungiyar da tun daga lokacin ta sami kulawar duniya kuma har ya zuwa yau ta samar da ɗaya daga cikin wanda ya lashe kyautar Caine, Arach Monica de Nyeko, wanda labarinsa &quot;Jambula Tree&quot; ya lashe a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FEMRITE Achievements and Milestones |url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=7 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Women Writers' Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littattafan adabin Karooro Okurut sun haɗa da waɗannan litattafai: (a) “The Invisible Weevil” (1998) (  ) da (b) &quot;Matar Hukuma&quot; (  ). Ta kuma gyara &quot;Muryar Mace&quot; (1998) (  ), tarin gajerun labarai na marubutan mata na Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Books Authored or Edited by Mary Karooro Okurut |url=http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/mary-karooro-okurut |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=African Books Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta rubuta la'anar secradecow.

== Sana'ar siyasa ==
A shekarar 2004, Mary Karooro Okurut ta tsaya takarar mazaɓar mata ta gundumar Bushenyi akan tikitin jam’iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. Ta yi nasara kuma ta wakilci wannan mazaɓar a majalisar dokokin Uganda har zuwa yau. Ta riƙe mukamin ministar yaɗa labarai da bada jagoranci na ƙasa  daga watan Mayun 2011 har zuwa watan Mayun 2013, inda aka mayar da ita kan muƙaminta na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary B. Karooro Okurut |url=http://www.prauganda.com/about-us/prau-patrons/112-mary-b-karooro-okurut.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224120024/http://www.prauganda.com/about-us/prau-patrons/112-mary-b-karooro-okurut.html |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Public Relations Association of Uganda (PRAU)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani sauyi na majalisar ministoci da aka yi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, an naɗa ta ministar tsaro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;/&gt; Tun daga watan Afrilu 2020, karoro okurut ita ce ministar ayyuka na gabaɗaya a ofishin [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Office of the prime minister General duties |url=https://opm.go.ug/general-duties/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=Office of the prime minister}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan sirri ==
Mary K. Okurut ta auri  Hon. Stanislaus Okurut har zuwa rasuwarsa a safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 2014; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister Karooro Okurut's husband mourned |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1339430 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare suna da yara takwas – maza biyar mata uku. Ita 'yar addinin [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Musisi|first=Frederic|title=Former Transport minister, Stanislaus Okurut Is Dead|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Former-Transport-minister--Stanislaus-Okurut-is-dead/-/688334/2271980/-/hxnhd0z/-/index.html|date=5 April 2014|newspaper=Daily Monitor|accessdate=10 April 2014|archive-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408142941/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Former-Transport-minister--Stanislaus-Okurut-is-dead/-/688334/2271980/-/hxnhd0z/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Karugaba|first=Mary|title=MPs Pay Tribute to Stanislaus Okurut|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654362-mps-pay-tribute-to-stanislaus-okurut.html|newspaper=New Vision|date=9 April 2014|accessdate=10 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar ministocin Uganda
* Majalisar Uganda
* Gundumar Bushenyi
* [[Jiki|FEMRITE]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]</text>
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'''Abis ibn Abi Shabib al-Shakiri''' (Arabic) ya ji rauni a yakin Siffin da shahidai na [[Karbala]] .

 
== Halin zuriya ==
Abis ya fito ne daga dangin Banu Shakir na babban kabilar Banu Hamdan . Mutanen kabilarsa sun kasance masu jaruntaka a yaƙi kuma saboda haka Larabawa sun kira su Fatayan al-Sabah, ma'ana &quot;Matasa na Safiya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Maḥallī|url=https://lib.ui.ac.ir/inventory/1/66501.htm|title=al-Ḥadāʾiq al-wardīyya|volume=1|pages=212}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An rubuta mahaifinsa a matsayin Shabib, Habib, Shibth ko Layth .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=al-Khwarizmi|url=http://lib.eshia.ir/10509/2/0|title=Maqtal al-Husayn|volume=2|pages=26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Abis ya kasance cikakke a cikin kyawawan halaye na kabilarsa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan Shia da shugabanninsu. Abis na daga cikin masoyan Ahl al-Bayt da mabiyan Ali ibn Abi Talib waɗanda ke ƙaunarsa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Samāwī|first=Muḥammad ibn Ṭāhir|url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha001923920|title=Ibṣār al-ʻayn fī inṣār al-Ḥusayn|publisher=al-Maṭbaʻah al-Ḥaydarīyah|year=1922|location=Najaf, Iraq|pages=127}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon Ali ibn Abi Talib ==
Abis ya shiga Ali ibn Abi talib a Saffin Battle kuma ya ji rauni a goshinsa a yakin Siffin, alamar da ta kasance a goshin sa har abada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Taimako Muslim ibn Aqil ==
Bayan Muslim ibn Aqil ya shiga [[Kufa]], sai ya tafi gidan Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd . Shia na Kufa sun taru a can. Musulmi ya karanta musu wasikar Husayn, ya ji cewa sun fara kuka. A cikin wannan taron, Abis shine mutum na farko da ya tashi kuma bayan ya yaba da Allah ya ce, &quot;Yanzu! Ba na magana da mutane, kuma ban san abin da ke ɓoye a cikin zukatan su ba, don haka ba na so in yaudare ku. Ta Allah! Ni kawai abin da ke cikin zuciyata. Ta Allah ne! Zan amsa ku duk lokacin da kuka fita, kuma za ku yi yaƙi da maƙiyyunku tare da takobi har sai na sadu da Allah ya tsaya, kuma ba ni da wani abu ba tare da Allah ba. Jawabin da wadannan mutane biyu suka shirya tushen goyon bayan mutane kuma sama da mutane dubu 18 sun ba da goyon baya ga Musulmi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tarih-i-Tabari-al-umam-wa-al-muluk-Prophets/dp/B07259S57T|title=Tarih-i Tabari|volume=5|pages=355}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon Husayn ibn Ali ==
Bayan da yawancin mutanen Kufa suka ba da aminci ga Musulmi, sai ya rubuta wasika ga [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husayn]] kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa Kufa kuma Abis ibn Abi Shabib ya aiko da wannan wasika tare da bawansa. Ya ba da shi ga Husayn a [[Makkah|Makka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tarih-i-Tabari-al-umam-wa-al-muluk-Prophets/dp/B07259S57T|title=Tarikh Tabari|volume=6|pages=210}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan isar da wasikar, Abis ya bi Husayn ibn Ali da tawagarsa daga Makka zuwa Karbala. Abis ya yi addu'ar tsakar rana, Lokacin da yawancin abokan Husayn suka yi [[shahada]] kuma wasu suka rage,  Abis ya juya ga bawansa Shawdhab ya ce, &quot;me kuke so ku yi?&quot;

Shawdhab ya ce, &quot;Tare da ku, zan kare dan Annabi&quot;.

Abis ya ce, &quot;Ban yi tsammanin daga gare ku ban da wannan ba...Idan ina da wani ƙaunatacce fiye da ku, zan tura shi fagen yaƙi a gaban kaina, tunda yau ita ce damar ƙarshe ta yin aiki kuma gobe ita ce ranar lissafi kuma babu wani aiki da zai zama mai fa'ida a lokacin. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tarih-i-Tabari-al-umam-wa-al-muluk-Prophets/dp/B07259S57T|title=Tarikh Tabari|volume=6|pages=443–444}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan shahadar bawansa Shawdhab, Abis ya tafi Husayn ya ce, &quot;Ya Aba Abd Allah! Da Allah na rantse cewa a duniya, ko da nisa ko kusa, ba ni da wani ƙaunatacce fiye da ku. Idan ina da ikon kawar da zalunci daga gare ku da wani abu har ma da ya fi muhimmanci fiye da rayuwata da jini, tabbas zan yi haka.

Sai ya ce, &quot;Bari zaman lafiya ya kasance a kan ku O Aba Abd Allah! Na ba da shaida cewa ina kan jagorancinku da jagorancin mahaifinka! Gaisuwa ya kasance a kai O Aba AbdAllah! Yi hankali cewa ina da ƙarfi a kan hanyarku da mahaifinka kuma za a jagoranta ni zuwa hanyar da ta dace. &quot; Bayan ya sami izini daga Husayn, sai ya tafi fagen yaƙi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tarih-i-Tabari-al-umam-wa-al-muluk-Prophets/dp/B07259S57T|title=Tarikh Tabari|volume=6|pages=444}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Rabi' ibn Tamim al-Hamdani, wanda ke cikin sojojin Umar ibn Sa'd, ya ce, &quot;lokacin da na ga Abis yana zuwa fagen yaƙi, na gane shi. Na ga yaƙe-yaƙe a yaƙe- yaƙe-yanƙe daban-daban kuma na san cewa yana cikin mutanen da suka fi ƙarfin zuciya, don haka, Na gaya wa sojojin Umar ibn sa'd, Wannan mutumin zaki ne na dukkan zakuna. Wannan ɗan Shabib. &quot; Abis ya yi ihu kuma yana neman wani yaƙi da shi, amma babu wanda ya yi yaƙi da nisa.

Lokacin da 'Abis ya ga cewa babu wanda zai yi yaƙi da shi, sai ya cire makamansa da kwalkwali kuma ya kai hari kan sojojin Kufa kuma ya rushe sojojin. Da umarnin 'Umar ibn Sa'd, sun jajjefe shi.

Rabi' ibn Tamim ya ce, &quot;Da Allah na rantse cewa na gan shi ya ji rauni kuma ya kashe fiye da mutane 200, amma a ƙarshe, sun kewaye shi kuma suka fille masa kai. Na ga cewa su ba da kan 'Abis ibn Shabib ga juna kuma sun yi jayayya da cewa sun ba da kisan kai ga kansu, har sai 'Umar ibn Sa'd ya ce, 'Kada ku yi jayayya tare da juna ba! Daga Allah na rantse cewa babu wani mutum da zai iya kashe wannan mutumin.'&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An tura jikin Abis marar kai zuwa alfarwar wanda Husayn ya yi shahada kuma bayan taron Ashura, kabilar Banu Asad ce ta binne shi.

Abis na daga cikin abokan Husayn, wanda aka ambaci sunansa a Ziyarat Rajabiyya da Ziyarat al-Nahiya al-Muqaddasa (wanda ba sananne ba). An gaishe shi da kyau a cikin Ziyara guda biyu kamar haka, &quot;Palama ta kasance a kan 'Abis ibn Shabib al-Shakiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Al-Sayyid Radi al-Din 'Ali b. Musa b. Tawus al-Hilli|url=http://lib.eshia.ir/71422/1/1|title=Iqbal al-a'mal|volume=3|pages=79}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Koleka Putuma</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Koleka Putuma''' (an haife ta a Port Elizabeth, 22 Maris 1993) mawaƙiya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai yin wasan kwaikwayo. An zaɓe ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a kasar Okay Africa a shekarar 2019.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Putuma a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin 1993. Ta yi karatu don digiri na BA a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koleka Putuma {{!}} Badilisha Poetry – Pan-African Poets |url=https://badilishapoetry.com/coco-putuma/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=badilishapoetry.com |archive-date=2020-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111101431/https://badilishapoetry.com/coco-putuma/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2016, an ba ta lambar yabo ta rubuce-rubucen ɗaliban PEN don waka mai suna &quot;Ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulgrew |first=Nick |title=Water by Koleka Putuma {{!}} PEN South Africa |url=https://pensouthafrica.co.za/water-by-koleka-putuma/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da wannan waka a makarantu a matsayin tunatarwa cewa samun ruwa siyasa ne, tarihi da launin fata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koleka Putuma: Water - Classroom - Art &amp; Education |url=https://www.artandeducation.net/classroom/video/288707/koleka-putuma-water |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=www.artandeducation.net |language=en |archive-date=2020-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111113912/https://www.artandeducation.net/classroom/video/288707/koleka-putuma-water |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jigogi masu maimaitawa a cikin aikin Putuma sune soyayya, queerness, gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka da gadon wariyar launin fata, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PARSE |url=https://parsejournal.com/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=parsejournal.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma haɗuwa da shugabanci tare da waɗannan ra'ayoyin da ainihi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 2017 |title=Koleka Putuma Talks Poetry Post-Patriarchy and Black Joy |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/koleka-putuma-talks-poetry-post-patriarchy-and-black-joy_uk_5c7e9763e4b078abc6c12232?guccounter=1&amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAvrOm9Zp9hL5YJr49l1ilehUZhghF1AipxgX9A7YRVE5RqGLR8_KZg4nPuo-59iNR7jnpwDMF84L7wlQl7XpCLqg9trAVRyj_Kj44WOH5OUhXrZaN6243NqhQxpv14pRa5cpwJr9sjrgd6wcO2GXNdc587E07d0f-b3wwB0f1Uz |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=consent.yahoo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo don Design Indaba  kuma tana zaune a Cape Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Design Indaba appoints Koleka Putuma as theatre producer |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/415/185637.html |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=www.bizcommunity.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poetry On The Road {{!}} May 22 – 27 2019 Koleka Putuma |url=http://www.poetry-on-the-road.com/authors/koleka-putuma/?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421054015/http://www.poetry-on-the-road.com/authors/koleka-putuma/?lang=en |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=www.poetry-on-the-road.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Amnesia ta Jama'a'' ===
Putuma first came to global attention with the publication of her poetry collection ''Collective Amnesia'', published by the South African poetry press uHlanga in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koleka Putuma, Collective Amnesia |url=http://uhlangapress.co.za/koleka-putuma-collective-amnesia |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=uHlanga |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released with complementary photography by Cape Town-based photographer Andy Mkosi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koleka Putuma's poems of celebration, grief and rage |url=https://beta.mg.co.za/article/2017-04-04-koleka-putumas-poems-of-celebration-grief-and-rage/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within three months of its release, the book sold 2000 copies, had 17 launches across South Africa and was on the syllabus at two universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mkhabela |first=Sabelo |date=2017-07-22 |title=Koleka Putuma Is the Groundbreaking New Voice of South African Poetry |url=https://medium.com/@SabzaMK/koleka-putuma-is-the-groundbreaking-new-voice-of-south-african-poetry-d9cbed7feeed |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After eight months, it had sold more than 5000 copies and Putuma had given performances of it across three continents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gantsho |first=Vangile |date=2017-12-01 |title=Collective Amnesia, Koleka Putuma: reviews |url=https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-f65066330 |journal=New Coin Poetry |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=77–80 |issn=0028-4459}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its Spanish translation by Lawrence Schimel and Arrate Hidalgo was published in 2019,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=2018-11-19 |title=Koleka Putuma poetry collection &quot;Collective Amnesia&quot; now in Spanish. |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/koleka-putuma-poetry-collection-collective-amnesia-now-in-spanish/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Writing Africa |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a Danish translation was published in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koleka Putuma |url=https://africanpoetrybf.unl.edu/apbf-authors/koleka-putuma/ |access-date=22 March 2024 |publisher=African Poetry Book Fuund |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084843/https://africanpoetrybf.unl.edu/apbf-authors/koleka-putuma/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2018, Putuma is the best-selling poet in South African history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=d'Abdon |first=Raphael |date=2018-07-03 |title='You Say &quot;Performance Poet&quot;, I Hear &quot;Dance Nigger, Dance&quot;': Problematizing the Notion of Performance Poetry in South Africa |journal=English Studies in Africa |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=49–62 |doi=10.1080/00138398.2018.1540154 |issn=0013-8398 |s2cid=165926816}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amnesia ta rukuni sananne ne saboda maimaita amfani da kalmar womxn, wanda aka nufa ya haɗa da [[Sauran rubutun mata|mata]] marasa fari da masu canza launin fata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mathunjwa |first=Zimkhitha |date=12 June 2017 |title=Koleka Putuma's Collective Amnesia Insists On Visibility And Healing |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/koleka-putumas-collective-amnesia-insists-on-visibility-and-hea_uk_5c7eab54e4b078abc6c2607e |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=consent.yahoo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karɓar baƙi ===
Binciken Amnesia na Ƙungiya, Bongani Madondo na Johannesburg Review of Books ya yaba da Putuma a matsayin &quot;masu basira&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-01 |title=Portrait of the poet as a young genius: Bongani Madondo reviews Koleka Putuma's Collective Amnesia |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/05/01/portrait-of-the-poet-as-a-young-genius-bongani-madondo-reviews-koleka-putumas-collective-amnesia/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=The Johannesburg Review of Books |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amnesia na rukuni ya zama babban rubutu don fahimtar Afirka ta Kudu ta bayan mulkin mallaka, musamman tare da mayar da hankali ga jikin mata baƙar fata da kuma asalin jinsi. Haith ya yi jayayya cewa tarin ya zama &quot;abu ne na al'adu&quot; na Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani, kamar yadda rubutu ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haith |first=Chelsea |date=2018-08-02 |title='I question why I understand what she has said' – Language and decolonial justice in Koleka Putuma's debut poetry collection 'Collective Amnesia' |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10053690/ |journal=MoveableType |volume=10 |pages=45 |doi=10.14324/111.1755-4527.081 |issn=1755-4527 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shawarwarin Burger ya sanya amfani da ruwa na Putuma a matsayin na'urar wallafe-wallafen a cikin mahallin sauran mawaƙa na Afirka ta Kudu, kamar Ronelda S Kamfer .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burger |first=Bibi |date=2019-12-18 |title='Our respect for water is what you have termed fear': The Ocean in the Poetry of Ronelda S. Kamfer and Koleka Putuma |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=46 |pages=23–38 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2020.1697552 |issn=0305-7070 |s2cid=213424553 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waƙar &quot;Ruwa&quot; ta zama mahimmin rubutu don binciken wallafe-wallafen hydrocolonialism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hofmeyr |first=Isabel |date=2019-04-01 |title=Provisional Notes on Hydrocolonialism |journal=English Language Notes |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1215/00138282-7309644 |issn=0013-8282 |s2cid=167050340}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pieterse ya jaddada rubuce-rubucen Putuma game da mace baƙar fata, tare da mawaki Sindiswa Busuku-Mathese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pieterse |first=Annel |date=2018-01-02 |title=Knowledge and Unlearning in the Poetry of Koleka Putuma and Sindiswa Busuku-Mathese |journal=Scrutiny2 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1080/18125441.2018.1505937 |issn=1812-5441 |s2cid=149735055 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake waƙoƙin Putuma ne suka kawo ta zuwa matakin duniya, an kuma karɓi aikinta na mataki zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci, yana hulɗa da batutuwan siyasa na zamani. Wasanta No Easter Sunday for Queers ya jawo hankali ga nuna bambanci da 'yan mata a Afirka ta Kudu za su iya fuskanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-06 |title=Koleka Putuma's &quot;No Easter Sunday for Queers&quot; |url=https://thetheatretimes.com/koleka-putuma-no-easter-sunday-queers/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=The Theatre Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Mbuzeni'' yana magance matsalar marayu kuma 'yan mata biyar ne ke ba da labari, yayin da suke yin ba'a game da mutuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hofer |first=Alison |date=2019-11-20 |title=Contemporary plays by African women |journal=South African Theatre Journal |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=186–190 |doi=10.1080/10137548.2019.1676571 |issn=1013-7548 |s2cid=213325447}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boehmer yayi la'akari da Putuma a cikin wani littafi mai zurfi na waƙoƙin bayan mulkin mallaka da rubuce-rubucen gajeren labari, wanda zai iya jin ga mai karatu kamar &quot;kira don aiki&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Elleke Boehmer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Wasanni ===

* SCOOP: wasan kicin don masu kulawa da jarirai (2013) - wasan farko na Afirka ta Kudu da aka tsara don jarirai har zuwa watanni 12, tare da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Magnet &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* ''Ekhaya'' - an rubuta shi don yara masu shekaru 2-7 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-23 |title=ABOUT |url=https://cocoputuma.wordpress.com/about/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=Koleka Putuma |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''UHM'' (2014) 
* ''Woza Sarafina'' (2016) 
* ''Mbuzeni&quot;'' (2018) 
* No Easter Sunday for Queers (2019) - wasan kwaikwayo game da addini da queerness bisa ga ɗayan waƙoƙin Putuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koleka Putuma's Christian/ queer collision – The Mail &amp; Guardian |url=https://beta.mg.co.za/article/2019-08-21-koleka-putumas-christian-queer-collision/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110005150/https://beta.mg.co.za/article/2019-08-21-koleka-putumas-christian-queer-collision/ |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-11 |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waƙoƙi ===

* ''Imbebwu Yesini'' (2016, edita)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Putuma |first=Koleka |last2=Perez |first2=Javier |date=2016 |title=Imbewu Yesini |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=40895759X |access-date=May 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Amnesia ta Jama'a''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'a (2017) 
* ''Muna da Duk abin da muke Bukatar Farawa'' (2024) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=We Have Everything We Need To Start Again by Koleka Putuma |url=https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/childrens-book-reviews/we-have-everything-we-need-to-start-again/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=School Reading List}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Gasar Waƙoƙin Slame ta Kasa (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* PEN Kyautar Rubutun Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu (2016) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulgrew |first=Nick |title=Announcing the PEN South Africa Student Writing Prize Winner {{!}} PEN South Africa |url=http://pensouthafrica.co.za/announcing-the-pen-south-africa-student-writing-prize-winner/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Mbokodo Rising Light (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-06-02 |title=Koleka Putuma's Collective Amnesia Wins the Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry, Nick Makoha &amp; Dami Ajayi Shortlisted |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2019/06/koleka-putumas-collective-amnesia-wins-2018-19-glenna-luschei-prize-for-african-poetry-nick-makoha-dami-ajayi-shortlisted/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gasar Rubuce-rubucen SCrIBE (2018)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BWW News Desk |title=Koleka Putuma Announced As Winner Of 2018 SCrIBE Scriptwriting Competition |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/south-africa/article/Koleka-Putuma-Announced-As-Winner-Of-2018-SCrIBE-Scriptwriting-Competition-20180928 |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Forbes Afirka 30 a karkashin 30 Mai daraja (2018)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Forbes |date=2018-06-04 |title=Under 30 Creatives |url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/30-under-30/2018/06/04/under-30-creatives/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712004930/https://www.forbesafrica.com/30-under-30/2018/06/04/under-30-creatives/ |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=Forbes Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Glenna Luschei don Waƙoƙin Afirka (2018)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prizes |url=http://africanpoetrybf.unl.edu/prizes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230044343/http://africanpoetrybf.unl.edu/prizes/ |archive-date=30 December 2019 |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=African Poetry Book Fund |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gasar Wasanni ta Kasa ta Distell (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-13 |title=OPEN CALL: 2020 Distell National Playwright Competition |url=https://10and5.com/2019/08/13/open-call-2020-distell-national-playwright-competition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206023044/https://10and5.com/2019/08/13/open-call-2020-distell-national-playwright-competition/ |archive-date=6 December 2020 |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=Between 10 and 5 |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>François Verster</title>
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'''François Verster''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) shi ne darektan fina-finai mai zaman kansa na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma mai shirya shirye-shirye.

Yana da asali mai yawa a rubuce-rubuce, kiɗa, ilimi da fim. Bayan kammala digiri na MA tare da bambanci a ƙarƙashin wallafe-wallafen Nobel Prize laureate [[J. M. Coetzee]] a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]], ya yi aiki tare da Barenholtz Productions a New York kuma a matsayin memba na ma'aikata a kan siffofi masu zaman kansu daban-daban. Verster ya fara fitowa a matsayin darektan / mai samar da shirye-shirye shi ne Pavement Aristocrats: The Bergies of Cape Town .

Yana ɗaukar hanyar lura da batutuwan zamantakewa a cikin fina-finai, waɗanda suka sami kyaututtuka na gida da na duniya. Verster ya koyar da jagorantar takardun shaida da nazarin fim, kuma ya kasance malami na ɓangaren fim na aikin Sadarwa da Humanities, Cibiyar Nazarin Humanities a Jami'ar Western Cape . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=François Verster – The Centre for Humanities Research |url=https://www.chrflagship.uwc.ac.za/fellowship-programme/fellows/francois-verster/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Centre for Humanities Research |publisher=University of Western Cape |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129235236/https://www.chrflagship.uwc.ac.za/fellowship-programme/fellows/francois-verster/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da fina-finai a cikin tarurruka a kan tsakiya tsakanin shirye-shiryen kirkirar da kuma gwagwarmayar zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Dream of Shahrazad |url=https://ff.hrw.org/film/dream-shahrazad |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch Film Festival |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1998, Verster ya kafa Undercurrent Film &amp; Television, kamfani ne na Cape Town wanda ke da niyyar samar da shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye masu inganci ga kasuwannin gida da na duniya.

A shekara ta 2006, A Lion's Trail, wanda Verster ya ba da umarni kuma ya hada kai, ya sami lambar yabo ta Emmy don Kyakkyawan Ayyuka da Al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmy win for 'A Lion's Trail' |url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2006/09/26/film/emmy-win-for-a-lion-s-trail/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=ScreenAfrica.com |publisher=Screen Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jigogi ==
Fim din Verster yana da taken &quot;marasa adalci&quot; na rashin adalci na zamantakewa da kuma mutane suna karɓar ɓangarorin rayuwarsu. Ba mai yin fim ba ne amma yana gina dangantaka da masu gabatarwa, yana ba masu sauraronsa damar kallon zukatan su da gidajensu. Yin aiki a cikin ƙuntatawa na kasafin kuɗi, Verster ya rubuta rayuwarsu, sau da yawa a cikin shekaru da yawa, kuma yana da hannu tare da masu gabatarwa da suka gabata da jin daɗi kamar yadda yake tare da makomarsu.

Pavement Aristocrats kallo ne mai ban dariya da zurfin tausayi ga wasu bergies na Cape Town.

''Labarin &quot;Mbube&quot;'' da A Lion's Trail sun bi labarin waƙar &quot;Wimoweh / The Lion Sleeps Tonight&quot; zuwa ga mawaki na Zulu Solomon Linda kuma sun bi tarihin dutsen waƙar daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] zuwa Brooklyn kuma sun dawo suna tambayar dalilin da ya sa Linda ta mutu ba tare da kudi ba kuma yaransa suna rayuwa cikin talauci yayin da masu zane-zane na Amurka suka yi miliyoyin waƙar. PBS ce ta nuna fim din kuma ta taimaka wa iyalin Linda su sami goyon baya don ɗaukar [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], wanda ya yi amfani da waƙar a cikin fim din Lion King, zuwa kotu. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, Abilene Music, wanda ke da haƙƙin mallaka na &quot;Wimoweh / The Lion Sleeps Tonight&quot;, ya warware shari'ar tare da iyalin Solomon Linda a waje da kotu don adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A watan Satumbar 2006 A Lion's Trail ta sami lambar yabo ta Emmy don mafi kyawun shirye-shiryen al'adu da fasaha. Labari ne na Afirka na zamani na yakin Dauda da Goliath kuma a lokaci guda bikin farin ciki na Solomon Linda da kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu.

Lokacin da Yakin ya ƙare ya ba da labarin tsoffin masu fafutukar wariyar launin fata guda biyu daga wannan ƙungiyar adawa da suka yi yaƙi don sabuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta dimokuradiyya. 'Yan sanda na tsaro sun kashe abokinsu bayan wani ɗan leƙen asirin 'yan sanda ya sayar da shi a cikin kungiyar. Sun sami 'yanci amma yanzu dole ne suyi rayuwa a cikin al'umma wanda har yanzu yana fama da tashin hankali, cin amana daga baya da talauci. Gori ya shiga Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu, Marlon ya zama ɗan fashi. Duk da yake kowannensu yana ƙoƙari ya fahimci rayuwarsa bayan gwagwarmaya, suna gudanar da abota duk da gaskiyar da zabin &quot;aiki&quot; daban-daban ya sanya su.

Gidan Mothers' House rikodin shekaru hudu ne a rayuwar Miché, yarinya mai ban sha'awa, mai saurin haihuwa amma mai damuwa da ke girma cikin mace a bayan wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Rayuwa tare da mahaifiyarta da kakarta a Bonteheuwel, wani gari mai launin &quot;launi&quot; a wajen Cape Town, dole ne ta fuskanci ba kawai rayuwa a cikin al'umma da ke fama da rikice-rikice da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba, har ma da abin da yake nufi don karya zagaye mai ban mamaki na tashin hankali da tashin hankali na jiki da ke ɗaure iyalinta.

* Pavement Aristocrats ('''1998''') Darakta, Mai gabatarwa (1999 Avanti Award Mafi Kyawun Takaddun Bayani &amp; Avanti Craft Award) 
* '''Labarin &quot;Mbube&quot;''' ('''1999''') (TV) Darakta, Mai gabatarwa (1999 National Television &amp; Video Association Silver Stone &amp; Stone Craft Award) 
* The Man Who Would Kill Kitchener (1999) Darakta, Mai gabatarwa (1999 NTVA Silver Stone &amp; Stone Craft Award) Rayuwar Fritz Joubert Duquesne, kyaftin din Boer kuma ɗan leƙen asirin Jamus a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya, shine batun wannan fim ɗin.
* '''Yaƙin Granite''' (2000) 
* '''Laifi''' (2001) (Fim din fim) Darakta, Marubuci (2002 NTVA Silver Stone &amp; Stone Craft Award) 
* A Lion's Trail (2002) Darakta, Mai gabatarwa, Kamara (2006 Emmy Award) (2003 Mafi Kyawun Takaddun shaida, Portobello) (2003 Silver Dhow, Mafi Kyawun Kaddun shaida na Duniya, Zanzibar International Film Festival) (2003 Zaɓin Musamman, Parnu) (2003 NTVA Stone &amp; Stone Craft Award) 
* Lokacin da Yakin ya ƙare (2002) Darakta, Mai gabatarwa, Kamara (2004 Mafi Kyawun Takaddun shaida, Bikin Fim na Afirka na [[Milano|Milan]]) (2003 Mafi Kyawun Fim, Bikin Fimm na Norway) (2003 Signis Award, Zanzibar) (2003 Zaɓin hukuma, Fespaco) (2003 NTVA Gold Stone &amp; Stone Craft Award) (2002 Official Selection Silver Wolf Competition, Idfa) 
* Gidan Mothers' ('''2005''') Darakta, Kamara (2006 Mafi Kyawun Bikin Fim na Apollo) (2006 Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya na Zimbabwe) (Maganar Musamman ta Jury, Bikin Fim ɗin Norwegian) (2005 Mafi Kyawun Fim, Bikin Fimmuna na Duniya na Cape Town) 
* Sea Point Days (2008) Darakta, Mai gabatarwa, Kamara, Edita
* The Dream of Sharazad (2014) Darakta, Mai gabatarwa, Sauti, Kamara, Edita (2012 Mafi Kyawun Takaddun shaida a Ci gaba, Sunny Side of the Doc, 2012 IDFA Forum Selection, 2014 IDFA Masters Selection, 2015 Mafi Kyawun Fim na Kasa da Kasa AVANCA, 2015 Mafi kyawun Kaddun Kaddun Afirka [[Durban]] IFF, 2015 Kyautar Al-Husseini Abou-Deif don Mafi Kyawun Kaddamarwa, Gasar Freedom, da Kyautar Tutankhamen / Artwatch Afirka, Kyautar Fim ta Luxor, 2016 Kyautar Kaddun Afrika, Kyautar Kwadon Kaddamar da Kaddamar, Kyautar Afirka, Kyawun Kwadon Afirka, Kyaftin na Kaddamarka, Kyautar Kyautar Kungiyar Kaddamar Kaddamar
* Whispering Truth to Power (2018) Mai gabatarwa, Kamara, Edita. Darakta Shameela Seedat
* Scenes from a Dry City (2018) Darakta, Sauti, Kamara, Co-Editor (2019 Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kayan Kadan Kayan Kudancin Kayan Karancin Kayan, 2019 SAFTA gabatarwa 2019 don Mafi Kyawun Gabatarwa, Vimeo Ma'aikatan Pics, 2020 Emmy Nomination Mafi Kyawun gabatarwa, 2020 Kyautar Hoton Hoton Labaran Duniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 Digital Storytelling Contest |url=https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/digital-storytelling-contest/2020/scenes-from-a-dry-city |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=World Press Photo |publisher=The World Press Photo Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Digital Storelling), 2019 Mafi Kyawun Fim na Duniya na Muhalli, 2020 Kyawun Kudancin Fim na Kwalejin da aka jera) 
* African Moot (2022) Mai gabatarwa, DOP, Sauti, Edita. Darakta Shameela Seedat (2021 Hot Docs Forum selection, 2022 Hot Docs Official Selection, 2022 [[Sydney]] Film Festival Official Selections, 2022 Competition selection, Durban International Film Festival, 2022 International Competition section DocNYC 2022, 2022 Best of Fests IDFA) 
* Yarinya, Taken (2022) Darakta, Mai gabatarwa, Kamara, Sauti, Marubuta, Mataimakin Edita.  (2022 Mafi kyawun Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu Durban International Film Festival) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adebayo Tijani</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360673671|Adebayo Tijani]]&quot;</comment>
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Adebayo Tijani mai shirya fina-finai ne na Najeriya, darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.

== Ayyuka ==
Tijani ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a matsayin daraktocin Nollywood ta FilmOne a cikin 2022.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
|-
|2019
|''[[77 Bullets|Harsashi 77]]''
|Daraktan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, '77 Bullets' {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets-2024081503223500879 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|''[[The New Patriots|Sabbin 'yan kasa]]''
|Co darektan tare da Terry Ayebo 
|-
|2022
|''[[Ijakumo]]''
|Daraktan 
|-
|2022
|[[King of Thieves (fim, 2022)|''Sarkin ɓarayi'']]
|Co darektan tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='King of Thieves' officially crosses N300M in box office {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/king-of-thieves-officially-crosses-n300m-in-box-office-2024072515384714953 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Here are the 3 highest-grossing Yoruba epic films so far {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/nigerian-box-office-here-are-the-3-highest-grossing-yoruba-epic-films-so-far-2024072616223553031 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2023
|''[[Jagun Jagun]]''
|Daraktan 
|-
|2023
|''[[Ada Omo Daddy]]''
|Co darektan tare da Akay Mason 
|-
|2024
|''[[Dabbar Duniya Biyu]]''
|Co darektan tare da [[Odunlade Adekola]] 
|-
|2024
|''[[Brúyar Bride|Brúyar Manomi]]''
|Co darektan tare da Jack'enneth Opukeme &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Farmer's Bride continues to rake box office, joining the ₦100 Million gang {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/farmers-bride-continues-to-rake-box-office-joining-the-naira100-million-gang-2024102811311841946 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2024
|''Ƙofofi Bakwai''
|Darakta tare da Femi Adebayo, Tope Adebayo Salami &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;It Took Seven Days to Film a Scene in 'Seven Doors,'&quot; Says Femi Adebayo&quot; |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/it-took-seven-days-to-film-a-scene-in-seven-doors-says-femi-adebayo/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2024
|''[[alakada: Bad and Boujee|Alakada: Bad da Boujee]]''
|Daraktan
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Fim din
!Sashe
!Sakamakon
|-
|2014
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|''[[Omo Elemosho]]''
|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Nom}}
|-
|2016
|[[2016 Best of Nollywood Awards|2016 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]
|''Eni-Owo''
|Daraktan Shekara|{{Nom}}
|-
|2023
|[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2023 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]]
|''Sarkin ɓarayi''
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}}
|-
|2024
|[[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024]]
|''Jagun Jagun''
|Mafi Kyawun Rubuce-rubuce - Fim |{{Nom}}
|-
|2024
|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024
|''Jagun Jagun''
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}}
|-
|2024
|[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]
|''Jagun Jagun''
|Daraktan Shekara |{{Won}}
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya mafi girma]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|2834803}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kishna Ram Nai</title>
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'''Kishna Ram Nai''' (1 ga watan Janairun 1935 - 7 ga watan Afrilu 2025) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne daga [[Rajasthan]] . An zaɓe shi sau uku a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Rajasthan daga Mazaɓar Dungargarh .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Kishnaram Nai a Sridungargarh a cikin iyalin aski mai sauƙi ga Bastiram Nai da Chanda Devi . Ya auri Mukna Devi. Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu Madan, Jivraj da' ya'ya mata hudu Sita, Sharda, Bhanwari, Liksma . Ɗansa Jeevraj Nai ya mutu a hatsarin hanya a watan Agusta 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=BJP MLA Kishna Ram Nai's son dies in road accident |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-mla-kishna-ram-nai-s-son-dies-in-road-accident-118081300516_1.html |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kishnaram Nai ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin mai ba da shawara na gari na Sridungargarh a 1956 kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da shugaban ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Kishna Ram Nai Passes Away: Veteran BJP Leader And Three-Time MLA - Niharika Times |url=https://english.niharikatimes.com/kishna-ram-nai-passes-away/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance tare da Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1980 kuma, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, babban ministan lokacin ya nemi ya kula da Churu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban gundumar jam'iyyar a duka Churu da Bikaner . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ya yi takara a matsayin MLA a karo na farko a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980 kuma ya rasa a matsayin dan takarar BJP daga Mazabar Dungargarh . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Veteran BJP Leader Kishanaram Nai Passes Away at 94 |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/special-news/veteran-bjp-leader-kisha-passes-away-at-94-19515928 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi takara a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1985 bayan BJP ta hana shi tikiti kuma ya rasa zaɓen. Ya lashe gasar a karo na farko a kan tikitin BJP a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Rajasthan na 1990 kuma ya kayar da tsohon shugaban Kumbha Ram Arya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=बीजेपी के दिग्गज नेता किशनाराम का निधन, शेखावत राज में बने थे संकट मोचक, जानें कैसा रहा इनका सियासी सफर {{!}} Veteran BJP leader and Former MLA Of Sridungargarh Krishna Ram Nai Passed Away |url=https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/veteran-bjp-leader-and-former-mla-of-sridungargarh-krishna-ram-nai-passed-away-19515707?amp=1 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya riƙe kujerar BJP a zaɓen majalisa na 1993 inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa Daulat Ram Saran . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dungargarh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/dungargarh-rajasthan-assembly-constituency |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, ya rasa zaben 1998 da 2003. A shekara ta 2008, BJP ta hana shi tikiti kuma ya rasa shi a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa. Ya lashe gasar a karo na uku a zaɓen 2013 a kan tikitin BJP inda ya doke MLA Mangalaram Godara sau uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dungargarh Constituency Election Results 2023: Dungargarh Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates &amp; Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/dungargarh |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; BJP ta dakatar da shi a shekarar 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan assembly polls 2018: Denied tickets, rebels look to derail plans of BJP, Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/rajasthan-elections/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2018-denied-tickets-rebels-look-to-derail-plans-of-bjp-congress/story-A9sGYIL7csPXDJ95OHuEaN.html |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Kishnaram Nai ya mutu a gidansa a Sri Dungargarh, a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2025, yana da shekaru 90. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Rajasthan : 94 वर्ष की उम्र में बीजेपी के दिग्गज नेता किशनाराम का निधन, शेखावत राज में बने थे संकट मोचक, जानें कैसा उनका पूरा सियासी सफर |url=https://thebikanernews.in/bikaner/at-the-age-of-94-the-death-of-bjp-veteran-kishanaram-passed/cid16529134.htm |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=thebikanernews.in |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Kishna Ram Naia kanTwitter
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Tunisiya</title>
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Batun '''kare hakkin dan Adam a kasar Tunisiya''', yana da sarkakiya, mai cin karo da juna, kuma a wasu bangarorin, yana da rudani bayan juyin juya halin Tunusiya da ya fara a watan Janairun 2011 da ya hambarar da mulkin [[Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali|Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] da ya dade. Yayin da watannin nan bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci ke da gagarumin ci gaba a matsayin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|hakkin dan Adam]], wasu daga cikin wadannan ci gaban sun koma baya. Lamarin dai ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin wani yanayi, inda masu lura da al'amura daban-daban suka bayar da bayanan da ba za a iya daidaita su ba na halin da ake ciki a kasar a halin yanzu.

A mafi yawan lokuta tun lokacin da Freedom House ta fara ba da kimar 'Yanci a Duniya, [[Tunisiya]] tana matsayi kusa da kasan ƙimar; ya ci gaba da samun matsayin &quot;Ba Kyauta&quot; ba a cikin duka sai ƴan shekaru. Tunusiya ta sami daukaka zuwa &quot;Yanci 'Yanci&quot; bayan juyin juya hali (sau da yawa ana danganta shi da abin da ake kira juyin juya halin Larabawa, tare da ƙimar haƙƙin siyasa ya inganta daga 7 zuwa 3 (tare da 7 mafi muni kuma 1 mafi kyau) da 'yancin ɗan adam yana fitowa daga 5 zuwa 4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Tunisia |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/tunisia-0 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarar 2016, Tunisiya ta sami ɗaukaka zuwa &quot;Kyauta&quot; - Ƙasar Larabawa tilo da ta sami wannan ƙimar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-01-27 |title=Freedom in the World 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2016 |website=freedomhouse.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halin da ake ciki kafin juyin juya hali da kuma abubuwan da suka faru bayan juyin juya hali ==
Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, wanda aka fitar a watan Afrilun 2011, ya kwatanta matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a wannan ƙasa a jajibirin juyin juya halin, yana mai nuni da &quot;ƙananan 'yancin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|faɗar albarkacin baki]], 'yan jarida da ƙungiyoyi&quot;, &quot;tsanani&quot; tsoratar da 'yan jarida, ramuwar gayya ga gwamnati, gudanar da zaɓe mai shakku, da rahotanni na kama-karya na son rai, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|cin hanci da]] rashawa, da cin hanci da rashawa, da cin hanci da rashawa, da cin hanci da rashawa da jami'an gwamnati suka yi. cin zarafi da azabtar da fursunoni da fursunoni, tare da yin amfani da hanyoyin [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da dama. Wadanda ake tuhuma ba su ji dadin samun damar yin gwaji cikin gaggawa ba, kuma ana yawan hana samun shaida; a lokuta da suka shafi dokar iyali da gado, alkalai sukan yi watsi da dokar farar hula kuma suna amfani da shari'a maimakon haka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Tunisia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154474.htm |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da yake babban abin da ya haifar da boren shi ne takaici kan halin da tattalin arzikin kasar ke ciki, amma da yawa daga cikin jagororin juyin juya hali sun kasance masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da dama kuma da yawa daga cikin mahalarta taron sun bayyana fatansu na maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya da gwamnatin dimokaradiyya da kuma kungiyoyin fararen hula da ake mutunta 'yancin dan Adam. Kamar yadda Christopher de Belligue ya lura a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a gidan yanar gizon New York Review of Books a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2012, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya shine, &quot;ba ko ɗaukar wasu bayanan da ba su dace [[Shari'a|ba]] game &lt;ref name=&quot;de Bellaigue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=de Bellaigue |first=Christopher |title=Tunisia: 'Did We Make the Revolution For This?' |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2012/dec/18/tunisia-did-we-make-revolution/ |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=The New York Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Musulunci|,]] wanda ba na addini ba.

Juyin juya halin ya haifar da abin da [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;tsari mai girma na sake fasalin&quot; wanda a karkashinsa &quot;an saki fursunonin siyasa, ciki har da fursunonin lamiri, an sassauta takunkumin doka kan jam'iyyun siyasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu; Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa (DSS), wacce ta yi kaurin suna wajen azabtar da fursunoni ba tare da wani hukunci ba, an rushe; Tunisiya ta zama jam'iyya ga ƙarin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa, kuma ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Annual Report 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/tunisia/report-2012 |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2011, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta bude ofishin kare hakkin dan Adam na farko a [[arewacin Afirka]] . Babbar jami'ar kare hakkin bil'adama [[Navi Pillay|ta kasar Navi Pillay]] ta bayyana hakan a yayin bude ofishin na hukuma, inda ta ce, duniya baki daya ta kalli abin mamaki da kuma kara mutunta hakkinsu, yayin da 'yan kasar Tunisia ke ci gaba da neman hakkinsu, inda suka ki amincewa da danniya, kamawa, azabtarwa da duk wani rauni da hasarar rayuka da suka faru. &quot;Tasirin wadannan ayyuka, a kan ita kanta Tunisiya, da sauran yankuna, da ma duk fadin duniya abu ne mai wuyar a iya aunawa kuma ba a kammala ba. Amma babu shakka ya kasance mai girma da gaske.&quot; Ta yi nuni da cewa, a cikin makwanni ukun da suka gabata, Tunisia ta amince da wasu manyan yarjejeniyoyi guda hudu: Yarjejeniya ta Zabi ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, da yarjejeniyar da aka zaba kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan bacewar tilastawa, da kuma yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;un.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First UN human rights office opens in Tunisia |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39037 |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=UN News Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, a cewar de Bellaigue, “tamutsi ya karu sosai tsakanin abokan hulda guda uku” a gwamnatin bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, “ba don komai ba saboda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin masu kishin Islama da masu ra’ayin addini cewa an tsara kawancen ne don dinkewa, ko kuma a kalla kamanceceniya, a yanzu ya bayyana a fili.{{Spaces}}... da yawa, masu ra'ayin addini da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya an jawo su cikin yakin al'adu mai karfi, wanda na farko ya kira 'yancin ɗan adam, &lt;ref name=&quot;de Bellaigue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=de Bellaigue |first=Christopher |title=Tunisia: 'Did We Make the Revolution For This?' |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2012/dec/18/tunisia-did-we-make-revolution/ |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=The New York Review of Books}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFde_Bellaigue&quot;&gt;de Bellaigue, Christopher. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2012/dec/18/tunisia-did-we-make-revolution/ &quot;Tunisia: 'Did We Make the Revolution For This?'&quot;]. ''The New York Review of Books''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma, shari'ar Musulunci.&quot;

Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan gaskiya, adalci, ramuwa da kuma garantin rashin sake dawowa, Pablo de Greiff, ya bukaci mahukuntan Tunisiya a watan Nuwamban 2012 da su sanya gaba da kuma ci gaba da kare hakkin bil adama a kokarinsu na rikon kwarya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights must be at centre of Tunisia's transitional justice efforts – UN expert |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43519 |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=UN News Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disambar 2012, a wajen bikin ranar kare hakkin bil adama ta duniya a Carthage, wanda ya samu halartar wasu manyan jami'an gwamnatin Tunisiya, shugaba Marzouki, yayin da yake korafi kan &quot;'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da wasu kafofin watsa labarai ke yi&quot;, ya koka da cewa &quot;hanyar gina 'yancin bil'adama a Tunisiya har yanzu tana da wahala da kuma cike da tarko.&quot; Wata wahala ita ce, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Tunisiya suna ganin sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma sanarwar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya da suka yi hannun riga da kimar Musulunci.

Marzouki ya yarda cewa akwai bukatar jami’an tsaro su yi wani gagarumin sauyi na tunani, yayin da kakakin majalisar wakilai ta kasa Mustapha Ben Jaafar ya nuna godiya ga irin taimakon da wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama suka ba wa sabuwar gwamnatin. Matsaloli baya ga in ji Ben Jaafar, tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a Tunisia yana kan turba mai kyau, kuma kasar &quot;tana tafiya zuwa ga cimma matsaya kan sabon kundin tsarin mulki.&quot; Sai dai shugaban kungiyar alkalan kasar Tunisiya Raoudha Labidi, ya zargi cewa cire alkalan daga taron kare hakkin bil adama na nuni da kin amincewa da gwagwarmayar da alkalan suka yi kafin juyin juya hali, yana mai kara da cewa hukumar shari'a ita ce ta tabbatar da 'yancin dan adam da 'yancin kai a kasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: 'Path Towards Construction of Human Rights Tunisia Is Difficult and Full of Traps,' Says President Marzouki |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201212080517.html?viewall=1 |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin labarin Disamba na 2012, Dorra Megdiche Meziou ya ɗauki ra'ayi mai ban tsoro game da taron ranar 'yancin ɗan adam. Yayin da yake amincewa da &quot;nasarar tarihi na shugaban kasar mai ci Moncef Marzouki, a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama,&quot; tare da lura da cewa ya kasance a cikin &quot;komitin gudanarwa na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Larabawa,&quot; na &quot;Reshen Tunisiya na Amnesty International,&quot; ya yi aiki a matsayin &quot;shugaban kwamitin Larabawa na 'Yancin Dan Adam,&quot; kuma &quot;ya kafa kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Larabawa,&quot; da kuma &quot;haɗin gwiwa tare da kafa Majalisar Kasa ta Ƙasa, yayin da Mustapha ya ci gaba da kasancewa a Tunisiya. ya taimaka wajen ciyar da hakkin dan Adam a matsayin &quot;babban jigo a 'yan adawar Tunisiya,&quot; Meziou ya koka da cewa &quot;mummunan take hakki da cin zarafi&quot; na ci gaba da kasancewa a Tunisia ta yau, ya kuma yi kira ga &quot;wadannan tsoffin masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke kan karagar mulki da su samu aiki tare da fassara kalmominsu zuwa ayyuka.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;al-monitor.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia's New Rulers Advance Human Rights in Name Only |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/culture/2012/12/tunisian-human-rights-are-rights-in-name-only.html |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=AL Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoban 2012, Amnesty International ta ce sauye-sauyen juyin juya hali na Tunisia ya ruguje, inda a 'yan watannin baya-bayan nan aka ga sabbin takunkumi kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da aka yi wa 'yan jarida, masu fasaha, masu sukar gwamnati, marubuta da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, lamarin da ya kai ga yajin aikin 'yan jarida. Har ila yau, masu zanga-zangar suna korafin cewa ba a yi gyare-gyare cikin sauri ba, &quot;an gamu da karfi da ba dole ba kuma fiye da kima.&quot; Bugu da kari, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch]] ta rubuta gazawar gwamnati wajen duba hare-haren da kungiyoyin Islama masu tsatsauran ra'ayi ke kaiwa 'yan gwagwarmayar siyasa.  Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta amince da &quot;shakku&quot; game da kudurin sabbin shugabannin Tunisiya na yin garambawul, tana mai cewa &quot;Tunisiya na cikin tsaka mai wuya&quot; tare da yin kira da a dauki matakan gaggawa.{{Spaces}}... don gane hakkoki da 'yancin da 'yan Tunisiya suka yi gwagwarmaya da jaruntaka a ƙarshen 2010 da farkon 2011.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Tunisia at a crossroads: Amnesty |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/tunisia/human-rights-in-tunisia-at-a-crossroads-amnesty-1.1093123 |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=Gulf News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2014, Shugaba Moncef Marzouki ya kafa Hukumar Gaskiya da [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Mutunci]] ta Tunisiya, a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na samar da sulhu na kasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia launches Truth and Dignity Commission |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401030751/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html |archive-date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2016-12-22 |website=UNDP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkoki na asali ==
Tunisiya, a cewar de Belligue, &quot;ya dauki matakai masu muhimmanci ga tsarin siyasa mai wakilci da kuma amintacce. Cibiyoyin suna aiki, ko da yake ba daidai ba ne. Ana lura da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki zuwa wani mataki wanda ba a taba gani ba a tarihin zamani na kasar. A hakika, masu zaman kansu da masu kishin Islama sun yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa ra'ayinsu game da duniya yana ɗaukar ranar, amma na yi magana da masu rinjaye na tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda na yi magana da masu rinjaye a cikin tsawon lokaci. yana adawa da su, sulhu ba makawa ne”. &lt;ref name=&quot;de Bellaigue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=de Bellaigue |first=Christopher |title=Tunisia: 'Did We Make the Revolution For This?' |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2012/dec/18/tunisia-did-we-make-revolution/ |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=The New York Review of Books}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFde_Bellaigue&quot;&gt;de Bellaigue, Christopher. [http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2012/dec/18/tunisia-did-we-make-revolution/ &quot;Tunisia: 'Did We Make the Revolution For This?'&quot;]. ''The New York Review of Books''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan juyin juya halin, haka ma, Tunisia ta zama kasa ta farko a cikin kasashen Larabawa &quot;da ta amince da daidaiton jinsi a cikin kundin zabe bisa doka.&quot; [1] A cewar Freedom House, zaben Oktoba na 2011 na Oktoba &quot;yana wakiltar wani gagarumin ci gaba a cikin 'yancin zaɓe da ayyuka. A karkashin tsohon gwamnatin Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, majalisar ministocin, da yawa daga cikin majalisa, da kuma yawancin jami'an yankin sun nada kai tsaye ta shugaban kasa. An gudanar da zaɓen da aka yi da gaske, kuma an ƙaddamar da iyakokin lokaci don ba da damar Ben Ali ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin zaɓen 1, 2 ta hanyar 1. na Majalisar Zartarwar an zabe ta ne ta hanyar jefa kuri'a na jerin jam'iyyu a mazabu 33 masu yawa, kuma masu jefa kuri'a sun sami damar zabar daga jam'iyyun siyasa masu wakiltar akidu da falsafar siyasa daban-daban, ciki har da kungiyoyin Islama da masu kishin addini

An soki gwamnatin Tunisiya saboda tsattsauran manufofinta kan amfani da muggan kwayoyi, alal misali, yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 1 a gidan yari kai tsaye saboda shan wiwi. Fursunonin sun cika cunkoso kuma masu laifin miyagun kwayoyi suna wakiltar kusan kashi uku na yawan fursunonin. 

A cikin watan Janairun 2021, an kama dubban matasa tare da tarwatsa zanga-zangar da jami'an tsaro suka yi, wadanda kuma suka azabtar da masu zanga-zangar a gidan yari. Shugaban Tunisiya Kais Saied, wanda ya jajirce a bainar jama'a wajen mutuntawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ya kamata a guji irin wannan wahala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Tunisia must be upheld following suspension of parliament |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/human-rights-in-tunisia-must-be-upheld-following-suspension-of-parliament/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar [[Amnesty International|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International]] ta bayyana cewa, manyan ‘yan jarida da ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar Tunusiya da wasu ‘yan siyasa da suka hada da masu suka da masu adawa da shugaba Kais Sa’eed na fuskantar adawa da gwamnati. Shugaba Saied ya sha kai hare-hare kan 'yancin kan bangaren shari'a, ya kuma bai wa kansa ikon tsoma baki wajen nadawa da korar alkalai da masu gabatar da kara. Sabbin dokoki sun ƙunshi tanadin da za su taƙaita aiki da kuɗin tallafin ƙungiyoyin jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=End human rights backsliding in Tunisia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/petition/end-human-rights-backsliding-in-tunisia/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin doka ==

=== Mutanen da aka kama ===
Canje-canjen da aka yi wa dokar Tunusiya bayan juyin juya hali game da azabtarwa ya kara dacewa da dokokin kasa da kasa. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da samun zarge-zargen azabtarwa, irin wadannan al'amura ba su da yawa fiye da kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Yawancin zarge-zargen sun shafi dukan masu zanga-zanga a zanga-zangar ko a ofisoshin 'yan sanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/tunisia/report-2012 |access-date=January 9, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Freedom House ta yi nuni da cewa, ba a gudanar da sauye-sauye a fannin kare hakkin bil-Adama ba a bangaren tabbatar da doka kamar yadda ake yi a sauran bangarori na al'ummar Tunisiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/tunisia-0 |access-date=January 9, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuma Amnesty International ta lura cewa yayin da ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Tunusiya bayan juyin juya hali ta ke shirin gudanar da sauye-sauye na 'yan sanda, ba ta magance take hakkin bil'adama da 'yan sanda da sauran masu rike da madafun iko suka yi kafin juyin juya hali ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/tunisia/report-2012 |access-date=January 9, 2013 |website=Tunisia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meziou ya lura a cikin watan Disamba na 2012 cewa gwamnatin bayan juyin juya hali na kama mutane amma ba ta gabatar da su gaban kotu ba. &quot;Wasu daga cikin jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin da aka tsare kusan shekaru biyu ana tsare da su kuma har yanzu suna jiran shari'a, wanda da alama ba a kusa ba,&quot; ta rubuta. Har ila yau, an kama matasa masu zanga-zangar a wurare daban-daban na kasar, kuma suna jiran shari'a a karkashin &quot;mummunan yanayi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia's New Rulers Advance Human Rights in Name Only |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/culture/2012/12/tunisian-human-rights-are-rights-in-name-only.html |access-date=January 9, 2013 |website=AL Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto da Human Rights Watch ta buga a watan Afrilun 2025 ya nuna cewa tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tunisiya ya karu sosai tun lokacin da Shugaba Said Kaies ya karbi mulki a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2025-04-16 |title=“All Conspirators” |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2025/04/16/all-conspirators/how-tunisia-uses-arbitrary-detention-crush-dissent |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwaji ===
Kafin juyin juya halin, a cewar Freedom House, sashen shari'a na Tunisiya ya kasance yana kula da shi cikin tsanaki daga bangaren zartaswa, wanda ke kula da nadawa da nada alkalai. An yi Allah wadai da shari'ar da ake zargin masu kishin Islama, da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, da 'yan jarida a matsayin rashin adalci da nuna son kai a siyasance daga masu sa ido na cikin gida da na waje. Yayin da irin wannan cin zarafi &quot;ya ragu matuka a shekarar 2011,&quot; kuma an samu &quot;wasu sauye-sauye&quot; a fannin shari'a, kotuna, kamar hukumomin tabbatar da doka, &quot;an soki lamirin yadda ake tafiyar da wasu cibiyoyi a yunkurinsu na yin garambawul, kuma akwai gagarumin koma baya dangane da cin zarafi da 'yan tsohuwar gwamnati da jami'an tsaro suka yi, wadanda har yanzu ba a magance su a hukumance ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/tunisia-0 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A jerin tarurrukan da suka gabatar a shekarar 2012 da cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ta lauyoyi, da kungiyar ba da taimakon shari'a ta kasa da kasa, da kuma cibiyar CEELI suka gabatar, an baiwa akasarin alkalan kasar Tunisia horo kan hakkin dan Adam da kuma rawar da alkalai za su taka a cikin al'ummar dimokradiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia |url=http://www.ibanet.org/Tunisia.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115145456/http://www.ibanet.org/Tunisia.aspx |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=International Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai a watan Oktoban shekarar 2012, kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta soki ministan shari'a na Tunisiya da korar alkalai 75, inda ta yi kira ga majalisar dokokin kasar Tunisia da ta gaggauta samar da wata doka da za ta samar da wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da za ta tafiyar da ladabtarwa da korar alkalai cikin gaskiya da adalci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: Human Rights Body Decries Sacking of Tunisia Judges |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210300363.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kurkuku ===
An dade ana daukar yanayin gidajen yari a kasar Tunisiya da rashin inganci, tare da cunkoso da tashin hankali daga cikin manyan matsalolin. &quot;Tsafta ya yi matukar wahala, kuma fursunoni ba safai suke samun shawa da wuraren wanki ba,&quot; a cewar wani rahoto da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a farkon shekarar 2011. Yawanci, fursunoni kusan hamsin sun kasance a tsare a cikin &quot;[[ɗaki]] ɗaya mai murabba'in ƙafa 194, kuma kusan fursunoni 140 sun raba ɗaki mai murabba'in ƙafa 323. Yawancin fursunoni an tilasta musu raba gadaje ko barci a ƙasa. Fursunoni na yanzu da na tsoffin fursunoni sun ba da rahoton cewa rashin isassun kayan aiki ya tilasta wa fursunoni su raba wuri guda tare da tsaftataccen ruwa fiye da magidanta. Cututtuka masu yaduwa, musamman ciwon huhu, sun yadu, kuma fursunoni ba su da isasshen kulawar lafiya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186663.pdf |access-date=January 6, 2013 |website=Executive Summary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a farkon shekarar 2012, biyo bayan yunkurin juyin juya halin Larabawa, ya bayyana yanayin gidan yari a matsayin &quot;mabambanta&quot; ya kuma bayyana cewa yayin da gidajen yari biyu da kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta lura a watan Fabrairu sun cika cunkoso, ana sa ran lamarin zai inganta sakamakon afuwar da aka yi na 'yantar da dubban fursunonin siyasa da aka tsare a zamanin Ben Ali. Rahoton ya nuna, duk da haka, cewa na zamani, cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin gidan yari bayan juyin juya hali yana da wuya a samu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia Executive Summary |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186663.pdf |access-date=January 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da yake ba a soke hukuncin kisa ta hanyar fasaha ba, Tunisiya bayan juyin juya hali na ci gaba da dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da aka yi a 1991. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/tunisia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukuncin kisa ya kasance hukuncin shari'a a Tunisiya saboda manyan laifuffuka da yawa da suka hada da kisan gilla, kisan gilla, ta'addanci, mummunar fyade, garkuwa da mutane, hare-haren da ake kaiwa jami'an tsaron kasar waje, garkuwa da mutane da kwace da ke haifar da kisa, cin amanar kasa, leken asiri, konewa, laifuffukan soji, yunƙurin barazanar da ya cancanci kisa tare da wani hukunci na ƙarshe da aka kai mu, An zartar da hukuncin kisa a Tunisia Jihad Matiki, wanda aka kashe ta hanyar rataya a shekara ta 1991 saboda kisan kai da ta'addanci.

A cikin 2016, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a Geneva, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor, ta ba da rahoton halin da gidajen yari da gidajen yari na Tunisiya ke ciki. A cikin 2015, akwai fursunoni kusan 25,000 a wuraren da ake tsare da su a Tunisiya, ciki har da cibiyoyi na &quot;tsare tsare&quot; da gidajen yari. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, adadin fursunoni da fursunoni ya karu zuwa mutane 53,300, wanda aka raba tsakanin cibiyoyin kariya 19 da gidajen yari takwas. Cunkoson wuraren gidajen yari sun zarce kashi 150 zuwa 200%, abin da ya haifar da tashin hankali da tashin hankali a tsakanin fursunoni da kuma kara yaduwar cututtuka. Kashi 53 cikin 100 na fursunonin ana tsare su ne a kurkuku ko kuma a tsare su saboda sayar da muggan ƙwayoyi ko amfani da su. Fursunoni 2,000 ne aka yankewa hukuncin da laifin ta’addanci, amma ana tsare da fursunonin da ke jiran shari’a da kuma wadanda suka aikata kananan laifuka. Wannan yawanci yana haifar da radicalization. Wannan halin da ake ciki gaba daya ya sanya kasar Tunisia ta zama kasa ta hudu a yawan fursunonin, inda kashi 212 cikin 100,000 na daukacin al'ummar kasar. Dokar gaggawa da aka kafa a Tunisiya ta cinye kusan kashi 80% na albarkatun ɗan adam da aka yi amfani da su wajen gyarawa . [1]Ba kamar yawancin ƙasashen Turai, ƙasashen Afirka, da sauran ƙasashen yamma ba, babu yuwuwar yin afuwa ga duk wanda aka yankewa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai . Daurin rai da rai a Tunisiya yana nufin dauri na dindindin har tsawon rayuwar mai laifi, kuma koyaushe ana sanya shi ba tare da yuwuwar sakin layi ba. Daurin rai da rai a Tunisiya wani hukunci ne na tilas na ta'addanci, satar jiragen sama, kisa, kisan gilla, da tsananin fyade. Yana da yuwuwar hukunci ga fataucin muggan kwayoyi, manyan laifukan muggan kwayoyi, da manyan laifukan soja.


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    <title>Nandi Resistance</title>
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'''Resistance Nandi''' wani rikici ne na soja da ya faru a [[Kenya]] a yau tsakanin shekarun 1890 zuwa 1906. Ya shafi 'yan ƙabilar Kalenjin, musamman daga ɓangaren Nandi, da kuma 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, lokacin da ake magana da shi a matsayin &quot;lokacin sulhu&quot; na Matson, ya ga yawancin al'ummomin yankin da suka yi adawa da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Daga cikin waɗannan, tawayen Nandi zai fito fili don kasancewa mafi tsayi.&lt;ref&gt;Nandi Resistance to British Rule 1890–1906. By A. T. Matson. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1972. Pp. vii+391&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Koitalel Arap Samoei]], Orkoiyot na Nandi ne ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar Nandi a lokacin. A ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba, 1905, a dalilin abin da ake kira Nandi Bears Club a yanzu, an nemi Arap Samoei ya haɗu da Col Richard Meinertzhagen don sasantawa. Sai dai Meinertzhagen da mutanensa sun kashe Koitalel Arap Samoei da mukarrabansa, inda suka kawo karshen turjiya/tawaye.  Bayan haka, ’yan Birtaniyya sun yanke kan gawar Koitalel suka kai kansa Landan a matsayin shaidar mutuwarsa da kuma kofin macabre na mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forgotten History: Kenya's Koitalel Arap Samoei |url=https://boxscorenews.com/forgotten-history-kenyas-koitalel-arap-samoei-p158752-272.htm |website=Boxscore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A cikin shekarun baya bayan nan na ƙarni na 19, a lokacin da masu bincike na farko na Turai suka fara shiga cikin ƙasar Kenya, yankin Nandi ya kasance ƙasa mai rufewa. Thompson a cikin shekarar 1883 an gargadi Thompson da ya guje wa ƙasar Nandi, waɗanda aka san su da hare-haren baƙi da ayarin da za su yi ƙoƙari su daidaita babban taron Mau.&lt;ref&gt;Pavitt, N. ''Kenya: The First Explorers'',Aurum Press, 1989, p. 121&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaton Nandi bai kasance ba tare da dalili ba. Kamar sauran al'adu masu yawa, annabawan Kalenjin sun annabta zuwan mutumin farar fata kuma a cikin Nandi, Mongo da annabcin Orkoiyot Kimnyole sune misalai mafi shahara. Mongo ya yi cikakken bayani a cikin asusunsa, inda ya yi annabta zuwan farar fata tare da gargaɗin yaƙar su don suna da ƙarfi. Kimnyole, kafin a kashe shi kawai ya annabta cewa arangamar za ta yi tasiri sosai a kan Nandi. Sabo da nasarar da suka samu a kan ƙabilun makwabta da Larabawa, duk da haka, Nandi ya yi imanin cewa za su yi nasara wajen kare yankunansu.

Shekaru bakwai bayan tafiyar Thompson, ƙananan ayari uku ne kawai na Turai ciki har da nasa, suka shiga Nandi amma ba a yi wata muhimmiyar hulɗa ba. An tattara tabbataccen bayani kawai daga Maasai wanda Hannington ya danganta da ɗaukar ƙabilar Nandi &quot;sun kasance mafi wahala a iya magance ikon fada&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bishop&quot;/&gt;

== Dalili ==
Matson, a cikin asusunsa na juriya, ya nuna &quot;yadda rashin alhaki na wasu 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya guda biyu, Andrew Dick da Peter West, da sauri ya tayar da mummunan yanayin da ke tsakanin Nandi da Birtaniya mai shigowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Nandi Resistance to British Rule 1890–1906. By A. T. Matson. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1972. Pp. vii+391&lt;/ref&gt;  Wannan zai haifar da rikici fiye da shekaru goma.

Yaƙin ya fara a cikin yanayin da ba zai yuwu ba. Yamma, wanda ake zargi da harbin bindiga wanda aka kwatanta a cikin littattafan tarihi a matsayin &quot;mai maye&quot;, ya isa Mumias a ranar 20 ga watan Maris 1895 kuma nan da nan ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Dick, ɗan kasuwa na &quot;choleric&quot; wanda ya kafa wuraren kasuwanci daga bakin teku zuwa tafkin Victoria. Manufarsu ita ce ta kafa mamaya da cin gashin kai tare da Nandi.

Gudun su, wanda suka fara a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni 1895 ta hanyar shirya ayari biyu, ya fara da kyau. Dick yana da bindigogi uku da Kilekwa suka ɗauka yayin da aka kashe ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Yamma. Dick yana da mayaƙan Nandi guda biyu waɗanda suka miƙa wuya aka yi musu bulala kuma daga baya aka ɗaure suka nutse. Dick kuma ya kori wata jam'iyyar leken asiri ta Nandi kuma ta tarwatse bayan rasa jarumi ɗaya.

Yayin da Dick ke shagaltuwa da adawa da Nandi, West ya kafa sansaninsa na sa'o'i biyu daga gidajen Nandi mafi kusa kuma daga nan ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari game da hauren giwa wanda ya nemi tuntuɓar sa ta farko da Nandi. Ko da yake an gargadi Nandi, West ya ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari ta hanyar kula da wakilan Nandi da kyau. An biya koƙarinsa ne da karfe 2:00 na safe ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 1895 a lokacin da mayakan Nandi suka garzaya da sansanin sannan aka kashe gaba ɗayansu banda takwas ba tare da harbi ba. An ba da rahoton kalmomin ƙarshe na West kamar, &quot;Ba ni bindiga ta.&quot;

== Ayyukan soja ==


Ma&lt;nowiki&gt;'aikatar Tsaro ta Gabashin Afirka, Ofishin Harkokin Waje, da gwamnatocin ƙungiyoyin mishan sun mayar da martani ga mutuwar Yamma ta hanyar shirya balaguron soji a kan Nandi a shekarun 1895 da 1897.  Ziyarar ta farko a shekarar 1895 ta kunshi sojoji 400 ne ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'an Turawa ɗauke da bindigogi da kuma bindiga kirar Maxim. Tafiya ta biyu a shekarar 1897 ta haɗa da sojoji 500 masu ɗauke ''&lt;/nowiki&gt;da makamai kamar da. Waɗannan balaguro sun sami damar yin asara na ɗan lokaci kan mayaka Nandi, da kona ƙauyukan Nandi da dama tare da kama ɗaruruwan dabbobi, amma sun kasa murkushe juriyar Nandi.

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'''Resistance Nandi''' wani rikici ne na soja da ya faru a [[Kenya]] a yau tsakanin shekarun 1890 zuwa 1906. Ya shafi 'yan ƙabilar [[Kalenjin]], musamman daga ɓangaren Nandi, da kuma 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, lokacin da ake magana da shi a matsayin &quot;lokacin sulhu&quot; na Matson, ya ga yawancin al'ummomin yankin da suka yi adawa da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Daga cikin waɗannan, tawayen Nandi zai fito fili don kasancewa mafi tsayi.&lt;ref&gt;Nandi Resistance to British Rule 1890–1906. By A. T. Matson. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1972. Pp. vii+391&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Koitalel Arap Samoei]], Orkoiyot na Nandi ne ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar Nandi a lokacin. A ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba, 1905, a dalilin abin da ake kira Nandi Bears Club a yanzu, an nemi Arap Samoei ya haɗu da Col Richard Meinertzhagen don sasantawa. Sai dai Meinertzhagen da mutanensa sun kashe Koitalel Arap Samoei da mukarrabansa, inda suka kawo karshen turjiya/tawaye.  Bayan haka, ’yan Birtaniyya sun yanke kan gawar Koitalel suka kai kansa Landan a matsayin shaidar mutuwarsa da kuma kofin macabre na mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forgotten History: Kenya's Koitalel Arap Samoei |url=https://boxscorenews.com/forgotten-history-kenyas-koitalel-arap-samoei-p158752-272.htm |website=Boxscore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A cikin shekarun baya bayan nan na ƙarni na 19, a lokacin da masu bincike na farko na Turai suka fara shiga cikin ƙasar Kenya, yankin Nandi ya kasance ƙasa mai rufewa. Thompson a cikin shekarar 1883 an gargadi Thompson da ya guje wa ƙasar Nandi, waɗanda aka san su da hare-haren baƙi da ayarin da za su yi ƙoƙari su daidaita babban taron Mau.&lt;ref&gt;Pavitt, N. ''Kenya: The First Explorers'',Aurum Press, 1989, p. 121&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaton Nandi bai kasance ba tare da dalili ba. Kamar sauran al'adu masu yawa, annabawan Kalenjin sun annabta zuwan mutumin farar fata kuma a cikin Nandi, Mongo da annabcin Orkoiyot Kimnyole sune misalai mafi shahara. Mongo ya yi cikakken bayani a cikin asusunsa, inda ya yi annabta zuwan farar fata tare da gargaɗin yaƙar su don suna da ƙarfi. Kimnyole, kafin a kashe shi kawai ya annabta cewa arangamar za ta yi tasiri sosai a kan Nandi. Sabo da nasarar da suka samu a kan ƙabilun makwabta da Larabawa, duk da haka, Nandi ya yi imanin cewa za su yi nasara wajen kare yankunansu.

Shekaru bakwai bayan tafiyar Thompson, ƙananan ayari uku ne kawai na Turai ciki har da nasa, suka shiga Nandi amma ba a yi wata muhimmiyar hulɗa ba. An tattara tabbataccen bayani kawai daga Maasai wanda Hannington ya danganta da ɗaukar ƙabilar Nandi &quot;sun kasance mafi wahala a iya magance ikon fada&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bishop&quot;/&gt;

== Dalili ==
Matson, a cikin asusunsa na juriya, ya nuna &quot;yadda rashin alhaki na wasu 'yan kasuwa na Birtaniya guda biyu, Andrew Dick da Peter West, da sauri ya tayar da mummunan yanayin da ke tsakanin Nandi da Birtaniya mai shigowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Nandi Resistance to British Rule 1890–1906. By A. T. Matson. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1972. Pp. vii+391&lt;/ref&gt;  Wannan zai haifar da rikici fiye da shekaru goma.

Yaƙin ya fara a cikin yanayin da ba zai yuwu ba. Yamma, wanda ake zargi da harbin bindiga wanda aka kwatanta a cikin littattafan tarihi a matsayin &quot;mai maye&quot;, ya isa Mumias a ranar 20 ga watan Maris 1895 kuma nan da nan ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Dick, ɗan kasuwa na &quot;choleric&quot; wanda ya kafa wuraren kasuwanci daga bakin teku zuwa tafkin Victoria. Manufarsu ita ce ta kafa mamaya da cin gashin kai tare da Nandi.

Gudun su, wanda suka fara a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni 1895 ta hanyar shirya ayari biyu, ya fara da kyau. Dick yana da bindigogi uku da Kilekwa suka ɗauka yayin da aka kashe ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Yamma. Dick yana da mayaƙan Nandi guda biyu waɗanda suka miƙa wuya aka yi musu bulala kuma daga baya aka ɗaure suka nutse. Dick kuma ya kori wata jam'iyyar leken asiri ta Nandi kuma ta tarwatse bayan rasa jarumi ɗaya.

Yayin da Dick ke shagaltuwa da adawa da Nandi, West ya kafa sansaninsa na sa'o'i biyu daga gidajen Nandi mafi kusa kuma daga nan ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari game da hauren giwa wanda ya nemi tuntuɓar sa ta farko da Nandi. Ko da yake an gargadi Nandi, West ya ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari ta hanyar kula da wakilan Nandi da kyau. An biya koƙarinsa ne da karfe 2:00 na safe ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 1895 a lokacin da mayakan Nandi suka garzaya da sansanin sannan aka kashe gaba ɗayansu banda takwas ba tare da harbi ba. An ba da rahoton kalmomin ƙarshe na West kamar, &quot;Ba ni bindiga ta.&quot;

== Ayyukan soja ==


Ma&lt;nowiki&gt;'aikatar Tsaro ta Gabashin Afirka, Ofishin Harkokin Waje, da gwamnatocin ƙungiyoyin mishan sun mayar da martani ga mutuwar Yamma ta hanyar shirya balaguron soji a kan Nandi a shekarun 1895 da 1897.  Ziyarar ta farko a shekarar 1895 ta kunshi sojoji 400 ne ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'an Turawa ɗauke da bindigogi da kuma bindiga kirar Maxim. Tafiya ta biyu a shekarar 1897 ta haɗa da sojoji 500 masu ɗauke ''&lt;/nowiki&gt;da makamai kamar da. Waɗannan balaguro sun sami damar yin asara na ɗan lokaci kan mayaka Nandi, da kona ƙauyukan Nandi da dama tare da kama ɗaruruwan dabbobi, amma sun kasa murkushe juriyar Nandi.

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    <title>Yaƙin Lukaya</title>
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'''Yaƙin Lukaya''' ([[Harshen Swahili|Kiswahili]]: ''Mapigano da Lukaya'') ya kasance yaƙin Uganda-Tanzania . An yi yaƙi a ranar 10 da 11 ga Maris 1979 a kusa da [[Uganda]]&quot; id=&quot;mwDw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lukaya, [[Uganda]]&quot;&gt;Lukaya, Uganda, tsakanin sojojin Tanzania (wanda 'yan tawayen Uganda suka goyi bayan) da sojojin gwamnatin Uganda (wanda [[Sojojin Larabawa na Libya|sojojinLibya]] da Palasdinawa suka goyi bayansa). Bayan da suka mamaye garin na ɗan lokaci, sojojin Tanzaniya da 'yan tawaye na Uganda sun janye a ƙarƙashin harbin bindigogi. Daga baya Tanzaniyawa suka kaddamar da wani hari, suka sake karbar Lukaya kuma suka kashe daruruwan 'yan Libya da Uganda.

Shugaba [[Idi Amin]] na Uganda ya yi ƙoƙari ya mamaye makwabciyar Tanzania a kudu a shekarar 1978. An kori harin, kuma Tanzania ta kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Uganda. A watan Fabrairun 1979, Sojojin Tsaro na Tanzania (TPDF) sun kwace Masaka. An umarci Brigade na 201 na TPDF da su tabbatar da Lukaya da hanyarsa zuwa arewa, wanda ya zama hanya ɗaya kai tsaye ta hanyar babban tafki zuwa [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda. A halin yanzu, Amin ya umarci sojojinsa da su sake kama Masaka, kuma an tattara runduna don manufar da ta kunshi sojojin Uganda, sojojin [[Libya]] da suka haɗa kai, da kuma 'yan tawaye na Palestine Liberation Organization, karkashin jagorancin Lieutenant Colonel Godwin Sule. 

A safiyar ranar 10 ga watan Maris, Brigade na 201 na TPDF a karkashin Brigadier Imran Kombe, wanda wani rukuni na 'yan tawaye na Uganda suka karfafa, sun mamaye Lukaya ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba. Da yamma 'yan Libya sun kai hari garin da rokoki, kuma ƙungiyar ta fashe kuma ta gudu zuwa cikin tafkin da ke kusa. Kwamandojin Tanzaniya sun umarci Brigade na 208 da su yi tafiya zuwa hanyar Kampala don kewaye da sojojin Uganda-Libya. Da asubahi a ranar 11 ga watan Maris Brigade na 208 ya kai matsayin da aka yi niyya kuma hare-haren Tanzaniya ya fara. Brigade na 201 da aka sake haɗuwa sun kai hari kan 'yan Libya da Uganda daga gaba da 208 daga baya. An kashe Sule, wanda ya haifar da rushewar tsaron Uganda, yayin da 'yan Libya suka janye. An kashe daruruwan gwamnatin Uganda da sojojin Libya. Yaƙin Lukaya shine mafi girman aikin yaƙin. Sakamakon ya shafi sojojin Amin, kuma juriya ta Uganda ta rushe a cikinta. TPDF ta sami damar ci gaba da tafiya sannan daga baya ta kai hari Kampala.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1971, Kanal [[Idi Amin]] ya kaddamar da [[Uganda]]_coup_d'état&quot; id=&quot;mwJA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;1971 Ugandan coup d'état&quot;&gt;juyin mulkin soja wanda ya hambarar da Shugaban Uganda, [[Milton Obote]], wanda ya haifar da lalacewar dangantakar da makwabciyar [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;honey2&quot; /&gt; Shugaban kasar Tanzania [[Julius Nyerere]] yana da alaƙa ta kusa da Obote kuma ya goyi bayan tsarin gurguzu.{{Sfn|Roberts|2017}} Amin ya sanya kansa a matsayin Shugaban Uganda kuma ya mallaki kasar a karkashin mulkin kama karya. Nyerere ya hana amincewa da sabuwar gwamnati kuma ya ba da mafaka ga Obote da magoya bayansa. Ya goyi bayan yunkurin da Obote ya yi na hambarar da Amin a shekarar 1972, kuma bayan wani ɗan gajeren rikici na kan iyaka shi da Amin sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Duk da haka, dangantakar da ke tsakanin shugabannin biyu ta kasance mai wahala, kuma Amin ya yi barazanar mamaye Tanzania.{{Sfn|Roberts|2017}}
[[Fayil:Moamer_el_Gadafi_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] (wanda aka nuna) ya taimaka wa mulkin [[Idi Amin]] a lokacin yakin Uganda-Tanzania .]]
Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace a karkashin mulkin cin hanci da rashawa na Amin, kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali ya bayyana a cikin sojoji. Bayan wani tashin hankali da ya gaza a ƙarshen Oktoba 1978, sojojin Uganda sun haye iyakar Tanzania don bin sojoji masu tawaye. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba Amin ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana mamaye Kagera Salient a arewacin Tanzania.{{Sfn|Roberts|2017}} Tanzania ta dakatar da mamayewar kwatsam, ta tattara kungiyoyin adawa da Amin, kuma ta kaddamar da wani yunkuri.{{Sfn|Roberts|2017}} Nyerere ya gaya wa jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje cewa bai yi niyyar kawar da Amin ba, amma kawai &quot;yana koya masa darasi&quot;.{{Sfn|Roberts|2017}} Ba a yarda da da'awar ba; Nyerere ya raina Amin, kuma ya yi sanarwa ga wasu abokan aikinsa game da hambarar da shi. Gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kuma ji cewa iyakar arewa ba za ta kasance mai aminci ba sai dai idan an kawar da barazanar da Amin ya gabatar.{{Sfn|Roberts|2017}} Bayan da Sojojin Tsaro na Jama'ar Tanzania (TPDF) suka sake karbar arewacin Tanzania, an nada Manjo Janar David Musuguri kwamandan 20th Division kuma an ba da umarnin turawa cikin yankin Uganda.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} A tsakiyar watan Fabrairu, an kai sojojin Libya zuwa Entebbe don taimakawa Sojojin Uganda.{{Sfn|Legum|1980}} Shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] ya ji cewa Uganda, wata jiha ta Musulmi a ganinsa, sojojin Kirista suna barazana, kuma suna so su dakatar da Tanzaniyawa.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1979, TPDF ta kwace Masaka. Nyerere da farko ya shirya dakatar da sojojinsa a can kuma ya ba da izinin 'yan gudun hijira na Uganda su kai hari [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda, kuma su hambarar da Amin. Ya ji tsoron cewa al'amuran sojojin Tanzaniya da ke mamaye birnin ba za su nuna kyau a kan hoton kasar a kasashen waje ba. Koyaya, sojojin 'yan tawaye na Uganda ba su da ƙarfin kayar da rukunin Libya masu shigowa, don haka Nyerere ya yanke shawarar amfani da TPDF don karɓar babban birnin.{{Sfn|Roberts|2017}} Rashin Masaka ya ba da mamaki kuma ya damu da kwamandojin Uganda, waɗanda suka ji cewa cin nasara ya sa Kampala ta kasance mai saukin kai hari. Sun tattara ƙarin sojoji kuma sun fara shirin kare birnin.{{Sfn|Rwehururu|2002}} Sojojin Uganda sun kuma nuna alamun farko na rushewa, yayin da manyan kwamandoji daban-daban suka ɓace ko kuma aka kashe su. Wani sojan Uganda ya bayyana a wata hira da ''Drum'', mujallar [[Afirka ta Kudu]], cewa &quot;yanayin yana kara muni kowace rana sabili kwanakinmu suna ƙidaya&quot;.{{Sfn|Seftel|2010}} A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar TPDF ta 20 ta shirya don ci gaba daga Masaka zuwa Kampala.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}

== Gabatarwa ==
Hanyar da kawai daga Masaka zuwa Kampala ta wuce ta Lukaya, wani gari mai nisan kilomita 39 (24  zuwa arewacin tsohon. Daga can, hanyar ta ci gaba a kan hanyar kilomita 25 (16  wanda ya ratsa cikin maras kyau har sai ya kai Nabusanke. Rashin ruwa ba zai iya wucewa ga motoci ba, kuma lalacewar hanyar zai jinkirta harin Tanzaniya a Kampala na watanni. Kodayake TPDF za ta kasance mai rauni a kan hanyar, Musuguri ya umarci dakarunsa su tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} An tura Brigade na 207 na TPDF ta hanyar tafkin zuwa gabas, an tura Brigade ta 208 zuwa yamma don gudanar da wani yunkuri mai zurfi wanda zai kawo shi kusa da ƙarshen arewacin tafkin, kuma Brigade na 201 a ƙarƙashin Brigadier Imran Kombe zai ci gaba da hanya kai tsaye zuwa cikin garin. 201st ya kunshi kusan dukkanin 'yan bindiga, da yawa daga cikinsu ba su ga yaƙi ba. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta sami ƙarfafawa daga ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye na Uganda, karkashin jagorancin Lieutenant Colonel David Oyite-Ojok. {{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}

An gabatar da wani shiri na lalata hanyar ga Amin a Kampala, amma ya ki amincewa da shi, yana mai cewa zai hana ikon sojojinsa na kaddamar da hare-hare kan Tanzanians. Ya kuma yi imanin cewa tare da goyon bayan Libya za a ci TPDF nan ba da daɗewa ba, don haka lalatawa sannan sake gina hanyar daga baya ba zai zama dole ba.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} A cewar jami'an diflomasiyya, Amin da farko ya shirya yin tsaro &quot;tsarin karshe&quot; a Mpigi, wani gari da ke kudancin Kampala da arewacin Lukaya. A ranar 2-4 ga watan Maris, Sojojin Uganda sun kayar da wani hari na 'yan tawaye a lokacin Yaƙin Tororo, wanda ya tsoratar da Amin. Tare da umarnin kwamandojinsa, nasarar da aka samu a Tororo ta shawo kan Shugaban kasa ya ba da umarnin sake kai farmaki. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris sama da sojoji dubu na Libya  da kuma kimanin 'yan tawaye 40 na Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) na [[Fatah]] sun tashi zuwa Uganda. {{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Janan Osama al-Salwadi |date=27 February 2017 |title=مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا |trans-title=Fatah's mission in Uganda |url=https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=Al Akhbar (Lebanon) |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun karfafa kimanin mayakan PLO 400 da suka riga sun kasance a kasar.{{Sfn|Amos|1980}} Sojojin Libya sun hada da raka'a na yau da kullun, sassan Militia na Jama'a, da membobin Pan-African Legion.{{Sfn|Pollack|2004}}{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} Sun kasance tare da tankuna 15 na T-55, sama da Masu dauke da makamai goma sha biyu, Land Rovers da yawa da aka sanye su da bindigogi 106 mm (4.2 in) ba tare da koma baya ba, nau'ikan bindigogi guda goma sha biyu na BM-21 Grad 12-barrel Katyusha, da sauran manyan bindigogi, kamar 122 mm mortars da batir biyu na D-30 howitzers.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}}{{Sfn|Pollack|2004}}&lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=25 May 2014 |title=Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin PLO sun kasance karkashin jagorancin Colonel Mutlaq Hamdan (wanda ake kira &quot;Abu Fawaz&quot;), Major Wassef Erekat, Kyaftin Juma Hassan Hamdallah, da Kyaftin Ibrahim Awad. &lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot; /&gt;

Amin ya umarci 'yan Libya, tare da wasu dakarun Uganda - gami da Artillery &amp; Signals Regiment, da Chui Regiment, kuma mai yiwuwa da Suicide Battalion &lt;ref name=&quot;kato&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kato |first=Joshua |date=23 January 2014 |title=Katonga bridge, the jewel of the liberation |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010515/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2014 |title=How Mbarara, Kampala fell to Tanzanian army |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304020630/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; - da mayakan PLO, don sake kama Masaka, da kuma rundunar da ta taru don manufar a gefen arewacin tafkin tsakanin Lukaya da Buganga.{{Efn|The Tanzanian state-run paper, ''News'', later estimated that 2,000 Ugandan troops participated in the action.&lt;ref name= ap&gt;{{cite news| agency = Associated Press| title = Tanzania Reports Bitter Uganda Battle| newspaper = International Herald Tribune| page = 4| date = 19 March 1979 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InternationalHeraldTribune1979FranceEnglish/Mar%2019%201979%2C%20International%20Herald%20Tribune%2C%20%2329889%2C%20France%20%28en%29#page/n3/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Lebanese ''[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al Akhbar]]'' newspaper, having interviewed PLO veterans of the war, stated that five Ugandan battalions fought in the battle.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot;/&gt;}}{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}}{{Efn|There exist conflicting accounts in regard to the Suicide Battalion's activities in March 1979. According to journalist Joshua Kato, the unit fought at Katonga Bridge during the Battle of Lukaya.&lt;ref name= kato/&gt; In contrast, the Suicide Battalion's commander [[Bernard Rwehururu]] maintained that his unit was involved in the [[Battle of Sembabule]] at the time.{{sfn|Rwehururu|2002|p=120}} Journalists [[Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey]] have instead stated that the Ugandan force at Sembabule consisted of the Tiger Regiment.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=92}}}}{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}}{{Efn|Tanzanian Lieutenant Colonel Ben Msuya reported that 2,500 Uganda Army troops encamped at Bukulula, a location north of Masaka, in preparation for the operation, and that his troops dislodged them over the course of three days, culminating in the seizure of Lukaya.&lt;ref name= lubega2&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/The-Tanzanian-general---who-ruled-Uganda-for-three-days/688342-2314328-nlq1q7z/index.html| title = Musuya: The Tanzanian general who ruled Uganda for three days| last = Lubega| first = Henry| date = 3 May 2014| website = Daily Monitor| access-date = 3 April 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190401114452/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/The-Tanzanian-general---who-ruled-Uganda-for-three-days/688342-2314328-nlq1q7z/index.html| archive-date = 1 April 2019| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Kwamandojin Libya da PLO sun tsara shirye-shirye don sake kai farmaki a cikin sirri saboda tsoron cewa Sojojin Uganda sun haɗa da abubuwa marasa aminci. Baya ga Amin, an sanar da jagorancin soja na Uganda game da shirye-shiryen yaƙi kawai kafin aikin ya fara.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Janan Osama al-Salwadi |date=27 February 2017 |title=مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا |trans-title=Fatah's mission in Uganda |url=https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=Al Akhbar (Lebanon) |language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJanan_Osama_al-Salwadi2017&quot;&gt;Janan Osama al-Salwadi (27 February 2017). [https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 &quot;مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Fatah's mission in Uganda&amp;#x5D;. ''Al Akhbar (Lebanon)'' (in Arabic)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Lieutenant Colonel Godwin Sule, kwamandan paratrooper na Uganda, an sanya shi a matsayin mai kula da aikin.{{Sfn|Rwehururu|2002}} An haɗa mayakan PLO a cikin rukunin Uganda, tare da Colonel Hamdan mai kula da tanki da sojojin sojan ƙasa, yayin da Manjo Erekat ya ɗauki kwamandan wani ɓangare na bindigogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot; /&gt; Sojojin Libya sun sami bayani game da aikin a Mitala Maria. &lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=25 May 2014 |title=Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLubega2014&quot;&gt;Lubega, Henry (25 May 2014). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html &quot;Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rediyon Uganda ya sanar da farawar yaki da tsakar rana a ranar 9 ga watan Maris,  yayin da sojojin Uganda da ke Lukaya suka janye.{{Sfn|Pollack|2004}}{{Efn|According to Radio Uganda announcements, TPDF troops had already reached the outskirts of Mpigi on 8 March, but retreated when Ugandan artillery began shelling them on 9 March.&lt;ref name = darnton1/&gt;}}

== Yaƙi ==

=== 10 ga Maris ===
[[Fayil:IMG_2218_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg|right|thumb|'Yan Uganda da 'yan Libya sun yi amfani da T-55 (misali a cikin sabis na Libya da aka zana) da kuma tankuna na M4A1 Sherman a lokacin yakin Lukaya . {{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} ]]
A safiyar ranar 10 ga watan Maris TPDF ta gudanar da wani hari mai sauƙi a Lukaya, wanda jama'a suka bar shi. Brigade na 201 ya mamaye garin don jiran tsallaka hanyar washegari, kuma sun fara tono ramuka a matsayin matakin kariya.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} Tanzaniyawa da Ugandan da Libyan ba su san matsayinsu ba.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} A ƙarshen rana, da misalin karfe uku, &lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Janan Osama al-Salwadi |date=27 February 2017 |title=مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا |trans-title=Fatah's mission in Uganda |url=https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=Al Akhbar (Lebanon) |language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJanan_Osama_al-Salwadi2017&quot;&gt;Janan Osama al-Salwadi (27 February 2017). [https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 &quot;مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Fatah's mission in Uganda&amp;#x5D;. ''Al Akhbar (Lebanon)'' (in Arabic)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt; sojojin Uganda-Libya-Palestine sun fara ci gaba zuwa Lukaya, tare da umarni don ɗaukar Masaka cikin sa'o'i uku. Bayan sun ga Tanzaniyawa da yamma, sun fara wani barga tare da rokoki na Katyusha. Artillery sun wuce su, amma yawancin sojojin Tanzaniya marasa ƙwarewa sun firgita, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun karya matsayi kuma sun gudu.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Kodayake wasu sun kasance a matsayinsu na tsaro, duk da haka sun yi mamakin kuma da sauri suka tilasta su janye cikin tafki tare da hanyar Masaka bayan sun ga Libyan T-55s da tankuna uku na Uganda M4A1 Sherman suna ci gaba zuwa gare su. Babu wanda aka kashe a cikin aikin.{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}}{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Duk da umarnin da ya yi na sake kama Masaka, sojojin Uganda-Libya sun tsaya a Lukaya,  suna tsoron cewa Tanzaniyawa suna ƙoƙarin yaudarar su cikin kwanto. {{Sfn|Pollack|2004}}{{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}}{{Efn|According to journalist Baldwin Mzirai, the international media was led to believe that the initial Tanzanian retreat from Lukaya was not a rout but a deliberate strategic action.{{sfn|Mzirai|1980|p=71}} [[Reuters]] reported on 11 March that Ugandan exiles in Nairobi stated that UNLF troops had conducted a &quot;tactical retreat&quot; from the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title = Invaders Reported Retreating in Uganda|newspaper = International Herald Tribune| agency = Reuters| page = 2| issue = 29,883| date = 12 March 1979| url = https://archive.org/stream/InternationalHeraldTribune1979FranceEnglish/Mar%2012%201979%2C%20International%20Herald%20Tribune%2C%20%2329883%2C%20France%20%28en%29#page/n1/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; Radio Uganda declared that the Uganda Army was conducting a successful counteroffensive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title = Tanzanian Force in Uganda Is Reported to Fall Back| newspaper = The New York Times| page = 3A| date = 12 March 1979| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/12/archives/tanzanian-force-in-uganda-is-reported-to-fall-back.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} 'Yan Libya sun kafa matsayi na tsaro amma ba su tono wani rami ba.{{Sfn|Pollack|2004}} Maimakon haka, an ba da izinin dakarun su huta, yayin da kwamandojin suka shirya don mataki na gaba na yakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot; /&gt; Tankuna uku ne kawai na Tanzaniya suka tsaron hanya.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Kombe da ma'aikatansa sun yi ƙoƙari su sake tara brigadinsu don su ci gaba da fada, amma sojoji sun girgiza kuma ba za a iya shirya su ba.{{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}}

Kwamandojin Tanzaniya sun yanke shawarar canza shirye-shiryen su don hana asarar Lukaya daga juyawa zuwa lalacewa. Brigade na 208 a karkashin Brigadier Mwita Marwa, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 60 (37  arewa maso yammacin garin, an umarce shi da ya juya hanya kuma da sauri ya yanke Uganda da Libya daga Kampala.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Museveni |first=Yoweri K. |author-link=Yoweri Museveni |date=7 May 2012 |title=Mogadishu: Museveni responds to Obbo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1301448/mogadishu-museveni-responds-obbo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085005/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1301448/mogadishu-museveni-responds-obbo |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; An umarci tankuna a kan hanyar Masaka da su ci gaba da bude wuta a kan matsayin Uganda da Libya. Direbobin su sun yi jinkirin yin hakan ba tare da goyon bayan sojoji ba, don haka Musuguri ya aika daya daga cikin jami'ansa zuwa yankin don tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da umarnin. An tattara masu sa kai daga Brigade na 201 don shiga Lukaya ta cikin tafkin da tattara bayanan sirri. A cikin dare yanayin ya mamaye rikice-rikice; sojojin Uganda-Libya-Palestine da Brigade na 201 na TPDF sun lalace, kuma sojoji daga bangarorin biyu sun motsa a cikin duhu (babu hasken wata) tare da hanya da kuma cikin garin, ba su iya rarrabe tsakanin juna ba.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} A wani abin da ya faru, Oyite-Ojok yana jagorantar ƙungiyar mayakan Kikosi Maalum (KM) a kan hanya lokacin da suka ji wasu mutane suna magana a cikin Swahili. Oyite-Ojok da ƙungiyarsa sun ɗauka cewa su abokan tarayya ne, amma ɗayan su ya ce a cikin [[Yaren Luo|Luo]] - yaren da ba a magana a Tanzania, &quot;Ka jira har sai da safe kuma za mu murkushe waɗannan wawaye Acholi&quot;.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Oyite-Ojok ya umarci mutanensa da su bude wuta, amma a cikin duhu ba su iya tabbatar da ko sun buge kowa ba.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Sojojin Tanzaniya sun kasa samun nasara wajen tabbatar da matsayin Uganda-Libya, don haka wuta ta tankunansu ba ta da tasiri.{{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}} A cikin dare an kashe sojoji takwas na Tanzaniya da mayaƙin KM guda ɗaya.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}

=== 11 ga Maris ===
Brigade na 208 ya kai matsayinsa na gefe a kan hanyar Kampala da asuba a ranar 11 ga watan Maris kuma ya fara kai farmaki.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Brigade na 201 da aka sake haɗuwa sun kai hari daga gaba da na 208 daga baya, don haka suna sanya matsin lamba a kan sojojin Uganda-Libya.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2014 |title=How Mbarara, Kampala fell to Tanzanian army |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304020630/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html &quot;How Mbarara, Kampala fell to Tanzanian army&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. 27 April 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190304020630/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html Archived] from the original on 4 March 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} 'Yan tawayen Uganda a karkashin Oyite-Ojok sun taimaka wa harin.{{Sfn|Otunnu|2016}}{{Efn|Some Ugandan sources (such as military officer and politician [[Tito Okello]]) later claimed that Oyite-Ojok single-handedly turned the tide of the battle by rallying the Tanzanian-led forces, and spearheading the counter-attack against the pro-Amin forces.{{sfn|Otunnu|2016|pp=319–320}}}} Daidai makamai masu linzami na Tanzaniya sun lalata matsayi na sojojin Uganda-Libya, musamman rokoki na Katyusha na TPDF.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}&lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=25 May 2014 |title=Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLubega2014&quot;&gt;Lubega, Henry (25 May 2014). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html &quot;Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan Uganda da 'yan Libya sun yi mamakin harin kuma ba su iya tara juriya mai tasiri ba.{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} Yawancin 'yan Libya daga baya sun fara komawa baya.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} 'Yan bindiga na PLO da sojojin Uganda da ke da alaƙa da su sun yi fice, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su tara kariya. Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni ya yi amfani da bindigar 7.5 cm don kare babban tankin Tanzaniya, ya ɗan lalata shi kuma ya dakatar da ci gabansa na ɗan lokaci. Yawancin kwamandojin PLO, ciki har da Colonel Hamdan, Major Erekat, da Kyaftin Ibrahim Awad sun ji rauni a lokacin yakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Janan Osama al-Salwadi |date=27 February 2017 |title=مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا |trans-title=Fatah's mission in Uganda |url=https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=Al Akhbar (Lebanon) |language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJanan_Osama_al-Salwadi2017&quot;&gt;Janan Osama al-Salwadi (27 February 2017). [https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 &quot;مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Fatah's mission in Uganda&amp;#x5D;. ''Al Akhbar (Lebanon)'' (in Arabic)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A hedkwatarsa da ke arewacin arewa, Lieutenant Colonel Abdu Kisuule na Uganda, kwamandan Artillery &amp; Signals Regiment,  'yan Libya da suka janye sun farka da shi.{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} Ya umarci Manjo Aloysius Ndibowa ya toshe hanyar Kampala don rage koma baya. Daga nan sai ya koma gaba daga Kayabwe, yayin da Sule ya ɗauki umurnin tankuna da yawa kuma ya tafi yaƙi. Kusa da gadar Katonga, sojojin Tanzania sun dauki matsayi a cikin gandun daji na eucalyptus a gefen yammacin hanya. Sun yi wa 'yan Uganda da 'yan Libya kwanton bauna, inda suka yi mummunan rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot; /&gt; Yaƙin ya kasance mai zafi, kuma an lalata tankuna da yawa da APCs a cikin gandun daji da gonaki na yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kato&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kato |first=Joshua |date=23 January 2014 |title=Katonga bridge, the jewel of the liberation |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010515/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKato2014&quot;&gt;Kato, Joshua (23 January 2014). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation &quot;Katonga bridge, the jewel of the liberation&quot;]. ''New Vision''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010515/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation Archived] from the original on 23 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Pargeter|2012}} Jips da yawa sun kwashe wadanda suka ji rauni zuwa Kampala.&lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot; /&gt;

A cikin ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa halin kirki, Janar Isaac Maliyamungu na Uganda da Manjo Janar Yusuf Gowon sun shiga dakarun su a kan layin gaba. Saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba, matsayin da maza biyu suka dauka sau da yawa suna fuskantar harbin roka na kwatsam. Ƙananan jami'an Uganda sun yi ƙoƙari su shawo kan mutanensu cewa tabbas Tanzaniyawa sun san kasancewar janar din kuma suna niyya da su tare da ainihin bama-bamai. Sojojin Uganda duk da haka sun ji cewa Maliyamungu da Gowon sun kasance masu ba da labari kuma sun ba su lakabi ''bisirani'' (Turanci: mummunar alama).{{Efn|Amin's son, Jaffar Rembo, claimed that &quot;it was alleged&quot; that Maliyamungu and Gowon had been bribed to provide the TPDF with information on Ugandan positions so they could be struck with precise artillery fire.&lt;ref name= betrayed/&gt;}} Ba da daɗewa ba Sule ya fahimci cewa janar din ba su da tasiri mai kyau kuma ya nemi su bar gaba.{{Sfn|Rwehururu|2002}} Daga baya aka kashe Sule bayan daya daga cikin tankunan sa ya buge shi ba zato ba tsammani yayin da yake ba da umarni ya juya hanya don yin aiki a kusa da wani rami da aka kirkira ta hanyar harsashi na Tanzaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugabe1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Faustin |date=20 December 2015 |title=How bar fight sparked the 1979 Uganda - Tanzania war |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-bar-fight-sparked-the-1979-Uganda--Tanzania-war/689844-3002788-12ob9gk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125604/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-bar-fight-sparked-the-1979-Uganda--Tanzania-war/689844-3002788-12ob9gk/index.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisuule ya rasa hulɗa da shi kuma bai san makomarsa ba har zuwa washegari.&lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=25 May 2014 |title=Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLubega2014&quot;&gt;Lubega, Henry (25 May 2014). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html &quot;Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|The circumstances surrounding Sule's death were not initially clear. Lieutenant Colonel [[Bernard Rwehururu]], commander of the Suicide Battalion, overheard conflicting radio reports that Sule had either been killed by enemy fire or had been crushed by one of his tanks. When Rwehururu asked for clarification, he was told that he should focus on his own affairs, and the radio in Lukaya was subsequently turned off.{{sfn|Rwehururu|2002|p=125}} When Kisuule could not determine Sule's whereabouts, he asked Amin to instruct soldiers to look for his corpse among the bodies brought back to Kampala. Amin later told him that Sule was found among them, his face crushed.&lt;ref name= lubega/&gt; Amin's son, Jaffar Rembo, claimed that Sule was shot from behind in a &quot;so-called '[[friendly fire]]'{{tsp}}&quot; incident.&lt;ref name= betrayed&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Amin-s-commander-betrayed-Ugandan-fighters-to-Tanzanians/689844-1747480-fubx8g/index.html |title=How Amin's commander betrayed Ugandan fighters to Tanzanians |first=Jaffar Rembo |last=Amin |website=Daily Monitor |date=14 April 2013 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219051029/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Amin-s-commander-betrayed-Ugandan-fighters-to-Tanzanians/689844-1747480-fubx8g/index.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to journalist Faustin Mugabe, other &quot;insiders&quot; have said that his death was &quot;treacherous&quot;.&lt;ref name= mugabe1/&gt; Lieutenant Muzamir Amule dismissed their claims and supported the assertion that Sule was crushed by one of his tanks, and that this was not understood until the day after the battle.&lt;ref name= mugabe1/&gt; In contrast, researcher Richard J. Reid also stated that Sule was &quot;apparently killed by his own mutinous troops&quot;.{{sfn|Reid|2017|p=70}}}} Mutuwarsa ta haifar da rushewar tsarin kwamandan Uganda, kuma sauran sojojin Uganda sun bar matsayinsu kuma sun gudu.{{Sfn|Rwehururu|2002}}

== Sakamakon haka ==

=== Rasa rayuka da asarar ===
Daga baya Tanzaniyawa sun ba da rahoton cewa sojoji 7,000 na TPDF da 'yan tawaye na Uganda sun shiga cikin yakin. Bayan yakin, sojojin Tanzania sun ƙidaya sama da sojoji 400 da suka mutu a yankin, ciki har da kimanin 'yan Libya 200.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Sojojin da suka janye sun kawo karin gawawwakin zuwa Kampala.&lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=25 May 2014 |title=Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLubega2014&quot;&gt;Lubega, Henry (25 May 2014). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html &quot;Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mazaunan Kayabwe daga baya sun tuna ganin gawawwakin Libya da yawa a fadin hanyar Kampala a arewacin Lukaya da kuma Katonga Bridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;kato&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kato |first=Joshua |date=23 January 2014 |title=Katonga bridge, the jewel of the liberation |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010515/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKato2014&quot;&gt;Kato, Joshua (23 January 2014). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation &quot;Katonga bridge, the jewel of the liberation&quot;]. ''New Vision''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010515/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation Archived] from the original on 23 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin Tanzaniya ba sa son ɗaukar sojojin Libya a matsayin fursunoni, a maimakon haka suna harbi waɗanda suka samu, kamar yadda jami'an siyasa a kwanakin da suka gabata suka gaya musu cewa Larabawa suna zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don sake kafa [[Bauta|Bautar]]; an kama wani jami'in lance da ya ji rauni.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} A cewar majiyoyin Palasdinawa, an kashe mayaƙin PLO guda ɗaya, kuma takwas sun ji rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Janan Osama al-Salwadi |date=27 February 2017 |title=مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا |trans-title=Fatah's mission in Uganda |url=https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=Al Akhbar (Lebanon) |language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJanan_Osama_al-Salwadi2017&quot;&gt;Janan Osama al-Salwadi (27 February 2017). [https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 &quot;مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Fatah's mission in Uganda&amp;#x5D;. ''Al Akhbar (Lebanon)'' (in Arabic)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Jiragen sama uku sun kwashe 'yan Libya da suka ji rauni daga Kampala zuwa [[Tripoli]].{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Hamdan, Erekat, da Awad suma an kwashe su kuma an kula da su a asibiti a [[Athens]].&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot; /&gt; Rashin rayukan Tanzaniya ba su da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2014 |title=How Mbarara, Kampala fell to Tanzanian army |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304020630/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html &quot;How Mbarara, Kampala fell to Tanzanian army&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. 27 April 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190304020630/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html Archived] from the original on 4 March 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan aikin Lukaya, Rediyon Uganda ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe Tanzanians 500 kuma 500 sun ji rauni. 'Yan adawa na Uganda sun yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe sojoji 600 na gwamnatin Uganda da kuma adadin' yan Libya da ba a bayyana ba. Jaridar Africa Research Bulletin ta watsar da kididdigar, ta rubuta, &quot;babu wani daga cikin wadannan adadi da ya dace&quot;.  Jaridar gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yi iƙirarin cewa an &quot;ƙare&quot; battalions biyu na kimanin sojoji 2,000 na Uganda. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa tankuna uku sun lalace. Tushen diflomasiyya masu zaman kansu sun yarda cewa cikakkun bayanai game da yakin ba su da tabbas, amma sun lakafta wadanda suka rasa rayukansu da masu fafatawa biyu suka yi ikirarin cewa an wuce gona da iri.&lt;ref name=&quot;upi&quot; /&gt; A wani taro tare da jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje a ranar 15 ga watan Maris, Amin ya bayyana cewa sojojinsa sun sha wahala sosai, gami da mutuwar wani janar da kwamandan biyar.{{Sfn|Singh|2012}} Sojojin Uganda-Libya sun bar makamai da yawa a baya, da kuma kwafin shirin yaƙi, wanda Tanzaniyawa suka kwace. Takardar ta bayyana cewa sojojin Amin za su ci gaba da wuce Masaka kuma su kori TPDF daga Kalisizo.{{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}}

=== Tasirin dabarun ===
Kisuule daga baya ya ce Lukaya &quot;ta kasance babban yaƙi na ƙarshe kuma a nan ne muka rasa yaƙin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=25 May 2014 |title=Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLubega2014&quot;&gt;Lubega, Henry (25 May 2014). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html &quot;Tanzanians found Amin men weak - Col Kisuule&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102143/https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Tanzanians-found-Amin---men-weak---Col-Kisuule/688342-2325484-yc2hibz/index.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'an diflomasiyyar Indiya Madanjeet Singh ya bayyana cewa &quot;yaƙin Lukaya ne wanda ya rushe halin sojojin Amin&quot;.{{Sfn|Singh|2012}} Dan Idi Amin, Jaffar Remo Amin, ya ce &quot;Yaƙin ya ƙare a Lukaya lokacin da yawancin sojoji da ma'aikatan Asirin suka ce 'Congo na gawa' ko 'Sudan na gawa' to high ta fitar da shi daga kasar&quot;. Masana tarihi Tom Cooper da Adrien Fontanellaz sun kammala cewa &quot;bayan yakin Lukaya, Sojojin Uganda sun rushe kuma sun gudu&quot;.{{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} Sule na ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin da suka fi ƙwarewa a Sojojin Uganda, kuma mutuwarsa ta yi mummunar tasiri ga rundunar.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugabe1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Faustin |date=20 December 2015 |title=How bar fight sparked the 1979 Uganda - Tanzania war |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-bar-fight-sparked-the-1979-Uganda--Tanzania-war/689844-3002788-12ob9gk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125604/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-bar-fight-sparked-the-1979-Uganda--Tanzania-war/689844-3002788-12ob9gk/index.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMugabe2015&quot;&gt;Mugabe, Faustin (20 December 2015). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-bar-fight-sparked-the-1979-Uganda--Tanzania-war/689844-3002788-12ob9gk/index.html &quot;How bar fight sparked the 1979 Uganda - Tanzania war&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125604/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-bar-fight-sparked-the-1979-Uganda--Tanzania-war/689844-3002788-12ob9gk/index.html Archived] from the original on 9 February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan gwagwarmayar, kwamandojin Uganda da yawa sun janye daga layin gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;lubega&quot; /&gt; Yanayinsa ya zama mafi muni kuma roƙonsa ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Ƙungiyar Larabawa, da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka ba su da tasiri sosai, Amin ya nemi [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II ya]] shiga tsakani ya yi kira ga kawo ƙarshen yaƙin.{{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}} An ruwaito cewa Paparoma ya amsa da wasika yana shawarci Amin ya karanta wurare daga Littafin Ezekiel . {{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}} Charles Njonjo, Babban Lauyan [[Kenya]], ya gaya wa manema labarai a wani taron da ba a rubuta ba cewa TPDF ta sha wahala a Lukaya kuma za ta magance matsalolin ci gaba a fuskar sa hannun Libya.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}
[[Fayil:Battles_of_the_Uganda–Tanzania_War.svg|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna wuraren yaƙe-yaƙe na Yakin Uganda-Tanzania; nasarar da Tanzaniya ta samu a Lukaya da Sembabule ta ba su damar ci gaba zuwa Uganda da kai farmaki Kampala.]]
Mutanen Tanzania sun sanar da jama'a cewa suna da cikakken iko akan Lukaya. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a can da kuma nasarar da aka yi a Yaƙin Sembabule, TPDF ta gudanar da dabarun dabarun sauran yakin.{{Sfn|Thomas|2012}} Duk da kyakkyawan sakamako, kwamandojin Tanzaniya sun ji cewa an yi yakin Lukaya da bala'i; da 'yan Uganda da 'yan Libya sun tura bayan garin bayan sun mamaye shi, da sun sake karbar Masaka kuma sun kori TPDF daga Uganda.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} A ranar 13 ga watan Maris Ministan Tsaro na Tanzania Moses Nnauye da Musuguri sun hadu da tsoffin soji don gano ƙarin abin da ya faru.{{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}} Wadanda suka janye daga 'yan Libya sun bayyana cewa sun damu kuma suna so a ba su izinin wata daya daga layin gaba. Nnauye ya gaya musu cewa yaƙin yana da mahimmanci don a yi wannan, saboda zai zama da lahani ga ikon aiki na TPDF.{{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}} An sake tsara Brigade na 201 daga baya don haka ba za a sake mamaye matsayinta ba.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}

=== Hanyar yaƙin ===
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mamaye Lukaya, TPDF ta kaddamar da Operation Dada Idi, kuma a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa Brigades na 207 da 208 sun share hanyar Kampala kuma sun kama Mpigi a ranar 28 ga Maris.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}}&lt;ref name=&quot;monitor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2014 |title=How Mbarara, Kampala fell to Tanzanian army |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304020630/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Daily Monitor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html &quot;How Mbarara, Kampala fell to Tanzanian army&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. 27 April 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190304020630/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Mbarara--Kampala-fell-to-Tanzanian-army/689844-2294842-i5lpda/index.html Archived] from the original on 4 March 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}} Sojojin Uganda da Libya sun tsere daga layin gaba zuwa babban birnin.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} A halin yanzu, kungiyoyin adawa na Uganda sun hadu a Moshi. Daga baya sun kirkiro kungiyar 'yanci ta kasa ta Uganda (UNLF) a matsayin kungiya mai hadin kai kuma sun kafa majalisar ministoci.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Samun nasarar da aka samu na gwamnatin UNLF ya sauƙaƙa damuwar Tanzaniya game da sakamakon kwace babban birnin.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} Duk da gazawar dakarunsa a Lukaya, Gaddafi ya kara karfafa Amin da kayan aiki da yawa da mambobi 2,000 na Militia na Jama'a. An kawo ma'aikata da kayan aiki a filin jirgin sama na Entebbe a cikin jirgin sama na yau da kullun.{{Sfn|Pollack|2004}} Har ila yau, PLO ta aika da rundunar ƙarfafawa ta ƙarshe, 'yan tawaye 75 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Mahmoud Da'as, zuwa Uganda. Da'as ya raba mayakan Palasdinawa zuwa kungiyoyi biyu. Ɗaya ya shiga cikin taimakawa kare Kampala, yayin da ɗayan ya shirya hanyoyin kwashewa ta arewacin Uganda zuwa [[Sudan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Janan Osama al-Salwadi |date=27 February 2017 |title=مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا |trans-title=Fatah's mission in Uganda |url=https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=Al Akhbar (Lebanon) |language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJanan_Osama_al-Salwadi2017&quot;&gt;Janan Osama al-Salwadi (27 February 2017). [https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 &quot;مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Fatah's mission in Uganda&amp;#x5D;. ''Al Akhbar (Lebanon)'' (in Arabic)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon watan Afrilu sojojin Tanzaniya sun fara mayar da hankali ga kokarin su na raunana matsayin Uganda a Kampala.[1] Kwamandojin Tanzaniya da farko sun yi zaton cewa Amin zai sanya yawancin sojojinsa a babban birnin, kuma shirye-shiryen su na farko sun bukaci kai hari kai tsaye a birnin. Amma daga tsaunuka a Mpigi za su iya ganin yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Libya a kan tsibirin Entebbe da kuma babban dakarun sojojin Uganda da Libya.[1] Musuguri ya umarci TPDF da ta tabbatar da tsibirin, kuma a ranar 7 ga Afrilu Brigade na 208 ya kama shi. Sojojin Libya da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su kwashe zuwa Kampala amma an tsayar da su kuma an kashe su.[1] Kwamandojin Tanzaniya sun fara shirye-shiryen kai hari Kampala. Nyerere ya nemi su bar hanyar gabas daga birnin da ke kaiwa Jinja don sojojin Libya su iya kwashewa. Ya yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar barin su su tsere, Libya za ta iya guje wa wulakanci kuma ta janye daga yakin a hankali. Nyerere ya kuma ji tsoron cewa ƙarin rikici da sojojin Libya zai haifar da tashin hankali na Afirka da Larabawa kuma ya gayyaci rikice-rikicen makamai na wasu ƙasashen Larabawa. Ya aika da sako ga Gaddafi yana bayanin shawarar da ya yanke, yana mai cewa za a iya fitar da 'yan Libya daga Uganda ba tare da hamayya ba daga filin jirgin sama a Jinja. Yawancin su nan da nan suka bar Kampala ta hanyar budewa zuwa Kenya da [[Itofiya|Habasha]], inda aka dawo da su. TPDF ta ci gaba zuwa Kampala a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, ta dauki shi da juriya kaɗan.[1] Ayyukan yaƙi a Uganda sun ci gaba har zuwa 3 ga Yuni, lokacin da sojojin Tanzania suka isa iyakar Sudan kuma suka kawar da juriya ta ƙarshe.[1]  TPDF ta janye daga kasar a shekarar 1981

=== Kyauta ===
Yaƙin Lukaya shine mafi girman rikici na Yaƙin Uganda-Tanzania . {{Sfn|Mzirai|1980}} Duk da shigar da PLO gaba ɗaya a cikin yunkurin yaƙi na Uganda, Nyerere bai nuna rashin jin daɗi ga ƙungiyar ba, a maimakon haka ya ambaci warewa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin dalilin kusanci da Amin.{{Sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983}} PLO ta nuna yakin Lukaya a matsayin nasara ta zahiri, tana mai da'awar cewa ya haifar da mummunan asarar TPDF kuma nasarar da aka samu a Uganda ta samo asali ne kawai daga rashin iyawar Sojojin Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhbar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Janan Osama al-Salwadi |date=27 February 2017 |title=مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا |trans-title=Fatah's mission in Uganda |url=https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=Al Akhbar (Lebanon) |language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJanan_Osama_al-Salwadi2017&quot;&gt;Janan Osama al-Salwadi (27 February 2017). [https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/226891 &quot;مهمّة &quot;فتح&quot; في أوغندا&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Fatah's mission in Uganda&amp;#x5D;. ''Al Akhbar (Lebanon)'' (in Arabic)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1981 Obote ya ba Musuguri mashi biyu don girmama &quot;aikinsa na jaruntaka a yakin Lukaya&quot;.  Shekaru da yawa bayan yaƙin an sanya babban tambari a Lukaya don tunawa da sojojin Libya da aka kashe a can.&lt;ref name=&quot;kato&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kato |first=Joshua |date=23 January 2014 |title=Katonga bridge, the jewel of the liberation |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010515/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=New Vision}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKato2014&quot;&gt;Kato, Joshua (23 January 2014). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation &quot;Katonga bridge, the jewel of the liberation&quot;]. ''New Vision''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010515/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1336873/katonga-bridge-jewel-liberation Archived] from the original on 23 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2000s Gwamnatin Uganda ta kafa Order of Lukaya don a ba da ita ga 'yan tawayen Uganda masu adawa da Amin ko' yan kasashen waje da suka shiga cikin yakin.

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}
== Sauran Bayanai ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book| last = Amos| first = John W. II| title = Palestinian Resistance: Organization of a Nationalist Movement| publisher = Pergamon Press| date = 1980| location = New York City| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eXSLBQAAQBAJ| isbn = 0-08-025094-7}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Avirgan| first1 = Tony| last2 = Honey| first2 = Martha| title = War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin| location= Dar es Salaam|publisher = Tanzania Publishing House| date = 1983| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OM9AAAAAYAAJ| isbn = 978-9976-1-0056-3}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Cooper |first1 = Tom |last2 = Fontanellaz |first2 = Adrien|title= Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994 |date= 2015 |publisher= Helion &amp; Company Limited |location= [[Solihull]] |isbn= 978-1-910294-55-0 }}
* {{cite book| editor-last = Legum| editor-first = Colin|editor-link=Colin Legum| title = Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents: 1978–1979| publisher = Africana Publishing Company| volume = XI| date = 1980| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-8419-0160-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzkEAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book| last = Mzirai| first = Baldwin| title = Kuzama kwa Idi Amin| publisher = Publicity International| date = 1980| location = Dar es Salaam| language = sw| oclc = 9084117}}
* {{cite book |last = Otunnu |first = Ogenga |title= Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1890 to 1979 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aZDLDQAAQBAJ |date= 2016 |publisher= [[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location= Chicago |isbn= 978-3-319-33155-3 }}
* {{cite book| last = Pollack| first = Kenneth Michael |author-link=Kenneth M. Pollack| title = Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991|location= Lincoln| publisher = University of Nebraska Press| date = 2004| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sSHYdGR_xvoC| isbn = 978-0-8032-0686-1}}
* {{cite book| last = Pargeter| first = Alison| title = Libya: The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi| publisher = Yale University Press| date = 2012| location = New Haven, Connecticut| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YWelS5J5OYAC| isbn = 978-0-300-13932-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Reid| first = Richard J. | title = A History of Modern Uganda| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zDQEDgAAQBAJ| publisher = Cambridge University Press| date = 2017| location = Cambridge|isbn= 978-1-107-06720-2}}
* {{cite book | last= Roberts| first= George| chapter= The Uganda–Tanzania War, the fall of Idi Amin, and the failure of African diplomacy, 1978–1979| editor-last = Anderson| editor-first = David M.| editor-last2 = Rolandsen| editor-first2 = Øystein H.| title = Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States| publisher = Routledge| location= London| date = 2017| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AGNQDwAAQBAJ | pages= 154–171 | isbn = 978-1-317-53952-0}}
* {{cite book| last = Rwehururu| first = Bernard| title = Cross to the Gun| publisher = Monitor| date = 2002| location = Kampala| oclc = 50243051}}
* {{cite book| editor-last = Seftel| editor-first = Adam| title = Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum| publisher = Fountain Publishers| date = 2010| orig-year=1st pub. 1994| location = Kampala| isbn = 978-9970-02-036-2}}
* {{cite book| last = Singh| first = Madanjeet |author-link=Madanjeet Singh| title = Culture of the Sepulchre: Idi Amin's Monster Regime| publisher = Penguin Books India| date = 2012| location = New Delhi| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h7YGkcrJZJsC| isbn = 978-0-670-08573-6}}
* {{cite thesis |last= Thomas |first= Charles Girard|date= 2012|title= The Tanzanian People's Defence Force: An Exercise in Nation-building|type= PhD|publisher= University of Texas|url= https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/22096}}
{{refend}}

== Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
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'''Tarihin Tunisia a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa''' ya fara ne a alif, 1881 tare da kafa mulkin mallaka na Faransa kuma ya ƙare a alif 1956 tare da 'yancin Tunisia. Kasancewar [[Faransa|Faransanci]] a Tunisia ya zo shekaru hamsin da suka wuce bayan mamayar [[Aljeriya]] makwabta. Dukkanin wadannan ƙasashe an haɗa su da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Othoman]] na ƙarni uku, duk da haka kowannensu ya sami ikon cin gashin kansa na siyasa tun da daɗewa. Kafin Faransanci su isa, Bey na Tunisiya ya fara aiwatar da sauye-sauye na zamani, ammah matsalolin kudi sun karu, wanda ya haifar da bashi. Kwamitin masu ba da bashi na Turai ya karɓi kuɗin. Bayan nasarar da Faransa ta samu a Tunisia gwamnatin Faransa ta ɗauki nauyin kasa da kasa na Tunisiya. Faransanci sun gudanar da manyan cigaba da cigaba a fannoni da yawa, gami da [[sufuri]] da ababen mo re rayuwa, masana'antu, tsarin kudi, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, gudanarwa, da ilimi. Kodayake waɗannan abubuwan sun kasance maraba, duk da haka kasuwancin Faransa da 'yan ƙasa a bayyane suke da fifiko fiye da Tunisiya. An bayyana ma'anarsu ta dā a cikin magana da bugawa; sannan kuma tsarin siyasa ya faru. Yunkurin 'yancin kai ya riga ya kasance mai aiki kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], kuma ya cigaba da samun ƙarfi a kan adawar Faransa. ta cimma burinta na ƙarshe a shekarara  alif, 1956.

== Gyaran Beylical, bashin ==
[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tunis_Bey-fr.svg|thumb|110x110px|Alamar Bey na Tunis]]
Kamar yadda karni na 19 ya fara, daular Husayni Bey ta kasance masu mulkin [[Ga do|gado]] na ƙasar. Tun daga farkon karni na 18 Tunisiya ta kasance mai cin gashin kansa, koda yake har yanzu 'a hukumance' lardin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Othoman]] ne. Kasuwanci da cinikayya tare da Turai sun karu sosai bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon. 'Yan kasuwa na Yammacin Turai musamman Italiyanci sun isa don kafa kasuwanci a cikin manyan biranen. Manoma, 'yan kasuwa, da ma'aikata na Italiya suma sun yi hijira zuwa Tunisiya. Tasirin kasashen waje ya karu tare da saurin karuwa a cikin hulɗa da Turai.

A lokacin mulkin Ahmad Bey (alif, 1837 zuwa 1855) an fara sauye-sauye na zamani. Daga baya, alif, cikin 1861 Tunisiya ta gabatar da kundin tsarin mulki na farko a duniyar Larabawa. Duk da haka yunkurin Tunisiya na sabunta jihar da tattalin arziki ya gamu da juriya. Masu gyarawa sun yi takaici da masu neman ta'aziyya, rikice-rikicen siyasa, rashin jin daɗi na yanki, da talauci na karkara. An kashe tawaye na 1864 a yankin ''Sahil''. Daga baya, bayan matakan da ba su da tasiri, babban mai gyarawa Khair al-Din (Khaïreddine) ya zama babban minista a 1873-1877, amma shi ma ya sami nasara daga 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.

Bankunan Turai sun ba da kuɗi ga gwamnatin Beylical don inganta ayyukan zamani, kamar inganta farar hula, soja, ayyukan jama'a, da ayyukan ci gaba, amma kuma sun haɗa da kuɗi don amfanin Bey. Ana tattauna rance akai-akai a farashin da ba su da kyau. Biyan bashin kasashen waje ya zama da wuya a sarrafa shi. A shekara ta 1869, Tunisia ta ayyana kanta a matsayin mai fatara. An kafa Hukumar Financière Internationale (Kwamitin Kudi na Duniya) daga baya, wanda Faransa ce ke jagorantar wakilansa; Italiya da [[Zamanin Victorian|Burtaniya]] suma wakilai ne. Hukumar ta mallaki tattalin arzikin Tunisia.

== Tsarin mulkin Faransa ==
 

=== Kafawa ===
Da farko, Italiya ita ce ƙasar Turai da ta fi sha'awar shigar da Tunisia cikin tasirin ta. Ƙarfin motsawar Italiya ya samo asali ne daga yawan 'yan kasashen waje da suka riga sun zauna a can, tare da saka hannun jari na kasuwanci, saboda yanayin da ke kusa. Duk da haka a cikin lamirin kasa mai tasowa na sabuwar Jihar Italiya (1861) ba, kafa mulkin mallaka kai tsaye ba ya jawo hankalin manyan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa ga ajanda na siyasa.
[[Fayil:Empire_colonial_français_(1920).png|left|thumb|200x200px|Dukiyar Faransa, 1920s, tare da mai kariya a Tunisia a lokacin]]
Faransa, wacce mallakarta ta Aljeriya ta iyaka da Tunisia, da Burtaniya, sannan ta mallaki karamin tsibirin Malta da ke bakin tekun, suma suna da sha'awar. Burtaniya ta so ta guje wa iko guda ɗaya da ke sarrafa bangarorin biyu na Strait of Sicily. A lokacin 1871-1878, Faransa da Burtaniya sun kasance suna aiki tare don hana tasirin siyasa na Italiya. Duk da haka sau da yawa waɗannan ƙasashe biyu sun kasance masu hamayya. &quot;Ga mafi yawan lokutan da suka yi [duka sun fara ne a shekara ta 1855], Richard Wood da Leon Roches, wakilan Burtaniya da Faransa, sun yi gasa da juna don samun tattalin arziki ko siyasa a Tunisia. &quot;

Taron Berlin, wanda aka gudanar a 1878, ya taru don tattauna Daular Ottoman, &quot;mutumin da ba shi da lafiya&quot; na Turai, bayan da Rasha ta ci nasara, tare da mai da hankali kan sauran kadarorinta na Balkan. A Majalisa, an cimma fahimtar al'ada tsakanin Birtaniya, Jamus, da Faransanci, tare da amincewa da Faransa ta haɗa Tunisia, kodayake tattaunawar da ke kusa da wannan fahimtar ta ɓoye daga Italiyanci a lokacin. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Faransa, William Waddington, ya tattauna batun sosai tare da Ubangiji Salisbury na Burtaniya, kuma [[Otto von Bismarck]], yayin da yake adawa da farko, ya zo ya kalli Tunisia a matsayin kyakkyawar jan hankali ga Faransanci daga nahiyar Turai a lokacin Majalisa.  An yi wa Italiya alkawarin [[Tripoli|Tarabulus]] a cikin abin da ya zama Libya. [[Daular Biritaniya|Burtaniya]] ta goyi bayan tasirin Faransa a Tunisia don musayar kanta mai kariya a kan [[Cyprus]] (wanda aka 'saya' kwanan nan daga Ottomans),  da hadin gwiwar Faransa game da tawaye na kasa a Misira.   A halin yanzu, duk da haka, wani kamfani na Italiya a bayyane ya sayi layin dogo na Tunis-Goletta-Marsa; duk da haka dabarun Faransa sun yi aiki don kauce wa wannan da sauran batutuwan da babban mulkin mallaka na Tunisian Italians suka haifar. Kokarin kai tsaye da Faransanci suka yi na tattaunawa da Bey don shigarsu cikin Tunisia ya gaza. Faransa ta jira, tana neman dalilan da za su tabbatar da lokacin yajin aiki na farko, wanda yanzu ake la'akari da shi sosai. Italiyanci sun kira yajin aikin ''Schiaffo di Tunisi'' . 
[[Fayil:Traité_du_Bardo.jpg|right|thumb|Sa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Bardo 1881]]
A arewa maso yammacin Tunisia kabilar Khroumir ta kaddamar da hare-hare a cikin ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1881 sun kai hari a fadin iyaka zuwa Aljeriya ta Faransa. Faransa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar mamaye Tunisia, ta aika da sojoji kusan 36,000. An aiwatar da ci gaban da suka yi zuwa Tunis cikin sauri. Ba da daɗewa ba aka tilasta Bey ya yarda da nasarar Faransa a kasar, a farkon jerin Yarjejeniyoyi. Takardun sun ba da cewa Bey ya ci gaba a matsayin shugaban kasa, amma tare da Faransanci da aka ba da iko mai tasiri a kan yawancin mulkin Tunisiya, a cikin hanyar Protectorat français en Tunisie.

Tare da sha'awarta mai yawa a Tunisia, Italiya ta yi zanga-zanga amma ba za ta yi barazanar rikici da Faransa ba. Saboda haka Tunisia a hukumance ta zama mai kare Faransa a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1881, lokacin da Sadik Bey mai mulki (1859-1882) ya sanya hannu a fadarsa Yarjejeniyar Bardo (Al Qasr a matsayin Sa'id). Daga baya a cikin 1883 ɗan'uwansa kuma magaji 'Ali Bey ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar La Marsa . Tsayayya da dakarun yankin masu cin gashin kansu a kudu, wanda Ottomans suka karfafa a [[Tripoli|Tarabulus]], ya ci gaba da rabin shekara, tare da rashin kwanciyar hankali ya kasance na shekaru da yawa.

Paul Cambon, Ministan Mazaunin farko (bayan 1885 da ake kira Mazaunin-Janar) na Tsaro na Faransa, ya isa a farkon 1882. Bisa ga yarjejeniya ya ɗauki ofishin ministan harkokin waje na Bey, yayin da janar din da ke jagorantar sojojin Faransa ya zama ministan yaki. Ba da daɗewa ba wani Faransanci ya zama darektan janar na kudi. Sadiq Bey ya mutu cikin 'yan watanni. Cambon ya so ya nuna cikakken rushewar da'awar Ottoman ga mulkin mallaka a Tunisia. Ottomans sun riga sun amince da amincewa. Dangane da haka, Cambon ya tsara kuma ya shirya bikin shiga 'Ali Bey (1882-1902). Cambon da kansa yana tare da shi daga gidansa na La Marsa zuwa Fadar Bardo inda Cambon ya saka masa hannun jari a matsayin sabon Bey da sunan Faransa.

Faransanci a hankali sun ɗauki ƙarin matsayi na gudanarwa. A shekara ta 1884 sun ba da umarni ko [[noma]] suna kula da gwamnatin Tunisia na ofisoshin gwamnati da ke hulɗa da kudi, gidan waya, ilimi, telegraph, Ayyukan jama'a da aikin gona. Bayan yanke shawarar tabbatar da bashin jihar Tunisia (musamman ga masu saka hannun jari na Turai), Protectorate ya soke hukumar kudi ta duniya. Ana ƙarfafa ƙauyukan Faransa a cikin ƙasar sosai; yawan masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya karu daga 10,000 a 1891 zuwa 46,000 a 1911, sannan zuwa jimlar 144,000 a 1945.

===Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki===

[[File:Tunisia sm03.png|200px|thumb|right|Sabuwar Tunisiya]]

An inganta tsarin sufuri ta hanyar gina layin dogo da hanyoyi, da kuma tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Tun da 1884, kamfanin Compagnie du Bône-Guelma ya gina layin dogo daga Tunis zuwa yamma, har zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]] mai nisan kilomita 1,600, yana wucewa ta cikin kwarin kogin Medjerda kusa da Beja da kuma saman tsaunin tell. Daga baya, an gina layukan dogo a bakin teku daga Tabarka zuwa Bizerte, zuwa Tunis da Sousse, zuwa Sfax da Gabès; hanyoyin cikin ƙasa kuma daga tashoshin ruwan teku zuwa Gafsa, Kasserine, da El Kef. Hanyoyi ma an gina su. Masana kimiyyar kasa daga kamfanonin hakar ma’adinai na Faransa sun binciki ƙasa don gano albarkatu, kuma suka zuba jari a wasu ayyuka. Layukan dogo da tashoshin jiragen ruwa sun zama ginshiƙan ayyukan hakar ma’adinai. Daga cikin ma’adinan da aka gano kuma aka fitar dasu, phosphate (wani gishirin sinadarin phosphorus da ake amfani da shi a cikin taki) ya fi muhimmanci, ana hakowa a garin Gafsa dake kudu da tsakiyar kasar. Wata kamfani ta samu lasisin hako ma’adinai da gina layin dogo, wata kuma ta gina kayan aikin tashar jiragen ruwa a Sfax. Kamfanin Compagnie des Phosphates et Chemins de Fer de Gafsa ya zama mafi girma wajen ɗaukar ma'aikata da biyan haraji a yankin kariya. An fara samun riba daga hako baƙin ƙarfe da sauran ma’adanai kamar zinc, gubar (lead), da tagulla (copper) a zamanin mulkin Faransa.

’Yan kishin ƙasa na Tunisiya sun koka cewa wadannan ci gaban, kamar layukan dogo da hakar ma’adinai, an fi yin su ne don amfanin Faransa. Faransawa ne suka fi amfana, kuma dama ga aikin na fi baiwa Faransawa fiye da ’yan Tunisiya. Kamfanonin Faransa sun kawo injiniyoyinsu, ƙwararru, manajoji, da masu lissafi, tare da yawancin ma’aikatan ƙwararru. Wani babban korafi daga ’yan kishin ƙasa shi ne shigowar kayayyakin masana’antu masu arha da yawa cikin kasuwar Tunisiya. Wannan gasa ta tattalin arziki ta lalata sana’ar hannu wadda ke da ƙarfi da lafiya a baya, inda aka rika yin kaya da hannu bisa al’ada. A nan, Faransawa ba su fi yin wani abu ba sai dai gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin sarrafa kaya na zamani cikin kasuwar Tunisiya, sannan suka bar ƙa’idar kasuwa ta hallaka ’yan kasuwar gida da ba za su iya gasa da farashin kaya ba.

A karkashin yankin kariya, an inganta abubuwan more rayuwa, misali, da gina makarantun gwamnati (duba kasa, gyaran ilimi), da gina gine-ginen taro da nune-nune. Ci gaban al'umma ya hada da samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa mai tsafta da kuma gina bandakunan jama’a a Tunis da wasu manyan birane. An gina asibitoci, yawan likitoci ya karu, an fara yin allurar rigakafi, don haka mace-mace saboda annoba da sauran cututtuka sun ragu sosai; yawan mace-mace a shekara ya ragu matuka. Saboda haka, yawan al’ummar Tunisiya ya rika karuwa, inda yawan Musulmai ya kusan ninka tsakanin 1881 zuwa 1946.

Dangane da noma, manoma da kamfanonin Faransa sun mallaki gonaki da yawa har hakan ya jawo rashin jin dadi daga ’yan Tunisiya. Filayen noma na habis (wadanda ke karkashin amana ko wakafi), da filayen kabilu na hadin gwiwa, sun fara sayarwa saboda sauye-sauyen doka da gwamnatin kariya ta kafa. Amfanin filayen noma ya karu, musamman wajen samar da gonakin zaitun da gonakin inabi.

A karkara, gwamnatin Faransa ta karfafa jami’an gari (qa’id) kuma ta raunana ƙabilu masu cin gashin kansu. A fadin ƙasa, an kafa sabon tsarin shari’a na Turawa wanda duka za su iya amfani da shi, ba tare da hana amfani da kotunan shari’ar Musulunci ba, wadanda har yanzu ’yan Tunisiya ke amfani da su don al’amuran shari’a na addini da al’ada.

===Gyaran Ilimi===

Ko da yake kasancewar Faransawa tana da kura-kurai, hakan ya ba wa ‘yan Tunisiya damar sanin ci gaban da Turai ke samu a zamanin nan. Tuni dai an fara aiwatar da shirye-shiryen zamani tun kafin zuwan Faransawa, a karkashin mulkin Sarakunan Bey. Daga cikin fannonin da aka fi bai wa muhimmanci saboda amfaninsu akwai noma, hakar ma’adinai, tsaftar birane, kasuwanci, banki da harkokin kudi, gudanar da mulki, masana’antu da fasaha, da kuma ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;Cf., chapter 6: &quot;L'Enseignementet et l'evolution intellectuelle&quot; at 172-196, in Ahmed Kassab and Ahmed Ounaïes, with Abdelkéfi, Louati, Mosbah, and Sakli, ''L'Époque Contemporaine 1881–1956. Histoire Général de la Tunisie, Tome IV'' (Tunis: Sud Éditions 2010).&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin kafa kariyar mulkin mallaka, makarantu da suka kasance a bude ga mafi yawan ‘yan kasar Tunisia sun fi karkata zuwa addini, kamar yadda ake samu a makarantu irin na ''kuttab'' da suka mayar da hankali kan haddar Alkur’ani da karatunsa. Wadannan makarantu galibi suna kusa da masallatai ne, kuma malamai (imam) ke tafiyar da su. Dalibai na iya ci gaba da karatu a matakin gaba a wasu manyan makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;H. Reese, Roberts, Bamford, Camp, McClanahan, Tompkins, ''Area Handbook for the Republic of Tunisia'' (Washington: American Univ. 1970) at chap. 9, &quot;Education&quot; 103–122, p. 104.&lt;/ref&gt; Abin lura a nan shi ne babban cibiyar koyar da ilimin addini a Masallacin Uqba a Kairouan, wanda aka kafa kimanin shekara ta 670. A karni na 9 zuwa 11, ana koyar da likitanci, ilmin tsirrai, taurari da lissafi a nan, baya ga ilimin addini. Mafi muhimmanci, Masallacin Uqba ya kasance cibiyar makarantar shari’ar Maliki. Malamai daga ko’ina cikin arewacin Afirka na zuwa karatu a nan.&lt;ref&gt;H. Djait, M. Talbi, F. Dachraoui, A. Dhouib, M. A. M'rabet, F. Mahfoudh, ''Le Moyen-Age. Histoire Général de la Tunisie, Tome II.'' (Tunis: Sud Éditions 2008), pp. 197–202.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arnold H. Green, ''The Tunisian Ulama 1873-1915. Social structure and response to ideological currents'' (Leiden: Brill 1978) at 28-31.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Collège Sadiki-Kassus.jpg|thumb|left|Collège Sadiki a Tunis, wanda aka kafa a 1875 karkashin Bey Muhammad III as-Sadiq]]

Sai dai gyaran ilimi ya fara ne tun kafin Faransawa, ko da yake a kankanin matsayi. Makarantar Masallacin Zitouna a Tunis, wadda ke karbar fitattun daliban ''kuttab'', ta fara kara wasu darussa na zamani cikin tsarin karatunta na addini. Haka kuma, Firayim Minista mai sauya fasalin kasa, Khair al-Din, ya kafa Makarantar Sadiki a Tunis a 1875, wato makarantar sakandare (lycee), wadda tun daga farko take koyar da darussa masu alaka da zamani, a harshen Larabci da kuma wasu harsunan Turai.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), p. 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Yahudawa ma suna da nasu makarantu, haka ma Italiyawan da suka dade da zama a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;Kassab et Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine 1881–1956'' (Tunis: Sud Éditions 2010) at 185-187, 191-192 (Zitouna); at 175, 182-183, 193-196 (Collège Sadiki); at pp. 172–173 (les Israélites et les Italiens).&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, burin malamai ‘yan Tunisia ya canza, inda suka fi karkata ga kawo sabbin fannonin karatu na zamani, musamman wadanda ke da amfani kamar yadda ake yi a Turai. A Turai, Faransawa sun fi kwarewa a irin wadannan fannoni, har ma harshe na fasaha ya fara yaduwa a Tunisia domin gudanar da shirye-shirye na kasuwanci da masana’antu. Harshe Faransanci ne aka fi amfani da shi a sabbin makarantu da Cocin Faransa ya kafa, kamar Collège Saint-Charles de Tunis a 1875, da farko domin ‘ya’yan Faransawa mazauna kasar.&lt;ref&gt;Kenneth J. Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (Cambridge Univ. 2004), pp. 62–64. The Collège Saint-Charles de Tunis was renamed by the Protectorate in 1894 as Lycée Carnot.&lt;/ref&gt; Amma kuma, ‘yan birni na Tunisia da dama suna kokarin ganin ‘ya’yansu sun sami ilimin da zai amfani rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Manyan ‘yan Tunisia sun sha fama da tsangwamar da suka samu wajen neman damar samun irin wannan ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;Kassab and Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine 1881–1956'' (Tunis: Sud Éditions 2010) at 175-178, 182; for Muslim young women at 181-182.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wasu rikice-rikice da aka fuskanta, an samar da sabon tsarin ilimi wanda ya hada da koyar da Faransanci ga ‘yan Tunisia. Wannan ya faru ne a cikin tsarin siyasa na kariya daga Faransa, wanda hakan ya shafi cibiyoyin koyar da addini na Musulunci,&lt;ref&gt;Green, ''The Tunisian Ulama 1873-1915'' (1978) at 137-142: Protectorate control extended to ''kuttabs'', Collège Sadiki, and madrasas.&lt;/ref&gt; cigaban ilimi na zamani a Tunisia, da kuma koyar da ‘ya’yan Faransawa mazauna kasar.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004) at 64, 66. Episode of colon resistance to education for Tunisians, at 67.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Front of the Sorbonne.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ginin Sorbonne a birnin Paris, wata fitacciyar cibiyar ilimi ta Faransa]]

Kawo sabbin hanyoyi a fannin ilimi ya haifar da cece-kuce a cikin al’umma. Amma dai irin wadannan muhawarar ba sabuwa ba ce ga Faransawa, domin su ma sun fuskanci sauye-sauye masu zurfi a tsarin iliminsu tun a karni na 19. Yayin da Faransa ke ci gaba da fadada iliminta da fasaharsa a zamanin masana’antu, tsarin karatu ya canza, kuma ya shiga tsaka mai wuya. An samu takaddama tsakanin koyar da tarbiyyar gargajiya da kuma ilimin amfani na zamani, da kuma yadda da wane tarbiyya za a koyar. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sabani tsakanin dabi’un addini da na duniya, wanda ya shafi siyasar gurguzu mai adawa da malamai.&lt;ref&gt;Theodore Zeldin, ''France 1848–1945. Intellect and Pride'' (Oxford University 1977, augmented 1980), chapter 4, &quot;Education and Hope&quot;, 139–204, e.g., pp. 147–158, 177–185.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roger Magraw, ''France 1815–1914. The bourgeois century'' (Oxford University 1983), pp. 216–219.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;D. W. Brogan, ''The Development of Modern France 1870–1939'' (London: Hamish Hamilton 1940), pp. 146–160.&lt;/ref&gt; Haka ma aka fuskanta a Tunisia daga baya, ciki har da ra’ayoyin ‘yan gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai.

A Tunisia, Faransawa sun kafa ''Direction de l'Enseignement Public'' a 1883 domin inganta makarantu ga ‘ya’yan jami’an gwamnati da sauran Faransawa mazauna kasar, da kuma yada harshen Faransanci. Daga baya wannan ma’aikatar ta fadada ayyukanta har ta rike dukkanin tsarin makarantu da cibiyoyin ilimi na kasar, tana gyarawa da fadada su. A cikin Tunis, an bude sabuwar Collège Alaoui mai hada jinsi, da kuma makarantu biyu na mata – École Rue du Pacha da École Louise René Millet.&lt;ref&gt;Nicola A. Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut: American University 1962), pp. 52–54.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), pp. 63–65, 66–67.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kassab and Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine 1881–1956'' (Tunis: Sud Éditions 2010) at 173, 174, 176 (pro-French policy orientation); at 180-181 (excursus: school for women).&lt;/ref&gt;

A karshe, an samu tsarin makarantu daban-daban a karkashin kariya. Ga Faransawa da ‘yan Tunisia, akwai tsarin firamare da sakandare da aka tsara bisa tsarin Faransa kuma da harshen Faransanci. Daga nan, dalibai na iya zuwa jami’a a Faransa. Haka kuma gwamnati ta shirya tsarin ilimi na zamani wanda ke amfani da Faransanci da Larabci. Makarantun ''kuttab'' na ci gaba da koyar da darussa na addini, amma aka kara darussa kamar lissafi, tarihi, Faransanci da tsafta; a nan harshen Larabci ne ake amfani da shi. Dalibai daga makarantu na zamani ko na addini na iya ci gaba da karatu a Zitouna. Har ila yau, Zitouna ta bude makarantu na sakandare a Tunis, Sfax da Gabes, da kuma shirin jami’a, ko da yake ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar koyar da addinin Musulunci. Amma Collège Sadiki ta zama babbar makarantar sakandare a kasar, wadda ke bai wa sabbin manyan ‘yan Tunisia ilimi na zamani da ke cikin harshen Faransanci.&lt;ref&gt;Reese, et al., ''Area Handbook for the Republic of Tunisia'' (1970), pp. 104–105.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kassab and Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine 1881–1956'' (Tunis: Sud Éditions 2010) at 172-185.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan gyaran ya share fagen ci gaban ilimi a Tunisia bayan samun ‘yancin kai.
===Yanayin Faransa===

Faransa ba sabon abu ba ne a gare ta mallakar ƙasashen waje, wato akwai matakai biyu daban na faɗaɗa ikon ta a wajen Turai, da kuma guda ɗaya a ciki: kasada daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18 a Arewacin Amurka da Indiya, inda daular mulkin mallaka ta rasa waɗannan ƙasashe a shekarar 1763 kafin juyin juya halin Faransa;&lt;ref&gt;Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France. A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (New York: St. Martin's Press 1996), musamman a &quot;Prologue. The First Overseas Empire&quot;, shafuka 10–23. Yakin Shekaru Bakwai (1754–1763) ya haifar da Faransa ta mika Canada ga Birtaniya, sannan Faransa ta mika Louisiana da kogin Mississippi ga Spain. Aldrich (1996), shafi 12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Yawancin mallakar Faransa a Indiya an mika su ga Birtaniya a yarjejeniyar 1763. Vincent A. Smith, ''Oxford History of India'' (Oxford University 1911; 3rd ed. 1958), babi &quot;English and French&quot;, shafuka 455–464, 463–464.&lt;/ref&gt; nasarorin Napoleon da suka mamaye yawancin Yammaci da Tsakiyar Turai, da aka rasa a 1815;&lt;ref&gt;Denis de Rougemont, ''Vingt-huit siècles d'Europe: la conscience européenne à travers les textes d'Hésiode à nos jours'' (Paris: Payot 1961), fassara da ''The Idea of Europe'' (New York: Macmillan 1966), shafuka 213–227.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa 20 a Afirka, Asiya, da Oceania.&lt;ref&gt;Aldrich, ''Greater France. A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (New York: St. Martin's 1996), misali, &quot;The Maghreb&quot;, shafuka 24–35.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jules Ferry Nadar.jpg|thumb|125px|left|Jagoran Republican Jules Ferry, Firayim Minista: 1880–81, 1883–85]]

Wannan faɗaɗa ta ƙarshe ta fara ne lokacin da gwamnatin sarauta da aka dawo da ita ta kwace Algiers a 1830. Amma a wannan shekarar, an kifar da sarkin Bourbon na Légitimist a juyin juyin July, an maye gurbinsa da sabon sarki Orléanist. Duk da cewa wannan sabon tsarin sarauta mai kundin tsarin mulki ya fi na baya sassauci a fannin tattalin arziki, bai iya warware rikicin zamantakewa da ke tsakanin (a) 'yan sarauta na gargajiya (da suka rabu gida biyu), (b) sabbin 'yan kasuwa, da (c) masu ra'ayin jamhuriya da aka yi watsi da su (ana kiran su &quot;neo-Jacobins&quot;). Wadannan na ƙarshe suna goyon bayan dimokuradiyya da ikon jama'a, tare da samun goyon baya daga ajin ma'aikata na birane.&lt;ref&gt;Lucien Romier, ''L'Ancienne France: des Origines a la Révolution'' (Paris: Hachette 1948), fassara da cika ta A. L. Rowse da ''A History of France'' (New York: St. Martin's Press 1953), shafi 381 (Algiers), 388–389 (Algeria); 381–384 (Juyin July); 383–384, 390–391 (rikicin zamantakewa).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roger Magraw, ''France 1815–1914. The Bourgeois Century'' (London: Wm. Collins 1983; Oxford University 1986), sashen &quot;Divisions within the Elites&quot;, shafuka 78–88: Légitimistes (masu biyayya ga Bourbon), Orléanistes (masu ra'ayin sarauta ta July, masu ra'ayin kasuwanci), bourgeoisie (masu hannu da shuni), da republicans (&quot;ya'yan Jacobins&quot;, galibi kwararru). Hakanan a duba sashen &quot;The Making of the French Working Class?&quot;, shafuka 91–106, inda wasu ke kiran su ''classes dangereuses'' (shafi 106).&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakanin 'yan aristocrats da manoma, addini ya ci gaba da ƙarfinsa. A cikin sabuwar ajin bourgeoisie, addini yana fafatawa da dabi'u marasa addini da ake tallafawa da &quot;scientism&quot;. Yawancin ma’aikatan birane sun fara watsi da addini. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, adawar republican da cocin Katolika ta kai kololuwa. Wadannan bambance-bambancen ra'ayi sun ci gaba da raba Faransawa har zuwa ƙarni na 20.&lt;ref&gt;Duba, Lucien Romier, ''L'Ancienne France'' (Paris 1948), fassara da cikawa ta Rowse a ''A History of France'' (New York 1953), misali, shafuka 390–391 (1830), 395–399 (1848), 424–425 (1871), 436–440 (1890s), 468–471 (1930s).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Thomson, ''Democracy in France since 1870'' (Oxford University 1946, 5th ed. 1969; Cassell 1989), shafuka 39–74 (sashe: &quot;The Social Bases&quot;), 139–147 (anti-clericalism a sashen &quot;The Church&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; Wani tsari na zamantakewa da ba kama-kama ba amma kusan daidai yana bayyana a harkokin siyasar zamani ta Tunisia mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref&gt;Duba, don kwatanta da halin yanzu a Masar, [http://mobile.nytimes.com/2013/08/11/opinion/sunday/marxs-lesson-for-the-muslim-brothers.html Sheri Berman, &quot;Marx's lesson for the Muslim Brothers&quot;] New York Times August 10, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:HabibBourguiba.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Habib Bourguiba ya yi karatun dokar Faransa a Paris, 1924–27]]

A 1848, mutanen Faransa sun kifar da sarautar July ta sarki Louis-Philippe; duk da haka, an murƙushe ma’aikatan birane masu tsattsauran ra’ayi.&lt;ref&gt;Priscilla Robertson, ''Revolutions of 1848. A social history'' (Princeton University 1952), &quot;France&quot;, shafuka 9–103: 86–96 (katanga na ma’aikata), 96–103 (zaben Napoleon III). A wasu sassan Paris da ke cike da ma’aikata, masu tawaye sun gina katanga da aka karya da makamai.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa jamhuriya ta maye gurbin sarauta na wani lokaci, masu kada kuri’a sun ci gaba da kasancewa masu ra’ayin adalci da tsoron rikice-rikicen daga masu ra’ayin jamhuriya na hagu, suna karkata ga tsoffin tsarin zamantakewa. Napoleon III ya lashe zaben watan Disamba 1848 da babban rinjaye. Juyin mulki na 1851 ya tabbatar da wannan nasara: Daular Faransa ta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Roger Magraw, ''France 1815–1914. The Bourgeois Century'' (London: Wm. Collins 1983; Oxford Univ. 1986), shafuka 136–137 (sakamakon zaben 1848), 140–141 (juyin mulki na 1851).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duba, Fareed Zakaria, ''The Future of Freedom. Illiberal democracy at home and abroad'' (New York: Norton 2003) shafuka 64-66: A Faransa, an faɗaɗa damar yin zaɓe bisa ra’ayin republican da liberal, amma masu kada kuri’a sun zaɓi shugabannin da ke da ra’ayin kama karya.&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rashin nasara da Napoleon ya sha a hannun Jamus a 1871, Faransa ta rasa matsayinta na jagora a nahiyar Turai na tsawon ƙarni biyu.&lt;ref&gt;D. W. Brogan, ''The Development of Modern France 1870–1939'' (London: Hamish Hamilton 1940), shafi 54 (rashin nasarar 1871), shafuka 55–74 (rikicin Paris na baya).&lt;/ref&gt; Amma Jamhuriyar Faransa ta uku (1871–1940) ta tashi kuma ta bunƙasa da sauri. Yawancin masu ra’ayin cigaba daga Asiya, Afirka, da Amurka suna ganin Paris a matsayin babban birnin ruhin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Albert Hourani, ''Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939'' (Oxford University 1962, 1967), shafi 349 (game da Masar).&lt;/ref&gt;

Faransa ta dawo da ikon jama’a. Bayan ta fara mika wa masu sarauta masu bin tsarin kundin tsarin mulki wanda su ne suka kafa jamhuriya, daga bisani masu kada kuri’a sun zaɓi 'yan jamhuriya da radicals, har ma da socialists a wasu lokuta. Bangaren dama ya rasa nasara saboda ruɗin da suka ba kansu, misali a cikin rikicin Dreyfus.&lt;ref&gt;Lucien Romier, ''L'Ancienne France'' (Paris 1948), fassara da cikawa ta Rowse da ''A History of France'' (New York 1953), shafuka 439–440.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Thomson, ''Democracy in France since 1870'' (Oxford University 1946, 5th ed. 1969; Cassell 1989), shafuka 75–91 (majalisar dokoki a matsayin jagora a tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar ta uku), 88–91 (Dokokin Tsarin Mulki na 1875), 101–102 (sakamakon zaɓe na 1870s).&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da Faransa ta kasance tana fuskantar rabuwar kai ta zamantakewa da siyasa, a yakin duniya na farko (1914–1918), Faransa ta fito da nasara.&lt;ref&gt;D. W. Brogan, ''The Development of Modern France 1870–1939'' (London: Hamish Hamilton 1940), shafi 77 (Katolika ba su da ƙarfi a siyasar Faransa), 113 (sakamakon zaɓe na 1876), 114 (ci gaban tattalin arziki), 144–146 (republicans), 538–539 (nasarar 1918).&lt;/ref&gt; A 1881, Jules Ferry (1832–1893), firayim minista mai ra’ayin republican da matsakaicin ra’ayin adawa da coci, ya cimma matsaya da sauran ‘yan siyasa don bada umarni ga sojojin Faransa su kwace Tunisia.&lt;ref&gt;Romier, ''L'Ancienne France'' (Paris 1948), fassara, cikawa ta Rowse a ''A History of France'' (New York 1953), shafuka 432–433.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Siyasar Tunisiya ==

Musamman dangane da ''matsayin quo ante'' da farkon shekarun da suka gabata na Kariyar Faransa, abubuwan siyasa da aka tattauna a nan sun ci gaba da wanzuwa a tsawon lokacin mulkin Faransa a Tunisiya.  Ƙarfin danginsu, ɗaya zuwa ɗayan, duk da haka, ya canza sosai akan lokaci.

A cikin kimanta mahimmin mahimmancin zamanin Faransa a Tunisiya, dalili ɗaya na iya bayyanawa shine yawan mutanen Turai da suka zama mazaunin dindindin a ƙasar.  Idan aka kwatanta da Ottoman, waɗanda suka zauna kila dubun dubbai daga daularsu a Tunisia, Faransawa da 'abokanta' Italiyanci sun zaunar da dubban ɗaruruwan.

===Ma'anar Musulunci===

Yawancin 'yan Tunisiya sun saba da ambaton duniyar Musulunci don samun kuzari na ruhaniya, amfani da misalai na adabi ko kuma kwatanci na tarihi. A cikin Musulunci akwai manyan yankuna uku na al'adu, kowanne yana da nasaba da wata babbar al'ummar duniya ta yaren kabilanci: Arab, Farisa, da kuma Turkiyya.&lt;ref&gt;Najib Ullah, ''Islamic Literature'' (New York: Washington Square 1963) shafi xi-xii, shafi 2–3 (taswirar yankin Arabiya), shafi 214–215 (taswirar yankin Farisa), shafi 368–369 (taswirar yankin Turkawa).&lt;/ref&gt; Kowanne daga cikinsu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen habakar Musulunci gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda tsarin al'adunsu masu zurfi ke shaida. Haka kuma kowanne ya amfani Tunisiya. Kafin zaman mallaka na Faransa a Tunisiya, Daular Ottoman ta yi tasiri a kasar, inda masu mulki a Tunisiya suka saba da yin amfani da harshen Turkiyya. A lokacin da masu mulkin 'yan Beys suka ɗauki wasu matakai na sauyi na zamani, sun yi koyi da irin gyaran da aka fara a Daular Ottoman.&lt;ref&gt;Wannan tasirin na Turkiyya an taɓa tattaunawa a baya, a cikin tarihin Tunisiya a zamanin Daular Ottoman. Dubi sassa kamar: ''Ottomans in the West'', ''Janissary Deys'', da kuma ''Age of Reform'': Tanzimat. An kuma yi taƙaitaccen bayani a sama a sashen ''Beylical debt''.&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin yankin Farisa a kan Tunisiya ta fuskar gwamnati bai yawaita ba, sai dai kamar a zamanin daular Rustamid daga ƙarni na 8 zuwa na 10,&lt;ref&gt;An tattauna a baya a cikin tarihin Tunisiya a farkon Musulunci.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma al-Afghani.&lt;ref&gt;Nikki R. Keddie, ''An Islamic Response to Imperialism. Political and religious writings of Sayyid Jamal ad-Din &quot;al-Afghani&quot;'' (Univ. of Calif. 1968) shafi 5-11: al-Afghani an haife shi kuma ya taso a Iran.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Sayyid Dschamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghānī.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Jamal-al-Din Afghani (1839–1897), a shekarar 1883]]

Al'adar Larabawa ta shafi Tunisiya tun lokacin mamayar Larabawa a ƙarni na 8 da kuma sauye-sauyen da suka biyo baya. Tunisiya ta zama ƙasa mai yaren Larabci kuma Musulma, mai alaka ta kusa da yankin Mashriq (Gabashin Larabawa).&lt;ref&gt;Dubawa: tarihin Tunisiya a farkon Musulunci.&lt;/ref&gt; Tuni kafin tashin turawan Yamma, kuma na dogon lokaci tana raba wannan matsayin da kasar China, al'ummar Musulunci ta Larabawa ta kasance gaba a fagen ci gaba da walwala.&lt;ref&gt;Marshall G. S. Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam, Vol.1: The Classical Age'' (Univ.of Chicago 1961 [2v], 1974 [3v]) shafi I: 237.&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai daga baya, sojojin Turkiyya sun iso daga Asiya ta Tsakiya kuma suka karɓi jagoranci a wasu ƙasashen Musulmi tun daga ƙarni na 10. Daga nan sai Larabawa suka gamsu da mulkin waɗannan baƙi Musulmi. Bugu da ƙari, zuwa shekara ta 1500 Kiristocin Turai, waɗanda a baya suke zaman makwabta marasa rinjaye a bakin tekun Bahar Rum, &quot;a ƙarshe sun kai ga kamo Musulunci, ko da kuwa Musulmi ba su fahimci hakan da wuri ba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;John J. Saunders, &quot;The Muslim Climate of Thought&quot;, shafi 129, a cikin ''The Muslim World on the Eve of Europe's Expansion'' (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall 1966).&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, Larabawa sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin girmamawa a matsayin (a) masu kafa tsofaffin al'ummomin duniya (inda da yawa ke amfani da wasu yarukan Semitic kamar Akkadiyya ko Kan’aniyya ko Arameyya, ko kuma harshen Masaranci),&lt;ref&gt;Enayat, ''Modern Islamic Political Theories'' (University of Texas 1962) shafi 124:&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga bisani a matsayin (b) masu haɗin gwiwa wajen gina kyakkyawar al'ummar Musulunci tare da Larabawan hamada (mutanen da Annabi Muhammad ya fito daga cikinsu).&lt;ref&gt;Yawancin mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya da suka ci karo da Musulunci sun bar Arameyya suka koma Larabci, don haka aka fara kiransu Larabawa; ko kuma a Misira, sun bar Coptic. Anwar G. Chejne, ''The Arabic Language. Its role in history'' (University of Minnesota 1969), shafi 25, 59 da 64.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Ostler, ''Empires of the Word. A language history of the world'' (HarperCollins 2005; 2006) shafi 58-68 (Akkadiyya); 78-86 (Arameyya).&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da wannan martaba, Larabawa a zamanin da suka biyo baya sun fara neman sabuntawa da farfaɗowa. A ƙarni na 19 wata sabuwar rayuwa ta fara tasowa a cikin Larabawa da sauran Musulmi, inda wasu masu gyara suka fito da saƙonnin su na siyasa da addini.&lt;ref&gt;Akwai bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan gyara biyu: (1) na addini bisa Alkur'ani da Hadisi, da kuma (2) na zamani bisa ilimi da fasaha. Dubi: Ira M. Lapidus, ''Contemporary Islamic Movements in Historical Perspective'' (University of California 1983), shafi 11–13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;George Lenczowski, ed., ''The Political Awakening in the Middle East'' (Prentice-Hall 1970), babi: &quot;Fundamentalism and Reform&quot;, shafi 28-47.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mai ƙayatarwa kuma cike da asiri, Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–1897) ya yi yawo a duniya yana ƙarfafa Musulmi su haɗu da kuma sabunta al'umma daga ciki. A shekara ta 1884 yayin da yake a Paris, ya haɗa da Muhammad 'Abduh suka fitar da mujalla mai suna ''al-‘Urwa al-wuthqa'' [&quot;Mafi Ƙarfin Madauri&quot;] don yada saƙon sa. Yana fatan samun matsayi a gwamnati domin aiwatar da sauye-sauye. Ya taɓa mu'amala da Sarki na Ottoman da kuma Shah na [[Iran]], amma hakan bai kawo sauyi ba. Ko da yake yana da ra'ayin hadin kan Musulmi gaba ɗaya, al-Afghani yana koyar da amfani da hankali na zamani bisa ka'idojin Musulunci don a samu ci gaba a cikin al'umma. Wannan ra'ayi bai samu karɓuwa daga malamai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba, amma ya samu goyon bayan talakawa a faɗin duniyar Musulunci.&lt;ref&gt;Nikki R. Keddie, ''An Islamic Response to Imperialism...'' (1968) shafi 16-97; shafi 24 (mujalla), 26-27 (Nasir ad-Din Shah), 29-31 (Sultan Abdulhamid), 40-45 (mai sauyi), 45-52 (falsafar Musulunci), 73-84 (kayayyaki).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Albert Hourani, ''Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939'' (Oxford University 1970), shafi 108–129.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wilfred Cantwell Smith, ''Islam in modern history'' (Princeton Univ. 1957) shafi 47-51.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hamid Enayat, ''Modern Islamic Political Thought'' (Univ. of Texas 1982) shafi 41-42, 47, 56, 83, 135, 185-186.&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan tunani ya jawo hankalin ‘yan gwagwarmayar ƙasar Tunisiya.&lt;ref&gt;N. Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut 1962) shafi 62; 99 (al-Afghani da Ath-Tha'alibi); dubi 67.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Muhammad Abduh.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Muhammad Abduh, dan Masar (1849–1905)]]

Wani mai sauyi da ya bar tasiri a Tunisiya shi ne Shaykh Muhammad 'Abduh (1849–1905) dan Masar, mabiyin al-Afghani.&lt;ref&gt;Keddie, ''An Islamic response to imperialism'' (1968) shafi 24; dubi 93-95.&lt;/ref&gt; Malami mai hazaka, daga baya ya zama Mufti na Masar.&lt;ref&gt;P. J. Vatikiotis, ''A Modern History of Egypt'' (Praeger 1969) shafi 182-183:&lt;/ref&gt;

===Asalin kishin ƙasa===

[[File:Ali III Bey.jpg|thumb|120px|Ali Bey, an haife shi 1817, mulkinsa 1882–1902]]

Bey na Tunis shi ne sarkin gargajiya mai mulkin kama-karya. A karkashin mulkin mallaka, mulkin Bey ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin “de jure”, amma a aikace iko ya koma hannun wakilin Faransa mai suna Resident General da ministocinsa, waɗanda ake naɗa su daga Paris. Bey ya ci gaba da zama kamar sarki kawai a idon jama’a. Duk da haka matsayinsa ya zube saboda “barnar kudi da cin hanci” na kotu da kuma wasu manyan mutane marasa kishin kasa. Har yanzu ana tuna da yadda aka murkushe tawayen shekarar 1864 a yankin Sahil. A cikin shekarun farko, wasu daga cikin masu daraja da masu ra’ayin mazan jiya a Tunis sun nemi Ali Bey da ya shiga tsakani da Faransawa. Amma ikon sa na sarrafa lamura ya kasance da iyaka sosai. “A Tunisia, biyayya ga Bey na nufin biyayya ga Faransawa.” Sai dai Bey ya ƙara ɗan ɗan al’adun Tunisia a cikin tsarin da ba na ƙasarsu ba.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), shafi na 39–43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berque, ''French North Africa'' (1962; 1967) shafi na 346-347, da magana a shafi na 346 (&quot;prodigality&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, ''The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980'' (Princeton Univ. 1986) a shafi na 96 da bayanin ƙasa 2 (tawayen 1864), da magana a shafi na 117 (&quot;obedience&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt;

Da gaske, da dama daga cikin ‘yan Tunisia sun maraba da sauye-sauyen cigaba da Faransa ta kawo, {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} amma ra’ayin gama-gari da ya bayyana shine ‘yan Tunisia sun fi son su tafiyar da harkokinsu da kansu. Kafin Faransawa su mamaye kasar, a cikin shekarun 1860 zuwa 1870, Khair al-Din al-Tunsi ya kawo sauye-sauyen zamani a Tunisia. Ra’ayoyinsa na cigaba, duk da cewa yana girmama cigaban Turai, sun kasance cikin al’adun Musulunci kuma suna goyon bayan sauyi bisa sharuddan Musulunci. Ya rubuta wani littafi mai tasiri.&lt;ref&gt;''The Surest Path...'' fassarar Leon Carl Brown (Harvard Univ. 1967).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Guellouz, Masmoudi, Smida, ''Les Temps Modernes...'' (Tunis: Sud Editions 2010) a shafi na 412-428.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Duba: Tarihin zamanin Daular Usmaniyya a Tunisia.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Abdelaziz Thâalbi.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Abdelaziz Thâalbi 1876–1944]]

Mujallar mako-mako ta larabci mai suna *al-Hādira* [Babban birni] an kafa ta ne a 1888 daga abokan aiki da mabiyan ministan sauyi Khair al-Din. Wannan mujalla tana tattauna siyasa, tarihi, tattalin arziki, Turai da duniya baki ɗaya, kuma an ci gaba da buga ta har zuwa 1910. Wannan mujallar mai matsakaicin ra’ayi daga cikin manyan ‘yan Tunisia tana bayyana ra’ayoyin da suka fi dacewa da ‘yan kasuwa (*baldiyya*) da malaman addini (*ulama*). Ta bayyana ra’ayoyin da suka fito daga cikin littafin Khair al-Din na 1867 game da Musulunci da zamani.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (Cambridge 2004) shafi na 65 da 33.&lt;/ref&gt; “Kungiyar masu gyara da masu kishin kasa” da suka kafa wannan mujalla sun samu tasiri daga ziyarar Muhammad 'Abduh daga Masar a 1884-1885 zuwa Tunisia; Shaykh 'Abduh ya nuna ra’ayin matsakaici. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen da aka buga a *al-Hādira* sun fito ne daga as-Sanusi. A cewar marubucin Tunisia Ibn Ashūr, wanda ya rubuta shekaru da dama bayan haka, as-Sanusi ya canza ra’ayinsa game da mulkin mallaka saboda wata mummunar ƙwarewa da ya samu da masu adawa da Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;Nicola A. Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut: AUB 1962) shafi na 64, 61-63, 66, 68.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arnold Green, ''The Tunisian Ulama 1873-1915'' (Leiden: Brill 1978) shafi na 154, 146, 165.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata mujalla mai ra’ayi mai tsauri, *az-Zuhrah*, ta yi suka ga siyasar Faransa, daga 1890 har zuwa da aka hana ta a 1897. Wata mujalla da ke nuna rashin jin daɗi da halin da ake ciki ita ce *Sabil al-Rashad*, 1895–1897. Wannan ta fito ne daga Abdelaziz Thâalbi, wanda ya karanci ilimi a Zaytuna. Tha’albi matashi ne wanda aka shafe rayuwarsa da tasirin Muhammad 'Abduh na Cairo da wasu tsoffin masu sauyi a Tunisia irin su Mahmud Qabadu.&lt;ref&gt;Laroui, ''History of Maghrib'' (1970; 1977), shafi na 314–359.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut 1962), shafi na 62–67.&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1896, Bashir Sfar da wasu daga cikin masu kishin sauyi daga *al-Hādira* sun kafa *al-Jam’iyah Khalduniya* [Ƙungiyar Khalduniyya]; gwamnatin Faransa ta amince da tsarin kundinta.&lt;ref&gt;Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut 1962) shafi na 65.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar ta kasance dandalin tattaunawa ta hankali; an sa mata suna ne don girmamawa ga masanin tarihi Ibn Khaldun. A cewar Laroui, ƙungiyar ta “mai da hankali kan bukatar sauyi sannu a hankali” a ilimi da zamantakewar iyali. Ta kuma taimaka wa *ulama* masu ra’ayin cigaba a Masallacin Zitouna. Laroui ya ce, “Khalduniya ta zama mai kama da Faransa wajen tunani da harshe.”&lt;ref&gt;Laroui, ''History of Maghrib'' (1970; 1977) shafi na 358–359.&lt;/ref&gt; Perkins ya ce: Ƙungiyar ta “bude taga zuwa yamma ga ‘yan Tunisia da ke magana da larabci.” Ta bayar da karatu kyauta a fannonin kimiyya na Turai. Shekaru da dama bayan haka, game da jam’iyyar siyasa *Neo-Destour*, *Khalduniya* da Kwalejin Sadiki sun taka rawa wajen shigar da matasa da ƴan mata cikin jam’iyyar.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004) shafi na 66 da 98.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut 1962) shafi na 65–70.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kassab &amp; Ounïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine 1881-1956'' (Tunis: Sud Editions 2010) shafi na 186–190.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu mujallun Tunisia sun ci gaba da shiga fagen ra’ayoyi. Ali Bach Hamba ya kafa mujallar *le Tunisien* da ke harshen Faransanci a 1907, domin isar da ra’ayoyin ‘yan Tunisia ga ‘yan Turai. Ra’ayoyin da ta ke fitowa da su ba wai kawai sun kara fahimta ba ne, har ma sun kara damuwa da rashin jin daɗi. A 1909 Tha’albi ya kafa sigar Larabci mai suna *at-Tūnisī*, wadda ta kalubalanci Hamba daga ra’ayi mafi “Tunisian”. Tha’albi (1876-1944) ya dawo daga Masar a 1902 da “kaya, ra’ayoyi da salo na ban mamaki.” Ra’ayinsa na sauyi sun bayyana a matsayin “hari ga Musulunci.” A 1903 an gurfanar da shi gaban kotu a matsayin mai bijirewa, an yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na wata biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Laroui, ''History of Maghrib'' (1970; 1977), shafi na 358–361.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut 1962) shafi na 65–100.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da mulkin Faransa ke ci gaba, yana ƙara nuna fifiko ga Faransawa da sauran Turawa fiye da ‘yan ƙasa. Saboda haka, martanin ‘yan Tunisia ya fara canzawa zuwa tsattsauran ra’ayi da nuna kishin ƙasa. Malamin jami’a Kenneth Perkins ya bayyana hakan a matsayin “canjin daga goyon bayan sauye-sauyen zamantakewa zuwa shiga harkar siyasa.”&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (Cambridge University 2004), shafi na 68.&lt;/ref&gt; A 1911, tarzoma ta barke daga ɗaliban jami’ar Zaytuna. Sakamakon haka ne Hamba da Tha’albi suka cimma yarjejeniya. Aka kafa jam’iyyar siyasa mai suna *al-Ittihad al-Islami*, wadda ke nuna ra’ayoyin ƙungiyar duniya ta Musulunci.&lt;ref&gt;Laroui, ''History of Maghrib'' (1970; 1977), shafi na 361.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Matsayin Masu Zama===

Lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka mamaye Tunisiya, ’yan Turai kaɗan ne suka zauna a can, mafi yawansu daga Italiya ne. A shekara ta 1884, akwai Turawa 19,000, mafi yawan su Italiyawa ne. A shekarar 1901, adadin Turawa ya kai 111,000, ciki har da Italiyawa 72,600, Faransawa 24,200, da kuma Mutanen Malta 12,000 (masu magana da yaren Malta daga tsibirin da ke kusa, wanda Birtaniya ke mulka a lokacin). Gwamnatin Faransa ta fara neman hanyoyin karfafa yawan Faransawa a kasar. An fara ba da wasu ragi da tallafi, musamman na tattalin arziki, ga 'yan kasa da za su koma zaune a Tunisiya. Tunda rayuwa a Faransa ta fi ta Tunisiya inganci, dole ne wadannan tallafin su kasance masu yawa domin su janyo hankalin masu son hijira.

Ko da yake yawansu bai taba yawa ba (ya kai kololuwa da kimanin 250,000), Faransawan da suka zauna a Tunisiya sun zama wani muhimmin sashen zamantakewa. Sun haɗa ƙwarewar kasuwanci da masana’antu da fifikon gwamnati. Duk da cewa ba duka Faransawan ke da arziƙi ba, daga masu kuɗi zuwa talakawa, amma sun kasance ƙungiya mai ƙarfi. Jarin Faransa ya zuba a ma’adanai da layin dogo, wanda ya samar da riba mai yawa. Amfani da sabbin fasahohin zamani ya buƙaci ƙwararrun ma’aikata, kuma yawanci Faransawa ne ake ɗauka aiki. Irin waɗannan ayyukan da suka buƙaci ƙwarewa su ne mafi yawan albashi a Tunisiya. Gidajen masu hijira da unguwannin birane da suke ciki sun kasance kamar tsarin Faransa. A ƙarshe, sabon al’umma Faransawa da ta ƙwace madafun iko ta fara jin daɗin cigaban zamani da suke kawowa ƙasar. Wasu daga cikin su suna kallon ‘yan asalin Tunisiya a matsayin marasa fahimta ko ƙauyawa. Masu hijira sun ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi na muradu domin kare matsayinsu da bunƙasar tattalin arzikin da suka kafa.

‘Yan Tunisiya sun ƙi yadda ake ƙasa da su a ƙasar su. A cikin dangantakar jama’a, babbar hujjar da Faransawa ke amfani da ita domin samun goyon baya ita ce iya canza tattalin arziki da gudanarwa. Amma ‘yan Tunisiya suna son su kasance cikin aiki da cin gajiyar abubuwan da Faransawa suka kafa. A ƙarshe, wasu shugabannin Faransa masu hangen nesa sun fara shirin cigaban da ya haɗa da ‘yan asalin ƙasar. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin su sun fi ba da fifiko ga ‘yan Faransa wajen aiki da ciniki, saboda siyasa da tsarin mulkin mallaka.

Yawanci, idan aka shirya wani cigaban tattalin arziki, Faransawan da suka zauna a can za su hada kai domin su samu riba. Wasu daga cikinsu sukan ɗaukaka waɗannan ribar a matsayin dalilin zamansu a Tunisiya. Idan wani jami’in gwamnatin yankin ya ɗauki matakin da ya saba da bukatarsu, za su nemi taimako daga abokan siyasa a birnin Paris, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin matsin lamba irin su “Parti-Colonial.” Sabani tsakanin bukatun masu hijira da na ‘yan asalin ƙasar ya ƙara tsananta. Jami’an Faransa kansu wani lokaci suna da rikici da rashin daidaito a kan wanne mataki ya fi dacewa su dauka.

Masu hijira suna bayyana ra’ayoyinsu ta cikin ƙungiyoyin siyasa da al’adu, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ciniki. Jaridu da mujallu cikin Faransanci ana wallafawa domin su, misali “La Tunisie Française.” Wannan ya bai wa kowane dan hijira damar bibiyar muhawara, karanta ra’ayoyin manema labarai, da fahimtar salon siyasar da ke karfafa hadin kansu. Ko da yake ra’ayinsu na iya bambanta da na cikin gida a Faransa, amma a Arewacin Afirka suna hade domin kare muradunsu da rikon matsayinsu.

Sai dai, wasu daga cikin Faransawan da ke zaune a Tunisiya sun nuna goyon baya ko fahimta ga burin siyasa na ‘yan Maghreb. Ko da ba su da yawa, sun isa su wallafa jaridar “Petit Monde” da ke da ra’ayoyin jituwa da ‘yan Tunisiya da batun ‘yancin kai. Amma sauran masu hijira suna zargin irin waɗannan da sabawa ƙa’ida. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne jami’in Faransa kuma daga baya malami, Jacques Berque. Wani kuma, marubuci sananne Albert Camus, ya kasance cikin ruɗani tsakanin asalinsa na Algeria da kuma tausayinsa ga ‘yan tawaye. Littafinsa na 1942 “L'Étranger” ya nuna wani saurayi dan hijira na Faransa da ke fuskantar keɓancewa da hukunci. Camus ya yi ƙoƙari na fahimtar juna tsakanin bangarorin da ke rikici. Ko bayan hijirar Faransawa daga Arewacin Afirka, Berque ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mutanen yankin Maghreb, yana goyon bayan sabbin ƙasashen masu ‘yancin kai.

===Manufar Faransa===

Ko da yake Faransawa sau da yawa suna fitowa da fuska ɗaya a Tunisia, a cikin gida sun kawo tare da su manyan rigingimu na cikin ƙasa da suka dade suna faruwa a Faransa. Duk da irin waɗannan rigingimu, da dama daga bangaren hagu na siyasa da kuma coci-cocin Kirista daga baya sun yarda su haɗa kai wajen yaɗa “fa’idodin” al’adun Faransa a Afirka da Asiya. Duk da haka, akwai waɗanda suka nuna adawa da mulkin mallaka. Albert Sarrault, wani babban dan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ya bayyana a cikin 1935 cewa “yawancin Faransawa ba sa damuwa da batun mallakar ƙasashe.”&lt;ref&gt;Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France. A history of French overseas expansion'' (New York: St. Martin's Press 1996), shafi na 114.&lt;/ref&gt;

A Tunisia, tsarin fifiko ya bayyana: manufofin da gwamnatin Faransa ta tsara sun fara samun fifiko, sai kuma bukatun 'yan asalin Faransa mazauna can. Yawancin Italiyawan Tunisia sun kasance abokan hamayyar Faransawa, sai daga baya suka zama abokan hulɗa, duk da cewa har yanzu sun bambanta. Yahudawan Tunisia, wasu daga cikinsu sun zauna a kasar tun zamanin da, wasu kuma 'yan hijira ne daga Italiya, sun kasance cikin mawuyacin matsayi tsakanin tsofaffin al’adu na gida da sabuwar zamanantar al’adun Turai. Mafi rinjaye daga cikin Musulman Tunisia suna lura da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sosai. An bambanta su ta hanyar yadda suke kallon manufofin Faransa – ko dai suna mara baya ne, ko ba su da ra’ayi, ko kuwa masu ƙi, ko daga baya su zama abokan adawa da siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;Berque, ''French North Africa'' (Paris 1962; 1967), shafuffuka 64-68 (sirrin gudanarwa na Faransa), da 333 (Yahudawa).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004) shafuffuka 47-61 (matsugunnan Turawa); 46, 98 (Yahudawa a gefe tsakanin Turai da Tunisia); 44, 48, 53 (Italiyawa).&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa, an inganta ayyuka iri-iri. Cocin Kirista ya tura mishanoni daga sabon coci da aka gina a Tunis zuwa ƙasashen da suka zama Afirka ta baƙar fata da ke amfani da Faransanci inda aka kafa al’ummomin mishan da yawa. Sai dai babban taron Eucharistic na 1930 a Tunis ya fuskanci suka daga Musulmai. Ayyukan kariya sun jawo injiniyoyi da masu tsara birane da suka shirya tsare-tsare da suka samar da ci gaban da ya haɗa da ruwa, sadarwa, lafiya, tsafta, tafiye-tafiye da sufuri. An inganta jin daɗin rayuwa. Kasuwanci da dama sun ƙaru.&lt;ref&gt;Berque, ''French North Africa'' (Paris 1962; 1967), shafi na 220 (taron); 39-42 (sufuri).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004) shafuffuka 197 (taron), 57-61 (ayyukan ci gaba).&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutanen Tunisia sun yaba da irin waɗannan ci gaba, amma sun lura cewa yawancin fa’idodi sun fi zuwa ne ga Turawan da suka shigo ƙasar. Shugabannin al’umma sun fara roƙon akidar da Faransa ta da’anta cewa tana bin gaskiya da adalci (kamar ''droit humaine'') domin neman daidaiton kulawa da Faransawan colons. Amma a farko, irin waɗannan roƙon galibi ba su haifar da ɗa mai ido ba, har hakan ya sa mutane da yawa a Tunisia suka fara shakku game da iƙirarin gwamnati ta Faransa. An samu tashiwar gungun jama'a. Amma ba dukkan jami’an Faransa ba ne suka kasance marasa kulawa. Tun daga farko, akwai muhawara game da ainihin manufa ko dalilin mulkin mallaka. An bayar da hujjoji da dama: domin samun kudin shiga da albarkatu, domin kasuwannin fitar da kaya, domin yaɗa al’ada da yabo na ƙasa, domin samun ayyuka ga Turawan colons da suka zo, ko kuma a matsayin iyaka don sojoji. Manufar Faransa na kokarin cika waɗannan dalilai iri-iri tana iya canzawa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, bisa ga wanda ke jagoranci a lokacin da kuma yanayin da ake ciki. Saboda haka, ba koyaushe ake samun daidaituwa a cikin manufar Faransa ba. A cikin shekarun ƙarshen mulkin kariya, wasu jami’an Faransa a matakin ƙasa sun fi kokarin amsa bukatun da korafin mutanen Tunisia. Akan wasu batutuwa, gwamnatin kariya tana fuskantar turka-turkan ra’ayi da ra’ayi wanda ke janyo yanke shawarar da ke da wahala ko kuma sulhu.&lt;ref&gt;Berque, ''French North Africa'' (Paris 1962; 1967), shafuffuka 28-29, 65-72 (manufar mulkin mallakar Faransa).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France. A history of French overseas expansion'' (New York: St. Martin's Press 1996), shafuffuka 89–121, 163-198.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fasaha da al'adu==

Fasahohin gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Tunisiya, misali, a fannin kiɗa akwai ma’luf, wani nau’i ne na kiɗan Andalus. &lt;ref&gt;Ruth M. Davis, ''Ma'lūf. Reflections on the Arab Andalusian music of Tunisia'' (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press 2004), shafi na 48: Sidi Bou Said kusa da Tunis cibiyar fasaha ce ta gargajiya da kuma wurin gudanar da wasannin Ma’luf.&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da dukkan nau'o'in kiɗa, wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka gabatar da fasahar rikodi, wadda ta bai wa kiɗa damar zama a ajiye domin jin daɗi daga baya da kuma a matsayin tarihi. Lallai, dukkan fasahohin kere-kere sun samu ƙarfafawa da ƙalubale, ba kawai ta hanyar fasahar Turawa ba, har da misalan Faransawa da ka’idodin fasaharsu. A fannin adabi, yayin da salon baitocin Larabci ke ci gaba da bunƙasa da ƙara armashi, wasu marubuta sun rungumi sabbin salo bisa tsarin adabin Faransa, kamar labari mai dogon zango. Gina sinima a zamanin mulkin mallaka ya ƙara yawan damar gabatar da wasannin jama’a, duka na tsofaffin salon Tunisiya da kuma gwaje-gwajen sabbin nau’o’i. Musamman, kirkiran zamani da suka shafi ɗaukar haske da sauti a lokaci guda sun kawo wata sabuwar fasaha kwata-kwata: fim. &lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004) shafuka 8-9, 99-101, 114-115, 176-184; fim: 9, 177-180, 198-201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kassab &amp; Ounaïes, ''L'Epoque Contemporaine 1881-1956'' (Tunis: Sud Editions 2010), shafuka 217-232 (adabi: baitocin gargajiya, labari mai dogon zango, da wasan kwaikwayo), 255-283 (kiɗan gargajiya), 283-295 (zane-zane, da hotuna masu launi). ''Histoire Général de la Tunisie, Tome IV''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Versailles 1919 ===

Tunanin kishin kasa na 'yan Tunisiya wanda Faransawa suka danne bayan zanga-zangar jama'a a shekarar 1912 ya sake bayyana bayan Yakin Duniya na Farko. Abdel Aziz Tha'alibi ya tafi Paris domin gabatar da koken Tunisia a gaban Taron Sulhu na Versailles game da adawa da kariyar mulkin mallaka. Ya wallafa littafinsa ''La Tunisie martyre'' wanda, a cikin sauran abubuwa, ya goyi bayan wani tsarin mulki bisa misalin shekarar 1861.&lt;ref&gt;Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut 1962), shf. 90-92.&lt;/ref&gt;

An samu karfafa gwiwa daga bangarori da dama. A shekarar 1919, an kafa Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa (League of Nations). A nan ne kasashe da dama suka nemi ikon cin gashin kansu, ciki har da tafwid (wakilci) na Egypt daga kungiyar Wafdist. Turkiyya karkashin Atatürk ta ki amincewa da iyakokin Versailles, ta kuma yi nasarar yaki don kafa cikakken 'yancin kai bisa sharuɗɗanta. Juyin juya halin Bolshevik a Rasha ya samar da sabon karfin iko wanda ya kalubalanci tsarin kasa da kasa, inda ya fara tsara da tallafa wa kungiyoyin masu adawa da gwamnati don kifar da tsarin da ke akwai.

Tsarin mulkin mallaka, ko da yake yana da karfi a waje, an girgiza shi matuka da barnar da yakin ya haddasa. Masanin hangen nesa zai iya fahimtar cewa wannan shi ne farkon karshen zamanin mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), shf. 74-76, 76-80.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aldrich, ''Greater France'' (1996), shf. 266-268.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ziadeh, ''Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia'' (Beirut 1962), shf. 85-97.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Destur na Tunisiya ===

'Yan kishin kasa sun kafa jam’iyyar Destur (Tsarin Mulki) a shekarar 1920. Jama'a sun fi saninta da suna ''Le Destour'', sunanta na hukuma kuwa ''Al-Hisb Al-Horr Ad-Destouri At-Tounsi'' ko kuma ''Le Parti Libre Constitutionnel Tunisien''. Tha'alibi na daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam’iyyar. Jam’iyyar ta kulla wata yarjejeniya marar tsari da Sarkin Bey, lamarin da ya fusata Faransawa. A shekarar 1922, Lucien Saint, sabon wakilin Faransa a Tunisia, ya bayar da wasu sauye-sauye kadan: ya kafa Ma’aikatar Shari’a karkashin Tahir b. Khayr al-Din, da Babban Majalisar Tunisia wadda ba ta da ikon yanke hukunci kuma Faransawa sun fi yawa a cikinta. Wannan koma baya ya haddasa rikice-rikice a cikin jam’iyyar Destur. A cikin 1923, saboda barazanar Faransa, Tha’alibi ya bar Tunisia. A shekarar 1924, 'yan kishin kasa suka mai da hankali kan batutuwan tattalin arziki. An kafa wata kungiya ta taimakon juna, amma ta rushe saboda tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da yawan yajin-aiki ya jawo.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2003), shf. 76-89 (Destour), 89-95 (rikicin cikin gida).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kassb da Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine'' (Tunis 2010), shf. 375-400 (Le Destour).&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar CGTT (Confédération Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens) an kafa ta ne da taimakon jam’iyyar Destour ta hannun M’hammad Ali. CGTT ta kasance wata kishin kasa ce madadin CGT, wata kungiya da Faransawa ke jagoranta kuma masu ra’ayin kwaminisanci. CGTT ta samu nasarar janyo ma’aikatan Tunisiya da dama daga CGT. CGTT ta kasance mai tsauri kuma tana taka rawa sosai a harkokin siyasa da na kasa. A shekarar 1924, gwamnatin kariyar Faransa ta kama shugabanninta. A wancan lokaci, jam’iyyar Destur ta riga ta nesanta kanta daga kungiyar. A cikin shekarun 1940s, Farhat Hached ya bi irin wannan hanya inda ya kafa UGTT (Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail) wadda ta shiga kawance mai dorewa da Neo-Destour.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), shf. 85: CGTT an kafa ta, kuma ta rage yawan ma’aikatan da ke CGT.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kassb da Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine'' (Tunis 2010), shf. 510-518: CGTT.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jam’iyyar Neo-Destour an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1934 sakamakon rikici tsakanin shugabannin Destur. Habib Bourguiba da wasu suka kafa ta a matsayin ci gaba na sabbin matasa bisa ruhin asalin Destur. Daga baya, gwamnatin Faransa ta kama shugabanninta tare da matsawa Neo-Destour, wanda hakan ya rage tasirinta da karfinta.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), shf. 95-102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abin mamaki, wasu daga cikin 'yan Tunisia Italiyawa da ke goyon bayan gwamnatin fashista a Italiya sun bayar da goyon baya; daga bisani a 1942 Mussolini ya sa aka saki Bourguiba daga gidan yarin Vichy.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu===

Kamar yadda aka yi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, an kai sojojin Tunisiya zuwa Faransa domin su yaƙi da rundunar Jamusawa a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An tura rundunonin ƙafafu guda uku, daya bayan daya, zuwa Marseille daga watan Maris, 1940, inda suka shiga cikin Yaƙin Faransa. Bayan shan kashi na Faransa, sun koma Tunisia zuwa watan Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;Kassab da Ounaies, ''L'Epoque Contemporaines 1881-1956'' (Tunis 2010) shafi na 430.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, sojojin Tunisia sun sake shiga faɗa. Zuwa watan Nuwamba 1942, dakarun Faransa a Tunisia sun fara yaƙi a gefen haɗin gwiwar dakarun Allied.&lt;ref&gt;Eisenhower, ''Crusade in Europe'' (1948) shafi na 124.&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin Tunisia ƙarƙashin tutar Faransa sun yaƙi dakarun Jamus da Italiya a Tunisia. Daga baya kuma, rundunonin Tunisia sun shiga cikin mamayar Italiya da Allied suka gudanar, har suka shiga Rome; sannan suka yi yaƙi wajen kuɓutar da Faransa. Bayan ƙarewar yaƙi a 1945, sojojin Tunisia sun gaji ƙwarai kuma suna cikin birnin [[Stuttgart]].&lt;ref&gt;Kassab da Ounaies, ''L'Epoque Contemporaines 1881-1956'' (Tunis 2010) shafi na 430-431.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan faduwar Faransa a 1940, hukumomin Faransa a Tunisia sun mara wa gwamnatin Vichy baya, wacce ta ci gaba da mulki a kudancin Faransa bayan mika wuya ga dakarun Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;David Thomson, ''Democracy in France since 1870'' (Oxford University 1946, bugun 5, 1969; sake bugawa Cassell 1989), shafuka 213–229 (Vichy).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kafin Vichy ta rasa iko a yankin Maghrib, zaluncin Yahudawa ya riga ya fara. Cf., Robert Satloff, ''Among the Righteous. Lost stories from the Holocaust's long reach into Arab lands'' (New York: Public Affairs 2006).&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da dama a Tunisia sun ji ɗan farin ciki da faduwar Faransa. A watan Yuli, 1942, Moncef Bey ya hau karagar mulki ta Husaynid. Nan da nan ya ɗauki matsayi na kishin ƙasa, yana kare haƙƙin Tunisia a gaban sabon Resident General da Vichy ta naɗa. Ya zagaya ƙasar, yana watsi da al'adun fadar sarki. Ya zama mashahuri sosai a matsayin sabuwar murya ta 'yan Tunisia, inda ya maye gurbin shugabancin jam’iyyun Destour da Neo-Destour da Faransawa suka takura.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), shafuka 105–106.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tunisia1942-1943.svg|thumb|upright=2|200px|Taswirar yaƙin Tunisia]]

A kusa da [[Alexandria]], Masar, Janar Rommel na Jamus,&lt;ref&gt;Rommel daga baya ya shiga cikin shirin kashe Hitler; yana so a kama shi ne domin a gurfanar da shi bisa laifukan yaƙi. Wm. L. Shirer, ''Rise and Fall of the Third Reich'' (New York: Simon and Schuster 1960), shafuka 1030–1032; Yaƙin arewacin Afirka, shafuka 911–913, 919–925.&lt;/ref&gt; saboda ƙarancin kayayyakin yaƙi, ya sha kashi a muhimmin yaƙin al-Alamein a hannun sabbin dakarun Birtaniya ƙarƙashin Janar Bernard Montgomery a watan Nuwamba 1942. Faɗan ya ƙare ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1942.&lt;ref&gt;Birtaniyawa sun nuna girmamawa ga Afrika Corps saboda &quot;yaƙi suke bisa ka'ida&quot;. Babu rukunin sojojin S.S. a hamada. Desmond Young, ''Rommel: The Desert Fox'' (London: Collins 1950; sake bugawa Berkley 1962), shafi 128.&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai yaƙin Tunisia. Ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, dakarun Allied ƙarƙashin Janar Dwight Eisenhower suka fara sauka a Morocco (Operation Torch). A lokaci guda, Afrika Korps na Jamus tare da sojojin Italiya sun ja daga Masar zuwa Tunisia kuma suka kafa garkuwa a Layin Mareth a kudu da Gabès. Birtaniyawa sun biyo bayansu. Tare da ƙarin ƙarfafa, Afrika Korps sun yi nasara a kan sabbin sojojin Amurka da Free French da ke zuwa daga yamma. Wannan ya ba su damar kai farmaki a kan Birtaniyawa a Layin Mareth, wanda daga baya ya fadi saboda yiwuwar shan saƙonnin sirri na Ultra. Dakarun Allied sun karya layin Axis, kuma hare-haren sama da Allied suka yi ya tilasta Afrika Korps mika wuya ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1943. Sojojin Italiya ƙarƙashin Janar Messe sun gwabza ƙarshe a Cape Bon da Enfidaville kafin mika wuya bayan kwana biyu. Tunisia ta zama wuri na tunkarar mamayar Sicily daga baya a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Rinehart, &quot;Historical Setting&quot;, shafuka 1–70, shafuka 44–47, cikin Nelson, ed., ''Tunisia. A Country Study'' (bugu na 3, 1986).&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, Janar Eisenhower ya rubuta cewa a lokacin mamayar Tunisia, &quot;ba ma mulkin ƙasa da muka ci ba, sai dai muna ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa tushen mulki domin mika ikon cikin gida zuwa hannun jama'a.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dwight D. Eisenhower, ''Crusade in Europe'' (New York: Doubleday 1948), shafi 137.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hooker Doolittle, wanda ya saba da siyasar Arewacin Afirka tun 1933, shi ne jakadan Amurka a Tunis daga 1941–1943. &quot;Ya soki Free French bisa mu’amalarsu da Larabawa&quot; bayan nasarar Allied a Tunisia, kuma &quot;sadarwarsa da shugabannin Neo-Dustur ya sa Faransa ta nemi a kore shi.&quot; Daga nan aka mayar da shi zuwa Masar. Perkins, ''Historical Dictionary of Tunisia'' (1989), shafi 44.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan saukar dakarun Allied a Morocco a ƙarshen 1942, dakarun Jamus sun karɓe iko da gwamnatocin Vichy France da na Tunisia. A wannan lokaci (Nuwamba 1942 zuwa Mayu 1943) Moncef Bey &quot;ya ƙi ya tsaya gefe guda.&quot; Duk da haka, ya yi amfani da ikon da yake da shi don kafa gwamnatin farko ta Tunisia tun 1881, wacce ta haɗa 'yan siyasar ƙasar ciki har da wasu da ke goyon bayan Allied. Daga baya, da nasarar Allied da kafuwar ikon su, Faransawa masu mulki suka fara zargin Moncef Bey da haɗin gwiwa da Jamusawa kuma suka nemi a tube shi; aka amince da bukatar su.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), shafuka 106–107, 111; ambato, shafi 106. Perkins ya ce Moncef Bey ba dan Jamus bane, amma yana adawa da kariyar da Faransa ke yi wa ƙasar; 'yancin kai na Tunisia shi ne burinsa na farko.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;A ƙarshen 1943 Faransa ta tube Musif Bey bisa zargin haɗin kai da abokan gaba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Rinehart, &quot;Historical Setting&quot;, shafi 47, cikin Nelson, ed., ''Tunisia. A Country Study'' (bugu na 3, 1986). Faransawa masu mulki kansu suna goyon bayan gwamnatin Vichy. ''Ibid.'', shafi 44. Yaƙin ya jefa Faransawa cikin zaben wahala.&lt;/ref&gt;

Habib Bourguiba, babban jigo a jam'iyyar Neo-Destour, yana tsare a Vichy France, sai aka kai shi Rome ta hannun Jamusawa, inda aka karɓe shi da karamci don samun goyon bayan Italiya kan Tunisia; daga nan aka mayar da shi Tunisia da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Axis. Amma Bourguiba ya ci gaba da zama dan kishin 'yancin kai ba tare da nuna ƙiyayya ga Faransawa ba (matarsa 'yar Faransa ce). A Tunisia, wasu daga cikin shugabannin Destour masu goyon bayan Jamus sun nuna shirin haɗin kai da Third Reich, duk da gargadin da Bourguiba ke bayarwa. Bayan yaƙi, abokan hulɗar Bourguiba na Amurka sun taimaka wajen wanke shi daga zargin haɗin gwiwa. Tare da Salah Ben Youssef da wasu, ya fara gina jam'iyyar Neo-Destour daga farko.&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004), shafuka 104, 107–110.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bayan Yakin Duniya na Biyu===

Bayan Yakin Duniya na Biyu, Faransa ta sake karɓar iko a kan Tunisiya da sauran yankuna da take sarrafawa a Arewacin Afirka. Duk da haka, gwagwarmayar neman ’yancin kai ta ci gaba kuma ta ƙara ƙarfi. Wannan al’amari bai shafi Tunisiya kaɗai ba, ko Arewacin Afirka kaɗai ba. Kungiyoyin ’yancin kai daban-daban suna yaduwa a sassa daban-daban na Asiya da Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Kassab da Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine'' (Tunis 2010) shf. 441-448 (Asiya), 448-453 (Afirka), 453-468 (musamman Arewacin Afirka).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|thumb|left|100px|Tutar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]
[[File:Emblem of the Arab League.svg|thumb|100px|Tambarin Kungiyar Larabawa]]
Matsayin Tarayyar Soviet, da take da ra’ayin adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya karu bayan nasararta a yakin. Ka'idun siyasar ta na bukatar su zargi Faransa bisa mulkinta a Arewacin Afirka. Wannan ra’ayi ya ci gaba har da wasu marubuta da ba ma’aikata ne ba na jam’iyyar kwaminisanci. A lokacin kasancewar Faransa a yankin, gwagwarmayar maghribi ta kara yin karfi cikin kalmomi masu zafi da tsaurara yayin da gwagwarmayar neman ’yanci ke ƙaruwa. Daga cikin marubutan da suka fi bayyana wannan bacin rai akwai Frantz Fanon, fitaccen marubucin Aljeriya da ya yi rubuce-rubuce na adawa da mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref&gt;Frantz Fanon, ''Les damnés de la terre'' (Paris: François Maspero éditeur 1961), fassarar ''The Wretched of the Earth'' (New York: Grove Press 1968). Ya bayyana cewa “mutanen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka sukan gano nan take cewa dukkan jawaban da ake yi game da daidaito tsakanin mutane ba su hana gaskiyar cewa kisan gilla ga Faransawa bakwai a Col de Sakamody na ɗaga hankalin tunanin duniya ba, yayin da kisan kiyashi ga al’umma gaba ɗaya ba shi da wani muhimmanci.” Fanon (1961, 1968), shafi na 89.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bayan samun ‘yancin kan Tunisiya a 1956, Fanon ya zauna a Tunis, yana aiki da “hidimar jaridar ‘yan adawa na Aljeriya da kuma jaridar FLN, ''El Moudjahid''.” David Caute, ''Frantz Fanon'' (New York: Viking 1970), shafi na 47.&lt;/ref&gt;

Amurka, ita ma babbar kasa da ta yi nasara a yakin, ta bayyana matsayinta na adawa da ci gaba da mulkin mallaka, duk da cewa har yanzu tana kawance da kasashen Turai masu mallaka. Amma cikin ‘yan shekaru bayan yakin, kasashen Siriya, Labanon, da Misira sun samu ‘yanci, haka ma Indiya, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bama, Indonesia da Filifin.&lt;ref&gt;Kassab da Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine'' (Tunis 2010) shf. 440-441 (MD, USA, USSR da karayar mulkin mallaka bayan yakin).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France'' (1996) shafi na 282 (kasashen da suka samu ‘yanci).&lt;/ref&gt;

A 1945, an kafa Kungiyar Larabawa a birnin Alkahira inda kasashen Misira, Iraki, Jordan, Labanon, Saudiyya, Siriya da Yemen suka shiga nan ba da dadewa ba. Nan take Habib Bourguiba na Destour ya labe zuwa Alkahira inda ya zauna, yana ci gaba da jagorantar yunkurin siyasa kamar Kwamitin ’Yantar da Maghrib.&lt;ref&gt;Kassab &amp; Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine'' (2010) shafi na 454 (Kungiyar Larabawa, Bourguiba a Alkahira).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pierre Rossi, ''La Tunisie de Bourguiba'' (Paris: Editions Kahia 1967) fassarar ''Bourguiba's Tunisia'' (Tunis: Kahia 1967) shafi na 35 (a Alkahira da M.L.C). Rossi ya bayyana cewa Bourguiba ya zauna a Alkahira daga 1945 zuwa 1949.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jacques Baulin, ''The Arab role in Africa'' (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1962) shf. 118-119, 123-125: Shekarun Bourguiba (1946-1949) a Alkahira sun sanya shi ya daina yarda da Nasser da kuma irin yadda yake mulkar Kungiyar Larabawa.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda kafa Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa bayan Yakin Duniya na Farko ta tada wayar kai tsakanin al’ummomin da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, haka kuma kafuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin San Francisco bayan Yakin Duniya na Biyu ta ba da dama ga batun ’yancin kai ya shiga cikin tattaunawar duniya. Majalisar ta zama dandalin da za a iya gabatar da batutuwan ‘yancin kai a gaban ra’ayin jama’a na duniya. Saboda haka, gwagwarmayar neman ’yancin kai a Tunisiya ta zama wani ɓangare na tattaunawar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Rossi, ''Bourguiba's Tunisia'' (Paris; Tunis: Kahia 1967) shafi na 37: Oktoba 1952, tambayar Tunisiya ta shiga cikin ajanda a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kassab da Ounaïes, ''L'Époque Contemporaine'' (Tunis 2010) shafi na 534: sauraren tambayar Tunisiya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Disamba 1954.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kasa-Kasa a Tunisiya==

===Yakin Siyasa===
[[File:Bourguiba Bizerte.jpg|thumb|Bourguiba yana gabatar da jawabi a Bizerte, 1952]]

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, jam’iyyar Neo-Destour ta sake bayyana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Habib Bourguiba da Salah ben Yusuf. Bourguiba ya riga ya samu cikakken goyon bayan ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta ƙasa wato ''Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens'' (UGTT). Ita ce ta maye gurbin tsohuwar ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Tunisiya wato ''Confédération'' (CGTT), wacce Faransawa suka dakile a shekarar 1924. A shekarun 1940s, Farhat Hached ya kafa UGTT bisa misalin CGTT, amma ba tare da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Faransa da aka san da akidar gurguzu wato CGT ba. Da sauri UGTT ta shiga yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi da jam’iyyar Neo-Destour.

A matsayinsa na Sakataren Janar na jam’iyyar, ben Yusuf ya bi hanyar bude ƙofofin shiga ga duk ‘yan Tunisiya. Ya kafa haɗin gwiwa da manyan ‘yan kasuwa, da masu fafutuka daga masallacin Zaituna, da ƙungiyoyin larabawa masu ra’ayin haɗin kan Larabawa da Sarkin Bey ke so.

A Paris a shekarar 1950, Bourguiba ya gabatar wa gwamnatin Faransa da shirin samun ‘yanci a hankali. A ƙarshe, Faransawa suka fara gabatar da wasu gyare-gyare na iyaka, kamar ba ‘yan kishin ƙasa rabin kujeru a majalisar dokoki, yayinda sauran rabi zai ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun fararen Fansa. Saboda rashin ci gaba mai ma’ana a shekarar 1954, wasu gungun ‘yan Tunisiya da ake kira ''Fellagha'' suka fara shirin juyin juya hali ta hanyar kai hare-hare a yankunan duwatsu don nuna adawa da mulkin Faransa.

‘Yan Tunisiya sun daidaita fafutukar su da gwagwarmayar neman ‘yanci a ƙasashen Morocco da Algeria, kodayake Tunisiya ta fi shirya tsaf wajen tsara gungun ‘yan gwagwarmaya. Malamin Maroko Abdullah Laroui ya rubuta cewa akwai kamanceceniya ta zamantakewa da tarihi tsakanin gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kai na waɗannan ƙasashen uku na yankin Maghrib.

===Rigima a Ciki===

Yayin da ake ci gaba da tattaunawa da Faransa, rikici ya kunno kai tsakanin shugabannin jam’iyyar Neo-Destour. Habib Bourguiba yana ganin amincewa da wani mataki na wucin gadi zai taimaka kafin kai ga cikakken ‘yancin kai. Amma Salah ben Yusuf yana buƙatar a cimma cikakken yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya nan take. A cikin fafatawar siyasa don shugabanci, Bourguiba ya samu nasara a kan ben Yusuf wanda daga bisani aka kore shi daga jam’iyyar Neo-Destour. Daga nan sai ya bar ƙasar Tunisiya zuwa Cairo.

=='Yancin Kai==

===Tattaunawar ƙarshe===

A ƙarshe, bayan da Faransa ta sha kashi a lokaci guda a Dien Bien Phu a Vietnam, da kuma tashe-tashen hankula na juyin juya hali a Aljeriya, sai ta yarda da kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar kariya a Tunisiya. A cikin dogon gwagwarmayar da aka shafe shekaru ana yi don samun 'yancin kai, shugabannin Neo-Destour sun samu nasarar jawo 'yancin kai ta hanyar dabara da ƙwarewa.&lt;ref&gt;Richard M. Brace, ''Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia'' (Prentice-Hall 1964), shf. 39–52, 95–97.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004) shf. 117-129.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anun-Nasr, ''A History of the Maghrib'' (1971) shf. 350-354.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Janyewar Faransa===

A Tunisiya, Albert Memmi ya bayyana ra'ayi mara tsauri fiye da na Frantz Fanon,&lt;ref&gt;Dubawa sama, sashen &quot;Bayan Yakin Duniya na Biyu&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka, ra’ayinsa bai nuna jin kai sosai ba duk da cewa bai yi tsanani kamar Fanon ba wajen sukar yawancin 'yan Faransa da ke zaune a wurin. Ya ce game da ''colon'' cewa &quot;idan matsayinsa na rayuwa ya ɗaukaka, to hakan ya faru ne saboda matsayi na rayuwar wanda aka mamaye ya yi ƙasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Albert Memmi, ''Portrait du Colonisé précédé du Portrait du Colonisateur'' (Paris: Editions Buchet/Chastel-Corrêa 1957), fassara da ''The Colonizer and the Colonized'' (Boston: Beacon Press 1967), shafi na 8. Wannan littafin ya bazu sosai bayan samun 'yancin kai.&lt;/ref&gt; Memmi ya bayyana manufar tattalin arzikin mai mamaya da ganinsa na kansa:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Sauyin da ya shafi zuwa mulkin mallaka... dole ne ya kawo riba sosai... Ana zuwa wurin mulkin mallaka ne saboda ana da tabbacin samun aiki, albashi ya fi yawa, ci gaban aiki ya fi sauri, da kasuwanci ya fi samun riba. Matashin da ya kammala karatu yana samun aiki, ma’aikacin gwamnati yana samu karin matsayi, dan kasuwa yana cin gajiyar ƙananan haraji, masana’anta suna samun kayan masarufi da ma’aikata a farashi mai rahusa.&quot; *** Daga baya &quot;ana yawan jin yana furta mafarkin cewa: bayan wasu ƙananan shekaru zai bar wannan wuri mai riba mai wahala ya koma kasarsa ya siya gida.&quot; *** Amma idan &quot;wani lokaci abin da ke kawo masa abinci ya shiga haɗari, idan halin da ake ciki ya kai wani mataki, sai mai mamaya ya fara jin barazana, kuma da gaske wannan karon, yana tunanin komawa ƙasarsa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Memmi, ''The Colonizer and the Colonized'' (Paris 1957; Boston 1967), shf. 4, 5, 6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Wannan yana gabatar da wani yanayi mai ban tausayi na ''colon'' kafin bala'in da ke gabatowa. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Tunisiya a 1956, sabon gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta ta fara bambanta tsakanin 'yan ƙasa da kuma baki da ke zaune a ƙasar. Sakamakon wannan, yawancin 'yan Faransa da suka dade suna zama a Tunisiya, ciki har da wadanda suka gaji zama a ƙasar tun shekaru, sun fara shirya komawa ƙasarsu. 'Yan Tunisiya suka maye gurbin da suka bari. &quot;Daga 1955 zuwa 1959, Turawa kimanin 170,000—kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na gaba ɗaya—sun bar ƙasar.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (Cambridge University 2004), shafi na 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ƙarshen mai raɗaɗi ya karya kyakkyawan sakamakon da wasu ke ganin an samu daga mulkin Faransa. Jacques Berque ya rubuta cewa, &quot;Dole sai an ci gaba da samun ci gaba da jure wahalhalu kafin kowane ɓangare ya amince da rawar da ɗayan ya taka a tarihin.&quot; Berque daga baya ya gargadi mutane da su &quot;guji yanke hukunci da wuri a kan abubuwa da mutane na wani zamani da ya wuce.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Berque, ''French North Africa'' (Paris 1962; London 1967), shafi na 99 (&quot;Ci gaba mai girma&quot;), a 383-384 (&quot;guji yanke hukunci da wuri&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
==Ƙara karatu==
* Perkins, Kenneth. ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2nd edition, 2014)
* Roberts, Stephen A. ''History Of French Colonial Policy 1870-1925'' (2 vol 1929) vol 2 pp 259–301 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89866 online]</text>
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    <title>Tarihin Masar a ƙarƙashin Burtaniya</title>
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      <text bytes="10884" sha1="irw81q3evstx5rju2u5ib3z81ydih1s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Anglo-egyptian_war.jpg|thumb| Misali daga ''The Illustrated London News'', 29 Yuli 1882]]
[[Fayil:Map_of_British_Egypt.jpg|thumb|308x308px| Taswirar Masarautar Burtaniya ta 1894]]
'''Tarihin Masar ƙarƙashin turawan ingila''' ya daɗe daga shekarar 1882, lokacin da sojojin Britaniya suka mamaye ta a lokacin yakin Anglo-Egypt, har zuwa ranar 18 ga watan Yunin 1956, lokacin da sojojin Britaniya na ƙarshe suka janye bisa yarjejeniyar ficewa daga Anglo-Masar na 1954. Lokacin farko na mulkin Birtaniyya (1882-1914) ana kiransa da sunan &quot;rufin kariya&quot;. A wannan lokacin Khedivate na Masar ya kasance lardin [[daular Usmaniyya]] mai cin gashin kanta, kuma mamayar Birtaniyya ba ta da tushe na shari'a amma ya zama ''mai'' kare ƙasar. Don haka Masar ba ta cikin daular Burtaniya. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1914 lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta shiga [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na ɗaya]]  a ɓangaren masu karfi na tsakiya sannan Biritaniya ta ayyana ƙasa da ƙasa  a Masar. An hambarar da khedive mai mulki, Abbas II, kuma magajinsa, Hussein Kamel, ya tilasta wa ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Musulmi daga Daular Usmaniyya a watan Disamba 1914.&lt;ref name=vatikiotis&gt;Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. (1991). ''The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rundunar tsaro ta Masar ta zarce yakin na ɗan gajeren lokaci. An kawo ƙarshen lokacin da gwamnatin Biritaniya ta ba da sanarwar ƴancin ƙasar Masar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun 1922. Ba da daɗewa ba, Sultan Fuad na I ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Masar, amma mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya ci gaba, bisa ga wasu sharuɗɗan tanadi na ayyana 'yancin kai. An dai daidaita lamarin a cikin yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936, wacce ta bai wa Biritaniya ikon jibge sojoji a Masar don kare mashigar Suez Canal, alakar ta da Indiya. Har ila yau Biritaniya ta ci gaba da kula da horar da sojojin Masar. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] (1939-1945), Masar ta fuskanci hari daga Italiya [[Libya]] saboda kasancewar Birtaniyya a wurin, ko da yake Masar da kanta ba ta kasance cikin tsaka mai wuya ba har zuwa ƙarshen yakin.&lt;ref&gt;Marlowe, John (1965). ''A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800–1956''. Archon Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan yakin, Masar ta nemi a gyara yarjejeniyar, amma wata gwamnati mai adawa da Birtaniyya ta soke ta baki ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1951. Bayan [[Juyin juya halin Masar na 1952|juyin juya halin ƙasar Masar a shekara ta 1952]], an hambarar da [[Farouk of Egypt|Sarki Farouk]], kuma bayan ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci da aka yi wa jariri ɗan sa Fuad II, aka kawar da sarautar ta maye gurbinsa da Jamhuriyar Masar, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Gamal Nasser]] da Muhammad Naguib. Birtaniya sun amince da Nasser su janye sojojinsu, kuma a watan Yuni 1956 sun yi haka. Birtaniya ta je yaki da Masar kan mashigin Suez a ƙarshen 1956, tare da Faransa da [[Isra'ila]], amma tare da rashin isasshen goyon bayan ƙasa da ƙasa ya tilasta ja da baya.&lt;ref&gt;Marlowe, John (1965). ''A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800–1956''. Archon Books.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihi ==
Bayan shekara ta 1837, balaguron balaguro daga Biritaniya zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya ya shahara, tare da tsayawa a Masar yana samun karɓuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-11-03 |title=Legacy of the British empire |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190628/Legacy-of-the-British-empire.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekara ta 1840, an yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na tururi don sauƙaƙe tafiya a ɓangarorin biyu na Masar, kuma daga shekarun 1850, an gina hanyoyin jiragen ƙasa a kan hanya; An baje kolin amfanin wannan sabuwar hanya a lokacin Tawayen Indiya na 1857, tare da sojojin Birtaniya 5,000 sun isa ta Masar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parry |first=Jonathan |date=2021-03-31 |title=Suez canal: what the ‘ditch’ meant to the British empire in the 19th century |url=https://theconversation.com/suez-canal-what-the-ditch-meant-to-the-british-empire-in-the-19th-century-158169 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1869 kammalawar Suez Canal, wanda ya ba da damar tafiya cikin sauri ta ruwa tsakanin Biritaniya da Indiya, shine babban ci gaba na gaba a samun damar Burtaniya-Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Jad |date=2018-09-05 |title=The British in India offers a rich and nuanced social history of empire |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2018/09/british-india-offers-rich-and-nuanced-social-history-empire |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsaro mai rufewa (1882-1913) ==
A cikin ƙarni na 19, daular da ke mulkin Masar ta yi rance tare da kashe makudan kuɗaɗe a kan abin jin daɗin kanta da kuma ci gaban ababen more rayuwa na Masar. Ci gaban tattalin arzikin daular ya kusan karkata zuwa ga burin amfani da sojoji biyu. Sakamakon haka, duk da ɗimbin  babban birnin Turai, ainihin samar da tattalin arziƙin da aka samu da kuɗaɗen shiga ba su isa ba don biyan lamunin. A ƙarshe, ƙasar ta shiga cikin rugujewar tattalin arziƙi da kuma ɓata lokaci. A nasu ɓangaren kuma, kwamitin turai ƙarƙashin jagorancin Britaniya da Faransa ya karɓe ikon baitul malin Masar, ya yafe basussuka na karɓar iko da mashigin Suez, ya kuma maido da ci gaban tattalin arziki wajen samun riba.

A shekara ta 1882, adawar Islama da Larabawa masu kishin ƙasa ga tasirin Turawa ya haifar da tashin hankali a tsakanin fitattun 'yan ƙasar, musamman a Masar wacce a lokacin ita ce mafi karfi, yawan jama'a, da tasiri na ƙasashen Larabawa.{{dubious|date=May 2023|reason=at the time, there was no concept of Arab countries or Arab identity}}  Haƙiƙa mafi haɗari a wannan lokacin ta fito ne daga sojojin Masar, waɗanda ke kallon sake fasalin ci gaban tattalin arziki daga ikonsu a matsayin barazana ga gatansu.

Tawayen Urabi, babbar zanga-zangar soji a watan Satumba 1881, ya tilasta Khedive Tewfiq ya kori Firayim Ministansa kuma ya yi mulki ta hanyar doka. Yawancin Turawa sun ja da baya zuwa guraren da aka kera na musamman da suka dace da tsaro ko kuma manyan biranen Turai irin su Iskandariya.
[[Fayil:British_Bombardment_of_Alexandria_1882_-_Square_of_consuls.jpeg|thumb|257x257px| Iskandariya ta lalace bayan harin bam na Burtaniya na 1882.]]
Saboda haka, a cikin watan Afrilu 1882, Faransa da Birtaniya sun aika da jiragen ruwa na yaki zuwa [[Alexandria]] don ƙarfafa Khedive a cikin yanayi mai rikici da kuma kare rayuka da dukiyoyin Turai. A nasu ɓangaren, masu kishin ƙasar Masar sun yaɗa fargabar mamaye ƙasar a duk faɗin ƙasar domin karfafa yunkurin juyin juya halin Musulunci da na Larabawa. Tawfiq ya koma Alexandria saboda tsoron kare kansa yayin da hafsoshin sojojin ƙarƙashin Ahmed Urabi suka fara mamaye gwamnati. A watan Yuni, Masar ta kasance a hannun 'yan kishin kasa sabanin yadda Turawa suka mamaye ƙasar kuma sabuwar gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta fara mayar da duk wata kadarorin da ke Masar ɗin.

Rikicin adawa da Turai ya ɓarke a Alexandria, lamarin da ya sa sojojin ruwan Birtaniyya suka yi ruwan bama-bamai a birnin. Tsoron tsoma bakin wasu ƙasashen waje ko kwace magudanar ruwa da Masarawa suka yi, tare da juyin juya halin Musulunci a cikin Daular Indiya, Burtaniya ta jagoranci rundunar balaguro ta Anglo-Indiya a dukkan iyakar Suez Canal a watan Agustan 1882. A lokaci guda, sojojin Faransa sun sauka a Alexandria da arewacin ƙarshen magudanar ruwa. Dukansu biyu suka shiga, suka yi motsi don su gana da sojojin Masar. Dakarun ƙasashen Anglo-Faransa-Indiya sun haɗa kai cikin sauki sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Masar a Tel El Kebir a cikin watan Satumba tare da kwace iko da ƙasar tare da mayar da Tawfiq iko.
[[Fayil:British_barracks_in_Egypt,_c._1910.jpg|thumb| Barracks na Burtaniya a kan kogin ''Nilu'', kusa da 1910.]]
Manufar mamayewar ita ce dawo da kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa a Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Khedive da kuma ikon ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki don daidaita kuɗaɗen Masarawa tun 1876. Yana da wuya cewa Birtaniyya ta yi tsammanin samun dogon lokaci daga farko; duk da haka, Lord Cromer, babban wakilin Burtaniya a Masar a lokacin, ya kalli sauye-sauyen harkokin kuɗi na Masar a matsayin wani ɓangare na dogon lokaci. Cromer ya ɗauki ra'ayin cewa kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa tana buƙatar kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi kuma ya fara shirin saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci a hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga na Masar, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu shine auduga. Don cim ma wannan, Cromer ya yi aiki don inganta tsarin ban ruwa na Nilu ta hanyar manyan ayyuka da yawa, kamar gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, Kogin Nilu, da karuwar magudanan ruwa da ake samu ga filayen noma.&lt;ref&gt;Cleveland (2013). ''A History of the Modern Middle East''. Westview Press.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Babban Dokar Masar ta 1882, kundin tsarin mulki, ya biyo bayan yunƙurin ƙaddamar da kundin tsarin mulki a 1879. Takardar ta iyakance iyaka kuma ta fi dacewa fiye da ka'idar kwayoyin halitta na Majalisar Tuntuba ga khedive fiye da ainihin tsarin mulki. &lt;ref&gt;Aslı Ü. Bâli and Hanna Lerner. ''Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy.'' Cambridge University Press, 2017. p. 293. {{ISBN|9781107070516}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Durbar_Port_Said_stopover_1911.jpg|thumb|180x180px| Taron sarakunan Masar, Turkiyya, da Biritaniya a 1911. Sarauniya Maryamu ta zauna kuma [[George V|Sarki George V]] yana tsaye a matsananciyar dama]]
A cikin shekarar 1906, lamarin Denshawai ya haifar da tambaya game da mulkin Birtaniya a Masar. Daular Jamus ta yi amfani da wannan bi da bi wanda ya fara sake tsarawa, ba da kuɗi, da faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na adawa da Burtaniya. A cikin rubu'in farko na ƙarni na 20, babban burin Birtaniyya a Masar shi ne kutsawa cikin waɗannan kungiyoyi, da kawar da su, da yunkurin kafa wasu kungiyoyin 'yan kishin ƙasa na Burtaniya waɗanda za su miƙa ragamar iko da su. Koyaya, bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]], hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya sun yi ƙoƙarin halatta abokan adawar su masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ciki har da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Versailles. Don haka, an gayyaci jam'iyyar Wafd tare da yi musu alkawarin cikakken 'yancin kai a shekaru masu zuwa. Mamaya na Birtaniyya ya ƙare da sunan hukuma tare da ayyana 'yancin kai na Masar a shekarar 1922 da Burtaniya ta yi, amma mamayar sojojin Birtaniyya a Masar ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1936. 

A lokacin mamayar Birtaniyya da kuma iko daga baya, Masar ta ci gaba zuwa yankin kasuwanci da ciniki. 'Yan kasuwa da suka haɗa da Girkawa, Yahudawa, da [[Armeniya]] sun fara kwarara cikin Masar. Yawan baki a ƙasar ya tashi daga 10,000 a cikin 1840s zuwa kusan 90,000 a cikin 1880s, kuma fiye da miliyan 1.5 a cikin shekarar 1930s.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>irw81q3evstx5rju2u5ib3z81ydih1s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ƙananan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103994</id>
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      <id>878351</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360696244|Juniorate]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878351</origin>
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      <text bytes="3223" sha1="12rwddz9x41te3aff94td6sldv6l6gg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Brown_habit_black_veil_white_wimpole.jpg|thumb|Matasa]]
'''Juniorate''' wani kwas ne na falsafa na tsawon shekaru uku a makarantar sakandare ga 'yan takara da ke shirin zama firist ko kuma mai bin addinin Kirista . A wannan lokacin, za su shiga cikin lamarin sosai kuma za su yanke shawara ko wannan ita ce hanyar da suke sha'awar bi.

== Don zama Firist ==

* Dole ne ya zama mai bin darikar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] .
* Dole ne ya kasance aƙalla shekaru 25.
* Ana buƙatar a yi masa baftisma .
* Tabbatarwa ya zama dole.
* Dole ne a [[Matsayin aure|yi aure]] .
* Bai kamata ya sake [[Saki|aure]] ba ko kuma ya soke auren idan aka rabu.
* Shekaru biyu dole ne su wuce bayan zama bazawara don ba da lokaci don yin makoki kafin yin alƙawarin firistoci. ''(Madina) ''

=== Matakan Samuwa ===

* Tsarin lokaci
* Makarantar Sakandare
* Novitiate
* Matasa
* Alkawuran Addini
* Tsarin aiki mai gudana

== Makarantar Sakandare ==
Makaranta ita ce inda ake ilmantar da firistoci da mata masu ibada ko kuma a tsara su su zama masu hidima na Allah masu inganci don su iya jagorantar coci. Wannan bincike ne na tauhidi mai girma kuma ana buƙatarsa.

Lokacin da ake neman shiga makarantar haikali, dole ne mutum ya sami shawarwari daga membobin coci domin ƙarfafa tarihin aikinsa da ƙwarewarsa a fannoni daban-daban na gidajen ibada. Taron ya ɗauki shekaru uku zuwa huɗu kafin a kammala, ya danganta da darussan da aka ɗauka yayin samun digiri na farko . '''Aikin Haikali, Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Ilimi, Jagorancin Kirista da Gudanarwa, Hulɗar Al'adu, da Addini''' wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri ne da ake da su. Waɗannan kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin zaɓuɓɓukan ƙwararru, amma '''ba a buƙata su ba''' ; akwai wasu da yawa. Idan ana maganar neman makarantar haikali, buƙatun suna ba da shawarar yin nazarin wani nau'in azuzuwan tauhidi ko [[Falsafa|falsafa.]]

== Don zama Nun ==

* Dole ne ya zama mai bin darikar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]]
* Bai kamata a sami yara masu dogaro da kai ba.
* Kada ku ci bashi .
* Dole ne ya zama mara aure.
* Dole ne ya kasance tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 40.
* Dole ne ya kasance mai lafiya ta jiki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ta hankali]] .
* Ba a buƙatar digirin jami'a; duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa suna ba da shawarar cewa mai nema dole ne ya sami aƙalla digiri na farko kafin ya yi rajista.

''(Bayin Ubangiji da Budurwar Matara)'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stages of Formation |url=https://www.ssvmusa.org/Vocations/Stages.of.Formation.shtm#Postulancy |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.ssvmusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matakan Samuwa ===

* Tsarin lokaci
* Novitiate
* Matasa
* Alkawuran Addini
* Sana'a ta Dindindin
* Tsarin aiki mai gudana

''(Bayin Ubangiji da Budurwar Matara) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stages of Formation |url=https://www.ssvmusa.org/Vocations/Stages.of.Formation.shtm#Postulancy |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.ssvmusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

== Tsarin Katolika ==
Shin tsarin da cocin Katolika ke shirya wa mutum ya shiga aikin firist ko 'yan'uwa mata ne? Manyan fannoni guda huɗu da dole ne su nemi su tsara bayan kafa makarantar hauza su ne:

* Ɗan Adam
* ruhaniya
* Mai hankali
* Kiwo

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>878354</id>
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      <text bytes="3235" sha1="58ulnbwt2dpphalxzkqhkk3tbafsf94" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Brown_habit_black_veil_white_wimpole.jpg|thumb|Matasa]]
'''Juniorate''' wani kwas ne na falsafa na tsawon shekaru uku a makarantar sakandare ga 'yan takara da ke shirin zama firist ko kuma mai bin addinin Kirista . A wannan lokacin, za su shiga cikin lamarin sosai kuma za su yanke shawara ko wannan ita ce hanyar da suke sha'awar bi.

== Don zama Firist ==

* Dole ne ya zama mai bin darikar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] .
* Dole ne ya kasance aƙalla shekaru 25.
* Ana buƙatar a yi masa baftisma .
* Tabbatarwa ya zama dole.
* Dole ne a [[Matsayin aure|yi aure]] .
* Bai kamata ya sake [[Saki|aure]] ba ko kuma ya soke auren idan aka rabu.
* Shekaru biyu dole ne su wuce bayan zama bazawara don ba da lokaci don yin makoki kafin yin alƙawarin firistoci. ''(Madina) ''

=== Matakan Samuwa ===

* Tsarin lokaci
* Makarantar Sakandare
* Novitiate
* Matasa
* Alkawuran Addini
* Tsarin aiki mai gudana

== Makarantar Sakandare ==
Makaranta ita ce inda ake ilmantar da firistoci da mata masu ibada ko kuma a tsara su su zama masu hidima na Allah masu inganci don su iya jagorantar coci. Wannan bincike ne na tauhidi mai girma kuma ana buƙatarsa.

Lokacin da ake neman shiga makarantar haikali, dole ne mutum ya sami shawarwari daga membobin coci domin ƙarfafa tarihin aikinsa da ƙwarewarsa a fannoni daban-daban na gidajen ibada. Taron ya ɗauki shekaru uku zuwa huɗu kafin a kammala, ya danganta da darussan da aka ɗauka yayin samun digiri na farko . '''Aikin Haikali, Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Ilimi, Jagorancin Kirista da Gudanarwa, Hulɗar Al'adu, da Addini''' wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri ne da ake da su. Waɗannan kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin zaɓuɓɓukan ƙwararru, amma '''ba a buƙata su ba''' ; akwai wasu da yawa. Idan ana maganar neman makarantar haikali, buƙatun suna ba da shawarar yin nazarin wani nau'in azuzuwan tauhidi ko [[Falsafa|falsafa.]]

== Don zama Nun ==

* Dole ne ya zama mai bin darikar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]]
* Bai kamata a sami yara masu dogaro da kai ba.
* Kada ku ci bashi .
* Dole ne ya zama mara aure.
* Dole ne ya kasance tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 40.
* Dole ne ya kasance mai lafiya ta jiki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ta hankali]] .
* Ba a buƙatar digirin jami'a; duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa suna ba da shawarar cewa mai nema dole ne ya sami aƙalla digiri na farko kafin ya yi rajista.

''(Bayin Ubangiji da Budurwar Matara)'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stages of Formation |url=https://www.ssvmusa.org/Vocations/Stages.of.Formation.shtm#Postulancy |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.ssvmusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matakan Samuwa ===

* Tsarin lokaci
* Novitiate
* Matasa
* Alkawuran Addini
* Sana'a ta Dindindin
* Tsarin aiki mai gudana

''(Bayin Ubangiji da Budurwar Matara) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stages of Formation |url=https://www.ssvmusa.org/Vocations/Stages.of.Formation.shtm#Postulancy |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.ssvmusa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

== Tsarin Katolika ==
Shin tsarin da cocin Katolika ke shirya wa mutum ya shiga aikin firist ko 'yan'uwa mata ne? Manyan fannoni guda huɗu da dole ne su nemi su tsara bayan kafa makarantar hauza su ne:

* Ɗan Adam
* ruhaniya
* Mai hankali
* Kiwo

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afro-Brazilian culture</title>
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    <id>104908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878435</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:25:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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      <text bytes="29940" sha1="sjmrf9by4giv2u8o0fjl68y548fsu9o" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Encontro_estadual_de_maracatus.jpg|thumb|320x320px|A Pernambuco, al'adun Afro-Brazilian na farko da rhythm sun fito: congada da maracatu . A cikin hoton, Maracatu Nação procession a [[Recife]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congada - Festa folclórica une tradições africanas e ibéricas |url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/cultura-brasileira/congada-festa-folclorica-une-tradicoes-africanas-e-ibericas.htm |access-date=2017-03-03 |website=UOL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco |url=https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Sopa Cultural}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Al'adun Afro-[[Brazil]] shine haɗuwa da bayyanar al'adu a Brazil waɗanda suka sha wahala daga [[Al'adun Afirka]] tun zamanin mulkin mallaka har zuwa yau. Yawancin al'adun Afirka sun isa Brazil ta hanyar cinikin bayi na transatlantic, inda al'adun Turai da na asali suka rinjaye shi, wanda ke nufin cewa halaye na asalin Afirka a cikin al'adun Brazil gabaɗaya sun haɗu da wasu nassoshin al'adu.

A halin yanzu, ana iya gano bangarori masu karfi na al'adun Afirka a fannoni da yawa na al'ummar Brazil, kamar su kiɗa, Addini, abinci, al'adun gargajiya da kuma shahararrun bukukuwa. Jihohin Maranhão, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[São Paulo]] da Rio Grande do Sul sune suka fi rinjayar al'adun asalin Afirka saboda yawan bayi da aka karɓa a lokacin cinikin bayi da ƙaurawarsu ta ciki bayan ƙarshen sake zagayowar sukari a Yankin arewa maso gabas.

Kodayake al'adun gargajiya sun ragu a zamanin mulkin mallaka kuma a cikin karni na 19, fannoni na al'adun Brazil na asalin Afirka sun sami tsari na sake darajar daga karni na 20 zuwa gaba wanda har yanzu yana nan a yau.

== Ci gaban tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela,_Angola,_Congo,_Monjolo.jpg|thumb|Bayin Afirka a Brazil daga kasashe da yawa (Rugendas, c. 1830).]]
Gabaɗaya, a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma a cikin karni na 19, asalin al'adun Turai shine mafi daraja a Brazil, yayin da ake yawan watsi da al'adun al'adun Afirka da Brazil, an hana su har ma an haramta su. Addinai na Afro-Brazilian da fasaha na capoeira sau da yawa hukumomi sun hana su. A gefe guda, wasu bayyanar al'adu, kamar congadas da maracatu, da kuma maganganun kiɗa kamar Lundu, an yarda da su har ma da motsa su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-23 |title=Cultura Negra: Nossa gente e nossa história |url=https://vermelho.org.br/2012/05/23/cultura-negra-nossa-gente-e-nossa-historia/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Vermelho}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga tsakiyar karni na 20 zuwa gaba, maganganun al'adun Afro-Brazilian a hankali sun fara karɓar karɓa da sha'awar ƙwararrun Brazil a matsayin ainihin maganganun fasaha na ƙasa. Koyaya, ba duk bayyanar al'adu ba ne aka yarda da su a lokaci guda. Samba na ɗaya daga cikin maganganun farko na al'adun Afro-Brazilian da za a yi sha'awar lokacin da ya ɗauki matsayi mai daraja a cikin shahararren kiɗa a farkon karni na 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Daga baya, gwamnatin mulkin kama-karya na Estado Novo na Getúlio Vargas ta aiwatar da manufofi don motsa kishin kasa inda za a iya karɓar al'adun Afro-Brazilian a hukumance. A wannan lokacin ne zanga-zangar Makarantar samba ta sami amincewar gwamnati ta hanyar Janar Union of Samba Schools of Brazil, wanda aka kafa a 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Nelson da Nóbrega |date=2012-11-01 |title=ESCOLAS DE SAMBA, IDENTIDADE NACIONAL E O DIREITO À CIDADE |url=https://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-418/sn-418-47.htm |journal=Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales |volume=16 |issue=416}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka ya faru da sauran al'adun al'adu. Capoeira, wanda aka dauka a matsayin aikin masu laifi da masu laifi, Mestre Bimba ne ya gabatar da shi a 1953 ga shugaban kasar Vargas, wanda ya kira shi &quot;wasa kawai wasanni na kasa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Fernanda |date=2020-11-23 |title=Quem foi Mestre Bimba, criador da capoeira regional |url=https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/index.php/reportagens/16849-quem-foi-mestre-bimba,-criador-da-capoeira-regional |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=MultiRio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba, tsanantawa ga addinan Afro-Brazilian ya ragu kuma wani ɓangare na matsakaicin aji na Rio de Janeiro ya karɓi umbanda. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, addinan Afro-Brazilian sun fara yin bikin ne daga fararen masu ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 2003, an sanya hannu kan Dokar No. 10.639, wanda ya canza [[Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education|Dokar Jagororin da Tushen Ilimi]] (LDB), wanda ke buƙatar makarantun firamare da sakandare na Brazil su haɗa da koyar da tarihin Afirka da al'adu a cikin tsarin karatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEI No 10.639, DE 9 DE JANEIRO DE 2003 |url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2003/l10.639.htm |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Presidency of the Republic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nazarin Afirka da Brazil ==
[[Fayil:Sobradomadalena.jpg|thumb|[[Abolition Museum|Gidan Tarihi na Abolition]] - Cibiyar Bayani ta Al'adun Afirka da Brazil, a Recife.]]
An nuna sha'awar al'adun Afro-Brazilian ta hanyar karatu da yawa a fannonin ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, kabilanci, kiɗa da ilimin harshe, da sauransu, da suka mayar da hankali kan bayyanawa da juyin halitta na tarihin al'adun Afirka-Braziliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=Nilma Lino |date=2008-09-10 |title=EDUCAÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE CULTURAL: REFLETINDO SOBRE AS DIFERENTES PRESENÇAS NA ESCOLA |url=https://files.ufgd.edu.br/arquivos/arquivos/78/NEAB/Educacao%20e%20Diversidade%20Cultural.pdf |journal=Mulheres Negras - do Umbigo Para O Mundo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin malaman Brazil, kamar lauya Edison Carneiro, mai bincike Nina Rodrigues, marubucin Jorge Amado, mawaki da marubuci daga Minas Gerais Antonio Olinto, marubuci da ɗan jarida João Ubaldo, masanin ilimin ɗan adam da masanin tarihin tarihi [[Raul Lody]], da kuma baƙi kamar masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Faransa Roger Bastide, mai ɗaukar hoto Pierre Verger, masanin binciken kabilanci na Amurka Ruth Landes, da kuma mai zane na Argentina Carybé, waɗanda ba a riga an sadaukar da kansu don tattara bayanai game da al'adun Afirka da su ba, waɗanda ba su yi nazari dalla-Brazilian ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Tina Gudrun |year=2001 |title=Discursos sobre as religiões afro-brasileiras - Da desafricanização para a reafricanização |url=https://www.pucsp.br/rever/rv1_2001/t_jensen.htm |journal=Estudos da Religião |issue=1 |pages=1–21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu daga cikinsu sun shiga cikin addinan Afro-Brazilian, kamar yadda yake da João do Rio;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Serafim |first=Vanda Fortuna |last2=Santos |first2=Thauan Bertão dos |title=JOÃO DO RIO E A HISTÓRIA DAS RELIGIÕES AFRO-BRASILEIRAS |url=https://revistas.unilasalle.edu.br/index.php/Mouseion/article/download/1589/1057 |journal=UnilaSalle |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=41–60}}&lt;/ref&gt; an gayyaci wasu su shiga Candomblé a matsayin cikakken mambobi, suna karɓar matsayi na girmamawa kamar [[Obá de Xangô|Obá na Xangô]] a Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá da [[Ogã]] a Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká da Ilê Axá Omin Iyamassê, suna taimakawa kudi don kula da waɗannan terreiros&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ferreti |first=Sergio |title=Nina Rodrigues e a Religião dos Orixás |url=http://gmbahia.ufba.br/index.php/gmbahia/article/viewFile/307/298 |journal=Gazeta Médica da Bahia |volume=76 |pages=54–59}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=José Ricardo da |date=2021 |title=Antonio Olinto: pele branca, alma da África |url=https://ojs.ufgd.edu.br/index.php/Raido/article/view/14545 |journal=Raído |volume=15 |issue=37 |pages=36–50 |doi=10.30612/raido.v15i37.14545 |s2cid=246771676 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin firistoci a cikin wallafe-wallafen sun ba da kansu don rubuta tarihin addinan Afro-Brazilian tare da taimakon malaman tausayi ko membobin candomblés. Sauran, tun da sun riga sun sami ilimin ilimi, sun zama marubuta tare da matsayinsu na firistoci, kamar masanan ilimin ɗan adam [[Júlio Santana Braga]] da [[Vivaldo da Costa Lima]], iyalorishás Mãe Stella da Giselle Cossard Binon - Omindarewa, farfesa Agenor Miranda, lauya Cléo Martins da farfesa ilimin zamantakewa [[Reginaldo Prandi]], da sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Cleidiana |date=2015-01-29 |title=Entrevista Júlio Braga: &quot;Sou criança em relação a esse mundo milenar&quot; |url=https://www.geledes.org.br/entrevista-julio-braga-sou-crianca-em-relacao-esse-mundo-milenar/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Portal Geledés}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-09-22 |title=Morre antropólogo Vivaldo da Costa Lima |url=https://www.correio24horas.com.br/salvador/morre-antropologo-vivaldo-da-costa-lima-0910 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Correio do Povo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=Mãe Stella de Oxóssi é eleita membro da Academia de Letras da Bahia |url=https://politicalivre.com.br/2013/04/mae-stella-de-oxossi-e-eleita-para-academia-de-letras-da-bahia/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Política Livre |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162459/https://politicalivre.com.br/2013/04/mae-stella-de-oxossi-e-eleita-para-academia-de-letras-da-bahia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ribeiro |first=Bruno |title=Mãe de Santo à francesa |url=http://www.revistabrasileiros.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/372/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102034658/http://www.revistabrasileiros.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/372/ |archive-date=2010-01-02 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Brasileiros}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lobo |first=Flavio |date=2013-01-09 |title=Entrevista: Reginaldo Prandi estuda religiões afro-brasileiras |url=http://redeglobo.globo.com/globouniversidade/noticia/2013/01/entrevista-reginaldo-prandi-estuda-religioes-afro-brasileiras.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=G1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Addini ==
[[Fayil:Igreja_do_Rosário_dos_Homens_Pretos_(3597939043).jpg|thumb|Cocin Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men of Olinda shine coci na farko a Brazil mallakar 'yan uwan baki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Inventário dos Lugares de Memória do Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos e da História dos Africanos Escravizados no Brasil |url=http://www.labhoi.uff.br/sites/default/files/4_inventario_igrejas.pdf |journal=UFF}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Gabaɗaya, baƙi da aka kawo daga Afirka a matsayin bayi an yi musu baftisma nan da nan kuma an tilasta musu bin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]]. Koyaya, juyowa ba ta da ma'ana kuma addinan asalin Afirka sun sami damar kasancewa ta hanyar aikin sirri ko haɗin kai tare da Katolika. Wasu addinan Afro-Brazilian har yanzu suna kula da yawancin al'adun Afirka, kamar su candomblé da [[Xangô do Nordeste|xangô]] na gargajiya a yankin arewa maso gabas; wasu an kafa su ne ta hanyar haɗin addini, kamar su Batuke, Tambor na mina, [[xambá]] da umbanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ferreti |first=Mundicarmo |year=1997 |title=TAMBOR DE MINA E UMBANDA: O culto aos caboclos no Maranhão |url=http://www.repositorio.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/205 |journal=GPMINA |issue=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Motta |first=Roberto |date=1998 |title=O ÚTIL, O SAGRADO E O MAIS-QUE-SAGRADO NO XANGÔ DE PERNAMBUCO |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/ha/a/C47NX6PK5K7vPr5L7pfGTvR/?format=pdf&amp;lang=pt |journal=Horizontes Antropológicos |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=168–181 |doi=10.1590/S0104-71831998000100009 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko ta yaya, addinan Afro-Brazilian suna nuna tasirin daga Katolika da 'yan asalin encantaria da pajelança. Syncretism kuma yana nuna kansa a cikin al'adar baftisma na yara da aure a cikin Cocin Katolika, koda kuwa membobin suna bin addinin Afro-Brazilian a bayyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rocha |first=Leandro Mendes |last2=Borges |first2=Marcelo Henrique Ribeiro |title=ENCANTARIAS BRASILEIRAS. A EMERGÊNCIA DE RELIGIOSIDADES HÍBRIDAS AFRO-AMERÍNDIAS: O CASO DO MESTRE IRINEU SERRA – DAIME |url=https://revistas.ufg.br/racs/article/download/55385/26457/231399 |journal=Articul. Constr. Saber |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=280–313}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin mulkin mallaka na Brazil, baƙi da Mulatto, ko bayi ko 'yanci, galibi suna haɗuwa da kansu a cikin addinin Katolika. Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death da [[Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men|Sisterhood na Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men]] sun kasance daga cikin mafi muhimmanci, kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyar haɗi tsakanin Katolika da addinan Afro-Brazilian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Livia Maria Baêta da |title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DA BOA MORTE, UMA PERSPECTIVA MUSEOLÓGICA E DE GÊNERO |url=https://www.cult.ufba.br/enecul2005/LiviaMariaBaetadaSilva.pdf |journal=Enecult |volume=1 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ott |first=Carlos |title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DO ROSARIO DOS PRETOS DO PELOURINHO |url=https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/afroasia/article/download/20681/13276 |journal=UFBA |pages=119–126}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan Katolika na gargajiya sun sha wahala daga tasirin Afirka a cikin bautar tsarkaka na asalin Afirka kamar Saint Benedict, Saint Elesbaan, Saint Ephigenia da Saint Anthony na Noto ([[Antônio de Categeró|Saint Anthony na Carthage]] ko Saint Anthony Habasha);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oliveira |first=Anderson José Machado de |title=O Culto dos Santos no Brasil Colonial: aspectos teóricos e metodológico |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fsnh2013.anpuh.org%2Fresources%2Frj%2FAnais%2F1998%2Fautor%2FAnderson%2520Jose%2520Machado%2520de%2520Oliveira%2520.doc&amp;wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |journal=ANPUH}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zarattini |first=Fábio |title=Santos negros carmelitas e franciscanos: estudo das imagens de Minas Gerais e Pernambuco |url=https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/rever/article/download/55916/40052/181812 |journal=REVER |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=59–76 |doi=10.23925/1677-1222.2021vol22i1a5 |s2cid=250299039 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin ba'a mai kyau na tsarkaka da ke da alaƙa da orishas na Afirka kamar Saints Coszena da Damian (ibeji), Saint George (Ogun a Rio de Janeiro), Saint Barbara (Yansbaan), [4] a cikin kirkirar sabbin tsarkaka masu suna da Mashahuriyar addinin Ass Ass Ass Assanya na Masallaci; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=de Luta |first=Mulheres |date=2021-05-28 |title=Anastácia, a santa popular brasileira |url=https://www.mulheresdeluta.com.br/anastacia-a-santa-popular-brasileira/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Mulheres de luta |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129123352/http://www.mulheresdeluta.com.br/anastacia-a-santa-popular-brasileira/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Masallaci, da Masallacin Masallacin Yesu (S)  da Masallatai na Masallacin Musulunci; [4] na Masallatai (S) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Mulheres de terreiros, as memórias ancestrais e a resistência pelo sagrado |url=https://www.awure.com.br/mulheres-de-terreiros-as-memorias-ancestrais-e-a-resistencia-pelo-sagrado/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Awure}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-01 |title=Acompanhe a trezena de Santo Antônio e alcance suas graças em 13 dias |url=https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/horoscopo/acompanhe-a-trezena-de-santo-antonio-e-alcance-suas-gracas-em-13-dias,15af3ce383b509f609253c063bd45ce56sdwkez7.html |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=Terra}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dourado |first=Tatiana Maria |date=2013-06-07 |title=Festa do Senhor do Bonfim ganha título de Patrimônio Imaterial do Brasil |url=https://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2013/06/festa-do-senhor-do-bonfim-ganha-titulo-de-patrimonio-imaterial-do-brasil.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=G1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake Katolika ta musanta wanzuwar orishas, majami'u na Pentecostal sun yi imani da wanzuwarsu, amma a matsayin aljanu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Monteiro |first=Flavio Pantoja |title=Presença Demoníaca: A influência da figura demoníaca na fé pentecostal e neopentecostal |url=https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/cdhis/article/download/59699/32064/265664 |journal=CDHIS |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=231–255 |doi=10.14393/cdhis.v34n1.2021.59699 |s2cid=241893007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar IBGE, 0.3% na 'yan Brazil sun ce suna bin addinan asalin Afirka, kodayake yawancin mutane suna bin waɗannan addinan a asirce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Jéssica |date=2022-03-17 |title=Entidades lançam pesquisa inédita para mapear racismo e violência religiosos no Brasil |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2022/03/17/entidades-lancam-pesquisa-inedita-para-mapear-racismo-e-violencia-religiosos-no-brasil |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Brasil de Fato}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko an yi watsi da su, addinan Afro-Brazilian sun kasance ko kuma suna yin su a bayyane ta hanyar wasu mahimman masu ilimi da masu fasaha kamar su Jorge Amado, Dorival Caymmi, Vinícius na Moraes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Maria Bethânia (wanda ya halarci Mãe Menininha's ''Terreiro''), Gal Costa (wanda aka fara zuwa Orisha Babalú-Ayé), Mestre Didi (ɗan Frealorishá Senho), [[Antonio Risério]], Caribé (mai zane-zane), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Guimarães |first=Julia |date=2007-02-28 |title=A ialorixá do Brasil |url=https://www.otempo.com.br/entretenimento/magazine/a-ialorixa-do-brasil-1.315900 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=O Tempo}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Fernando Co).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Franco |first=Tasso |date=2013-10-06 |title=Filho de Mãe Senhora, mestre DIDI morre aos 95 anos de idade |url=https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=BahiaJá}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg|thumb|An zubar da Candomblé a Pernambuco.]]

=== Addinai na Afirka da Brazil ===

* [[Babaçuê]] - Pará; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campelo |first=Marilu Márcia |last2=Luca |first2=Taissa Tavernard de |title=As duas africanidades estabelecidas no Pará |url=https://www.unicamp.br/~aulas/Conjunto%20II/4_13.pdf |journal=Revista Aulas |volume=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Batuque - Rio Grande do Sul; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Hungbono |date=2016-10-26 |title=O Batuque do Rio Grande do Sul – Uma religião de Orixás |url=https://ocandomble.com/2016/10/26/o-batuque-do-rio-grande-do-sul-uma-religiao-de-orixas/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cabula]] - Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro da Santa Catarina; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nogueira |first=Guilherme Dantas |last2=Nogueira |first2=Nilo Sérgio |title=EU CANGIRA, DEIXA A GIRA GIRAR: A CABULA CAPIXABA E SEUS VESTÍGIOS EM MINAS GERAIS |url=https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistacalundu/article/download/7634/6303/13250 |journal=Revista Calundu |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=71–90}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Candomblé - A duk jihohin Brazil;
* [[Egungun cult|Addinin Egungun]] - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-25 |title=O Culto dos Ancestrais – Egungun |url=https://ocandomble.com/2017/07/25/o-culto-dos-ancestrais-egungun/ |access-date=2023-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ifá]] Cult - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-02-18 |title=Religiões Afro-Brasileiras |url=http://deusesehomens.com.br/religioes/afro-brasileiras/item/205-religioes-afro-brasileiras |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Deuses &amp; Homens}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Macumba - Rio de Janeiro; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Britto |first=Rossana |last2=Tardock |first2=Luciano Campos |title=Noite na macumba: as religiões afro-brasileiras e o bailado de Eros Volusia |url=https://revistaplura.emnuvens.com.br/plura/article/download/1037/pdf_114/4264 |journal=Revista de Estudos de Religião |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=307–319}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Omoloko]] - Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais da São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Walerson Fernandes da |title=O CULTO OMOLOKÔ E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A UMBANDA E O CANDOMBLÉ |url=https://www.ufjf.br/bach/files/2016/10/WALERSON-FERNANDES-DA-SILVA.pdf |journal=UFJF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kimbanda - Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Religiões afro-brasileiras derivam de crenças de mais de 4 séculos |url=http://www.morcegada.unir.br/?p=708 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Morcegada |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162500/http://www.morcegada.unir.br/?p=708 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tambor na Mina - Maranhão da Pará; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
* [[Terecô]] - Maranhão; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Cleide |date=6 April 2013 |title=Codó, no Maranhão, é a terra dos pais de santo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/codo-no-maranhao-a-terra-dos-pais-de-santo-8043533 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=G1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umbanda - A duk jihohin Brazil; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Xambá - Alagoas da Pernambuco; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Iglesia |first=Marcus |date=2018-12-03 |title=Território da ancestralidade africana, Nação Xambá é patrimônio vivo de Pernambuco |url=https://www.cultura.pe.gov.br/canal/patrimonio-cultural-3/territorio-da-ancestralidade-africana-nacao-xamba-e-patrimonio-vivo-de-pernambuco/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Portal Cultura }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Xangô na Arewa maso gabas - Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas da Sergipe; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* Ƙungiyoyin;
* Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
* Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
* Syncretism; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-04-18 |title=Qual a ligação entre os santos católicos e os orixás? |url=https://super.abril.com.br/mundo-estranho/qual-a-ligacao-entre-os-santos-catolicos-e-os-orixas |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Super Interessante}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasaha ==
[[Fayil:Neide_da_Costa.jpeg|thumb|Mai yin gyare-gyare na Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé ''Terreiro'' a Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.]]
Alaká na Afirka, wanda aka sani a Brazil da pano-da-costa, masu saƙa ne na Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé ''Terreiro'' a Salvador, a cikin sararin da ake kira Casa do Alaká . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Casa do Alaká |url=http://casadoalaka.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008082253/http://casadoalaka.com/ |archive-date=2007-10-08 |access-date=2008-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mestre Didi, [[Alapini]] (babban firist) na addinin Egungun da [[Açobá|Azobá]] (babban Firist) na Addinin Babalú-Ayé da Orishas na duniya, shi ma masassaƙi ne kuma aikinsa gaba ɗaya yana mai da hankali kan tatsuniyoyin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] da fasaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

A cikin zane, masu zane-zane da masu zanen kaya da yawa sun sadaukar da kansu don nuna kyawawan candomblé, umbanda da batuque a kan zane-zanen su. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine mai zane-zane da mai zane-zanen Argentina Carybé, wanda ya sadaukar da yawancin rayuwarsa a Brazil yana zane-zane kuma yana fentin Orishas da bukukuwa har zuwa cikakkun bayanai. Ana iya ganin siffofinsa a Gidan Tarihin Afro-Brazilian kuma an buga wani ɓangare na aikinsa a cikin littattafai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Vagner Gonçalves da |date=2012 |title=Artes do axé. O sagrado afro-brasileiro na obra de Carybé |journal=Ponto Urbe |volume=10 |issue=10 |doi=10.4000/pontourbe.1267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin daukar hoto, Faransanci Pierre Fatumbi Verger, wanda ya ziyarci Bahia a 1946 kuma ya kasance har zuwa ranar ƙarshe ta rayuwarsa, ya nuna mutanen Brazil da duk nuances na candomblé a baki da fari. Baya ga daukar hoto, ya zama wani ɓangare na addini, a Brazil da [[Afirka]], inda aka fara shi a matsayin Babalawo, da kuma fara [[Pierre Verger Foundation|Gidauniyar Pierre Verger]] a Salvador, inda duk tarin hotunansa yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Souty |first=Jérôme |title=IMAGEM, ORALIDADE E ESCRITA: UMA ANÁLISE DA TRAJETÓRIA DE PIERRE FATUMBI VERGER |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/afro/a/z7cQp4dB7LXDH4jXmf5L5Yz/?lang=pt&amp;format=pdf |journal=Afro-Ásia |volume=45 |pages=185–194}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pierre Verger pela cidade |url=https://www.salvadordabahia.com/roteiros/pierre-verger-pela-cidade/ |access-date=2023-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abincin ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAco&quot;&gt;feijoada&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na Brazil, wanda ake la'akari da abincin ƙasa na Brazil, ana yawan ambaton shi azaman halittar bayi, tunda ana iya kirkirar shi a cikin ''[[Senzala|senzalas]]''. A zamanin yau, duk da haka, ana ɗaukar ''feijoada'' na Brazil a matsayin daidaitawa na wurare masu zafi na ''feijoada'' ta Portuguese wanda ba a saba ba da shi ga bayi ba. Duk da haka, abincin yankin Brazil ya sami rinjaye sosai daga abincin Afirka, gauraye da abubuwan abinci na Turai da na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-09 |title=Origem da Feijoada e sua História: Você tem certeza que ela nasceu nas senzalas? |url=https://fundacaocargill.org.br/historia-da-feijoada/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Fundação Cargill}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abinci na Bahia shine wanda ya fi nuna tasirin Afirka a cikin abincin da ya dace kamar ''[[Ƙosai|Acarajé]]'', ''caruru'', ''vatapá'' da ''moqueca''. Ana shirya waɗannan jita-jita da [[Manja|Man dabino]], wanda aka cire daga itacen dabino na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil a zamanin mulkin mallaka. A Bahia, akwai hanyoyi biyu don shirya waɗannan girke-girke. A hanya mai sauƙi, abincin ba ya ƙunshe da kayan yaji da yawa kuma ana yin su a cikin candomblé terreiros don a miƙa wa orishas. A wata hanya, ana amfani da shi a waje da terreiros, ana shirya abinci tare da kayan yaji da yawa kuma sun fi ɗanɗano, ana sayar da su ta baianas do acarajé kuma ana ɗanɗana su a gidajen cin abinci da gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=França |first=Érico da Silva |title=A FORMAÇÃO DA &quot;CULINÁRIA BAIANA&quot;: SOB UMA ÓTICA &quot;AFRICANA&quot; |url=http://snh2013.anpuh.org/resources/anais/35/1397424147_ARQUIVO_AFORMACAODACULINARIABAIANA.pdf |journal=ANPUH |volume=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Waƙoƙi ==
{{Main|Afro-Brazilian music}}
Waƙoƙin da Afro-Brazilians suka kirkira haɗuwa ne da tasirin daga ko'ina cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tare da abubuwa na Portuguese kuma, zuwa ƙarami, kiɗa na asali, wanda ya samar da nau'o'i daban-daban. Kyakkyawan kiɗa na Brazil yana da tasiri sosai daga rhythms na Afirka; shahararrun nau'ikan sune samba, [[marabaixo]], maracatu, [[Ijexá (rhytm)|ijexá]], [[Coco (dance)|koko]], jongo, carimbó, lambada, maxixe, Maculelê.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco |url=https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Sopa Cultural}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/ &quot;Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco&quot;]. ''Sopa Cultural''. 2023-05-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-01-27 |title=Jongo, expressão da cultura afro-brasileira |url=https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/index.php/reportagens/8637-jongo-expressao-da-cultura-afro-brasileira |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=MultiRio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=Maxixe – Conheça a origem e história do Tango Brasileiro! |url=https://terravistabrasil.com.br/maxixe/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Terravista Brasil |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162508/https://terravistabrasil.com.br/maxixe/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=Carimbó: ritmo de herança afro-indígena é tradição no Pará |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/rfi/2022/01/14/carimbo-ritmo-de-heranca-afro-indigena-e-tradicao-no-para.htm |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=UOL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-17 |title=O que é o Maculele |url=https://www.capoeiranossanacao.com.br/o-que-e-o-maculele/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Capoeira Nossa Nação}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda ya faru a duk yankunan Amurka inda bayi na Afirka suka kasance, an yi watsi da kiɗan da 'yan Afirka suka yi da farko kuma an ware shi, har sai ya sami sananne a farkon karni na 20 kuma ya zama mafi mashahuri a yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuehn |first=Frank |date=January 2002 |title=ESTUDO ACERCA DOS ELEMENTOS AFRO-BRASILEIROS DO CANDOMBLÉ NAS LETRAS E MÚSICAS DE VINÍCIUS DE MORAES E BADEN POWELL: os &quot;Afro-Sambas&quot;. |url=https://www.academia.edu/685708 |journal=Terceiro Colóquio de Pesquisa da Pós-Graduação em Música, Escola de Música |pages=94–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kayan kida na Afirka da Brazil ===

* Rashin jin daɗi; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instrumentos Musicais Africanos |url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/geografia/instrumentos-musicais-africanos.htm |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Brasil Escola}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Agogô; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Alfaia; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alfaia |url=http://www.percussionista.com.br/instrumentos/alfaia.htm |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Percussionista}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ya kai Harin; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-03-15 |title=A História do Atabaque |url=http://casademiguelarcanjo.com.br/orixas/a-historia-do-atabaque/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Casa de Miguel }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Berimbau; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ganga|Drum]]; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Al'adun Afirka a Rio Grande do Sul
* Quilombo
* Tarihin Afirka da Brazil

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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    <title>Dahshur</title>
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'''Dahshur''' (a cikin Turanci sau da yawa ana kiransa ''Dashur'') tsohon masallaci ne ta Masar da kuma necropolis kuma tana da sunan ƙauyen Manshiyyat Dahshur (Larabci: منشأة ده__hau__) a cikin Badrashin, Giza . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markaz al-Badrashin Map |url=http://www.giza.gov.eg/GovMaps/To-map13.aspx |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.giza.gov.eg}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{IPA|ar|dɑhˈʃuːɾ|pron}}{{IPA|ar|dɑhˈʃuːɾ|pron}}{{IPA|ar|dɑhˈʃuːɾ|pron}}

Dahshur an jera shi a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] na [[UNESCO]], kuma yana kan tsaunin Yammacin Yamma a gefen filin noma, kuma tare da hadaddun dala a [[Saqqara]], Abusir, da Giza, a arewacinsa, suna samar da filayen dala na tsohuwar babban birnin [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/86 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da yawa don pyramids, galibi [[Sneferu]]'s Bent Pyramid da Red Pyramid, waɗanda suke daga cikin tsofaffi, mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun kiyayewa a [[Misra|Misira]], waɗanda aka gina daga 2613 zuwa 2589 BC.

== Pyramids ==
[[Fayil:Bent_Pyramid_(I_love_Naples).jpg|left|thumb|Pyramid na SneferuPyramid mai laushi]]
Dahshur pyramids wani muhimmin kwarewa ne ga Masarawa. Ya ba su ilimi da fasaha don sauyawa daga pyramids na gefe zuwa pyramids masu santsi. Daga ƙarshe faɗin kwarewarsu zai ba su damar gina Babban Pyramid na Giza; na ƙarshe daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na Dā har yanzu suna tsaye har zuwa wannan kwanan wata.

Na farko daga cikin Dahshur pyramids shine Bent Pyramid (2613-2589 BC), wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Sneferu|Sarki Sneferu]] . Bent Pyramid shine ƙoƙari na farko na gina pyramid mai santsi, amma ya zama ginin da bai yi nasara ba saboda kuskuren da aka yi akan nauyin tsarin da ake sanyawa a ƙasa mai laushi (yashi, dutse, da yumɓu), wanda ke da halin raguwa. Sauran lissafin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba daidai ba ne sun kasance cewa an yanke tubalan da ake amfani da su ta hanyar da lokacin da aka sanya su a kan dala ba a rarraba nauyin su yadda ya kamata ba, wanda ya sa kusurwar dala ta fita kuma ta sami sunan &quot;Bent Pyramid&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Great Pyramid of Giza |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza/ |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Da yake fahimtar gazawarsa da kuma koyo daga kuskuren da ya yi, Sarki Sneferu ya ba da umarnin gina dala ta biyu ta Dahshur, Red Pyramid. Da zarar an kammala, an dauki dala a matsayin nasara, saboda an gina shi sosai, mai santsi, da kuma dala mai tsaye wanda ya tashi zuwa tsawo na 341 feet (104 mita), tare da kusurwar digiri 43. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Red Pyramid |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5732/ |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan Red Pyramid ya samo asali ne daga kayan da aka yi amfani da su don gina pyramid, ja limestone. An yi imanin cewa wannan dala ita ce wurin hutawa na Sarki Sneferu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Geographic: Egypt – North Pyramid of Snefru, Dahshur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/north.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020917045512/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/north.html |archive-date=September 17, 2002 |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=www.nationalgeographic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
[[Fayil:Black_Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_III..JPG|left|thumb|Black Pyramid]]
Wani dala, White Pyramid, wanda ke cikin Dahshur shine na Daular 12th King Amenemhat II (1929-1895 BC). Wannan dala ba a kiyaye ta da sauran a cikin yankin ba saboda kayan da aka yi amfani da su don cika shi (yashi a waje da dutse a ciki). Yanayin ya sa yashi ya lalace daga gare ta, amma an dauki dutse da gangan don amfani da shi a kan wasu pyramids yana ba da damar dala ta rushe kuma a ƙarshe ya lalata kabarin Sarki Amenemhat II&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwZg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=12th- and 13th-Dynasty Pyramids |url=http://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/55779-7-6-12th-and-13th-dynasty-pyramids.html |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=World history |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023195219/https://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/55779-7-6-12th-and-13th-dynasty-pyramids.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

[[Senusret na III|Sarki Senusret III&amp;nbsp;]] (1878-1839 BC) ya gina dala a cikin Dahshur. Bambanci tsakanin dala ta idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ke kewaye da ita shine cewa Sarki Senusret III yana da kaburbura da tashoshi da aka gina a ƙarƙashinsa don sarakuna biyu; Sit-Hathor da Merit . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=12th- and 13th-Dynasty Pyramids |url=http://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/55779-7-6-12th-and-13th-dynasty-pyramids.html |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=World history |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023195219/https://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/55779-7-6-12th-and-13th-dynasty-pyramids.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Black Pyramid ya samo asali ne daga mulkin Amenemhat III na baya kuma, kodayake ya lalace sosai, ya kasance mafi kyawun abin tunawa a shafin bayan pyramids biyu na Sneferu. Pyramidion na dutse mai laushi ko babban dutse na Black Pyramid yana nunawa a babban zauren Gidan Tarihin Masar a [[Kairo|Alkahira]].&amp;nbsp;
[[Fayil:Francis_Frith_(English)_-_The_Pyramids_of_Dahshoor,_From_the_East_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Pyramids na Dahshur, Daga Gabas (black pyramid hagu, curved pyramid dama) by Francis Frith (1857) ]]
An gina wasu pyramids da yawa na Daular 13 a Dahshur. Sai kawai Pyramid na Ameny Qemau ne Ahmad Fakhri, masanin binciken kayan tarihi wanda ya tono wannan shafin ya tono.&amp;nbsp;

== Kabari da makabarta ==
Da yake kusa da dala na Daular 12 an gano kaburbura da yawa na matan sarauta, dauke da adadi mai yawa na lapidary da kayan ado waɗanda aka ƙaddara su zama mafi girman matakin aikin ƙarfe a Misira a wannan lokacin. Gidan dala na Senusret III ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban hadaddun, tare da ƙananan pyramids na mata na sarauta, tare da wani pyramid a kudu. A cikin kabarin gallery kusa da wannan dala an sami dukiya biyu na 'ya'yan sarki (Sithathor). An sami makabarta masu yawa na jami'an Tsohon Masarauta da Masarautar Tsakiya a kusa da pyramids na Dahshur. Dahshur ita ce kabarin sarauta na Masar a lokacin mulkin sarki na 12 Amenemhat II .

== Tarihin zamani ==
A watan Yulin 2012, dukan al'ummar Kirista ta Dahshur, wanda wasu suka kiyasta ya kai iyalai 120, sun gudu zuwa garuruwan da ke kusa saboda tashin hankali na ɗarika. Rikicin ya fara ne a cikin jayayya game da rigar da ba ta da kyau, wanda hakan ya karu zuwa yaƙi inda Kirista ya ƙone wani dan kabilar Larabawa musulmi har ya mutu. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin rikice-rikice wani Musulmi ya ji rauni a kai kuma daga baya ya mutu saboda an jefa bam din man fetur daga rufin gini. Akalla gidaje 16 da dukiyar Kiristoci an sace su, wasu an ƙone su, kuma an lalata coci a lokacin tashin hankali. An ruwaito wannan lamarin a duniya

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2013, kuma saboda rashin tsaro da har yanzu ke ci gaba a Misira bayan Tashin hankali na 2011, shafin yana cikin barazanar lalata da lalacewa saboda mamayewar mazauna birane da ke kewaye da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;No Longer a Sacred Site&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=El-Aref, Nevine |date=January 16, 2013 |title=No Longer Sacred |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/1061/17/No-longer-a-sacred-site.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118054824/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/1061/17/No-longer-a-sacred-site.aspx |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2013 |website=Al-Ahram |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
Dahshur yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) bisa ga Tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger.{{Weather box}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Necropolis na Memphite
* Jerin garuruwa da biranen Masar na dā
* Jerin wuraren Masar na dā, gami da wuraren temples
* Jerin wuraren megalithic
* Acanthus (Masar) , tsohuwar ƙauye a Dahshur da aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafen Girkanci na Dā.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>'Yanci na fahimta</title>
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'''[[Ƴancin siyasa|&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yanci]] na fahimta''', ko kuma &quot;dama ga [[Ƙaddamar da kai]] na tunani&quot;, shine' yancin mutum don sarrafa hanyoyin tunani, fahimta, da sani. An yi jayayya cewa duka tsawo ne na, da kuma ƙa'idar da ke tattare da shi, haƙƙin [[Yancin Tunani|'yancin tunani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boire |first=Richard Glen |date=1999 |title=On Cognitive Liberty (Part I) |url=https://www.cognitiveliberty.org/ccle1/1jcl/1jcl7.htm |journal=Journal of Cognitive Liberties |volume=1 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boire |first=Richard Glen |date=2000 |title=On Cognitive Liberty (Part II) |url=https://www.cognitiveliberty.org/ccle1/2jcl/2JCL7.htm |journal=Journal of Cognitive Liberties |volume=2 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boire |first=Richard Glen |date=2000 |title=On Cognitive Liberty (Part III) |url=https://www.cognitiveliberty.org/ccle1/4jcl/4JCL7.htm |journal=Journal of Cognitive Liberties |volume=2 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boire |first=Richard Glen |date=2002 |title=John Stuart Mill and the Liberty of Inebriation |url=https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_07_2_boire.pdf |journal=The Independent Review |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=253–258}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sententia |first=Wrye |date=2004 |title=Neuroethical Considerations: Cognitive Liberty and Converging Technologies for Improving Human Cognition |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1013 |issue=1 |pages=221–8 |bibcode=2004NYASA1013..221S |doi=10.1196/annals.1305.014 |pmid=15194617 |s2cid=44354219}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bublitz |first=Jan Christoph |last2=Merkel, Reinhard |date=2014 |title=Crime Against Minds: On Mental Manipulations, Harms and a Human Right to Mental Self-Determination |journal=Criminal Law and Philosophy |volume=8 |page=61 |doi=10.1007/s11572-012-9172-y |s2cid=144449130}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Waterman|first=Daniel|title=Entheogens, Society &amp; Law: Towards a Politics of Consciousness, Autonomy and Responsibility|date=2013|publisher=Melrose Books|isbn=9781908645616|editor-last=Hardison|editor-first=Casey William|page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bublitz |first=Jan Christoph |author2=Merkel, Reinhard |date=2014 |title=Crime Against Minds: On Mental Manipulations, Harms and a Human Right to Mental Self-Determination |journal=Criminal Law and Philosophy |volume=8 |page=61 |doi=10.1007/s11572-012-9172-y |s2cid=144449130}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake an bayyana ra'ayi ne kwanan nan, yawancin masu [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Duniyar Wata|ilimin kimiyya]] suna ganin 'yancin fahimta yana da mahimmanci yayin da ci gaban fasaha a cikin kimiyyar [[kwakwalwa]] ke ba da damar haɓaka ikon yin tasiri kai tsaye ga sani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Charlotte |date=2010 |title=Drugs and human rights: private palliatives, sacramental freedoms and cognitive liberty |url=https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/law/postgraduate/phd-mphil-research/files/Drugs-and-human-rights-Walsh-2010.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=International Journal of Human Rights |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=433 |doi=10.1080/13642980802704270 |s2cid=143908075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208015630/https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/law/postgraduate/phd-mphil-research/files/Drugs-and-human-rights-Walsh-2010.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2015-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bublitz |first=Jan Christoph |date=2024-04-02 |title=What an International Declaration on Neurotechnologies and Human Rights Could Look like: Ideas, Suggestions, Desiderata |journal=AJOB Neuroscience |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=96–112 |doi=10.1080/21507740.2023.2270512 |issn=2150-7740 |pmid=37921859 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yanci na fahimta ba haƙƙin da aka amince da shi ba ne a cikin kowane yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, amma ya sami ƙayyadadden matakin karɓa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma ana jayayya da shi shine ƙa'idar da ke haifar da haƙƙin da ake amincewa da shi.&lt;ref&gt;Bublitz and Merkel, 60-1&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Kalmar nan &quot;yancin fahimta&quot; ta samo asali ne daga Masanin ilimin kwakwalwa Wrye Sententia da masanin ilimin shari'a da lauya [[Richard Glen Boire]], wadanda suka kafa da daraktocin Cibiyar ba da riba ta Cognitive Liberty and Ethics (CCLE).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sententia|first=Wrye|chapter=Freedom by Design: Transhumanist Values and Cognitive Liberty|title=The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology and Philosophy of the Human Future|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|page=356}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sententia da Boire sun bayyana 'yancin fahimta a matsayin &quot;dama na kowane mutum don yin tunani da kansa kuma da kansa, don amfani da cikakken ikon tunaninsa, da kuma shiga cikin hanyoyi da yawa na tunani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-09-15 |title=FAQ - Center for Cognitive Liberty &amp; Ethics (CCLE) |url=https://www.cognitiveliberty.org/ccle1/faqs/faq_general.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-06-07 |publisher=Center for Cognitive Liberty &amp; Ethics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CCLE cibiyar sadarwa ce ta malamai da aka sadaukar don kare 'yancin tunani a duniyar zamani ta hanzarta fasahar kwakwalwa. Suna neman bunkasa manufofin jama'a waɗanda za su adana da haɓaka 'yancin tunani, da kuma ba da jagora game da ci gaban da suka dace a cikin neurotechnology, psychopharmacology, kimiyyar fahimta da doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=keeping freedom in mind - |url=https://www.cognitiveliberty.org/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.cognitiveliberty.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sententia da Boire sun yi tunanin manufar 'yancin fahimta a matsayin martani ga karuwar ikon fasaha don saka idanu da sarrafa aikin fahimta, da kuma karuwar da ta dace da bukatar tabbatar da ikon cin gashin kai da sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sententia 2004, 223&quot;&gt;Sententia (2004), 223&lt;/ref&gt; Sententia ya raba aikace-aikacen 'yancin fahimta zuwa ka'idoji biyu:

# Muddin halayensu ba su jefa wasu cikin haɗari ba, bai kamata a tilasta wa mutane ba tare da son rai ba su yi amfani da fasahar da ke hulɗa kai tsaye da kwakwalwa ko kuma a tilasta su shan wasu magungunan psychoactive.
# Muddin ba su shiga cikin halayyar da ke cutar da wasu ba, bai kamata a hana mutane daga, ko kuma a aikata su laifi ba, ta amfani da sabbin magunguna da fasahohi masu inganta tunani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=keeping freedom in mind - |url=https://www.cognitiveliberty.org/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.cognitiveliberty.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wadannan bangarori biyu na 'yanci na fahimta suna tunatar da &quot;Dokoki Biyu na Timothy Leary don Zamanin Molecular&quot;, daga littafinsa na 1968 The Politics of Ecstasy:

Masu goyon bayan 'yancin fahimta saboda haka suna neman tilasta wa jihohi mummunan aiki da kuma kyakkyawan aiki: don kauce wa tsoma baki ba tare da yardar rai ba tare da tsarin fahimta na mutum, da kuma ba da damar mutane su ƙaddara kansu &quot;duniya ta ciki&quot; kuma su sarrafa ayyukansu na tunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bublitz and Merkel, 60&quot;&gt;Bublitz and Merkel, 60&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yanci daga tsoma baki ===
Wannan wajibi na farko, don kauce wa tsoma baki ba tare da yardar rai ba tare da tsarin fahimta na mutum, yana neman kare mutane daga canza tsarin tunanin su ko saka idanu ba tare da izinin su ko iliminsu ba, &quot;kafa bango na karewa daga abubuwan da ba a so&quot;. Ci gaba da ci gaba ga fasahar neurotechnologies, kamar Motsawar magnetic ta transcranial da electroencephalography (ko &quot;ƙididdigar yatsa na kwakwalwa&quot;), da kuma ilimin kimiyyar magunguna, a cikin nau'ikan masu hana sake dawo da serotonin (SSRIs), nootropics, modafinil da sauran Magunguna masu amfani da hankali, suna ci gaba da kara ikon saka idanu da tasiri kai tsaye ga fahimtar ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Blitz |first=Marc Jonathan |date=2010 |title=Freedom of Thought for the Extended Mind: Cognitive Enhancement and the Constitution |url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&amp;context=marc_jonathan_blitz |journal=Wisconsin Law Review |issue=1049 |pages=1053–1055, 1058–1060 |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2015-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225064503/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&amp;context=marc_jonathan_blitz |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sententia (2004), 223-224&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Rosen |first=Jeffrey |date=11 March 2007 |title=The Brain on the Stand |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/magazine/11Neurolaw.t.html |access-date=3 May 2014 |newspaper=New York Times Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon haka, yawancin masu ilimin kimiyya sun jaddada muhimmancin fahimtar 'yancin fahimta don kare mutane daga jihar ta amfani da irin waɗannan fasahohi don canza hanyoyin tunanin mutanen: &quot;dole ne a hana jihohi mamayewa cikin mutane, daga samun damar tunaninsu, canza motsin zuciyarsu ko sarrafa abubuwan da suka fi so&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bublitz and Merkel, 61&quot;&gt;Bublitz and Merkel, 61&lt;/ref&gt;  Wadannan takamaiman damuwa game da amfani da fasahar kimiyyar kwakwalwa don tsoma baki ko mamaye kwakwalwa sun samar da fannonin Neuroethics da neuropcy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=Neil}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan bangare na 'yancin fahimta an tashe shi dangane da wasu matakan da aka ba da izini ga jihohi a cikin fahimtar mutum, daga 'magani' na tilas na 'yan luwadi a Amurka kafin shekarun 1970, zuwa gudanar da magungunan da ba a yarda da su ba ga' yan asalin Amurka marasa sani a lokacin [[C.I.A|CIA]] Project MKUltra, zuwa tilasta gudanar da magunguna masu canza tunani a kan mutane don sanya su iya tsayawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Boire, Richard Glen, (2002). ''[http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/pdf/sell_ussc_merits.pdf Brief Amicus Curiae Of The Center For Cognitive Liberty &amp; Ethics In Support Of The Petition] {{Webarchive}}'', in the case of ''Sell v United States''&lt;/ref&gt; Futurist kuma bioethicist George Dvorsky, shugaban kwamitin Cibiyar Da'a da Fasahar Fasaha ta Fasaha ya gano wannan bangare na 'yancin fahimta kamar yadda yake da dacewa ga muhawara game da warkar da yanayin autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dvorsky |first=George |title=Cognitive liberty and the right to one's mind |url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/dvorsky20091020 |access-date=3 May 2014 |publisher=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Nita A. Farahany ya kuma ba da shawarar kariya ta doka game da 'yancin fahimta a matsayin hanyar kare kariya daga cin zarafin kai da aka samu a cikin Kwaskwarima ta Biyar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, a cikin hasken karuwar ikon samun damar ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farahany |first=Nita |date=February 2012 |title=Incriminating Thoughts |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5321&amp;context=faculty_scholarship |journal=Stanford Law Review |volume=64 |pages=405–406}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafinta 'The Battle for Your Brain: Defending the Right to Think Freely in the Age of Neurotechnology' ya Tattaunawa batun dalla-dalla.

Kodayake wannan ɓangaren 'yancin fahimta galibi ana bayyana shi azaman' yancin mutum daga tsangwama na ''jihar'' tare da fahimtar ɗan adam, Jan Christoph Bublitz da Reinhard Merkel da sauransu sun ba da shawarar cewa' yancin fahimta ya kamata ya hana wasu, ƙungiyoyin da ba na jihar ba daga tsoma baki tare da tunanin mutum &quot;duniya ta ciki&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boire, Part I2&quot;&gt;Boire, Part I&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bublitz and Merkel, 682&quot;&gt;Bublitz and Merkel, 68&lt;/ref&gt;   Bublitz da Merkel sun ba da shawarar gabatar da sabon laifi wanda ke azabtar da &quot;matsalolin da ke tsoma baki sosai tare da amincin tunanin wani ta hanyar lalata kula da hankali ko amfani da raunin da ya riga ya kasance&quot;.  Matakan kai tsaye wanda ke rage ko lalata ikon fahimta kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mai da hankali, da ƙarfin niyya; canza abubuwan da ba su dace ba; ko raunin da ba za a iya ganewa a asibiti ba zai zama abin da ba za'a iya yarda da shi ba kuma ya shafi gurfanar da laifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bublitz and Merkel, 682&quot; /&gt; Sententia da Boire sun kuma nuna damuwa cewa kamfanoni da sauran hukumomin da ba na gwamnati ba na iya amfani da fasahar kwakwalwa mai tasowa don canza hanyoyin tunanin mutane ba tare da yardarsu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sententia 2004, 223&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boire, Part I2&quot; /&gt;

=== 'Yanci na ƙaddara ===
Inda wajibi na farko ke neman kare mutane daga tsangwama tare da hanyoyin fahimta ta jihar, kamfanoni ko wasu mutane, wannan wajibi na biyu yana neman tabbatar da cewa mutane suna da 'yancin canzawa ko inganta nasu sani. Mutumin da ke jin daɗin wannan bangare na 'yancin fahimta yana da' yancin canza hanyoyin tunanin su ta kowace hanya da suke so, ko ta hanyar hanyoyin da ba su kai tsaye ba kamar tunani, yoga ko Addu'a, ko ta shiga tsakani kai tsaye ta hanyar magungunan psychoactive ko neurotechnology.

Kamar yadda magungunan psychotropic hanya ce mai karfi na canza aikin fahimta, yawancin masu ba da shawara game da 'yancin fahimta suma masu ba da shawarar sake fasalin dokar miyagun ƙwayoyi ne, suna da'awar cewa &quot;yaƙin kan kwayoyi&quot; a zahiri &quot;yaƙin akan yanayin tunani ne&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boire |first=Richard Glen |date=2000 |title=On Cognitive Liberty Part II |url=http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/2jcl/2JCL7.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Cognitive Liberties |volume=1 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210084106/http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/2jcl/2JCL7.htm |archive-date=2017-02-10 |access-date=2015-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; CCLE, da sauran kungiyoyin kare 'yanci na fahimta kamar su Cognitive Liberty UK, sun yi kira ga sake dubawa da sake fasalin dokar haramtacciyar miyagun ƙwayoyi; daya daga cikin manyan ka'idojin jagora na CCLE shine cewa &quot;gwamnati bai kamata su haramta inganta hankali ba ko kwarewar kowane yanayin tunani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keeping Freedom in Mind |url=https://www.cognitiveliberty.org/ccle1/mission.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kira don sake fasalin ƙuntatawa akan amfani da magungunan inganta hankali (wanda ake kira magungunan wayo ko nootropics) kamar su Prozac, Ritalin da Adderall an kuma yi su ne a kan tushen 'yancin fahimta.&lt;ref&gt;Blitz, 1058-1060&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin Artificial ===
A cikin wata kasida ta 2025 da aka buga a cikin The Humanist, masanin Magda Romanska ya binciki yadda tsarin AI mai tasowa, musamman wadanda ke shafar lissafin motsin rai da yanke shawara, na iya kalubalantar ikon cin gashin kai da sirri na mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boire, Part I2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radsch |first=Courtney C. |date=2026-01-06 |title=The Battle for Cognitive Liberty in the Age of Corporate AI {{!}} TechPolicy.Press |url=https://techpolicy.press/the-battle-for-cognitive-liberty-in-the-age-of-corporate-ai |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Tech Policy Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Protecting Freedom of Thought in the Digital Age |url=https://www.cigionline.org/publications/protecting-freedom-of-thought-in-the-digital-age/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Centre for International Governance Innovation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da AI ya fara fassara, hangowa, ko sarrafa motsin zuciyar ɗan adam, yana haifar da sabbin damuwa game da 'yancin fahimta - musamman game da wanda ke da damar samun bayanai na motsin rai da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin zamantakewa, doka, ko saitunan hukuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Romanska |first=Magda |date=2025 |title=Artificial Intelligence, Totalitarianism, and the Future of Cognitive Liberty |url=https://thehumanist.com/features/articles/when-artificial-intelligence-meets-emotional-intelligence |journal=The Humanist}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dangantaka da haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka sani ==
A halin yanzu ba a san 'yancin fahimta a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta kowane yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa ba. Duk da yake [[Yancin Tunani|'yancin tunani]] an amince da shi ta hanyar Mataki na 18 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), ana iya rarrabe' yancin tunani daga' yancin fahimta saboda tsohon ya damu da kare' yancin mutum na yin tunani duk abin da suke so, yayin da' yancin hankali ya damu da kiyaye' yancin mutumin yin tunani duk yadda suke so. 'Yanci na fahimta yana neman kare haƙƙin mutum don ƙayyade yanayin tunaninsu kuma ya kasance' yanci daga ikon waje akan yanayin tunanensu, maimakon kawai kare abubuwan da ke cikin tunanin mutum. An ba da shawarar cewa rashin kariya ga 'yancin fahimta a cikin kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na baya ya kasance saboda rashin fasaha wanda zai iya tsoma baki kai tsaye tare da ikon cin gashin kai a lokacin da aka kirkiro manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan Adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Romanska |first=Magda |date=2025 |title=Artificial Intelligence, Totalitarianism, and the Future of Cognitive Liberty |url=https://thehumanist.com/features/articles/when-artificial-intelligence-meets-emotional-intelligence |journal=The Humanist}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da tunanin ɗan adam wanda ba zai iya shiga cikin sarrafawa kai tsaye ba, sarrafawa ko canji, an yi la'adi ba dole ba ne a bayyana shi don kare mutane daga tsangwama ta hankali. Tare da ci gaban zamani a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa da kuma tsammanin ci gabanta na gaba ''duk da haka'', ana jayayya cewa irin wannan kariya ta bayyana tana ƙara zama dole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radsch |first=Courtney C. |date=2026-01-06 |title=The Battle for Cognitive Liberty in the Age of Corporate AI {{!}} TechPolicy.Press |url=https://techpolicy.press/the-battle-for-cognitive-liberty-in-the-age-of-corporate-ai |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Tech Policy Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Amincewa da doka ==

=== A Amurka ===
 
Richard Glen Boire na Cibiyar Fata da Da'a ta Zuciya ya gabatar da taƙaitaccen amicus tare da [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] a cikin shari'ar ''Sell v. Amurka'', inda Kotun Kofi ta bincika ko kotun tana da ikon yin umarni don tilasta ba da maganin maganin rigakafi ga mutumin da ya ki amincewa da irin wannan magani, don kawai ya sa su iya tsayawa.&lt;ref&gt;Boire, Richard Glen, (2002). [http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/pdf/sell_ussc_merits.pdf &quot;Brief Amicus Curiae Of The Center For Cognitive Liberty &amp; Ethics In Support Of The Petition, in the case of Sell v United States&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926132748/http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/pdf/sell_ussc_merits.pdf|date=2018-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Boire, Richard Glen, (2002). [http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/pdf/sell_ussc_merits.pdf &quot;Brief Amicus Curiae Of The Center For Cognitive Liberty &amp; Ethics In Support Of The Petition, in the case of Sell v United States&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926132748/http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/pdf/sell_ussc_merits.pdf|date=2018-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Torvetua_eco-village_(3254898889).jpg|alt=An ecovillage in Torvetua, Norway.|thumb|350x350px|Wani yanki a Torvetua, [[Norway]]]]
'''Ilimin zamantakewar muhalli''' shine nazarin hulɗar tsakanin al'ummomi da kuma yanayin su na halitta. yana jaddada abubuwan [[zamantakewa]] waɗanda ke tasiri ga kula da [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] muhalli kuma suna haifar da matsalolin muhalli, hanyoyin da ake gina waɗannan matsalolin muhallar ta hanyar zamantakewa kuma suna bayyana su a matsayin Batutuwan zamantakewa, da kuma martani na al'umma ga waɗannan matsalolin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=E. R. Catton, Jr. |first=Riley, Dunlap and William |date=1979 |title=Environmental Sociology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2945955 |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=5 |pages=243–273 |doi=10.1146/annurev.so.05.080179.001331 |jstor=2945955 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] muhalli ya fito ne a matsayin wani bangare na ilimin zamantakewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s don mayar da martani ga fitowar [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] a cikin shekarun 1960.&lt;ref&gt;https://ha.eferrit.com/fahimta-da-subfield-na-muhalli-na-zamantakewa/&lt;/ref&gt; Yana wakiltar sabon yanki na bincike wanda ke mai da hankali kan fadada ilimin zamantakewa na baya ta hanyar hada mahallin jiki kamar yadda ya danganta da abubuwan zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-57608986.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp;amp_js_v=a9&amp;usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;aoh=17534504496577&amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Frahotanni-57608986&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar ==
Ana bayyana ilimin zamantakewar muhalli a matsayin nazarin zamantakewar mujallar muhalli, kodayake wannan ma'anar nan da nan tana gabatar da matsalar haɗa al'adun ɗan adam tare da sauran muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lockie |first=Stewart |date=3 July 2015 |title=What is environmental sociology? |journal=Environmental Sociology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=139–142 |bibcode=2015EnvSo...1..139L |doi=10.1080/23251042.2015.1066084 |s2cid=145548969}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangarori daban-daban na hulɗar ɗan adam tare da yanayin halitta suna nazarin su ta hanyar masu ilimin zamantakewar muhalli ciki har da yawan jama'a da yawan jamaʼa, ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyi, kimiyya da fasaha, kiwon lafiya da rashin lafiya, amfani da ayyukan dorewa, al'adu da ainihi, da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boström |first=Magnus |date=2 July 2020 |title=The social life of mass and excess consumption |journal=Environmental Sociology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=268–278 |bibcode=2020EnvSo...6..268B |doi=10.1080/23251042.2020.1755001 |s2cid=219064588 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malin |first=Stephanie A. |last2=Ryder |first2=Stacia S. |date=2 January 2018 |title=Developing deeply intersectional environmental justice scholarship |journal=Environmental Sociology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |bibcode=2018EnvSo...4....1M |doi=10.1080/23251042.2018.1446711 |s2cid=148913239 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake mayar da hankali ga filin shine dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'umma da muhalli gabaɗaya, masu ilimin zamantakewar muhalli galibi suna mai da hankali kan nazarin abubuwan zamantakewa da ke haifar da matsalolin muhalli, tasirin zamantakewar waɗannan matsalolin, da ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin. Bugu da ƙari, ana mai da hankali sosai ga hanyoyin zamantakewa wanda wasu yanayin muhalli suka zama masu bayyanawa a matsayin matsaloli. Yawancin bincike a cikin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli yana nazarin al'ummomin zamani.

== Tarihi ==
ilimi zamantakewar muhalli ya fito ne a matsayin wani bangare na bincike bayan [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970. Ayyukan William R. Catton, Jr. da [[Riley Dunlap]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Catton |first=William R. |last2=Dunlap |first2=Riley E. |date=1978 |title=Environmental Sociology: A New Paradigm |journal=The American Sociologist |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=41–49 |jstor=27702311}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauransu, sun kalubalanci ƙuntataccen ilimin zamantakewa na gargajiya. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, sun yi kira ga sabon tsarin gaba ɗaya, ko tsarin tsarin tsarin, wanda ke haifar da canji mai mahimmanci a fagen. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, ilimin zamantakewa na gaba ɗaya ya canza sosai don haɗawa da ikon muhalli a cikin bayanin zamantakewa. Ilimin zamantakewar muhalli yanzu ya karfafa a matsayin abin girmamawa, fannin karatu a fannin ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pellow &amp; Nyseth Brehm 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pellow |first=David N. |last2=Nyseth Brehm |first2=Hollie |date=30 July 2013 |title=An Environmental Sociology for the Twenty-First Century |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=229–250 |doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145558}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayoyi ==

=== Dualism na rayuwa ===
Dual na yanayin ɗan adam ya dogara da bambancin al'adu da halaye na juyin halitta. Daga wani hangen nesa, mutane suna shiga cikin [[Ecology|yanayin halittu]] kuma suna haɗuwa tare da wasu nau'o'in. Mutane suna da alaƙa iri ɗaya da sauran mazauna yanayi. Daga sauran ra'ayoyi, mutane sun bambanta da sauran jinsuna saboda sabbin damar su, al'adu daban-daban da cibiyoyi daban-daban. Halitta na ɗan adam suna da ikon sarrafawa, hallakawa, da kuma wuce iyakokin yanayin halitta.{{Sfn|Buttel|Humphrey|2002}}

A cewar Buttel (2004), akwai manyan bayanai guda biyar a cikin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli a yau: ƙwararrun masana'antu da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi muhallin halittu, sabunta yanayin muhalli da sauran zamantakewar zamantakewar gyare-gyaren muhalli, zamantakewar al'adu-muhalli, sabon-Malthusianisms, da sabon yanayin muhalli. A aikace, wannan yana nufin ra'ayoyi daban-daban guda biyar na abin da za a zargi don lalata muhalli, watau, abin da za a bincika ko la'akari da mahimmanci.  An jera waɗannan ra'ayoyin a ƙasa a cikin tsarin da aka ƙirƙira su.  Ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga baya sun ginu bisa ra'ayoyin farko, kuma suka saba musu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Neo-Malthusianism ===
Ayyuka irin su Hardin's &quot;Tragedy of the Commons&quot; (1969) sun sake fasalin tunanin Malthusian game da karuwar yawan jama'a wanda ke haifar da yunwa a cikin samfurin son kai na mutum a manyan ma'auni wanda ke haifar le lalacewar albarkatun tafki na yau da kullun kamar iska, ruwa, teku, ko yanayin muhalli gaba ɗaya. Hardin ya ba da mallakar albarkatu ko ka'idojin gwamnati a matsayin mafita ga lalacewar muhalli wanda ya haifar da bala'in yanayin jama'a. Sauran masana zamantakewa da yawa sun raba wannan ra'ayi na mafita sosai a cikin shekarun 1970 (duba Ophuls). Akwai zargi da yawa game da wannan ra'ayi musamman masanin kimiyyar siyasa Elinor Ostrom, ko masanan tattalin arziki Amartya Sen da Ester Boserup . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hardin |first=Garrett |date=1968-12-13 |title=The Tragedy of the Commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=162 |issue=3859 |pages=1243–1248 |doi=10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=17756331 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana ilimin zamantakewa sun samar da wani muhimmin abu ga rubutun Hardin da ake kira The Tragedy of the Commodity .

Kodayake yawancin aikin jarida na yau da kullun suna ɗaukar Malthusianism shine kawai ra'ayi game da muhalli, yawancin masu ilimin zamantakewa ba za su yarda da Malthusiansism ba tunda batutuwan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na lalacewar muhalli sun fi nunawa don haifar da matsalolin muhalli fiye da yawan jama'a ko son kai. Don misalai na wannan zargi, Ostrom a cikin littafinta Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990) ta yi jayayya cewa maimakon son kai koyaushe yana haifar da ƙasƙanci, wani lokacin yana iya motsa mutane su kula da albarkatun dukiyarsu. Don yin wannan dole ne su canza ka'idojin tsari na amfani da albarkatu. Binciken ta yana ba da shaida ga tsarin kula da albarkatun mai ɗorewa, a kusa da albarkatunan tafki na yau da kullun waɗanda suka daɗe da ƙarni a wasu yankuna na duniya.

Amartya Sen ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (1980) cewa fadada yawan jama'a ya kasa haifar da yunwa ko lalacewa kamar yadda Malthusians ko Neo-Malthusians ke jayayya. Maimakon haka, a cikin rubuce-rubuce rashin haƙƙin siyasa ga albarkatun da ke cikin yalwa, yana haifar da yunwa a wasu al'ummomi. Ya rubuta yadda yunwa za ta iya faruwa har ma a tsakiyar wadata ko a cikin mahallin ƙananan jama'a. Ya yi jayayya cewa yunwa (da lalacewar muhalli) za ta faru ne kawai a cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya da ba ya aiki ko jihohin da ba su da wakilci.

Ester Boserup ta yi jayayya a cikin littafinta The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure (1965) daga bincike, bincike na gwaji cewa ra'ayin Malthus na ra'ayi na dangantaka daya-da-daya tare da sikelin noma da yawan jama'a a zahiri ya juya. Maimakon fasahar noma da sikelin ƙayyadewa da iyakance yawan jama'a kamar yadda Malthus yayi ƙoƙari ya yi jayayya, Boserup ya yi jayyana cewa duniya tana cike da shari'o'in akasin haka: cewa yawan jama'ar suna canzawa da fadada hanyoyin noma.

Masanin ilimin Eco-Marxist Allan Schnaiberg (a ƙasa) yana jayayya da Malthusianism tare da hujja cewa a ƙarƙashin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja mafi girma, lalacewar ɗan adam ya tashi daga yanki, lalacewarsa ta yawan jama'a zuwa ƙungiya ta haifar da lalacewar tattalin arzikin siyasa na jari-huadda. Ya ba da misali na lalacewar da aka tsara na yankunan gandun daji wanda jihohi da masu jari-hujja suka kori mutane daga ƙasar kafin a lalata ta hanyar ƙungiya. Don haka, marubutan da yawa suna sukar Malthusianism, daga masana zamantakewa (Schnaiberg) zuwa masana tattalin arziki (Sen da Boserup), zuwa masana kimiyyar siyasa (Ostrom), kuma duk suna mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin zamantakewar ƙasa na fitar da shi zai iya lalata yanayin da ba shi da alaƙa da yawan jama'a.

=== Sabon Tsarin Muhalli ===
A cikin shekarun 1970s, sabon tsarin muhalli (NEP) ya soki rashin mai da hankali ga mutum da muhalli a cikin masana zamantakewa na gargajiya da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da mabiyan su. An soki wannan a matsayin Tsarin Tsayawa na Mutum (HEP). Ra'ayi na HEP ya yi iƙirarin cewa dangantakar ɗan adam da muhalli ba ta da mahimmanci ga zamantakewar al'umma saboda 'yan adam 'ba su da' yankan' daga ikon muhalli ta hanyar canjin al'adu. Wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali ne daga Ra'ayi na Yammacin Duniya na lokacin da kuma sha'awar ilimin zamantakewa don kafa kansa a matsayin horo mai zaman kansa game da Ƙaddamar da muhalli na wariyar launin fata a lokacin inda muhalli ya kasance duka. A cikin wannan ra'ayi na HEP, an ji cewa rinjayar ɗan adam ta dace da bambancin al'ada, wanda aka yi jayayya da zama mafi dacewa fiye da halaye na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ada tana da ikon tarawa da kirkiro, yana mai da shi damar warware duk matsalolin halitta. Sabili da haka, kamar yadda ba a ɗauke mutane kamar yadda yanayin halitta ke mulki ba, an ji suna da cikakken iko da nasu makomar. Duk wani iyaka da duniya ta haifar an ji cewa za a wuce ta ta amfani da ƙwarewar ɗan adam. Bincike ya ci gaba daidai ba tare da nazarin muhalli ba.

A cikin shekarun 1970s, masanan ilimin zamantakewa Riley Dunlap da William R. Catton, Jr. sun fara fahimtar iyakokin abin da za a kira Human Excemptionalism Paradigm. Catton da Dunlap (1978) sun ba da shawarar sabon hangen nesa wanda ya ɗauki masu canjin muhalli cikin cikakken lissafi. Sun kirkiro sabon ra'ayi na ilimin zamantakewa, Sabon Tsarin Muhalli, tare da zato da ya saba wa HEP.

NEP ta fahimci ikon kirkirar mutane, amma ta ce mutane har yanzu suna dogara da juna kamar yadda yake tare da wasu nau'o'in. NEP ta lura da ikon zamantakewa da al'adu amma ba ta da'awar ƙaddamar da zamantakewa. Maimakon haka, mutane suna da tasiri ta hanyar dalilin, sakamako, da kuma ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyi na yanayin halittu. Duniya tana da iyakantaccen matakin albarkatun halitta da wuraren ajiyar sharar gida. Don haka, yanayin halittu na iya sanya ƙuntatawa ga ayyukan ɗan adam. Sun tattauna wasu 'yan jarida game da wannan NEP a cikin 'haɗe-haɗe' game da batutuwan da ba su da cikakkiyar bayani game da zamantakewa ko muhalli game da yanayin muhalli. Ya kuma kasance mai sukar ra'ayoyin Malthusian na shekarun 1960 da 1970.

Ayyukan Dunlap da Catton nan da nan sun sami zargi daga Buttel wanda ya yi jayayya da akasin haka cewa ana iya samun tushe na zamantakewar muhalli na al'ada don ilimin zamantakewar mujalli, musamman a cikin aikin Weber akan tsohuwar &quot;al'adun noma&quot; da ra'ayin Durkheim game da rarraba aiki kamar yadda aka gina shi a kan tushen kayan aiki na ƙwarewa / ƙwarewa don mayar da martani ga ƙarancin kayan aiki. Wannan bangare na muhalli na Durkheim an tattauna shi ta hanyar Schnaiberg (1971).

=== Treadmill na ka'idar samarwa ===
Treadmill of Production wata ka'ida ce da Schnaiberg ya kirkira kuma ya shahara a matsayin hanyar amsawa ga karuwar lalacewar muhalli na Amurka bayan yakin duniya na biyu . A mafi sauki, wannan ka'idar ta bayyana cewa an halicci karin samfur ko kayayyaki, za a yi amfani da karin albarkatu, kuma mafi girman tasirin zai kasance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Kenneth A. |last2=Pellow |first2=David N. |last3=Schnaiberg |first3=Allan |date=September 2004 |title=Interrogating the Treadmill of Production: Everything You Wanted to Know about the Treadmill but Were Afraid to Ask |journal=Organization &amp; Environment |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=296–316 |doi=10.1177/1086026604268747 |s2cid=67793819 |id={{ProQuest|219872323}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gudun tafiya kwatanci ne na kamawa a cikin sake zagayowar ci gaba da girma wanda ba ya tsayawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu kuma a sakamakon haka yana haifar da ƙarin lalacewar muhalli.

A tsakiyar muhawarar HEP/NEP, an yi amfani da ra'ayoyin neo-Marxist akan ilimin zamantakewar rikice-rikice akan rikice-rikicen muhalli.  Saboda haka, wasu masana ilimin zamantakewa sun so su shimfiɗa ra'ayoyin Marxist na rikice-rikice na zamantakewa don nazarin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar muhalli daga tsarin jari-hujja na Markisanci maimakon fassara su a matsayin &quot;Sabon Social Movement&quot; na al'ada, daban da damuwa na kayan aiki.  Don haka an samar da &quot;Eco-Marxism&quot; bisa amfani da ka'idodin rikice-rikice na Neo-Marxist na 'yancin cin gashin kai na jihar da kuma amfani da su ga rikicin muhalli..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mutane biyu da suka biyo bayan wannan makarantar sune James O'Connor (The Fiscal Crisis of the State, 1971) kuma daga baya Allan Schnaiberg .

Daga baya, wani yanayi daban-daban ya bunkasa a cikin eco-Marxism ta hanyar kulawa da aka kawo ga muhimmancin nazarin metabolism a cikin tunanin Marx na John Bellamy Foster. Sabanin tunanin da aka yi a baya cewa masu ilimin gargajiya a cikin ilimin zamantakewa duk sun fada cikin Tsarin Dan Adam, Foster ya yi jayayya cewa son abin duniya na Marx ya kai shi ga yin la'akari da aiki a matsayin tsarin metabolism tsakanin bil'adama da sauran yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=John Bellamy |date=September 1999 |title=Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=366–405 |doi=10.1086/210315 |s2cid=53608115}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin fassarorin Promethean na Marx wanda Foster ya soki, akwai zaton bincikensa yayi kama da ra'ayoyin anthropocentric da masana ilimin muhalli na farko suka soki. Maimakon haka, Foster ya yi jayayya cewa Marx da kansa ya damu game da rabuwa ta Metabolic da al'ummar jari-hujja ta haifar, musamman a aikin gona na masana'antu - Marx ya gano &quot;rabuwa da ba za a iya gyarawa ba a cikin tsarin metabolism na zamantakewa, &quot; wanda aikin gona na jari-huadda ya haifar da yawan amfanin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da sharar gida a cikin birane waɗanda suka kasa sake shiga cikin ƙasa kuma ta haifar da lalata ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na birane a lokaci guda. Da yake nazarin gudummawar wannan zaren na eco-marxism ga ilimin zamantakewar muhalli na yanzu, Pellow da Brehm sun kammala, &quot;Rashin jituwa na metabolism ci gaba ne mai amfani a fagen saboda yana haɗa bincike na yanzu zuwa ka'idar gargajiya kuma yana haɗa ilimin zamantakewa tare da jerin litattafan kimiyya da ke mai da hankali kan yanayin muhalli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pellow &amp; Nyseth Brehm 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pellow |first=David N. |last2=Nyseth Brehm |first2=Hollie |date=30 July 2013 |title=An Environmental Sociology for the Twenty-First Century |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=229–250 |doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145558}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPellowNyseth_Brehm2013&quot;&gt;Pellow, David N.; Nyseth Brehm, Hollie (30 July 2013). &quot;An Environmental Sociology for the Twenty-First Century&quot;. ''Annual Review of Sociology''. '''39''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;229–&lt;/span&gt;250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145558|10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145558]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Foster ya jaddada cewa gardamarsa ta nuna &quot;aikin koyarwa&quot; na Paul Burkett, wanda ya haɓaka hangen nesa mai alaƙa da &quot;ja-kore&quot; wanda ya samo asali ne daga binciken kai tsaye na ka'idar darajar Marx. Burkett da Foster sun ci gaba da rubuta labarai da yawa tare game da ra'ayoyin muhalli na Marx, suna nuna ra'ayinsu na ra'ayi  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=John Bellamy |date=4 September 2000 |title=Marx's Ecological Value Analysis |journal=Monthly Review |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=39 |doi=10.14452/MR-052-04-2000-08_4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan, Jason W. Moore, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar nazarin darajar Burkett game da ilimin muhalli na Marx kuma yana jayayya cewa aikin Foster bai isa ba, ya nemi ya haɗa ra'ayin rabuwa da metabolism tare da ka'idar tsarin duniya, yana haɗa ra'ayoyin da suka shafi darajar Marxian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jason W. |year=2000 |title=Environmental Crises and the Metabolic Rift in World-Historical Perspective |journal=Organization &amp; Environment |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=123–157 |doi=10.1177/1086026600132001 |s2cid=145416455}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga Moore, tsarin duniya na zamani shine ilimin muhalli na duniya, yana shiga cikin tarawa na babban birnin, neman iko, da samar da yanayi a cikin hadin kai. Tsakanin hangen nesa na Moore shine sake karanta falsafar ka'idar darajar Marx, ta hanyar da aikin zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da yanayin zamantakewa mai zurfi ke da alaƙa. Moore ya yi jayayya cewa dokar darajar da ta fito, daga karni na sha shida, ta kasance a bayyane a cikin canji mai ban mamaki a cikin sikelin, iyaka, da saurin canjin muhalli. Abin da ya ɗauki wayewar zamani na ƙarni don cimma - kamar rushewar gandun daji na Turai a zamanin da - jari-hujja da aka samu a cikin shekaru da yawa kawai. Wannan fashewar tarihi na duniya, in ji Moore, ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar dokar darajar da ke la'akari da yawan aiki a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci na wadata da iko a duniyar zamani. Daga wannan ra'ayi, basirar ci gaban jari-hujja ta kasance don dacewa da dabi'un da ba a canza su ba - gami da dabi'ar ɗan adam da ba a gyara su ba - a matsayin hanyar inganta yawan aiki a cikin tsarin kayan masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jason W. |date=January 2011 |title=Transcending the metabolic rift: a theory of crises in the capitalist world-ecology |journal=Journal of Peasant Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1080/03066150.2010.538579 |s2cid=55640067}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Harkokin zamantakewa da muhalli ====
A shekara ta 1975, aikin Allan Schnaiberg mai tasiri sosai ya canza ilimin zamantakewar muhalli, yana ba da shawarar ilimin zamantakewar al'umma da muhalli na muhalli. Wannan ra'ayi na rikice-rikice yana da mahimmancin siyasa. Na farko, haɗin tattalin arziki ya bayyana cewa sha'awar fadada tattalin arziki za ta mamaye damuwa game da muhalli. Manufofin za su yanke shawarar kara bunkasa tattalin arziki nan take a kan kudin rushewar muhalli. Abu na biyu, ƙaddamar da ƙarancin sarrafawa ya kammala cewa gwamnatoci za su yi ƙoƙari su sarrafa mafi munin matsalolin muhalli kawai don hana kiwon lafiya da bala'o'in tattalin arziki. Wannan zai ba da alama cewa gwamnatoci suna aiki da hankali ga muhalli fiye da yadda suke yi. Na uku, kira na muhalli yana haifar da wani lamari inda lalacewar muhalli ya yi tsanani sosai har dakarun siyasa za su amsa da manufofi masu ɗorewa. Dalilin motsawa zai zama lalacewar tattalin arziki da aka haifar da lalacewar muhalli. Injin tattalin arziki zai dogara ne akan albarkatun sabuntawa a wannan lokacin. Hanyoyin samarwa da amfani za su bi ka'idojin dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fuchs |first=Christian |date=1970-01-01 |title=The Dialectic of the Nature-Society-System |url=https://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/24 |journal=TripleC: Communication, Capitalism &amp; Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–39 |doi=10.31269/vol4iss1pp1-39 |issn=1726-670X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wadannan rikice-rikice na rikice-rikicen suna da sakamako masu yawa. Ɗaya shi ne cewa mafi ƙarfin tattalin arziki da siyasa za su kiyaye halin da ake ciki kuma su karfafa rinjayar su. A tarihi, wannan shine abin da ya fi faruwa. Wani sakamako mai yuwuwa shine don fafatawa da jam'iyyun da ke da iko don fadawa cikin matsala. A ƙarshe, abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa na iya haifar da sake rarraba albarkatun tattalin arziki da siyasa.

A cikin 1980, aikin Allan Schnaiberg mai tasiri sosai mai taken The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity (1980)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=John Bellamy |date=March 2005 |title=The Treadmill of Accumulation: Schnaiberg's Environment and Marxian Political Economy |journal=Organization &amp; Environment |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=7–18 |doi=10.1177/1086026604270442 |jstor=26161945 |s2cid=144231099}}&lt;/ref&gt;  babban gudummawa ne ga wannan taken na zamantakewar muhalli.

=== Sabunta yanayin muhalli da sabuntawa ===
A cikin 1980s, ana zargi na eco-Marxism ya kasance a cikin kashewa, da aka ba da bayanai masu ma'ana daga ƙasashe (mafi yawa a Yammacin Turai kamar Netherlands, Jamus ta Yamma da kuma ɗan Birtaniya) waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin auren kare muhalli tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki maimakon ganin su a matsayin daban.  Anyi hakan ta hanyar sake fasalin jihohi da babban birnin kasar.  Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan makarantar na bincike sune Arthur P.J. Mol da Gert Spaargaren.  Shahararrun misalan zamanantar da muhalli za su kasance “zama don shimfiɗar jariri” zagayowar samarwa, ilimin kimiyyar masana’antu, manyan ayyukan noma, biomimicry, permaculture, agroecology da wasu sassan ci gaba mai ɗorewa—duk suna nuna cewa haɓakar tattalin arziƙi yana yiwuwa idan an tsara wannan ci gaban da kyau tare da la’akari da yanayin..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Zamantakewa na Sauƙaƙe Littattafai da yawa na masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Jamus Ulrich Beck ya fara jayayya tun daga ƙarshen 1980s cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar muhalli na duniya na iya canza al'ummarmu masu haɗari zuwa sauye-sauyen tsari ba tare da watsi da fa'idodin zamani da masana'antu ba.  Wannan yana haifar da wani nau'i na 'nau'i na zamani' tare da duniya na raguwar haɗari da mafi kyawun tsarin zamani a cikin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da ayyukan kimiyya kamar yadda aka rage su zuwa ga sake zagayowar kare haɗari daga gyara (wanda ya kira rashin aikin yi na jihar mu) - siyasa yana haifar da ecodisasters, sa'an nan kuma da'awar alhaki a cikin wani hatsari, duk da haka babu abin da ya rage da ci gaban da tattalin arziki da kuma ci gaban da aka gyara saboda da tsarin da aka gyara.  misali.  Tunanin Beck na zamani mai juyi yana sa ido ga yadda rikicin mu na muhalli da zamantakewa a ƙarshen karni na 20 ke haifar da sauye-sauye na cibiyoyin tsarin siyasa da na tattalin arziki, yana mai da su mafi &quot;ma'ana&quot; tare da ilimin halittu a hankali.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Neoliberalism ya haɗa da deregulation, 'yan kasuwa masu cin gashin kansu, kuma yana da niyyar rage kashe kuɗin gwamnati. Wadannan manufofi na neoliberal suna shafar ilimin zamantakewar muhalli sosai. Tunda neoliberalism ya haɗa da deregulation da kuma ainihin ƙarancin shigar gwamnati, wannan yana haifar da sayarwa da keɓancewa na ba mallakar ba, mallakar gwamnati, ko albarkatun dukiya na kowa. Diana Liverman da Silvina Vilas sun ambaci cewa wannan yana haifar da biyan kuɗi don ayyukan muhalli; deregulation da rage kuɗin jama'a don gudanar da muhalli؛ buɗe kasuwanci da saka hannun jari; da canja wurin gudanar da mujalli ga cibiyoyin gida ko marasa gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liverman |first=Diana M. |last2=Vilas |first2=Silvina |date=1 November 2006 |title=Neoliberalism and the Environment in Latin America |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=327–363 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.29.102403.140729 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasuwancin waɗannan albarkatun suna da tasiri ga al'umma, tattalin arziki, da kuma muhalli. Misali wanda ya shafi al'umma sosai shine mallakar ruwa.

=== Tsarin zamantakewa na muhalli ===
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekarun 1980s, tare da haɓakar postmodernism a makarantar kimiyya ta yamma da godiya ga magana a matsayin nau'i na iko, wasu masana zamantakewa sun juya zuwa nazarin ikirarin muhalli a matsayin nau-ci na gine-ginen zamantakewa fiye da buƙata 'kayan aiki'. Masu goyon bayan wannan makarantar sun hada da [[John A. Hannigan]], musamman a cikin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli: Halin Ginin Jama'a (1995). Hannigan ya yi jayayya game da 'ginin gini mai laushi' (matsalar muhalli ta zahiri ce duk da cewa suna buƙatar a lura da gine-ginen zamantakewa) a kan 'ginin gine-gine mai wuya' (da'awar cewa matsalolin muhalli gaba ɗaya gine-ginan zamantakewa ne).

Ko da yake akwai wani lokaci acrimonious muhawara tsakanin constructivist da kuma ainihin &quot;sansanoni&quot; a cikin muhalli zamantakewa zamantakewa a cikin 1990s, ɓangarorin biyu sun sami babba gama gari kamar yadda duka biyu ƙara yarda cewa yayin da mafi yawan muhalli matsalolin da wani abu gaskiya amma duk da haka zama sani kawai ta hanyar mutum tafiyar matakai kamar ilimin kimiyya, kokarin 'yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai da hankali.  A wasu kalmomi, yawancin matsalolin muhalli suna da matsayi na ainihi na ontological duk da saninmu / fahimtar su daga hanyoyin zamantakewa, hanyoyin da aka gina yanayi daban-daban a matsayin matsaloli ta hanyar masana kimiyya, masu gwagwarmaya, kafofin watsa labaru da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewa.  Hakazalika, dole ne a fahimci matsalolin muhalli duka ta hanyoyin zamantakewa, duk da duk wani tushe na zahiri da suke da shi na waje ga mutane.  Wannan hulɗar yanzu an yarda da ita sosai, amma yawancin bangarori na muhawara suna ci gaba da bincike na zamani a fagen,,.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Muhalli na zamani ===
Shekaru na 1960 sun gina ƙarfin al'adu mai ƙarfi don abubuwan muhalli, suna haifar da yunkurin muhalli na zamani da kuma manyan tambayoyi a cikin masu ilimin zamantakewa da ke sha'awar nazarin motsi. Yaduwar lamirin kore ya motsa tsaye a cikin al'umma, wanda ya haifar da jerin canje-canje na manufofi a fadin jihohi da yawa a Amurka da Turai a cikin shekarun 1970s. A Amurka, an san wannan lokacin da &quot;Shekaru goma na muhalli&quot; tare da kirkirar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka da kuma wucewar Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hadari, Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace, da gyare-gyare ga Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabtacewa. Ranar Duniya ta 1970, wanda miliyoyin mahalarta suka yi bikin, ya wakilci zamanin zamani na tunanin muhalli. Yunkurin muhalli ya ci gaba da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Love Canal .

Shekaru na 1960 sun gina ƙarfin al'adu mai ƙarfi don abubuwan muhalli, suna haifar da yunkurin muhalli na zamani da kuma manyan tambayoyi a cikin masu ilimin zamantakewa da ke sha'awar nazarin motsi. Yaduwar lamirin kore ya motsa tsaye a cikin al'umma, wanda ya haifar da jerin canje-canje na manufofi a fadin jihohi da yawa a Amurka da Turai a cikin shekarun 1970s. A Amurka, an san wannan lokacin da &quot;Shekaru goma na muhalli&quot; tare da kirkirar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka da kuma wucewar Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hadari, Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace, da gyare-gyare ga Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabtacewa. Ranar Duniya ta 1970, wanda miliyoyin mahalarta suka yi bikin, ya wakilci zamanin zamani na tunanin muhalli. Yunkurin muhalli ya ci gaba da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Love Canal .

Yayin da yanayin tunani na yanzu da aka bayyana a cikin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli bai kasance ba har zuwa 1970s, yanzu ana amfani da aikace-aikacensa wajen nazarin mutanen da.  Ƙungiyoyin da suka haɗa da tsibirin Easter, Anaszi, da Mayas an yi jayayya cewa sun ƙare ba zato ba tsammani, saboda rashin kula da muhalli.  An ƙalubalanci wannan a cikin aiki na baya duk da haka a matsayin keɓantaccen dalili (ƙwararren Jared Diamond's Rushewa (2005); ko ƙarin aikin zamani akan tsibirin Ista).  Rushewar Mayans ya aika da saƙon tarihi cewa hatta al'adun da suka ci gaba suna da rauni ga kisan kai na muhalli - ko da yake Diamond yayi jayayya a yanzu ya kasance ƙasa da kashe kansa fiye da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da rashin ikon daidaitawa - da rashin yarda da manyan mutane don daidaitawa ko da lokacin fuskantar alamun da yawa a baya na kusanci matsalolin muhalli.  A lokaci guda, nasarorin da al'umma suka samu na Diamond sun haɗa da New Guinea da tsibirin Tikopia waɗanda mazaunansu suka rayu har tsawon shekaru 46,000.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

John Dryzek et al. argue in ''[[Green States and Social Movements: Environmentalism in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway]]'' (2003)cewa za a iya zama gama-gari na duniya koren muhalli motsi na zamantakewa, ko da yake takamaiman sakamakonsa ne na kishin kasa, fadowa cikin hudu 'ma'ana iri' hulda tsakanin muhalli motsi da kuma jihar ikon.  Suna amfani da matsayinsu na nazarin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar muhalli da hulɗar jihohi daga Norway, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], Amurka, da Jamus.  Suna nazarin shekaru 30 da suka gabata na muhalli da kuma sakamakon daban-daban da motsin kore ya dauka a cikin yanayi da al'adu daban-daban na jihohi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kwanan nan kuma kusan a cikin tsari na lokaci a ƙasa, yawancin nazarin tarihin tarihin lalacewar muhalli ana samun su ta hanyar masu ilimin zamantakewa. Akwai abubuwa biyu na gaba ɗaya: mutane da yawa suna amfani da ka'idar tsarin duniya - nazarin batutuwan muhalli na dogon lokaci da sarari; kuma wasu suna amfani da hanyoyin kwatanta tarihi. Wasu suna amfani da hanyoyin biyu a lokaci guda, wani lokacin ba tare da ambaton ka'idar tsarin duniya ba (kamar Whitaker, duba ƙasa).

[[Stephen G. Bunker]] (d. 2005) da [[Paul S. Ciccantell]] sun hada kai a kan littattafai biyu daga ra'ayi na Ka'idar tsarin duniya, suna bin sarkar kayayyaki ta hanyar tarihin tsarin duniya na zamani, suna tsara sauye-sauyen muhimmancin sarari, lokaci, da sikelin cirewa da kuma yadda waɗannan masu canji suka rinjayi siffar da wurin manyan nodes na tattalin arzikin duniya a cikin shekaru 500 da suka gabata. Ra'ayinsu game da duniya ya samo asali ne daga tattalin arzikin [[hakar ma'adinai]] da siyasa na jihohi daban-daban waɗanda ke neman mamaye albarkatun duniya da juna ta hanyar samun iko mai mahimmanci na manyan albarkatun ko sake fasalin kwararar duniya a cikinsu don amfanin wuraren su.

Ayyuka guda uku na ka'idar tsarin muhalli na duniya ta Sing C. Chew sun bincika yadda &quot;Halitta da Al'adu&quot; ke hulɗa a tsawon lokaci, farawa da Rashin Muhalli na Duniya (2001)    A cikin littattafai na baya, Chew ya yi jayayya cewa akwai &quot;Dark Ages&quot; guda uku a cikin tarihin muhalli wanda ke nuna lokutan rushewar jihohi da sake daidaitawa a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya tare da ƙarin tsarin yanki na al'umma, tattalin arziki, da kuma ainihi da ke zuwa mamaye alaƙar da ke taimakawa wajen lalata muhalli da sauran siffofi. Ta haka ne aka kafa al'ummomin da aka sake ginawa a cikin waɗannan da ake kira 'Dark Ages', addinan da aka saba da su, kuma watakila mafi mahimmanci a gare shi yanayin yana da ƙarni da yawa don murmurewa daga lalacewar da ta gabata. Chew ya yi jayayya cewa siyasar kore ta zamani da Bioregionalism shine farkon irin wannan motsi na yau da kullun wanda zai iya haifar da canjin tsarin. Sabili da haka, muna iya kasancewa a gefen wani &quot;dark age&quot; na duniya wanda yake da haske maimakon duhu a matakai da yawa tunda yana jayayya ga al'ummar ɗan adam da ke dawowa tare da warkar da muhalli yayin da daular suka rushe.

Masanin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli na tarihi Mark D. Whitaker ya gudanar da ƙarin nazarin shari'a yana nazarin China, [[Japan]], da Turai sama da shekaru 2,500 a cikin littafinsa Ecological Revolution (2009).  Ya jaddada cewa maimakon ƙungiyoyin muhalli su kasance &quot;Sabon ƙungiyoyin Jama'a&quot; na musamman ga al'ummomin yanzu, ƙungiyoyin mujallu sun tsufa sosai - ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin addini a baya (ko a yanzu kamar a cikin ilimin muhalli) waɗanda suka fara mayar da hankali kan damuwa game da kiwon lafiya, muhalli na gida, da zanga-zangar tattalin arziki game da manufofin jihar da kuma fitar da ita. Ya yi jayayya cewa baya ko yanzu yayi kama da haka: cewa mun shiga cikin mummunan tsarin wayewa na yau da kullun na lalacewar muhalli, karfafa tattalin arziki, da rashin wakilcin siyasa na dubban shekaru wanda ke da sakamakon da za a iya hangowa. Ya yi jayayya cewa ana buƙatar wani nau'i na bioregionalism, jihar bioregional,  don magance cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa a yanzu ko a cikin al'ummomin da suka gabata da ke da alaƙa da lalacewar muhalli.

Bayan kallon tarihin duniya na lalacewar muhalli daga hanyoyi daban-daban, duka masu ilimin zamantakewa Sing Chew da Mark D. Whitaker sun zo ga irin wannan kammalawa kuma suna goyon bayan (nau'o'i daban-daban na) bioregionalism.

== Jaridu masu alaƙa ==
Daga cikin manyan mujallu a wannan fagen sune:

* ''[https://www.cairnsinstitute.jcu.edu.au/new-journal/ Ilimin zamantakewar muhalli]''
* ''Ilimin Muhalli na Dan Adam''
* ''[[Human Ecology Review|Binciken Muhalli na Dan Adam]]''
* ''Yanayi da Al'adu''
* ''Ƙungiya &amp;amp;amp; Muhalli''
* ''Yawan jama'a da muhalli''
* ''Ilimin zamantakewa na karkara''
* ''[[Society and Natural Resources|Al'umma da albarkatun kasa]]''
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Sakatariyar canjin yanayi ta kasa</title>
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'''Sakatariyar sauyin yanayi ta kasa''' (NCCS) wani bangare ne na kungiyar dabarun da ke goyon bayan Firayim Minista da majalisar ministocinsa, tare da daidaita manufofin gida da na kasa da kasa na [[Singafora|Singapore]] da dabarun magance sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;NCCS | Overview&quot;. NCCS. Retrieved 21 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, tana aiki ne a karkashin Kwamitin Inter-Ministerial on Climate Change (IMCCC) wanda Mista Teo Chee Hean, babban minista kuma mai kula da harkokin tsaron kasa ke jagoranta.

Tun daga watan Nuwamba 2019, NCSS na karkashin jagorancin Mista Benedict Chia (Daraktan Batutuwan Dabaru) da Mista Heng Jian Wei (Daraktan Manufofi da Tsare-tsare). Tana da hedikwata a 100 High Street, # 03-01 The Treasury, Singapore 179434. Akwai manyan sassa guda biyu: Manufofi da Tsare-tsare da Batutuwan Dabaru. Akwai wasu sassa guda biyar, wato Ragewa da Tsare-tsare Manufofin Juriya da Tsare-tsare, Manufofin Duniya, Binciken Tattalin Arziki, Ƙirƙirar Fasaha da Aiwatar da su, da Ƙirƙirar Siyasa da Gaba.&lt;ref&gt;nccs&quot;. Gov.sg. Retrieved 21 November 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar tana da manyan ayyuka guda hudu. Da fari dai, yana taimakawa rage fitar da iskar carbon a duk sassa. Abu na biyu, yana taimakawa al'ummar kasar wajen daidaita tasirin sauyin yanayi na gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci. Na uku, tana neman tabo damar ci gaban koren da sauyin yanayi ya kawo. A ƙarshe, yana haɓaka wayewar yanayi da ayyukan yanayi a tsakanin sauran jama'a.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa sakatariyar sauyin yanayi ta kasa (NCCS) a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2010 a karkashin ofishin Firayim Minista (PMO). Mista Tan Yong Soon, wanda tun daga lokacin ya yi ritaya daga aikin farar hula na Singapore a watan Oktobar 2012, an nada shi a matsayin babban sakatare na dindindin na hukumar.

Tun da farko hukumar tana cikin ma'aikatar harkokin waje, amma an kawo ta a karkashin PMO sannan kuma babban sakatare na dindindin ya jagoranta domin &quot;tabbatar da muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi manufofin da za a daidaita su&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Former Defence Chief appointed to Permanent Secretary post at MEWR&quot;. Today (retrieved from NLB). Retrieved 21 November 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Karfafa wannan hukumar ya zo ne bayan da kasar Singapore ta gabatar da manufofinta na rage fitar da hayaki a karkashin yarjejeniyar Copenhagen, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa kasar ta himmatu wajen cika alkawurran da ta dauka na kasa da kasa da na cikin gida.

== Shirye-shirye ==

=== Tattaunawar Jama'a ===
Ya zuwa yanzu, Sakatariyar Sauyin Yanayi ta Kasa ta gudanar da atisayen tuntubar jama'a guda 3 da nufin tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a da shawarwari kan manufofin cikin gida na Singapore da suka shafi sauyin yanayi.Hanyoyin samun ra'ayi da ra'ayi sun haɗa da tattaunawa ta rukuni, tuntuɓar kan layi, da tattaunawar sirrin masu ruwa da tsaki.

Shawarar Jama'a kan Canjin Yanayi da Singapore (2015)

An tattara shawarwari da ra'ayoyi daga masu ruwa da tsaki a sassa masu zaman kansu da na jama'a don tallafawa kokarin bunkasa shirin Singapore na rage hayakin carbon da inganta ci gaban kore fiye da 2020. Wannan ya yi daidai da halartar Singapore a taron sauyin yanayi na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 2015, wanda ya kai ga rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar [[Faris|Paris]].

Shawarar Jama'a kan Dabarun Canjin Yanayi na Singapore da Harajin Carbon (2017)

An tattara martani game da harajin carbon da aka tsara da kuma dabarun Singapore don amfani da damar ci gaban kore da inganta ingantaccen iskar carbon a kowane fanni.

Shawarar Jama'a kan Haɓaka Dabarun Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Lokaci na Singapore (2019)

Tattaunawar ta yi niyya ne ga tsarin da jamhuriyar ke da shi na karancin carbon bayan shekarar 2030 kuma ya zo ne a cikin shekarar da dalibai suka yi yajin aiki a duniya, ciki har da wani taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Hong Lim Park na kasar Singapore.

=== Wayar da Kai Makaranta ===
Hukumar tana samar da kayan ilimi, kamar fosta, bayanan bayanai, da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo, da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da sauyin yanayi a tsakanin matasa a Singapore.&lt;ref&gt;NCCS | Education Materials&quot;. NCCS. Retrieved 21 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shirye-shirye da Rahotanni ===
Dangane da binciken nata, da kuma bayanan da aka tattara daga wasu hukumomi, NCCS tana buga tsare-tsare da rahotanni waɗanda suka tsara yadda Singapore ta mayar da martani ga sauyin yanayi.

== Doka masu alaƙa ==

=== Haraji Carbon ===
Ministan Kudi ya sanar a Kasafin Kudi na 2017 cewa za a fara aiwatar da harajin carbon daga 2019 zuwa gaba, daga $5 kowace tan na carbon dioxide daidai. Harajin ya shafi duk wuraren da ke fitar da fiye da tan 25,000 ko fiye na carbon dioxide daidai kuma ana sa ran zai ƙaru zuwa tsakanin $10 da $15 kowace carbon dioxide daidai nan da 2023.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Kudin yanayi a Najeriya</title>
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'''Kudin yanayi''' a [[Najeriya]] ya haɗa da cakuda kudade na cikin gida da na duniya don daidaita [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]], [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]] da [[Rashin jituwa da yanayi|juriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Okpanachi: Green Climate Fund Will Aid Nigeria in Fight against Effects of Climate Change – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/07/24/okpanachi-green-climate-fund-will-aid-nigeria-in-fight-against-effects-of-climate-change/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adejoro |first=Lara |date=2023-11-22 |title=Nigeria may lose $460bn to climate change — Report |url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-may-lose-460bn-to-climate-change-report/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawar da aka kaiyyadai  a ƙasa ==
Najeriya jam'iyya ce ga [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi]] (UNFCCC) a cikin 1994 kuma ta tabbatar da [[Kyoto Protocol|Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] a cikin 2004. Gudummawar da kasar ta ƙuduri aniyar bayar ita ce rage hayaki na gajeren lokaci na Yanayi da [[Hydrofluorocarbon|Hydrofluorocarbons]] da kashi 47% nan da shekara ta 2030 a farashin da aka tsara na dala biliyan 542. 

== Babban tallafin kuɗi ==
Tsakanin 2012 da 2016, manyan kudaden yanayi na Gwamnatin Najeriya sun fito ne daga kasafin kudin kasa tare da $ 4,800,000 da aka ware daga Asusun Zuba Jari na Yanayi, tallafin DFID da aka ware £ 17,000 kuma Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya ta ba da gudummawar $ 352,000 don tallafawa Kudin Yanayi a Najeriya. Har ila yau, a cikin 2024, Bankin Ci Gaban Najeriya, an kuma ba shi izinin samun dama tsakanin dala miliyan 50 da dala miliyan 250 daga Asusun Yanayi na Green don tallafawa canjin yanayi &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; : 167-168 Akwai kuma kudaden yanayi Henrich daga Boll Stiftung (HBS) tsakanin 2012 da 2016 a cikin jimlar Yuro 423,320. : 129 {{Rp|129}}

== Bukatar kudade na gwamnati ==
Dangane da Rahoton Binciken Bukatar Bala'i (PDNA) a cikin 2012 ga UNFCCC a cikin 2017, mahimman bukatun kudade sun haɗa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa tare da buƙatar gyara lalacewar dala biliyan 16.9. Har ila yau, ana buƙatar saka hannun jari kusan dala biliyan 177 don rage ƙalubalen sharar gida, albarkatun ruwa da tasirin gidan kore : 13-14 : 4{{Rp|4}}

== Kudin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ==
Baya ga kudade na gwamnati, akwai kudade daga C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group a cikin adadin $ 3,000,000, $ 1,515,512 daga bankin Fidelity da $ 2,000,000 daga Bankin Duniya :{{Rp|170}}

== Context and Vulnerabilities ==

=== Yanayin Aikin Gona da Gida ===
[[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg|thumb|353x353px|Taswirar rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger na Najeriya na lokacin 1980-2016]]
Najeriya tana da jimlar yanki na 910,770 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Land area (sq. km) - Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=NG |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=World Bank Open Data}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kashi 77% ya sadaukar da shi ga amfanin gona (gami da ƙasar noma, amfanin gona na dindindin da makiyaya) &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Country profile – Nigeria |url=https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=NGA |publisher=FAO}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 1 da 22% gandun daji sun rufe su tun daga shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Natural Forest in Nigeria – Nigeria Deforestation Rates &amp; Statistics |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/NGA/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Global Forest Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Bankin Duniya, bangaren noma yana da alhakin 34% na samar da aiki a kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank Open Data}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, lalacewar ƙasa tana shafar kusan kashi 33% na ƙasar noma, wanda canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa. : na bakwai&amp;nbsp;{{Rp|VII}}

Har yanzu bangaren noma yana da kusan kashi 23% na GDP na kasar bisa ga bayanan Bankin Duniya na 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canjin yanayin ruwan sama, karuwar ambaliyar ruwa, da hamada a arewacin kasar suna barazana ga tsaron abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa a Najeriya; kasar ta riga ta fuskanci karancin abinci idan aka kwatanta da bukatar cikin gida. : 54 &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria at a glance |url=http://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=FAO in Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karin shigo da abinci na yau da kullun, kamar shinkafa, ya nuna wahalar biyan bukatun abinci na kasar. A cikin 2019, an gano cewa Najeriya ta cinye tan miliyan 7 na hatsi, amma kawai ta samar da tan miliyan 3.7 da kansu.

Dangane da rahoton 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA), ambaliyar, wacce ta fara a watan Yulin wannan shekarar, ta haifar da kimanin dala biliyan 16.9 a cikin lalacewa, yana nuna bukatar saka hannun jari a cikin daidaitawa. : xx{{Rp|xx}}

=== Aikin Makamashi ===
[[Fayil:Nigeria_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|Taswirar da ke da taƙaitaccen ƙarfin hasken rana a Najeriya]]
{{Pie chart|label1=[[Coal]]|value1=1.1|color1=powderblue|label2=[[Crude Oil]]|value2=32.2|color2=navy|label3=[[Natural Gas]]|value3=22.2|color3=aqua|label4=[[Hydroelectricity]]|value4=1.1|color4=khaki|label5=[[Biofuel|Biofuels and waste]]|value5=43.4|color5=lightgreen}}
Sashin makamashi na Najeriya ya mamaye [[Biofuel|man fetur]] da sharar gida (43.4% na jimlar samar da makamashi), galibi itace da gawayi, wanda kashi 65% na gidaje ke amfani da shi don bukatun yau da kullun kamar dafa abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Energy Mix – Countries &amp; Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=IEA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Building a Shared Vision for the Clean Cooking Transition |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2022/04/01/building-shared-vision-clean-cooking-transition |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Heinrich Böll Stiftung }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar iskar gas (75%), yayin da hanyoyin [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|sabuntawa]] kamar su hydropower (1.1%) da hasken rana (0.3% a cikin 2022) suna wakiltar karamin ɓangaren makamashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Electricity – Countries &amp; Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=IEA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da babban damar sabuntawa, Najeriya tana da MW 2,062 kawai na ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga cikin kimanin 14,120 MW. Ana kiyasta yiwuwar hasken rana har zuwa 210 GW, duk da haka ana amfani da kashi 1% kawai na yankin ƙasar a halin yanzu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nchege |first=Johnson |last2=Okpalaoka |first2=Chijindu |date=1 December 2023 |title=Hydroelectric production and energy consumption in Nigeria: Problems and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123014635 |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=119 |page=548 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119548 |access-date=28 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 {{Rp|27}}

Ikon wutar lantarki da aka shigar shine 12.5 GW, amma kawai 3,500 zuwa 5,000 MW yana samuwa saboda asarar watsawa da rarraba (28-40%).  Duk da haka, bukatar wutar lantarki ta Najeriya ta wuce iyakar ƙarfin grid, a kusan 17,556 MWh / h a cikin 2020, bisa ga bayanan hukuma. : 38 A cikin 2023, yawan samun wutar lantarki ya kasance 61.2%, tare da bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin birane (89%) da yankunan karkara (kasa da 33%) a cikin mahallin inda gazawar wutar lantarki ta kai ga tattalin arziki kusan dala biliyan 29 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Access to electricity (% of population) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) – Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?locations=NG |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayin Tattalin Arziki ===
An dauki Najeriya a matsayin tattalin arziki mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka, tare da GDP na dala biliyan 188.27 a 2023 da yawan mutane miliyan 233.3, amma GDP na kowane mutum shine mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin manyan tattalin arzikin Afirka goma saboda yawan jama'arta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/NGA |publisher=IMF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Real GDP per capita Comparison |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-per-capita |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=The World Factbook }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashin kudi na kasar shine kasuwar banki ta uku mafi girma a Afirka, tare da bankunan kamar FBN Holdings, Access Bank, da Zenith Bank suna jagorantar matsayi na yanki. Kasuwancin kasuwa Najeriya (NGX)  ya kai kusan dala biliyan 47 a watan Yunin 2025, tare da kamfanoni 148 da aka jera, kodayake babu wanda aka keɓe shi ne kawai ga makamashi mai sabuntawa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Nigerian Stock Exchange (NGX) Live |url=https://afx.kwayisi.org/ngx-live/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=afx.kwayisi.org }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Listed Companies |url=https://ngxgroup.com/markets/listed-companies/ |publisher=Nigerian Exchange Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yiwuwar, kudaden kore suna iyakance yayin da masu karfafa saka hannun jari ke ba da fifiko ga bangaren man fetur kamar yadda Najeriya ita ce babbar mai samar da mai fetur a Afirka. : 27  A cikin 2020, kasar ta kashe dala biliyan 71.3 a kan shigo da kayayyaki, wanda ya wuce fitarwa da dala biliyan 43.6, galibi saboda dogaro da man fetur mai da aka shigo da shi duk da ikon ingantaccen gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Leading Crude Oil Producer in Africa |url=https://nuprc.gov.ng/nigeria-leading-crude-oil-producer-in-africa/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission |archive-date=16 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916045542/https://www.nuprc.gov.ng/nigeria-leading-crude-oil-producer-in-africa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin siyasa da na doka ==
Najeriya ta hade canjin yanayi cikin manufofinta ta hanyar takardu irin su &quot;Shirin Canjin Makamashi na Najeriya&quot; (2021) da &quot;Manufofin Makamashi na Kasa&quot; (2022), wadanda ke inganta manufofin makamashi da ake sabunta su da fadada kasuwar saka hannun jari mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;Country Profile: Nigeria (PDF) (Report). IEA. 2024&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta 2021 ta kafa Majalisar Canjin Yanayi ta ƙasa, mai alhakin daidaita manufofin yanayi da kuma kula da asusun sauyin yanayi na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;FGN Moves to Activate Climate Change Fund, Aligns Finance with Green Agenda&quot;. Federal Ministry of Finance. 4 April 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Don jawo hankalin zuba jari, gwamnati tana ba da abubuwan ƙarfafawa kamar harajin abinci, keɓancewar haraji, rage harajin shigo da kayayyaki, da yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki (SEZs) waɗanda ke ba da izinin keɓance cikakken haraji da dawo da riba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Regulatory landscape for solar power in Nigeria&quot;. IBA. 6 November 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Baƙi za su iya riƙe daidaito 100% a cikin ayyukan, dangane da rajista tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci (CAC) da kuma amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya (NERC) da Hukumar Kula da Gasa da Kariya ta Tarayya (FCCPC).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Renewable energy project approvals in Nigeria&quot;. Lexology. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Compendium of Investment Incentives in Nigeria (PDF) (Report). Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission &amp; Federal Inland Revenue Service. 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 2019, Kasuwancin Hannun Jari na Najeriya ya buƙaci rahoton ESG (muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa) ga kamfanoni da aka jera, kuma daga 2027, rahoton dorewa mai dacewa da ka'idojin IFRS S2 zai zama wajibi.&lt;ref&gt;Anyaogu, Isaac (22 March 2024). &quot;Nigeria gives businesses four years to adopt eco‑friendly reporting standards&quot;. Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Ka'idodin Banki Dorewa na Najeriya (NSBP) na buƙatar bankunan su haɗa abubuwan muhalli da zamantakewa cikin yanke shawara da bayar da rahoton tasirin su a sarari.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Regulatory approach to sustainable banking&quot;. The Punch. 15 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudunmawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa ===
Najeriya ta kasance jam'iyyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) tun 1994 kuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar Kyoto a 2004. An gabatar da gudummawar farko ta kasa (NDC) a cikin 2015, tare da alƙawarin rage fitar da hayaki na ɗan gajeren lokaci na gurɓataccen yanayi da ƙarancin carbon carbon 2470% Dalar Amurka biliyan 542.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Long-Term Low‑Emission Development Strategy 2060 (PDF) (Report). National Climate Change Council. 25 April 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2021, Najeriya ta buga sabunta NDC.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Long-Term Low‑Emission Development Strategy 2060 (PDF) (Report). National Climate Change Council. 25 April 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

NDCs sun haɗa da maƙasudai don ƙara yawan kason makamashin da ake sabuntawa zuwa kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030 da kuma cimma nasarar samun damar makamashi ta duniya nan da shekarar 2060.

== Gudun Kuɗi na Yanayi ==

=== Jama'a ===
A tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2016, akasarin kudaden da ake kashewa a Najeriya sun fito ne daga kasafin kudin kasar, inda aka ware dalar Amurka miliyan 4.8 daga asusun zuba jari na yanayi, da tallafin DFID fam 17,000, da kuma dalar Amurka 352,000 daga cibiyar muhalli ta duniya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2024, Bankin Raya Haɓaka na Najeriya kuma an ba shi izinin shiga tsakanin dalar Amurka miliyan 50 da dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green don tallafawa matakan sauyin yanayi. €423,320.&lt;ref&gt;Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.&lt;/ref&gt;:   129

Bisa ga rahoton 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) na UNFCCC a cikin 2017, mahimman bukatun samar da kudade sun haɗa da magance ambaliyar ruwa da kuma buƙatar gyara barnar dalar Amurka biliyan 16.9. Bugu da kari, ana bukatar zuba jari na kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 177 don magance kalubalen sharar gida, albarkatun ruwa, da iskar gas.&lt;ref&gt;2050 Long‑Term Vision for Nigeria (LTV‑2050) (PDF) (Report). Department of Climate Change, Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria. 2021&lt;/ref&gt;: 13–14.&lt;ref&gt;NIGERIA'S Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (PDF) (Report). Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2024&lt;/ref&gt;: 4

A cikin 2024, gwamnati ta ware albarkatu ga Asusun Canjin Yanayi, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC), da IMF, don faɗaɗa kuɗaɗen kore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Transcript of G24 October 22 Press Briefing&quot; (PDF). IMF. 22 October 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2025, Ministan Kudi kuma Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, Wale Edun, ya gana da Dr. Nkiruka Madueke, Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Kula da Sauyin Yanayi ta Najeriya (NCCC), don tattauna batun kaddamar da asusun sauyin yanayi, da nufin tallafawa hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi da kuma inganta harkokin kudi na kore.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;FGN Moves to Activate Climate Change Fund, Aligns Finance with Green Agenda&quot;. Federal Ministry of Finance, Nigeria. 4 April 2025. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ba da fifikon saka hannun jarin burbushin mai da ƙyalli na iskar gas biliyan 7 a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5, yana iyakance ci gaba a cikin tsaftataccen makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gas flaring: Reps to recover over $9 billion fines from oil companies&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 24 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ojijiagwo, Emeka; Oduoza, Chike F.; Emekwuru, Nwabueze (1 December 2016). &quot;Economics of gas to wire technology applied in gas flare management&quot;. Engineering Science and Technology. 19 (4): 2109–2118. doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2016.09.012. hdl:2436/620434.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na sirri ===
Baya ga tallafin gwamnati, akwai kudade daga rukunin C40 na manyan garuruwa don jagorancin yanayi, dalar Amurka miliyan 3, dalar Amurka miliyan 1,515,512 daga bankin Fidelity, da dalar Amurka miliyan 2 daga bankin duniya. bayyanannun hayaki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Financial institutions taking action&quot;. PCAF&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bisa ga wani bincike na 2022 mai suna Nigeria Green Tagging Banking Review, fannin banki yana ci gaba da ba da rance ga masana'antu masu amfani da carbon.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Unlocking Climate Finance in Nigeria with Green Banking&quot;. Green Policy Platform. 15 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green Bonds in Nigeria (PDF) (Report). NGBMDP (Nigeria Green Bond Market Development Programme). Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da lamuni na farko a Afirka wanda ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 29, wanda ya ba da gudummawar ayyukan makamashin hasken rana ga jami'o'i da al'ummomin da ba su da tushe. Tsakanin 2019 da 2021, an ba da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni huɗu da kore kore ɗaya mai daraja wanda ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 38.02.&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria: Sovereign green bonds for climate action (PDF) (Report). Policy Development Facility Phase II. 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa da Kudade na waje ===
Najeriya ta dogara kacokan kan tallafin waje don cimma manufofinta na yanayi na NDC. Kungiyoyi irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green, Bankin Duniya, da Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Duniya ta Jamus (GIZ) suna cikin mahimman hanyoyin. A cikin 2023, Bankin Masana'antu na Najeriya ya haɗu da FSD Afirka don faɗaɗa kuɗin yanayi.[56] Koyaya, kusan kashi 75% na kuɗaɗen yanayin yanayin jama'a na duniya ana bayar da su ta hanyar bashi, yana ƙara nauyin kuɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Landscape of Climate Finance in Nigeria&quot;. Climate Policy Initiative. 4 October 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Guardian view on Cop29: poor‑world discontent over a failure of rich countries to deliver&quot;. The Guardian. 24 November 2024&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan sassan sun amfana ==

=== Makamashi ===
Canji zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa shine fifiko na ƙasa, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, kamar tashar Kainji (760MW), wanda aka ba da izini a 1968; da ayyukan hasken rana, gami da tsarin kashe grid da ƙananan grid.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Illuminating Nigeria: Grid and Off‑Grid Electricity&quot;. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 7 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan PPAs tare da masu haɓaka hasken rana 14, amma ayyukan sun tsaya cak saboda rage farashin abinci.&lt;ref&gt;Adeniyi, Fadekunayo; Isah, Abdulrasheed (1 October 2023). &quot;Unlocking renewables amid rentierism: Market constraints to Nigeria's energy transition&quot;. Energy Research &amp; Social Science. 104 103248. Bibcode:2023ERSS..10403248A. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103248. hdl:20.500.11850/632674. Retrieved 29 July 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Assessment of diversity within Nigeria power generation technologies (Report). Nigerian Journal of Technology. 2021. doi:10.1186/s13705-022-00379-9. PMC 9879844.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nnodim, Okechukwu (28 December 2023). &quot;Nigerians groan in darkness despite power sector privatisation, N7tn investments&quot;. The Punch. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2022, shigar da ƙarfin sabuntawar makamashi shine 24.5%, tare da wutar lantarki mai wakiltar 96% na wannan jimlar.[18] A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai tsafta ya karu da fiye da 900% idan aka kwatanta da 2022, jimlar dalar Amurka miliyan 69.3, wanda yawancinsu daga haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu ne.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Climatescope 2024 Nigeria&quot;. Global Climatescope. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nkalo, Ukoima Kelvin (1 June 2025). &quot;Nigeria's renewable energy sector: analysis of the present and future prospects&quot;. Solar Compass. 14 100123. Bibcode:2025SoCom..1400123N. doi:10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100123. ISSN 2772-9400.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sufuri ===
Bangaren sufuri, wanda ke da keken keke (keke napap), ƙananan bas (danfos), da kuma babura (okadas), shine babban tushen gurɓacewar birni.&lt;ref&gt;Afolabi, Oluwaseyi Joseph; Akibo, Kehinde Oluwafunmilola (July 2020). &quot;Urban Challenges and Informal Public Transport Services in Nigeria&quot; (PDF). Review of International Comparative Management. 21 (3): 319‑331. doi:10.24818/RMCI.2020.3.319 (inactive 28 October 2025). Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Kasuwar motocin lantarki (EV) na karuwa a cikin kasar, sakamakon damuwa game da gurbatar yanayi da tsadar mai.&lt;ref&gt;Akujor, Chidi E.; Uzowuru, Emmanuel E.; Abubakar, Sambo S.; Amakom, Chijioke M. (2022). &quot;Decarbonisation of the Transport Sector in Nigeria&quot;. Environmental Health Insights. 16 11786302221125039. Bibcode:2022EnvHI..1611250A. doi:10.1177/11786302221125039. ISSN 1178-6302. PMC 9520152. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 36185498&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu tsare-tsare suna haɓaka karɓar EV ta hanyar tallafi da tashoshi na caji kyauta, kodayake cajin kayan aikin ya kasance iyakance.&lt;ref&gt;Farinloye, Temitope; Oluwatobi, Omotoye; Ugboma, Ogochukwu; Dickson, Olayemi Funmilayo; Uzondu, Chinebuli; Mogaji, Emmanuel (1 May 2024). &quot;Driving the electric vehicle agenda in Nigeria: The challenges, prospects and opportunities&quot;. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 130 104182. Bibcode:2024TRPD..13004182F. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104182. ISSN 1361-9209. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;ECN Commissions Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Station to Advance Clean Energy in Nigeria&quot;. Energy Commission of Nigeria. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Noma da Dazuzzuka ===
Kasar ta kuduri aniyar maido da kasa mai fadin hecta miliyan 4 nan da shekarar 2030 a karkashin shirin farfado da dazuzzukan Afirka (AFR100) da kuma cimma matsaya kan lalata kasa (LDN) a daidai wannan lokacin, tare da kashe jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 194.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The role of forests and wildlife in building resilience and recovery from crises and threats&quot;. FAO. August 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;: 5 [34:&lt;ref&gt;Final report of the Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme (PDF) (Report). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. May 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;] 

=== Abubuwan Gaba ===
Najeriya tana da fa'ida mai yawa da za a iya sabunta ta, tare da megawatt 14,120 a wutar lantarki kuma har zuwa 210 GW a cikin hasken rana,&lt;ref&gt;Nchege, Johnson; Okpalaoka, Chijindu (1 December 2023). &quot;Hydroelectric production and energy consumption in Nigeria: Problems and solutions&quot;. Renewable Energy. 119 119548: 548. Bibcode:2023REne..21919548N. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119548. Retrieved 28 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; amma rashin amfani ya ci gaba. Cire tallafin man fetur a shekarar 2023 da kuma ‘yantar da kasuwar canji ya karu da sha’awar masu zuba jari, amma rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsari ya kasance cikas.&lt;ref&gt;Dzirutwe, Macdonald (5 February 2024). &quot;Nigeria's latest devaluation may be 'turning point' in currency reform drive&quot;. Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bola Tinubu inauguration: Fuel subsidy removed in Nigeria&quot;. BBC News. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Lauyoyi don Ayyukan Yanayi NZ</title>
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'''Lauyoyi don Action Climate Action NZ Inc''' (LCANZI, kuma aka sani da LCANZ) ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara kan yanayi wacce ke aiki tun 2019. Ba riba ba, ya haɗa da lauyoyi sama da 300, lauyoyi, da malamai.&lt;ref&gt;Corlett, Eva (2 July 2021). &quot;New Zealand lawyers sue climate change body over alleged failure to meet targets&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙirƙiri LCANZI don ƙarfafa New Zealand don ɗaukar ƙarin ayyuka masu ban sha'awa don saduwa da alƙawuran yarjejeniyar Paris.

LCANZI ta ba da shawarar doka da ayyukan New Zealand don dacewa da alkawurran da aka bayyana a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Paris, Te Tiriti o Waitangi, [6] da buƙatun ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin yanayi na kwanan nan kamar Dokar Canjin Canjin Canjin (Zero Carbon) Dokar Gyara.[4] Ayyukan da ƙungiyar ta yi sun haɗa da shari'ar canjin yanayi, tuntuɓar juna, ƙaddamarwa, da shawarwarin doka na pro-bono.&lt;ref&gt;Dobson, Jamie (2021). &quot;The right to a sustainable environment&quot; (PDF). LawTalk (945): 6–8 – via New Zealand Law Society.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
LCANZI ta gudanar da AGM ta farko a watan Yuni 2019 kuma ta zabi Jenny Cooper a matsayin shugabar kasa. An buɗe membobinsu ga duk mutanen da ke da digiri na doka, duk da haka ɗalibai da waɗanda ba lauyoyi ba sun sami damar shiga a matsayin abokan tarayya.

== Lawyers for Climate Action v. Firstgas Group ==
A cikin 2021, LCANZI ta shigar da ƙara ga Hukumar Kula da Talla ta New Zealand game da kamfen ɗin talla ta Gas na Farko. LCANZI ta bayar da hujjar cewa tallace-tallacen iskar gas na farko sun kai ga wanke kore, saboda kuskuren gaskiya da kuma ƙarfafa rashin gamsuwa a maimakon yin aiki don magance sauyin yanayi. Hukumar Ka'idodin Talla ta New Zealand ta amince da wannan da'awar, wanda ya umarci Gas na farko ya cire tallace-tallacen.&lt;ref&gt;Australian and Pacific Climate Change Litigation&quot;. law.app.unimelb.edu.au. 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lauyoyin Aiki na Aiki v. Hukumar Canjin Yanayi ==
A cikin wani sanannen shari'a a cikin 2021, LCANZI ta shigar da kara na shari'a game da shawarwarin Hukumar Canjin Yanayi na New Zealand ga Gwamnatin New Zealand. Wannan shari'ar ta yi tambaya game da lissafin carbon da Hukumar Canjin Yanayi [4] wanda ya sanar da shawarwarin da gwamnati ta yi na gyare-gyaren gudummawar New Zealand ta ƙasa don 2021 zuwa 2030. LCANZI ta ba da shawarar ƙarin shawarwari masu gaskiya waɗanda suka ba da shawarar a fili don rage hayaƙin gida kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga alkawuran duniya na New Zealand zuwa hanyar 1.5°C.

Shari'ar ba ta yi nasara ba tare da hukuncin da babbar kotu ta yanke cewa Dokar Carbon Carbon ba ta buƙatar saduwa da hanyar 1.5 ° C na duniya don ba da gudummawa ga alkawurran duniya don wannan manufa.[10] Mai shari'a Jill Mallon ta bayyana cewa, wasu abubuwa - kamar tasirin tattalin arziki - suna da mahimmanci ga shawarwarin hukumar sauyin yanayi.[10] Hukumar Canjin Yanayi ta bayyana kare kanta a matsayin rashin amfani da lokaci da albarkatu ga jama'ar New Zealand, kuma, ba tare da nasara ba, ya nemi LCANZI don biyan kuɗin sa.&lt;ref&gt;Wannan, Olivia (22 March 2023). &quot;Climate Change Commission fails to get costs back from activist group&quot;. Stuff. Retrieved 23 May 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gaba ==
Tun daga 2023, Shugaban LCANZI na yanzu shine Bronwyn Carruthers. LCANZI ta ce za ta daukaka kara kan karar da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta hanyar kotun daukaka kara.

== Canza ƙara a New Zealand ==
Yayin da ake samun nasara a duniya, canjin yanayi bai cim ma manyan hukunce-hukunce a New Zealand ba.[6] Maimakon haka, hukunce-hukuncen kotuna na baya-bayan nan sun jaddada bukatar kara yin ka'ida daga masu tsara manufofi kafin a iya magance batutuwan a kotuna.

Har ila yau kotuna sun bayyana yadda ake kashe kudaden da ake kashewa a shari'a a matsayin wani shinge na amfani da wannan hanya don cimma matakan da ya dace kan sauyin yanayi. Har ila yau, farashi mai yawa ya shafi LCANZI, wanda ke bayyana kanta a matsayin ƙananan ƙungiyar masu sa kai da aka ba da kuɗin kuɗin shiga.

Yayin da shari'o'in shari'ar muhalli sukan faɗo ƙarƙashin sha'awar jama'a a New Zealand-don haka rashin karɓar farashi idan an rasa shari'o'in kotu - matsayin amfanin jama'a ba shi da tabbacin. A cikin tattaunawa game da LCANZI, David Bullock, marubucin wani littafi kan shari'o'in dawo da farashi a New Zealand, ya ce tsadar kuɗi a kan ƙungiyoyin ra'ayi na jama'a na iya yin tasiri mai sanyi kan ƙarar ƙarar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;Daalder, Marc (21 February 2023). &quot;Climate commission seeks $130k from activists&quot;. Newsroom. Retrieved 23 May 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Kanada da Netherlands v. Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya</title>
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A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 2023, gwamnatocin [[Kanada]] da [[Holand|Netherlands]] sun gabatar da karar da aka yi wa [[Siriya]] a gaban Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya inda suka zargi Gwamnatin Siriya da azabtarwa da sauran mummunan, rashin mutunci da wulakanci da kuma azabtar da jama'arta tun daga aƙalla a cikin 2011  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zaken |first=Ministerie van Buitenlandse |date=2023-06-12 |title=The Netherlands and Canada to bring case against Syria before International Court of Justice - News item - Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/06/12/the-netherlands-and-canada-to-bring-case-against-syria-before-international-court-of-justice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112181106/https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/06/12/the-netherlands-and-canada-to-bring-case-against-syria-before-international-court-of-justice |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Government of the Netherlands |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (lokacin da Yaƙin basasar Siriya ya fara), da kuma kasa cika wajibai game da haramtacciyar azabtarwa wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Global Affairs |date=2023-06-12 |title=Joint statement by Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands on instituting proceedings at International Court of Justice to hold Syria to account for torture |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/06/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-on-instituting-proceedings-at-international-court-of-justice-to-hold-syria-to-account-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112181108/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/06/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-on-instituting-proceedings-at-international-court-of-justice-to-hold-syria-to-account-.html |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Government of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Siriya, a mayar da martani, ta soki rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Kanada da Netherlands, ta yi iƙirarin cewa suna tallafawa kungiyoyin ta'addanci masu dauke da makamai a Siriya, cewa suna &quot;yi aiki da ajanda na [ICJ] na siyasa na Amurka&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dabin |first=Bushra |last2=Eyon |first2=Mazen |date=2020-09-19 |title=Foreign Ministry: Government of the Netherlands is the last one who has the right to talk about the Human rights |url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=203611 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923003706/https://sana.sy/en/?p=203611 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma cewa zarge-zargen karya ne da ƙarya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Othman |first=Nisreen |last2=Qreima |first2=Shaza |date=2023-07-26 |title=Foreign Ministry: Canada and the Netherlands lack any legitimacy to give lessons on human rights |url=https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=313731 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112181107/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=313731 |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siriya ta kaurace wa sauraron farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Syria a no-show at torture court case brought by Canada, Netherlands |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canada-netherlands-syria-torture-court-1.6991279 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112181105/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canada-netherlands-syria-torture-court-1.6991279 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=CBC Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kotun ta amince da Matakan wucin gadi da suka umarci Siriya da ta dauki matakai don hana ayyukan azabtarwa da sauran mummunan, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci da kuma adana duk shaidun da suka shafi azabtarwa.

== Ci gaban shari'a ==
A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2020, Netherlands ta sanar da Siriya a hukumance cewa tana neman tattaunawa bisa ga Mataki na 30 (1) na Yarjejeniyar da ke adawa da azabtarwa, ta hanyar Note Verbale . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-09-18 |title=The Netherlands holds Syria responsible for gross human rights violations - News item |url=https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2020/09/18/the-netherlands-holds-syria-responsible-for-gross-human-rights-violations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112181107/https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2020/09/18/the-netherlands-holds-syria-responsible-for-gross-human-rights-violations |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Government of The Netherlands |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani, Gwamnatin Siriya ta yi tir da ayyukan Netherlands a fili kuma ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta soki rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Netherlands kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa suna tallafawa kungiyoyin ta'addanci masu dauke da makamai a Siriya kuma suna aiki da ajanda na maigidan su na siyasa na Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 3 ga Maris 2021, Kanada ta sanar da Siriya a hukumance game da bukatar da take yi na tattaunawa bisa ga Mataki na 30 (1) ta hanyar Note Verbale ga Ofishin Jakadancin Dindindin na Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-04 |title=Minister of Foreign Affairs takes action on Syria's human rights violations |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2021/03/minister-of-foreign-affairs-takes-action-on-syrias-human-rights-violations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009204957/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2021/03/minister-of-foreign-affairs-takes-action-on-syrias-human-rights-violations.html |archive-date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Government of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Maris 2021, Kanada da Netherlands sun ba da sanarwar niyyar su ga niyyar hadin gwiwa don gabatar da karar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-12 |title=Joint statement of Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands regarding their cooperation in holding Syria to account - Diplomatic statement - Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2021/03/12/joint-statement-of-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-regarding-their-cooperation-in-holding-syria-to-account |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112181105/https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2021/03/12/joint-statement-of-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-regarding-their-cooperation-in-holding-syria-to-account |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Government of the Netherlands |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanada da Netherlands sun yi ikirarin yin kokari na dogon lokaci a cikin fiye da shekaru biyu, kuma ba za a iya warware rikicin ta hanyar tattaunawa ba. Kuma a hukumance ya shigar da kara a kan [[Siriya]] a gaban Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2023. Shari'ar ta zargi Gwamnatin Siriya da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci da kuma wulakanci da kuma azabtar da jama'arta tun daga aƙalla a cikin 2011, kuma sun kasa cika wajibai game da haramtacciyar azabtarwa ta keta Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] game da azabtarwa.  Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya, Ba ta son kai da Mai Zaman Kanta (IIM) wacce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kirkira don bincika laifuka a Siriya ta yi maraba da shari'ar ta bayyana shirye-shiryen ta don tallafawa aikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Statement on the Dutch – Canadian Application against Syria at the ICJ |url=https://iiim.un.org/statement-on-the-dutch-canadian-application-against-syria-at-the-icj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112230406/https://iiim.un.org/statement-on-the-dutch-canadian-application-against-syria-at-the-icj/ |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ma ta yi maraba da aikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Matthew |date=2023-06-14 |title=Welcoming Proceedings at the International Court of Justice to Hold the Syrian Regime Accountable |url=https://www.state.gov/welcoming-proceedings-at-the-international-court-of-justice-to-hold-the-syrian-regime-accountable/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Za a bude sauraron farko a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin 2023 amma an sake tsara shi zuwa 10 ga watan Oktoba 2023.  Sabuntawa ya faru ne saboda bukatar Gwamnatin Siriya. Kanada da Netherlands sun yi nadamar jinkirin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-20 |title=Joint Statement by Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands on the postponement of provisional measures hearings at the International Court of Justice to halt Syria's torture practices |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/07/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-on-the-postponement-of-provisional-measures-hearings-at-the-international-court-of-jus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009204841/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/07/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-on-the-postponement-of-provisional-measures-hearings-at-the-international-court-of-jus.html |archive-date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Government of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Siriya ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kai farmaki ga shari'ar, ta kira maganganun karya da karya. Kuma ya sake da'awar cewa kasashen biyu suna tallafawa 'yan ta'adda da kuma kai farmaki kan Siriya. Kuma cewa ba su da halatta don yin magana game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kuma cewa tarihin su ya cika da laifukan da aka aikata a cikin yankuna da kuma a kan 'yan asalin ƙasarsu&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, an gudanar da sauraron farko. Kanada da Netherlands sun gabatar da hujjojin su na baki. Siriya ba ta shiga cikin Magana ba  kuma tawagarta ta shari'a ba ta halarci sauraron ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

A cikin muhawara, Kanada da Netherlands sun nemi Siriya:

* Nan da nan ya ɗauki matakai masu tasiri don dakatar da hana duk ayyukan da suka kai ko taimakawa ga azabtarwa da sauran mugunta, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa.
* Dakatar da tsare-tsare, kuma a saki duk mutanen da aka tsare su da gangan ko ba bisa ka'ida ba.
* Bayar da damar shiga duk wuraren da aka tsare su ta hukuma da wadanda ba hukuma ba ta hanyar hanyoyin sa ido masu zaman kansu.
* Ɗauki matakan gaggawa don inganta yanayin duk wuraren tsare-tsare na hukuma da ba na hukuma ba.
* Bayyana wurin da aka binne mutanen da suka mutu sakamakon azabtarwa.
* Adana duk wani bayani da ya shafi dalilin mutuwar duk wanda aka tsare kuma ba za a lalata duk wata hujja da ta shafi shari'ar ba.

A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2023,  kotun ta amince da Matakan wucin gadi guda biyu:

* Siriya za ta dauki dukkan matakai don hana ayyukan azabtarwa da sauran mummunan, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci.
* Siriya za ta dauki matakai masu inganci don hana lalacewa da kuma tabbatar da adana duk wata shaida.

Dukansu biyu sun wuce da kuri'u 13 zuwa 2, tare da alƙalin Rasha Gevorgian da alƙalan kasar Sin Xue suna kada kuri'a a kan hukuncin.

Kanada da Netherlands sun yi maraba da hukuncin a cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-16 |title=Joint Statement by Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands welcoming the provisional measures ordered by the International Court of Justice for Syria to immediately cease torture and other ill-treatment |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/11/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-welcoming-the-provisional-measures-ordered-by-the-international-court-of-justice-for-s.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Government of Canada |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117062917/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/11/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-welcoming-the-provisional-measures-ordered-by-the-international-court-of-justice-for-s.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-16 |title=Joint Statement by Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands welcoming the provisional measures ordered by the International Court of Justice for Syria to immediately cease torture and other ill-treatment - Diplomatic statement - Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2023/11/16/joint-statement-syria-torture-international-court-of-justice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117062920/https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2023/11/16/joint-statement-syria-torture-international-court-of-justice |archive-date=2023-11-17 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Government of the Netherlands |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Siriya ta kuma yi maraba da hukuncin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=UN Syria Commission welcomes landmark ICJ order to Syria to prevent torture and destruction of evidence |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/un-syria-commission-welcomes-landmark-icj-order-syria-prevent-torture-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116195628/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/un-syria-commission-welcomes-landmark-icj-order-syria-prevent-torture-and |archive-date=2023-11-16 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=United Nations Human Rights Office of High Commissioner}}&lt;/ref&gt; Human Rights Watch ta kira hukuncin a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga kare fararen hula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=World Court Rules Against Syria in Torture Case |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/16/world-court-rules-against-syria-torture-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116224723/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/16/world-court-rules-against-syria-torture-case |archive-date=2023-11-16 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2024, Kotun ta sanya iyakar lokacin shari'ar, ta bayyana 3 ga Fabrairun 2025 a matsayin lokacin da aka ƙayyade don Tunawa da Kanada da Masarautar Netherlands, da kuma 3 ga Fabriiru 2026 don Tunawa na Siriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Order of 1 February 2024 |url=https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20240202-ord-01-00-en.pdf |archive-url= |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=[[International Court of Justice]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cin zarafin 'yancin Dan Adam a Siriya

== Manazy ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yanci Summer</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>878039</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T20:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Shirye-shiryen Fabrairu 1964 */</comment>
      <origin>878039</origin>
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{| class=&quot;infobox vevent&quot; style=&quot;width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;&quot; |'Yanci Summer
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |Wani bangare na Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama[[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Yunkurin 'Yancin Bil'adama]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |[[Fayil:1000_students_wanted_for_the_SNCC_Mississippi_Freedom_Summer_Project_(26276560142).jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;&quot;&gt;Tallace-tallace na SNCC don bazara na 'yanci&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ranar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Yuni - Agusta 1964
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Wurin da yake
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;location&quot; style=&quot;display:inline;&quot;&gt;[[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ya haifar da
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |
* A shekara ta 1962, kashi 5.3% ne kawai na 'yan Afirka na Amurka a Mississippi suka yi rajista don jefa kuri'a
* Kafa Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Tarayya (COFO) 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Sakamakon haka
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |
* Halitta [[Makarantun yanci|Makarantun 'Yanci]]
* Kafa Jam'iyyar Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) 
* Kisan gillar Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner
* Mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Dokar 'Yancin yin Zaɓe ta 1965|Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta 1965]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE0F2;&quot; |Jam'iyyun
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |
{| style=&quot;width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;&quot;
| style=&quot;width:50%;&quot; |&lt;div&gt;
* Mazauna yankin
* Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 
* Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC) 
* Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP) 
* Asusun Tsaro na Shari'a na NAACP (LDF) 
* Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Kasa (NLG) 
* Kwamitin Tsaro na Tsarin Mulki na Lauyan (LCDC) 
* Kwamitin Lauyoyi na 'Yancin Bil'adama a karkashin Dokar (LCCR) 
&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa&quot; |&lt;div&gt;
* Gwamnan Mississippi
* Sanata na Amurka
* Hukumar Kula da Sarautar Jihar Mississippi (MSSC) 
* White Knights na Ku Klux Klan
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE0F2;&quot; |Adadin jagora
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox/Columns/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;
'''Mazauna yankin'''

* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Amzie Moore
* [[Victoria Gray Adams]]
* Lawrence Guyot

'''CORE memba'''

* George Raymond Jr.

'''Mambobin SNCC'''

* Bob Musa
* Hollis Watkins
* [[Unita Blackwell]]

'''Mambobin SCLC'''

* [[James Bevel]]

'''memba na NAACP'''

* Haruna Henry
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
'''Jihar Mississippi'''

* Paul B. Johnson Jr., gwamna

'''Dan majalisa'''

* James Eastland, Sanata

'''memba na MSSC'''

* Rex Armistead

'''memba na Klan'''

* Samuel Bowers
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;div class=&quot;navbox-styles&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Freedom Summer, wanda aka fi sani da '''[[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]] Freedom Summer''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Freedom Summer Project ko Mississippi Summer Project), wani kamfen ne da [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka]] suka kaddamar a watan Yunin 1964 don yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da yawa na Afirka da Amurka a jihar Mississippi. 

An hana baƙar fata a cikin jihar yin zabe tun farkon karni na 20 saboda shingen rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da sauran [[Dokokin Jim Crow]] da aka kafa a duk faɗin Kudancin Amurka. Har ila yau, aikin ya kafa makarantu masu yawa na Freedom, gidajen Freedom, da cibiyoyin al'umma kamar ɗakunan karatu, a cikin ƙananan garuruwa a ko'ina cikin Mississippi don taimakawa yawan baƙar fata na yankin.

Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayya (COFO) ce ta shirya aikin, hadin gwiwar rassan Mississippi na manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama guda hudu (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, da SCLC). Yawancin motsi, jagoranci, da kudade don aikin bazara sun fito ne daga SNCC. Bob Moses, sakataren filin SNCC kuma codirector na COFO, ya jagoranci aikin bazara.

== Zaɓin 'Yanci ==
Freedom Summer an gina shi ne a kan shekarun da dubban 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka yi a baya, waɗanda suka haɗa ta hanyar majami'unsu, waɗanda ke zaune a Mississippi. A cikin 1963, Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC) ya shirya wani &quot;Freedom Vote&quot; wanda aka tsara don nuna nufin Black Mississippians na jefa kuri'a, idan ba a hana shi da ta'addanci da tsoratarwa ba. Hanyar rajistar jefa kuri'a ta Mississippi a lokacin ta buƙaci baƙar fata su cika fom ɗin rajista na tambayoyi 21 kuma su amsa, ga gamsar da fararen masu rajista, tambaya game da fassarar kowane sashi 285 na kundin tsarin mulkin jihar. Masu rajista sun yi mulki ta hanyar ra'ayi game da cancantar mai nema, kuma sun yanke shawara game da yawancin baƙar fata, ba tare da barin su yi rajista ba.

A cikin 1963, masu sa kai sun kafa wuraren zabe a cikin majami'u da cibiyoyin kasuwanci a duk faɗin Mississippi. Bayan yin rajista a kan fom ɗin rajista mai sauƙi, masu jefa kuri'a za su zaɓi 'yan takara don yin takara a zaben shekara mai zuwa. 'Yan takara sun hada da Rev. Ed King na [[Tougaloo College|Kwalejin Tougaloo]] da Aaron Henry, daga [[Clarksdale, Mississippi]]. Ma'aikatan kare hakkin bil'adama da masu sa kai, tare da dalibai daga jami'o'in arewa da yamma, sun shirya kuma sun aiwatar da zaben, wanda dubban mutane suka kada kuri'a.

== Shirye-shiryen Watan Fabrairun 1964 ==
A shekara ta 1964, dalibai da sauransu sun fara aiwatar da hada wuraren zama na jama'a, yin rajistar manya don jefa kuri'a, kuma sama da duka karfafa cibiyar sadarwar jagoranci ta gida. Gina kan kokarin 1963 (ciki har da Freedom Vote da kokarin rajista a Greenwood), Musa ya mamaye shakku tsakanin ma'aikatan SNCC da COFO, kuma shirin Freedom Summer ya fara ne a watan Fabrairun 1964. Masu magana sun dauki ma'aikata a makarantun koleji a duk faɗin ƙasar, suna jawo yabo na tsaye don sadaukarwarsu wajen tsayayya da tashin hankali na yau da kullun da 'yan sanda, sheriffs, da sauransu suka yi a Mississippi. Masu daukar ma'aikata na SNCC sun yi hira da masu sa kai da yawa, suna fitar da wadanda ke da &quot;[[John Brown]] complex&quot;  kuma suna sanar da wasu cewa aikin su a wannan lokacin rani ba zai zama &quot;ceton Mississippi Negro&quot; ba amma su yi aiki tare da jagorancin gida don bunkasa motsi na asali.

Fiye da 1,000 daga cikin jihohi masu sa kai sun shiga cikin Freedom Summer tare da dubban baƙi na Mississippi. Masu sa kai sun kasance mafi haske na ƙarni, waɗanda suka fito daga mafi kyawun jami'o'i daga manyan jihohi, galibi daga biranen Arewa (misali, [[Chicago]], New York City, [[Detroit]], [[Cleveland]], da dai sauransu) da Yamma (misali., Berkeley, [[Los Angeles]], Portland, [[Seattle]], da dai dai sauransu), yawanci suna da wadata, kashi 90 cikin dari fari ne. Kimanin rabin su Yahudawa ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Jews and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s |url=https://rac.org/issues/civil-rights-voting-rights/brief-history-jews-and-civil-rights-movement-1960s |website=Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake kwamitin SNCC ya amince da daukar dalibai dari ne kawai don aikin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1963, shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama na Yahudawa kamar [[Allard K. Lowenstein|Allard Lowenstein]] sun ci gaba da daukar ma'aikatan sa kai da yawa, don kawo karin hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The SNCC Project: A Year by Year History 1960-1970 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/moves/SNCC_project.shtml |website=Mapping American Social Movements}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da zaman shiryawa guda biyu na mako guda don masu sa kai a Kwalejin Yammacin Mata a Oxford, Ohio (yanzu wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Miami), daga Yuni 14 zuwa Yuni 27,  bayan Kwalejin Berea ta goyi bayan karbar bakuncin zaman saboda matsin lamba na tsofaffi a kansa. 

Masu shirya taron sun mayar da hankali kan Mississippi saboda yana da mafi ƙarancin kashi na kowane jiha a cikin ƙasar 'yan Afirka na Afirka da suka yi rajista don jefa kuri'a, kuma sun kasance fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a. A shekara ta 1962 kawai kashi 6.7% na masu jefa kuri'a baƙi ne suka yi rajista.&lt;ref name=&quot;CORE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Freedom Summer |url=http://www.core-online.org/History/freedom_summer.htm |access-date=2009-02-06 |publisher=CORE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jihohin Kudancin sun yi amfani da mafi yawan 'yan Afirka na Afirka da kuma talakawa da yawa a cikin lokacin daga 1890 zuwa 1910 ta hanyar wuce kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi, gyare-gyare da sauran dokoki waɗanda suka ɗora nauyi a kan rajistar masu jefa kuri'a: cajin harajin zabe, buƙatar Gwaje-gwaje na karatu da rubutu da masu rajista ke gudanarwa, suna sa bukatun zama suka fi wuya, da kuma adana rikodin rikodin abubuwan da ake buƙata. Sun ci gaba da wannan cire Black mutane daga siyasa har zuwa shekarun 1960, wanda ya kara da cire su daga juriya da kuma sanya dokokin rarrabe Jim Crow don wuraren jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Race and Voting in the Segregated South |url=https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-12-2-b-race-and-voting-in-the-segregated-south |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=www.crf-usa.org |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118050829/https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-12-2-b-race-and-voting-in-the-segregated-south |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin waɗannan hanyoyin sun tsira daga kalubalen Kotun Koli ta Amurka kuma, idan aka soke su, jihohi sun haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin da za su cire baƙar fata, kamar amfani da sassan kakanni da [[White primaries|fararen firamare]]. A wasu lokuta, masu son jefa kuri'a sun fuskanci matsala ta tattalin arziki, da kuma ta hanyar kai farmaki. Lynchings ya kasance mai girma a farkon karni kuma ya ci gaba da shekaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Voting Rights |url=http://www.crmvet.org/info/lithome.htm |access-date=2009-02-06 |publisher=Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Sanarwar kan kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata</title>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
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'''Sanarwar kan kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata''' (wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin DEVAW &lt;ref name=&quot;Manjoo&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Jackie Jones}}&lt;/ref&gt;) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa ba tare da kuri'a ba a cikin ƙuduri na 48/104 a ranar 20 ga watan Disambar shekarar 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RESOLUTIONS: General Assembly, 48th session |url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r48_en.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116222203/http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r48_en.shtml |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |access-date=May 14, 2014 |website=un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke ciki sune amincewa da &quot;bukatar gaggawa don aikace-aikacen duniya ga mata na haƙƙoƙi da ka'idoji dangane da daidaito, tsaro, 'yanci, mutunci da mutunci na dukkan 'yan adam&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;DEVAW text&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A/RES/48/104 – Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements |url=http://www.un-documents.net/a48r104.htm |access-date=February 24, 2010 |website=un-documents.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana tunatarwa kuma yana nuna irin waɗannan hakkoki da ka'idoji kamar waɗanda aka tsara a cikin kayan aiki kamar Universal Declaration of Human Rights, da Mataki na 1 da 2 suna ba da ma'anar da aka fi amfani da ita game da tashin hankali ga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Concept Note&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=20 January 2012 |title=Concept Note – International Expert Group Meeting on Combating violence against indigenous women and girls: article 22 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/EGM12_concept_note.pdf |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii |publisher=[[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Sanarwar duniya cewa mata suna da 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tashin hankali ba kwanan nan ne, wanda ya fito a kusa da 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heise&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heise |first=Lori |date=1993 |title=Violence Against Women: The Hidden Health Burden |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/48688/WHSQ_1993_46_No.1_p78-85_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |journal=[[World Health Statistics Quarterly]] |publisher=World Health Organization |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |doi= |access-date=9 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, gwagwarmayarsu da tashin hankali, da kuma rashin hukunci wanda sau da yawa ke kare masu aikata laifin, yana da alaƙa da gwagwarmaya don shawo kan nuna bambanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2007 |title=Ending Impunity for Violence Against Women and Girls |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2007-03-08/remarks-international-womens-day-inter-agency-event-ending-impunity |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta damu da kanta game da ci gaban 'yancin mata ta hanyar cibiyoyi kamar Hukumar Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Matsayin Mata (CSW), amma ba ta yi niyya musamman ga yawan mata da aka yi niyya da tashin hankali ba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Yarjejeniyar 1979 kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) &lt;ref name=&quot;CEDAW text&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/ |access-date=February 24, 2010 |website=un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba ta taɓa ambata tashin hankali ga mata ba;  [[Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki]] (VDPA) &lt;ref name=&quot;VDPA text&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, paragraf 38 |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=topic&amp;tocid=459d17822&amp;toid=459b17a82&amp;docid=3ae6b39ec&amp;skip=O |access-date=June 24, 2017 |website=refworld.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce takardar farko ta duniya da ta yi Allah wadai da tashin hankali ga Mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Korey&quot; /&gt; [bayanin kula na 2] An haɓaka ƙudurin DEVAW a matsayin faɗaɗa CEDAW, kuma a bayyane ya bayyana cewa ƙarfafawa da haɓaka CEDAU yana ɗaya daga cikin burinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Korey&quot; /&gt;


A watan Satumbar 1992, CSW ta nada wata kungiya ta musamman don shirya daftarin sanarwar adawa da cin zarafin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heise2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heise |first=Lori |date=1993 |title=Violence Against Women: The Hidden Health Burden |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/48688/WHSQ_1993_46_No.1_p78-85_eng.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |journal=[[World Health Statistics Quarterly]] |publisher=World Health Organization |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |doi= |access-date=9 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin ƙudurin shine ya rushe matsayin gwamnati cewa tashin hankali kan mata na sirri ne, na cikin gida ba ya buƙatar shiga tsakani na gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heise2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin, an san cewa duka mata (sau da yawa ana haɗa su a ƙarƙashin kalmomin &quot;mugunta na gida&quot; ko &quot;mugunta ta kusa&quot;) shine mafi yawan nau'in tashin hankali ga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heise2&quot; /&gt; Misali, Levinson (1989) ya gano cewa, a cikin kashi 86% na al'adun da aka yi nazari, akwai tashin hankali na tsari da mazaje suka yi wa matansu; wasu binciken a lokacin sun nuna irin wannan tsarin al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heise2&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na irin wannan tashin hankali ya kasance mai yawa; alal misali, a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], shine babban dalilin raunin da ya haifar da mata, 22-35% na mata da suka ziyarci dakunan gaggawa sun yi hakan ne saboda alamun da suka haifar da cin zarafin abokin tarayya, kuma bugun mata ya haifar da sau 4-5 sau da yawa ga buƙatar maganin kwakwalwa kuma sau 5 sau da yawa zuwa ƙoƙarin kashe kansa fiye da sauran mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heise2&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, [[Sexual violence|cin zarafin jima'i]] ciki har da [[Rape|fyade]] an ƙara gane su a matsayin matsala da ta shafi kashi mai yawa na dukkan mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heise2&quot; /&gt; Don yin bikin [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]] a ranar 8 ga Maris 1993, Babban Sakatare, Boutros [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali|Boutros-Ghali]], ya fitar da wata sanarwa a shirye-shiryen sanarwar da ke bayyana rawar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taka a cikin 'ci gaba' da 'kare' haƙƙin mata: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1993 |title=Secretary-General, in International Women's Day message, sys promotion and protection of women's rights central to work of United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/1993/ |access-date=24 February 2010 |website=un.org (WomenWatch)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata, da kuma aikin kirkirar sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ke iya inganta zaman lafiya da dabi'un da ke kula da ita da kuma kiyaye ta, iri ɗaya ne. A yau - fiye da kowane lokaci - dalilin mata shine dalilin dukkan bil'adama.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ma'anar Cin zarafin Mata ==
According to a January 2012 concept note of the International Expert Group Meeting on Combating violence against indigenous women and girls (working for UNPFII), Articles 1 and 2 of the DEVAW provide &quot;the most widely used definition of violence against women and girls&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;Concept Note&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=20 January 2012 |title=Concept Note – International Expert Group Meeting on Combating violence against indigenous women and girls: article 22 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/EGM12_concept_note.pdf |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii |publisher=[[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/EGM12_concept_note.pdf &quot;Concept Note – International Expert Group Meeting on Combating violence against indigenous women and girls: article 22 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii''. [[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]]. 20 January 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 March&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; this claim is echoed by Jacqui True (2012).[note 2]

== Kamfen ɗin ==
Kowace shekara, Ranar Kasa da Kasa don kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata tana nuna farkon kwanaki 16 na gwagwarmaya da tashin hankali na jinsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence |url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/16_days/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103201519/http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/16_days/en/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=June 24, 2017 |website=who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar [[Center for Women's Global Leadership|Cibiyar Jagorancin Mata ta Duniya]],  [[Unifem]], Mata Ba Za su jira ba, Mata don Canji, [[Women's Aid|Taimako na Mata]], da sauran kungiyoyi sun haɗu don yin magana game da cin zarafin jinsi da inganta haƙƙoƙi da ka'idodin sanarwar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign |url=http://16dayscwgl.rutgers.edu/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=rutgers.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kaddamar da wani mataki mai ban mamaki wanda aka dauka don kawo karshen tashin hankali da mata ke fuskanta a cikin 2008 kuma an san shi da &quot;Haɗin kai don kawo karshen cin zarafin mata&quot;. Wannan yana da niyyar wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar da kuma kawo karshen tashin hankali da mata da 'yan mata ke fuskanta a duk duniya. Tare da har yanzu akwai damar canji a yau kawai 2 daga cikin kasashe 3 sun haramta tashin hankali na cikin gida da kasashe 37 da ke cire masu ci gaba da jima'i daga gurfanar da su idan sun auri wanda aka azabtar ko kuma nan ba da daɗewa ba za su auri wanda aka zalunta. Har ila yau, akwai kasashe 49 waɗanda har zuwa yau ba su da dokoki da za su kare mata daga tashin hankali na gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, 25 November |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/endviolenceday/background.shtml |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=www.un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2009, [[Amnesty International]] ta gudanar da zanga-zanga a Narayanghat, [[Nepal]], don nuna halin da masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata ke ciki bayan da jihar Nepalese ta kasa kare masu fafutuka biyu daga hare-haren tashin hankali kuma, a ƙarshe, kisan su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2009 |title=Nepal: Two Women's rights's rightss rights's rights's rights's rights human rights activists murdered after government fails to protect them from violent attacks |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/nepal-two-womens-rightss-rightss-rightss-rightss-rightss-rights-human-rights |access-date=June 24, 2017 |website=amnesty.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da tabbatar da sanarwar, Nepal ta kasa bin Mataki na 4-c wanda ke tabbatar da wajibi ga jihohi su: &lt;ref name=&quot;DEVAW text&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A/RES/48/104 – Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements |url=http://www.un-documents.net/a48r104.htm |access-date=February 24, 2010 |website=un-documents.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.un-documents.net/a48r104.htm &quot;A/RES/48/104 – Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements&quot;]. ''un-documents.net''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 24,&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa</title>
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        <username>Alexis Jazz</username>
        <id>11021</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>universal replace: [[c:File:Bell telephone magazine (1922) (14755773482).jpg]] → [[c:File:Bell telephone magazine (1937) (14755773482).jpg]]: correct year, see [[c:COM:HD#Suggestion for mass rename]] [[[c:User:Alexis Jazz/AJSBulkRename|AJSBulkRename]]]</comment>
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[[Fayil:Bell telephone magazine (1937) (14755773482).jpg|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna haɗin tarho na duniya daga mujallar tarho ta Bell, 1922.]]
[[Fayil:AyAuto_Mobile_Triangulation_CELL_ID_Database.png|thumb|Taswirar duniya da ke nuna yawan hasumiyoyin wayar salula a cikin 2013.]]
'''Yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa''' (wanda aka fi sani da Yanayin sadarwa, Yanayin kafofin watsa labarai le yanayin kafofin watsa labaru) yanki ne na bincike wanda ke tattare da Yanayin ɗan adam tare da Nazarin kafofin watsa labarai na Ka'idar sadarwa. Binciken da ke magance yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa yana neman fahimtar yadda ayyukan sadarwa da tsarin da suka dogara da siffar kuma ana tsara su ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa da matakai. Wannan batun yana magana ne game da shahararren wasu nau'ikan sadarwa a yankuna daban-daban, gami da yadda sabuwar fasaha ke ba da damar sababbin nau'ikan sadarwar ga wurare masu yawa na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Pablo S. |date=2011-02-01 |title=A Review of &quot;Geographies of Media and Communication&quot; |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2010.536461 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=145–146 |doi=10.1080/00330124.2010.536461 |issn=0033-0124 |s2cid=128589714 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Geography na kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa wani yanki ne na bincike, wanda ke la'akari da bangarori daban-daban na sadarwa.  Ɗayan sha'awa ita ce tsarawa da tsara tsarin sadarwa a ma'auni daga birane zuwa duniya.  Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da wannan sune bambance-bambancen matakan samun hanyoyin sadarwa daga wuri zuwa wuri.  Hankali ga yadda wurare suka bambanta dangane da hanyar sadarwa yana haifar da sha'awar canje-canjen da ke faruwa a wuraren lokacin da sababbin kafofin watsa labaru suka bazu zuwa wuraren.  Wani abin sha'awa shine yadda ake wakilta wurare a kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban-misali hotunan rairayin bakin teku masu ban sha'awa a cikin tallace-tallacen yawon shakatawa ko rubutaccen bayanin wuraren yaƙi a cikin labaran jaridu.  Har ila yau, sadarwa yana ba mutane damar yin hulɗa da wurare masu nisa, don haka yanki na ƙarshe na bincike shi ne yadda, ta hanyar mu'amala da wasu ta hanyar tsarin sadarwa iri-iri, mutane su zauna a wurare daban-daban na &quot;virtual&quot;.&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul C 2885&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Paul C. |last2=Jansson |first2=André |year=2012 |title=Communication Geography: A Bridge between Disciplines |journal=Communication Theory |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=299–317 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01406.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da ke da ban sha'awa ga masu ilimin kafofin watsa labarai / sadarwa sune tambayoyi game da tsarin zamantakewa da al'adu da ke da alaƙa da kafofin watsa labarai, wanda hakan ke nuna yadda kafofin watsa labarai ke da hannu a cikin sauyawar zama da zama ɗan ƙasa, wanda ke da alaƙar yankuna. Tsarin zamantakewa da al'adu kuma sun dogara da bambance-bambance tsakanin rayuwar jama'a da ta sirri, wanda a al'adance ya dogara da iyakokin sararin samaniya tsakanin wuraren jama'a le masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sheller |first=Mimi |last2=Urry |first2=John |year=2003 |title=Mobile transformations of 'public' and 'private' life |journal=Theory, Culture &amp; Society |volume=20 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.1177/02632764030203007 |s2cid=145690126}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batutuwan da ke da sha'awa ga masu ilimin ƙasa sune wakilcin wuri a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na gani ciki har da daukar hoto, fim da rubutu, a cikin kafofin yada labarai na ji ciki har da rediyo da rikodin kiɗa, har ma a cikin sadarwa kamar rawa da wasannin bidiyo.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Austroneske_jazyky.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar yankin al'adu wanda ya dace da dangin yaren Austronesian]]
Ana iya samun sha'awar yanayin ƙasa a cikin tsarin binciken sadarwa na yau da kullun zuwa rubuce-rubucen Richard Hartshorne a cikin 1930s.[1]  Hartshorne ya ɗauki harshe a matsayin wani muhimmin ginshiƙin samar da yankunan al'adu, ma'ana cewa babban harshe yana kama da shi a cikin wani yanki na al'ada kuma yana canzawa idan mutum ya bar yankin al'ada.  Wani fanni daban-daban na sadarwa ya zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960 yayin da masu nazarin yanayin kasa suka fara aunawa da tsara mu'amala tsakanin wurare.  A wannan yanayin, masana ilimin ƙasa da ke cikin juyin juya halin ƙididdigewa sun bayyana saurin kwararar bayanai tsakanin wurare dangane da &quot;haɗuwar lokaci-tsari&quot; da &quot;ƙarfin ɗan adam.&quot;   Sai a cikin 1970s ne masana ilimin ƙasa suka fara mai da hankali kan sadarwa ta fuskar abun ciki, la'akari da tambayoyin alama, wakilci, kwatance, zane-zane da zance.  Wannan sha'awar ta fara samo asali ne a cikin binciken ƙasa wanda ya zana kan ɗan adam, phenomenology da hermeneutics.] A cikin 1990s, wannan hanya ta koma zuwa ga mafi mahimmancin hankali wanda ke buɗe ma'anoni daban-daban na shimfidar wuri.  Masana ilimin kasa da ke binciken sadarwa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata sun tsawaita wadannan wuraren bincike yayin da suke ci gaba da hangen nesa game da mahimmancin sadarwa ga samuwar yankuna, yawan kwararar bayanai a matsayin ma'auni na hulɗar sararin samaniya, da haɗin kai tsakanin shimfidar wuri da wakilci.  Sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa sun sami ci gaba a ƙarƙashin tsarin ka'idar da ba ta wakilci ba, ka'idar sadarwar wasan kwaikwayo, da ka'idar haɗin kai.[8][9].  Hakanan mahimmanci shine ƙoƙarin yin tunani ta hanyar lambar dijital da dangantakarta da sarari..

== Juyin Halitta na Sadarwar Yanayi ==
A ko'ina cikin yankuna daban-daban na duniya, ana amfani da wasu nau'ikan sadarwa a wasu wurare, kuma sun samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci. Amurka da sauran kasashe masu tasowa sun sami bayanai kuma sun sadarwa a cikin al'ummominsu ta hanyar jaridu da sauran nau'ikan sadarwa a rubuce-rubuce a baya da yanzu, amma a lokuta na wasu nau'ikan sadarwar kamar muhalli da sadarwa mai haɗari, an sami canji yayin da jaridu ba su da hanyar sadarwa mafi inganci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wakefield |first=Sarah E. L. |last2=Elliott |first2=Susan J. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Constructing the News: The Role of Local Newspapers in Environmental Risk Communication |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0033-0124.5502009 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=216–226 |doi=10.1111/0033-0124.5502009 |issn=0033-0124 |s2cid=55098097 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bangare na canjin sadarwa a tsawon lokaci ya fito ne daga karuwar kasancewar kafofin sada zumunta.

=== Juyin Halitta na Kafofin Ra'ayi ===
[[Fayil:Languages_in_social_media_websites.png|thumb|Harsunan da ake magana a dandamali daban-daban na kafofin sada zumunta, suna nuna ayyukan kafofin sada zumunci na duniya.]]
Kafofin sada zumunta sun haifar da sabon gogewa a cikin sadarwa ta ƙasa yayin da ya ba da damar hulɗa nan take tare da mutane daban-daban a duniya. An bi diddigin sadarwa ta kafofin sada zumunta ta Amurka, kuma a wasu dandamali na kafofin sada zumunci akwai ikon bin diddigin da yin rajistar sadarwa zuwa da kuma daga dukkan sassan duniya. Misali, an yi amfani da asusun Twitter na sassan ƙasa daban-daban don nuna yadda aka raba hulɗa a cikin layin sadarwa na gida, na ƙasa, da na duniya, yayin da yake iya nazarin wasu fannoni na bayanan sadarwa. Ana ganin wannan a matsayin lokacin kallon kwanakin yau da kullun na mako waɗanda ke aiki ko waɗanne watanni suna nuna hulɗa mai nauyi tsakanin asusun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gong |first=Xi |last2=Lane |first2=K. Maria D. |date=2020-04-02 |title=Institutional Twitter Usage among U.S. Geography Departments |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2019.1653770 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=219–237 |doi=10.1080/00330124.2019.1653770 |issn=0033-0124 |s2cid=210295148 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken manyan birane a duk duniya ya nuna cewa kafofin sada zumunta sun zama babban karfi a sadarwa ga al'ummomi da yawa. Duk da yake akwai yiwuwar irin wannan bayyanar ga kafofin sada zumunta a yankuna daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya, shaidu sun nuna cewa irin wannan sadarwar kafofin sada zumunci ba ta da tasiri a yankuna da yawa. Yankunan ƙasa tare da yawan jama'a na matakan ilimi mafi girma za su yi hulɗa kuma su fahimci sadarwa ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta yadda ya kamata fiye da yankunan da ke da ƙananan matakan ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Ruopu |last2=Rahaman |first2=Md Mafuzur |last3=Tang |first3=Zhenghong |last4=Zhao |first4=Leiming |date=2021-10-02 |title=Assessing Social Media Communications of Local Governments in Fast-Growing U.S. Cities |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2021.1933547 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=702–712 |doi=10.1080/00330124.2021.1933547 |issn=0033-0124 |s2cid=237576103 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake ana iya amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don sadarwa a ciki da tsakanin al'ummomi a duk faɗin duniya, yana iya zama tasiri ga fahimtar jama'a game da jita-jita da haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Ick-Hoi |last2=Feng |first2=Chen-Chieh |last3=Wang |first3=Yi-Chen |last4=Spitzberg |first4=Brian H. |last5=Tsou |first5=Ming-Hsiang |date=2017-10-02 |title=Exploratory Spatiotemporal Analysis in Risk Communication during the MERS Outbreak in South Korea |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2017.1288577 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=629–643 |doi=10.1080/00330124.2017.1288577 |issn=0033-0124 |s2cid=132208023 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da wannan binciken ne a shekarar 2015 lokacin da Koriya ta Kudu ta firgita game da cutar saboda jita-jita da ke kewaye da kafofin sada zumunta game da cutar da kuma yadda take shafar mutanen kasar. Dangane da binciken daga wannan binciken, kafofin sada zumunta suna da babban tasiri a kan fahimtar jama'a a duk al'ummomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Yankunan karatu ==
[[Fayil:September_11_Photo_Montage.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya; wurin da aka wakilta a cikin hotunan kafofin watsa labarai; misali na wuri-a cikin kafofin watsa labarai]]
Dangane da takaddun lissafi guda ɗaya, yanayin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa ya haɗa da bangarori huɗu masu dacewa: wurare-a-kafen, kafofin watsa labarai-a-space da sarari-a-media.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul C 2885&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Paul C. |last2=Jansson |first2=André |year=2012 |title=Communication Geography: A Bridge between Disciplines |journal=Communication Theory |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=299–317 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01406.x}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdamsJansson2012&quot;&gt;Adams, Paul C.; Jansson, André (2012). &quot;Communication Geography: A Bridge between Disciplines&quot;. ''Communication Theory''. '''22''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;299–&lt;/span&gt;317. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01406.x|10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01406.x]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Paul C. |year=2011 |title=A taxonomy for communication geography |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=37–57 |doi=10.1177/0309132510368451 |s2cid=143955932}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wuraren da ke cikin kafofin watsa labarai wakilci ne na wurin da ke yawo a kowane irin kafofin watsa labarai don kowane irin dalilai, misali zane-zane na shimfidar wuri wanda ke nuna matsayin mai shi, da hotuna na labarai na wuraren birane da ke danganta aikata laifuka da rikici ga yawancin jama'a da matalauta. Media-in-places sune hanyoyin da wasu wurare kamar gida, aji, wurin aiki, ko titin birni ke canzawa ta hanyar aiki da kwarewa ta hanyar sauye-sauye a yadda mutane ke amfani da kafofin watsa labarai a waɗancan wurare. Media-in-spaces sune kayan aikin sadarwa, ko tarihi ne, kamar igiyoyin telegraph, ko na zamani kamar kebul na fiber na gani lokacin da aka tsara shi kuma aka bincika shi dangane da tsarin su na zahiri. Spaces-in-media sune topologies cewa alamomi, hotuna, bayanai da ra'ayoyi suna tafiya ta hanyar suna yadawa ko yadawa daga mutum zuwa mutum da kuma daga rukuni zuwa rukuni.

== Shahararrun malamai ==

=== Masu ilimin ƙasa da ke sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa ===
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{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title fn org&quot; id=&quot;4&quot; |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image logo&quot; |[[File:National_Union_of_Students_UK_logo.png|alt=Logo of National Union of Students UK|frameless]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Takaitaccen bayani
| class=&quot;infobox-data nickname&quot; |NUS
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Kafawa
| class=&quot;infobox-data note&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 Fabrairu 1922&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;; Shekaru 103 da suka gabata&amp;#x20;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated&quot;&gt;1922-02-10&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;387&quot;&gt;[http://www.nus.org.uk/en/who-we-are/our-history/a-brief-history/ &quot;A brief history: Our History: Who We Are: www.nus.org.uk&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;388&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Hedikwatar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[London|Landan]], Ingila, Burtaniya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Ayyuka
| class=&quot;infobox-data note&quot; |goyon baya ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da ɗalibai
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Kasancewa memba
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |~ ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai 600
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Harshen hukuma&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Turanci, Welsh (NUS Wales) 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;[[List of Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)|Shugaban kasa]]&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Amira Campbell &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[https://www.nus.org.uk/nus-announces-newly-elected-full-time-officers &quot;NUS announces newly elected Officer team&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |[[Subsidiary|Rukunin reshe]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ayyukan NUS Limited, NUS Holdings Limited, Ayyukan Taimako na Tarayyar Dalibai na NUS, NUS Media Limited
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Haɗin kai
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[European Students' Union|Kungiyar Dalibai ta Turai]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Shafin yanar gizo
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[https://www.nus.org.uk www.nus.org.uk]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa''' ('''NUS''') ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a duk faɗin [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] . Kimanin Kungiyoyin dalibai 600 suna da alaƙa, suna da alaka da sama da kashi 95% na dukkan kungiyoyin ilimi na sama da na gaba a Burtaniya. Kodayake Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ita ce ƙungiya ta tsakiya ga duk ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa a Burtaniya, akwai kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa: NUS Scotland a Scotland, NUS Wales (''UCM Cymru'') a Wales da NUS-USI a Arewacin Ireland (wanda Ƙungiyar Dalibai a Ireland ke gudanar da shi tare).

== Kasancewa memba ==
There are four types of membership of NUS:[citation needed]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Membership of NUS |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/nus-uk/who-we-are/membership-of-nus |access-date=July 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ana ba da membobin kundin tsarin mulki ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai ta Taron Kasa ko Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta hanyar kuri'un kashi biyu bisa uku
* Ana ba da memba na mutum ta atomatik ga membobin ƙungiyar ɗalibai tare da membobin ƙauyuka, jami'an sabbatical na membobin ƙuƙwalwa, membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa da masu taron sabbatical ta Yankunan NUS
* Ana ba da membobin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar kashi biyu bisa uku na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa zuwa: Ƙungiyoyin Dalibai a cikin Ƙungiya - duk ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai na ƙasa Ƙungiyoyin Abokan hulɗa a cikin Ƙungiyar - ƙungiyoyin da ba ɗalibai ba waɗanda ke jin tausayi da NUS Individuals in Association - duk mutumin da ke tallafawa abubuwan Yankin NUS - ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban da aka ayyana a cikin ƙasa
** ''Kungiyoyin Dalibai a cikin Kungiyar -'' duk wata ƙungiya ta ɗalibai ta ƙasa
** ''Kungiyoyin Abokan hulɗa a cikin Ƙungiya'' - kungiyoyin da ba na ɗalibai ba waɗanda ke jin tausayi da NUS
** Mutanen da ke cikin Ƙungiya - duk wani mutum wanda ke tallafawa abubuwan NUS
** ''Yankunan NUS'' - ƙungiyoyin da aka ayyana a cikin ƙasa na ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai
* Taron kasa yana ba da memba na girmamawa ga &quot;duk wani mutum ko ƙungiya kamar yadda ya ga ya dace&quot;

Daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan membobin, kawai membobin ƙauyuka ne zasu iya jefa kuri'a ko gabatar da shawarwarin manufofi ga Taron Kasa. Ana buƙatar membobin kundin tsarin mulki da membobin haɗin gwiwa su biya kuɗin biyan kuɗi a matsayin yanayin membobinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Articles of Association &amp; Rules |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/pageassets/about/democraticprocess/NUS_Articles_Rules_Aug12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105032545/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/pageassets/about/democraticprocess/NUS_Articles_Rules_Aug12.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=9 September 2013 |publisher=National Union of Students}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
{{National Union of Students (United Kingdom)}}
[[Fayil:Sir_Ivison_Macadam.jpg|right|thumb|Sir Ivison Macadam shine shugaban da ya kafa NUS. Daga baya ya zama Darakta Janar na farko na Royal Institute of International Affairs .]]

=== Asalin da tarihin farko ===
An kafa NUS a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1922 a wani taro da aka gudanar a Jami'ar London. A wannan taron, Inter-Varsity Association da Ofishin Dalibai na Duniya (wanda ya shirya tafiye-tafiye na dalibai kuma yana neman ƙungiyar ƙasa) sun amince da haɗuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-14 |title=National Union of Students |url=https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2016laureates/nus |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our story @ NUS Connect |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/nus-uk/who-we-are/our-story |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mambobin da suka kafa sun hada da kungiyoyin kwadago na Jami'ar Birmingham, Birkbeck, Jami'ar London, Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, Kwalejin Imperial (wanda ya fara barin a 1923 kuma daga baya ya sake komawa kuma ya bar sau uku, karo na karshe ya kasance a watan Yunin 2008), Kwalejin Sarki ta London (wanda ya samar da Shugaban farko, Sir Ivison Macadam) da Jami'ar Bristol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2006 |title=Students start voting on NUS membership {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/2945/students-start-voting-nus-membership/ |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=Imperial News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siyasa da Broad Left, 1968-1982 ===
Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin da aka kafa, Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ta karɓi sashi na &quot;marasa siyasa&quot; a cikin sashin ta a ƙoƙarin nisanta kanta daga dalilan da ya sa Yakin ya ɓarke. Ta haka ne ya damu da kansa game da hulɗar ɗalibai da tafiye-tafiye masu arha, tallafin ɗalibai da abubuwan da ɗalibai ke so.

An kalubalanci wannan yarjejeniyar apolitical tare da zanga-zangar kasa da kasa ta 1968 kuma yayin da Yakin Cold ya kara tsanantawa. A taron NUS na 1969, shugaban kasar Trevor Fisk ya yi adawa da Jack Straw (wanda ke kusa da Bert Ramelson na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya, amma daga baya Sakataren Harkokin Waje a karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin [[Tony Blair]]) kan batun. Straw ya goyi bayan zanga-zangar dalibai game da shigar da sojojin Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam, yayin da Fisk ya ba da shawarar tsaka-tsaki; bangaren Straw ya ci nasara kuma an cire sashi na &quot;babu siyasa&quot;.

Sabuwar zamani ta fara ga NUS, inda tashin hankali na siyasa da zanga-zangar suka zama kafa. Digby Jacks ya biyo bayan Straw a matsayin shugaban kasa, wanda ke wakiltar kungiyar Radical Student Alliance (wanda Fergus Nicholson ya kafa a shekarar 1966) kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya. A cewar rahotanni na gwamnatin Burtaniya ta zamani, an haɗa RSA da Kamfen ɗin Solidarity na Vietnam wanda Trotskyist ke jagoranta kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da ''Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund'' (yana shirya zanga-zangar bayan harbin Rudi Dutschke). Rahoton gwamnati ya bayyana cewa &quot;Idan suna da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na akida ya ƙunshi aikin Farfesa Herbert Marcuse, Mutumin Ɗaya. &quot;  Dangane da ra'ayin Marcusian na kare kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru na siyasa, a cikin shekarun 1970s, NUS ta zo don tallafawa abin da ta kira &quot;kamfen na' yanci&quot;, gami da; [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|'Yancin ɗan luwaɗi]] (Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta farko da ta yi haka a 1973), mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da kishin ƙasa. A lokaci guda, NUS ta karɓi manufofin No Platform; ra'ayi da IMG ta fara a cikin 1972; don hana ƙungiyar harabar da jawabin kungiyoyin 'yan kasa na Burtaniya waɗanda ta ayyana su &quot;mai wariyar launin fata ko fascist&quot;. A lokacin, an yi niyyar wannan ne ga National Front da kuma Litinin Club (wani bangare a cikin Tarayyar Dalibai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya). 

Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin al'amuran [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], inda yawancin cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma akwai mambobi na NUS da Union of Students in Ireland (USI), kodayake wannan ya bambanta daga shari'a zuwa shari'a. Lalle ne, shugabannin biyu na NUS a baya a cikin shekarun 1960 sun fito ne daga Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Belfast (Queen's ko QUB); T. William Savage da T. Geoff Martin. Rikicin 1968-69 a Arewacin Ireland ya ga farkon Matsalar da rarrabuwar ɗarika ta fito fili. Bayan mambobin QUBSU sun shirya zanga-zangar adawa da dan siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Unionist Bill Craig, Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na lokacin, wasu mambobi kamar Bernadette Devlin, Eamonn McCann da Michael Farrell sun yanke shawarar kafa kungiyar Trotskyist People's Democracy a shekarar 1968, wanda ya taka rawar gani a cikin Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na Arewacin Ireland. Bayan wani taro a Galway a 1972, don yaki da rarrabuwar, an amince da cewa za a kafa wata kungiya da ake kira NUS-USI tare da mambobi biyu don rufe Arewacin Ireland.

Ɗaya daga cikin kamfen ɗin zanga-zangar NUS wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s shine kamfen ɗin kauracewa jam'iyyar National Party da ke mulkin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Anti-Apartheid Movement .  A shekara ta 1970, mataimakin shugaban NUS Tony Klug ya ziyarci Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya sadu da [[Steve Biko]] na [[Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu|SASO]] da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;aa&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, membobin sun yi ƙoƙari su rushe wasannin rugby da cricket na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1970s. A cikin shekarun 1980s, NUS ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun Bankin Barclay ya fitar da shi daga Afirka ta Kudu, yana kai masa hari a matsayin &quot;Bankin Boerclay&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;aa&quot; /&gt;

A cikin wannan lokacin, shugabancin NUS ya mamaye Broad Left, wanda Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya (inda Kwaminisanci ta Yuro ta fi shahara a tsakanin dalibai maimakon masu adawa da sake fasalin Soviet &quot;Tankie&quot;) sun fi yawa kuma yawanci suna ba da shugaban, amma Labour da Liberals sun goyi bayan su. Sun yi haka don yin aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar jefa kuri'a a kan Conservatives da Militant. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shugabannin Broad Left shi ne Charles Clarke (daga baya Sakataren Cikin Gida a karkashin Blair) wanda a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Sashe na Hudu, ya lashe Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun daga tasirin Militant. Sauran shugabanni sun hada da Sue Slipman (wanda ya fara a bangaren Yurocommunist a Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Burtaniya amma ya zama memba mai kafa Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party a shekara ta 1981), Trevor Phillips (mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa kuma shugaban NUS na farko, wanda daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar alaƙar launin fata Runnymede Trust) da David Aaronovitch (wanda a lokacin ya kasance Yurocomunist, amma daga baya ya zama ɗan jarida da ya haɗa da Neoconservatism).

=== Shugabancin daliban Labour, 1982-2000 ===
Daga 1982 tare da zaben Neil Stewart, har sai Andrew Pakes ya sauka a shekara ta 2000, shugabancin kungiyar dalibai ta kasa ya kasance karkashin ikon kungiyar dalibai na Labour, wanda ya taƙaita sunansa zuwa daliban Labour a 1994. Shahararrun Shugabannin NUS na wannan lokacin sun hada da Phil Woolas, Maeve Sherlock da Stephen Twigg .

=== Tarihi a cikin karni na 21 ===

==== Kasuwanci Mai Kyau ====
Dalibai a Jami'ar Edinburgh ne suka fara Gangamin Fairtrade NUS a cikin kaka 2005. Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda yanzu ya kasance tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da yawa a Biritaniya, yana kira ga 100% na abubuwan sha masu zafi (shayi, kofi, cakulan zafi, da sauransu) waɗanda ƙungiyoyin membobin NUS suka siyar don a ba da izini tare da Fairtrade[citation].

Tun daga wannan lokacin an faɗaɗa kamfen ɗin zuwa cikin Dalibai da ke Shirya Tsaro (SOS-UK), ƙungiyar agaji ta ilimi da ke amsawa ga gaggawa ta yanayi da rikicin muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Students Organising for Sustainability |url=https://sustainability.unioncloud.org/ |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=NUS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidauniyar Fairtrade ta haɗu da NUS wajen bayar da kyautar Jami'o'i da Kwalejojin Fairtrade, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Universities and College |url=https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get%20involved/In-your-community/Universities |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706232722/https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get%20involved/In-your-community/Universities |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya fara ne a matsayin matukin jirgi a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=Fairtrade and NUS pilot new University and College Award scheme |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/fairtrade-and-nus-pilot-new-university-and-college-award-scheme/ |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=NUS |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706195054/https://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/fairtrade-and-nus-pilot-new-university-and-college-award-scheme/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2020, jami'o'i goma sha biyu sun sami matsayin Fairtrade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2020 |title=12 UNIVERSITIES HAVE ACHIEVED FAIRTRADE STATUS IN NATIONWIDE FAIRTRADE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE AWARD |url=https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Media-Centre/News/June-2020/12-Universities-have-achieved-Fairtrade-status-in-nationwide-Fairtrade-University-and-College-Award |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=Fairtrade Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kudin ilimi ====
{{Universities in the United Kingdom}}A karkashin jagorancin Wes Streeting NUS ta watsar da jajircewarta na dogon lokaci ga Ilimi kyauta kuma ta goyi bayan harajin digiri a matsayin sakamakon da ta fi so na Browne Review a cikin kudaden ilimi mafi girma. Kafin Babban Zabe na 2010, NUS ta gayyaci 'yan takara su sanya hannu kan alkawarin da ba za su kara kudaden karatu ba, suna karɓar masu sa hannu sama da 1000 daga' yan takarar majalisa. Wannan ya zama babban kamfen lokacin da 'yan majalisa da yawa na Liberal Democrat, wadanda duk sun sanya hannu kan alkawuran NUS da ke nuna cewa za su jefa kuri'a a kan duk wani hauhawar kudaden karatu idan aka zabe su, dole ne su guji ko kuma su yi akasin haka a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa.

NUS, a karkashin sabon shugaban Aaron Porter, ta shirya zanga-zangar kasa da dubban mutane suka halarta a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, suna neman kawo karshen yanke ilimi. Hanyar tafiya ta wuce Whitehall da hedkwatar Jam'iyyar Conservative a Hasumiyar Millbank. Yayin da suka wuce ginin, wasu masu zanga-zangar sun karkatar da su zuwa farfajiyar Millbank Tower kuma sun fara zama a ginin.

Tare da halartar mutane sama da 50,000, ita ce zanga-zangar Burtaniya mafi girma tun bayan zanga-zambe na Yakin Iraki. Wannan ya haifar da karin demos daban-daban har sai an wuce hauhawar kudaden karatun.

Ranar da ta gabata kafin kuri'ar don ba da damar karuwar kudaden karatun, Daily Telegraph ta ruwaito cewa sun ga imel ɗin da suka ba da shawarar Aaron Porter ya goyi bayan, maimakon ƙara kudaden karatun ya kamata a yanke har zuwa 80% don kunshin tallafin ɗalibai ciki har da tallafi da rance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2010 |title=National Union of Students secretly urged Government to make deep cuts in student grants |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8190379/National-Union-of-Students-secretly-urged-Government-to-make-deep-cuts-in-student-grants.html |access-date=8 December 2010 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; Porter ya amsa da'awar da aka yi a kan NUS Connect cewa &quot;A duk waɗannan tarurruka da sadarwa mun bayyana ƙarfinmu da adawa da yankewa&quot; kuma cewa karkatar da tattaunawar ita ce &quot;tsananin siyasa daga gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da ta rasa muhawara a kan manufofinta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=NUS responds to Telegraph article |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/6001/1173/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212222919/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/6001/1173/ |archive-date=12 December 2010 |access-date=9 December 2010 |publisher=NUS Connect}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2014 Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ta zartar da manufofi a taron ta na kasa don juyar da matsayinta game da kudaden ilimi. An watsar da kiran neman harajin digiri don neman kira ga Ilimi kyauta wanda aka tallafawa ta hanyar haraji mai ci gaba.

==== Binciken Gudanarwa ====
[[Fayil:National_union_of_students_uk_logo.PNG|right|thumb|242x242px|Alamar NUS da aka yi amfani da ita har zuwa 2013]]
{{European Students' Union}}Taron na 2008 a Blackpool ya mamaye muhawara da kuri'a. Shawarwarin sun kasance don sake fasalin gudanar da Tarayyar amma kuri'un sun rasa kuri'un da kuri'u 25 (an buƙaci kashi biyu bisa uku).  An soki bita saboda abin da masu sukar suka ji ya zama hari kan alhakin dimokuradiyya na kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NUS Governance Review defeated at last stage – Education-News-News-UPSU.net&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://www.upsu.net/news/union/democracy/2008/04/01/nus-governance-revie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516090236/http://www.upsu.net/news/union/democracy/2008/04/01/nus-governance-revie.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=2 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka magoya bayanta sun kare bita kamar yadda suke samar da tsarin kamfanoni na 'matsayi' wanda ake fatan sanya shi mafi inganci a tattauna manufofin, maimakon kawai 'mai amsawa'. Mutane da yawa a cikin zartarwa ba su karɓi wannan da kyau ba tare da Shugaban kasa, Gemma Tumelty, yana rantsuwa da ci gaba da sake fasalin. Rashin ci gaba a kan sake fasalin mulki ya kuma sa Imperial College Union ta gudanar da raba gardama kan rashin shiga tsakani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ashley Brown |date=19 May 2008 |title=Live! – Council Calls NUS Referendum |url=http://live.cgcu.net/news/1769 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213148/http://live.cgcu.net/news/1769 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Live.cgcu.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ISIS, Malia Bouattia, da kuma rashin shiga tsakani ====
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa na NUS ya ki amincewa da wata yunkuri don hukunta kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Islamic State saboda wasu mambobin zartarwa &quot;sun ji cewa kalmomin da aka gabatar za su lalata dukkan Musulmai ba tare da adalci ba maimakon kawai ƙungiyar mutanen da ta fara hukuntawa da kyau. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222144258/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |archive-date=22 December 2014 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |publisher=NUS connect}}&lt;/ref&gt; NUS ta sami zargi saboda wannan matsayi saboda la'akari da ita a baya ga jam'iyyar siyasa ta UKIP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2014 |title=NUS will condemn Israel and Ukip but not Isis |url=http://i100.independent.co.uk/article/nus-will-condemn-israel-and-ukip-but-not-isis--lJLK98e7Ul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213184443/http://i100.independent.co.uk/article/nus-will-condemn-israel-and-ukip-but-not-isis--lJLK98e7Ul |archive-date=13 February 2016 |access-date=2 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da wata sanarwa daga NUS  da ke tabbatar da cewa &quot;za a kai sabon motsi zuwa taron kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na NUS na gaba, wanda zai yi Allah wadai da siyasa da hanyoyin ISIS kuma ya ba da hadin kai ga mutanen Kurdawa, &quot;tsarin kafofin watsa labarai game da kuri'un ya sa wasu mambobin kungiyar dalibai suyi hasashen cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun shiga NUS kanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222144258/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=nusconnect |publisher=NUS}}&lt;/ref&gt; A taron zartarwa mai zuwa a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2014, an sake gabatar da irin wannan yunkuri, wanda ya yi Allah wadai da ISIS, ya nuna hadin kai ga mutanen Kurdawa, kuma ya yi kira ga NUS da ta kalubalanci &quot;Islamophobia da duk nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da ake yi musu bulala&quot; kuma an sauƙaƙe su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Union of Students votes to oppose US and UK military intervention in Iraq and Syria |url=http://stopwar.org.uk/resources/reports/national-union-of-students-votes-to-oppose-us-and-uk-military-intervention-in-iraq-and-syria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141222120707/http://stopwar.org.uk/resources/reports/national-union-of-students-votes-to-oppose-us-and-uk-military-intervention-in-iraq-and-syria |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=Stop the War}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A taron NUS na 2016, an zabi Malia Bouattia a matsayin shugaban kasa tare da kashi 50.9% na kuri'un da suka doke Megan Dunn wacce ta nemi sake zaben. Ba da daɗewa ba Bouattia ta fuskanci zarge-zarge da yawa na adawa da Yahudawa;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bowden |first=George |date=14 April 2016 |title=NUS President Election Candidate, Malia Bouattia, Responds To 'Anti-Semitism' Claims |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/nus-president-election-candidate-malia-bouattia-responds-to-anti-semitism-claims_uk_570fa2dae4b01711c61318c4 |access-date=23 April 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lindley |first=Daniel |last2=Bouattia |first2=Malia |date=28 March 2011 |title=University of Birmingham &amp; Israeli Apartheid Week: Mock Israeli Checkpoint |url=http://the-london-school-of-emancipation.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/university-of-birmingham-israeli.html |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=The London School of Emancipation Blogspot |publisher=The London School of Economics Student Union Palestine Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani rahoto na Oktoba 2016 na Kwamitin Zaɓin Harkokin Cikin Gida ya bayyana maganganunta a matsayin &quot;ra'ayin wariyar launin fata&quot;, kuma ya ce ba ta ɗaukar batutuwan adawa da antisemitism a makarantun jami'a da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nawaz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=20 April 2016 |title=Malia Bouattia is symbolic of the poison of the regressive Left |url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/comment/157134/malia-bouattia-symbolic-poison-regressive-left |access-date=23 April 2016 |website=The Jewish Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin dalibai sama da 300 na Yahudawa, Union of Jewish Students da [[Jami'ar Oxford|Oxford]] University Student Union sun hukunta Bouattia.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Aftab |title=The NUS has elected its new president for the next academic year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/malia-bouattia-elected-nus-national-president-at-brighton-conference-a6992761.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/malia-bouattia-elected-nus-national-president-at-brighton-conference-a6992761.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=2016-04-20 |website=The Independent |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da zabenta, ɗalibai a Durham, [[Jami'ar Loughborough|Loughborough]], [[University of Hull|Hull]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Hull&quot;&gt;Hull, Aberystwyth, Oxford, [[Cambridge University Students' Union|Cambridge]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;University of Cambridge&quot;&gt;Cambridge, Manchester, Essex, York, King's College London, Nottingham, UWE, Leicester, Queen Mary University of London da Jami'ar Reading sun fara kamfen don fita daga NUS.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-09 |title=Lincoln SU disaffiliates from National Union of Students |url=http://thelinc.co.uk/2016/05/lincoln-su-disaffiliates-from-national-union-of-students/ |access-date=2016-05-10 |website=The Linc |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Newcastle, Portsmouth, Hull da [[Jami'ar Loughborough|Loughbrough]] sun rabu; sauran sun ci gaba da kasancewa, kodayake NUS ya ruwaito cewa ya karya dokokin kamfen a Oxford, Cambridge, da Ikilisiyar Kristi.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=VERSA – BREAKING EXCLUSIVE: NUS violate referendum rules in an attempt to influence result |url=http://versanews.co.uk/2016/05/31/breaking-nus-violate-referendum-rules-in-an-attempt-to-influence-result/ |access-date=2 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2016 |title=NUS disaffiliation: The story so far |url=https://thetab.com/2016/05/27/nus-disaffiliation-referendums-story-far-91322 |access-date=2 September 2017 |website=The Tab}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=BREAKING: No action taken against NUS or CUCA for breaking referendum rules |url=http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2016/05/26/breaking-no-action-taken-nus-breaking-referendum-rules-77729 |access-date=2 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2019 |title=NUS cheat uni's vote to leave by emailing voters pro-NUS propaganda |url=https://thetab.com/uk/2019/03/28/nus-caught-cheating-in-unis-vote-to-leave-by-emailing-voters-pro-nus-propaganda-96667 |access-date=15 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hornall |first=Thomas |date=12 May 2016 |title=Newcastle University cuts ties with the NUS following election of controversial president |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastle-university-cuts-ties-nus-11326067 |access-date=2 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2016 |title=Why Are So Many Student Unions Trying to Leave the NUS? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/whats-going-on-with-the-nus-disaffiliation/ |access-date=2 September 2017 |website=Vice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Referendum @ Durham Students' Union |url=http://www.durhamsu.com/main-menu/have-your-say/referendum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607180701/http://www.durhamsu.com/main-menu/have-your-say/referendum |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=2016-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=VERSA – BREAKING: Oxford votes to stay in the NUS |url=http://versanews.co.uk/2016/06/02/breaking-oxford-votes-to-stay-in-the-nus/ |access-date=2 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Shakira Martin, mataimakin shugaban kungiyar don ci gaba da ilimi, ta kayar da Bouattia a sake zaben ta, wanda ya sami kashi 56% na kuri'un. Martin ya yi alkawarin &quot;haɗin kai&quot;, &quot;pragmatism&quot;, da kuma mayar da &quot;NUS cikin hannun membobinta&quot;. Kungiyoyin masu matsakaici kamar su Organized Independents da Union of Jewish Students sun nemi sake fasalin kungiyar don hana ci gaba da raguwa, ta hanyar wuce manyan yunkurin sake fasalin dimokuradiyya. Canje-canje, waɗanda aka haɓaka daga &quot;shekaru biyu na shawarwari tare da ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai, [da kuma] shawarwarin shari'a da ƙwararru, &quot; an bayyana su a matsayin &quot;mafi cikakkiyar gyare-gyare na tsari a tarihin NUS &quot;.

==== Barazanar fatarar kuɗi ====
A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2018, an ruwaito cewa NUS ta fuskanci fatarar kuɗi. Ba a kawo sauye-sauyen 2017 ba, kuma shekaru da yawa na rashin kula da kudi sun haifar da raguwar albarkatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;the Guardian&quot; /&gt; Martin ya rubuta wa mambobin cewa ƙungiyar za ta &quot;yi mataki na gaggawa don daidaitawa&quot;, tare da sauye-sauye da ake ci gaba don &quot;la'akari da ingantawa tare da taimakon mambobinmu&quot;. Martin ya fuskanci zargi don bunkasa wani shiri mai tsanani na kudi, shugabanci da kuma yakin neman sauye-sauye don amincewa da Taron Kasa na 2019; duk da haka bayan kimanin sa'o'i biyar na muhawara, wakilai 700 sun kada kuri'a don amincewa le kunshin. Martin ya yi maraba da kuri'ar, yana kiranta &quot;ƙaddamar da yanke shawara don amincewa da sake fasalin da kuma isar da hangen nesa na mambobi&quot;.

==== Sabon NUS ====
A cikin 2020, jami'in NUS ya rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: NUS UK da NUS Charity . &lt;ref name=&quot;Governing Boards @ NUS Connect&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Governing Boards @ NUS Connect |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/governance/governing-boards |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; NUS UK tana mai da hankali kan kamfen tare da dalibai yayin da NUS Charity ke mai da hankali ga tallafawa kungiyoyin dalibai.

==== Rahoto game da halayyar adawa da Yahudawa ====
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yanke duk wata alaƙa da NUS bisa zargin cewa ta kasa magance &quot;rugujewar anti-semitic a zuciya&quot;.   Har ila yau, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, NUS ta ba da sanarwar cewa Rebecca Tuck QC za ta jagoranci bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin adawa da Yahudawa a cikin NUS. Bayan bincikenta, an sallami Shaima Dallali a matsayin Shugaban NUS a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hugh Jones |last2=Caredig ap Tomos |last3=Michael Hennessey |date=16 September 2022 |title=NUS president suspended amid antisemitism row |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/24198 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken mai zaman kansa ya gano cewa NUS ya kasa kalubalantar adawa da Yahudawa da ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa a cikin tsarinsa. Daliban Yahudawa sun kasance &quot;sun fuskanci tsangwama&quot; kuma an karya manufofin NUS. NUS ta nemi gafara ga ɗaliban Yahudawa kuma ta ce za ta aiwatar da shawarwarin rahoton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Independent investigation into antisemitism |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/independent_investigation_into_antisemitism |access-date=12 January 2023 |publisher=NUS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dimokuradiyya ==
{{Authority control}}NUS tana gudanar da taron kasa sau ɗaya a shekara. Taron Kasa shine babban bangare na NUS, kuma shine inda aka yanke shawarar manufofin NUS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Conference |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/conferences/national-conference |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=NUS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana gudanar da Taron Yankin don inganta wakilcin mambobi daga Scotland, Wales, da Arewacin Ireland. Kafin sake fasalin 2019 wasu tarurruka kamar Taron Mata, Lesbian, Gay, Taron Dalibai na Bisexual &amp; Trans (wanda aka canza tun daga shekara ta 2004), Taron Dalilai na nakasassu, Taron dalibai na Black, Taron ɗalibai na Mature da na Lokaci da Taron Daliban Duniya (wanda aka kirkira a shekara ta 2004) ana gudanar da su don inganta wakilcin takamaiman membobin da suka haɗa. Bayan 2019 an haɗu da Taron Mata, LGBT, Trans, Naƙasasshe, da Black Students a cikin Taron 'Yanci guda ɗaya kuma Taron Mature da Sashe na Lokaci, Postgraduate, da Taron Dalibai na Duniya ba sa aiki.

A watan Yulin 2014, saboda kirkirar sabon yankin NUS London, an gudanar da taron farko na NUS London. Yawancin waɗannan tarurruka, kuma musamman zaɓen da aka gudanar a cikinsu, ƙungiyoyi ne suka fafata da su ciki har da    Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, Daliban Ma'aikata, Matasa Masu sassaucin ra'ayi, Yakin Kasa game da Kudade da Ragewa, Masu Tsara Tsara Tsara, 'Yancin Matasa, Daliban Socialist, Socialist Workers' Student Society, Student RESPECT da Liberation Hagu  Baya ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin siyasa, ƙungiyoyin masu sha'awa kamar Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Musulunci na Dalibai da Tarayyar Dalibai na Yahudawa suna da hannu sosai a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya na ciki na NUS.

== Ayyukan NUS ==
Sabis na NUS yana ba da sabis na siye, tallafi da tallace-tallace ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu alaƙa da NUS. Masu hannun jarinsa sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai sama da 200 masu alaƙa da NUS, kuma kwamiti da kwamitocin da suka ƙunshi masu sa kai daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin masu hannun jari ne ke jagoranta.

Kungiyar Manajoji a cikin Kungiyoyin Dalibai sun kada kuri'a don haɗuwa da NUS da Ayyukan NUS a cikin 2010 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMSU votes to merge with NUS |url=http://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/amsu-votes-to-merge-with-nus/ |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=NUS News |publisher=NUS }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SUSU: What is NUS |url=http://www.susu.org/downloads/democracy/papers/election_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222135106/http://www.susu.org/downloads/democracy/papers/election_2.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=Southampton University Students' Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dukkanin ===
TOTUM, wanda aka fi sani da NUS Extra, katin ragi ne wanda ɗalibai za su iya saya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TOTUM – #1 student discount |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/en/nus-extra/ |website=www.nus.org.uk }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan NUS ne ke samar da shi tare da NUS, kuma ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu alaƙa suna karɓar kwamiti a kan kowane katin da aka sayar wa membobinsu, duk da haka katin yana samuwa ga dukan ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da ko su mambobi ne na ƙungiyar ɗalibai masu haɗin gwiwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TOTUM – #1 student discount |url=https://www.totum.com/about |website=www.totum.com |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2025-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802095444/https://totum.com/about |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu amfani da TOTUM suma sun cancanci neman katin shaida na NUS PASS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Proof of age ID with TOTUM |url=https://www.totum.com/proof-of-age-id-card |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=www.totum.com |publisher=NUS |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163152/https://www.totum.com/proof-of-age-id-card |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan sadaka na NUS ===
NUS ta kafa sadaka don inganta ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai. Zai mai da hankali kan ingancin ƙungiyar ɗalibai, gudanar da baiwa, daidaito da bambancin, ci gaban dabarun da juyawa, aikin ɗabi'a da muhalli, da tara kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Governing Boards @ NUS Connect&quot;/&gt;

'''Ayyukan ɗabi'a da muhalli'''

Don karfafa dorewa muhalli, NUS tana shirya shirye-shiryen sauye-sauyen halayyar tsakanin ma'aikata da dalibai, kamar Green Impact, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scarborough |first=C |last2=Cantarello |first2=E |date=2018 |title=Barriers to pro-environmental behaviours at Bournemouth University |url=https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31095/ |journal=Meliora: International Journal of Student Sustainability Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.22493/Meliora.1.2.0010 |doi-broken-date=2 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Student Switch Off, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazhar |first=MU |last2=Bull |first2=R |last3=Lemon |first3=M |date=2 November 2017 |title=Critical success factors for embedding carbon management in organizations: lessons from the UK higher education sector |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2017.1386533 |journal=Carbon Management |language=en |volume=8 |issue=5–6 |pages=379–392 |bibcode=2017CarM....8..379M |doi=10.1080/17583004.2017.1386533 |issn=1758-3004 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Student Eats. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Laycock Pedersen |first=R |last2=Robinson |first2=ZP |last3=Surman |first3=E |date=January 2019 |title=Understanding Transience and Participation in University Student-Led Food Gardens |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=2788 |bibcode=2019Sust...11.2788L |doi=10.3390/su11102788 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sashen da'a da muhalli na NUS ya samo asali ne a cikin 1995, inda ya kafa wani kwamiti da ke da alhakin bincikar zarge-zargen munanan ayyukan muhalli a wuraren sayar da giya na Bass. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

A cikin 2016, sashen ya gudanar da shekarar matukin jirgi na NUS Students Green Fund - tallafin £5 miliyan daga HEFCE, yana tallafawa 25 jagorancin ɗalibai, ayyukan ɗorewa a ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a duk faɗin Ingila. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

A cikin 2019, wannan sashen ya zama kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Students Organisation for Sustainability UK . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Students Organising for Sustainability UK (SOS-UK) |url=https://sustainability.nus.org.uk/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=sustainability.nus.org.uk |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414221801/https://sustainability.nus.org.uk/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattaunawa ==
NUS ta zo ne don zargi daga kungiyoyin dalibai wadanda ba su da alaƙa. Sen Ganesh, shugaban kungiyar Imperial College Union a lokacin, ya ce a shekara ta 2002 cewa &quot;da'awar NUS na zama wakilin dalibai ba ta tabbatar da aikin su ba&quot;, musamman kamar yadda &quot;NUS ta mamaye daliban Labour kuma wannan ya rage ikon magance matsalolin dalibai ba tare da nuna bambanci ba&quot;.

Wani zargi da aka yi wa NUS shine rashin Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye wajen zabar jami'an kasa. Ana zabar jami'an NUS a taron ta hanyar wakilai da kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da NUS suka zaba. Masu sukar, daga ciki da waje na ƙungiyar ɗalibai, sun yi jayayya cewa shawarwarin da ƙungiyoyi suka yi da membobinsu game da wanda ya kamata ya wakilci ƙungiyar ɗalibai a taron ƙasa sau da yawa kaɗan ne, kuma wasu sun yi jayyana don amincewa da canje-canje ga kundin tsarin mulkin NUS wanda zai haifar da manufofin memba ɗaya-ƙuri ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Member One Vote Working Group Findings |url=http://www.theyworkforstudents.co.uk/uploads/6/2/1/0/6210998/nc2012_omov_report.pdf |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=They Work for Students |publisher=Theyworkforstudents.com |archive-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222131101/http://www.theyworkforstudents.co.uk/uploads/6/2/1/0/6210998/nc2012_omov_report.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#NUSnc14 – And our one member one vote motion. |url=http://www.yusu.org/your-union/blogs/entry/1319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222131054/http://www.yusu.org/your-union/blogs/entry/1319 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=University of York Students' Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma soki NUS saboda fifiko ga NUS Extra akan kamfen akan batutuwan da ke shafar dalibai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NUS: Extra rip-off for students? |url=http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=906 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200944/http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=906 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Epigram.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin kudi ===
A tsakiyar 2000s, NUS ta fuskanci matsalar kudi, wanda ya haifar da daidaituwa na kashe kudi da raguwar samun kudin shiga. An gabatar da jerin matakan don magance wannan, wanda mafi yawan rikice-rikice ya haɗa da jerin canje-canje ga tsarin mulki da tsarin dimokuradiyya. A shekara ta 2004, taron gaggawa guda biyu sun wuce wasu daga cikin canje-canjen da aka gabatar, duk da cewa ba tare da rikici mai tsanani ba tsakanin waɗanda ke da'awar cewa shawarwarin sun kasance sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci don kula da wanzuwar kungiyar da waɗanda ke jayayya cewa an yi niyyar hana su dimokuradiyya da shiga. Taron NUS na 2006 ya zartar da manufofin da suka ba NUS damar ƙaddamar da NUS Extra a watan Satumbar 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NUS CD21 Resolutions – March 2006 |url=http://studentunion.ca/international/uk/NUS%20-%20CD21%20Resolutions%20-%20March%202006.pdf#page=17 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=NUS }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin ƙarya ===
A cikin gudu har zuwa babban zaben 2015 NUS ta kaddamar da kamfen din Liar Liar da nufin kawar da mambobin majalisar (MPs) wadanda suka karya alkawura game da kudin ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liar Liar: www.nus.org.uk |url=http://www.nus.org.uk/en/liar-liar/ |access-date=2015-04-21 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220412/http://www.nus.org.uk/en/liar-liar/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A kimanin kudin £ 40,000 kuma ya kunshi kamfen din kafofin sada zumunta tare da allon talla, ɗalibai da yawa sun karɓi kamfen ɗin sosai, amma kuma sun kasance ƙarƙashin zargi saboda an motsa shi da siyasa musamman a kan 'Yan majalisa na Liberal Democrat kamar yadda ya saba da membobin dukkan jam'iyyun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morrissey |first=Ciarán |date=2015-04-21 |title=NUS's 'Liar Liar' campaign comes under fire for being politically biased |url=http://www.nouse.co.uk/2015/04/21/nus-liar-liar-campaign-comes-under-fire-for-being-politically-biased/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523172227/http://www.nouse.co.uk/2015/04/21/nus-liar-liar-campaign-comes-under-fire-for-being-politically-biased/ |archive-date=2015-05-23 |access-date=2015-04-21 |website=[[Nouse]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Sarah |title=Blair Blair: a response to the NUS's 'Liar Liar' campaign {{!}} Redbrick |url=http://www.redbrick.me/ge2015/election-comment/blair-blair-a-response-to-the-nus-liar-liar-campaign/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427021655/http://www.redbrick.me/ge2015/election-comment/blair-blair-a-response-to-the-nus-liar-liar-campaign/ |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-21 |website=Redbrick}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma cire hotunan da ke inganta kamfen ɗin daga tashoshin jirgin ƙasa da yawa a kan dalilin cewa Network Rail &quot;kungiyar bangaren jama'a ce mai tsawon makamai&quot; sabili da haka dole ne ta kasance tsaka-tsaki a siyasa. NUS ta yi iƙirarin cewa cire hotunan wani yunkuri ne na &quot;ci&quot; ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meikle |first=James |date=24 April 2015 |title=Network Rail orders removal of NUS anti-Lib Dem posters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/24/network-rail-orders-removal-students-anti-lib-dem-posters-tuition-fees |access-date=2015-04-24 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shugaban NUS Toni Pearce ya kare ayyukan kungiyar yana cewa karya alkawarin game da kudaden karatun: &quot;Ba karamin laifi ba ne. Ba lallai ne mu riƙe su don yin lissafin wannan, kuma za mu yi. &quot;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa
* Jerin kungiyoyin dalibai a Burtaniya da ba su da alaƙa da NUS
* Kamfen na Ƙungiyar Dalibai Masu Naƙasassu
* Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Scotland
* Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasa-Ƙungiyar Dalibai a Ireland
* Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasa ta Wales
* Kamfen na Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Mata

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Union Of Students Of The United Kingdom}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Cape Verde, Minas Gerais</title>
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[[Fayil:MinasGerais_Municip_CaboVerde.svg|right|thumb|250x250px|Yanayin Cabo Verde a taswirar jihar Minas Gerais]]
'''Cabo Verde karamar hukuma ce ta Brazil wacce ke kudu maso yammacin jihar Minas Gerais.  Yawanta ya zuwa 2020[sabunta] mutane 14,075 ne da ke rayuwa a jimlar yanki na 367 km².  Birnin na yankin meso-yankin Sul e Sudoeste de Minas da kuma ƙaramin yanki na São Sebastião do Paraíso.  Ya zama gunduma a cikin 1877. Gundumar ita ce muhimmiyar mai samar da kofi.'''.&amp;nbsp;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Cibiyar birnin Cabo Verde tana da tsawo na mita 927 ɗan gajeren nesa daga iyakar jihar [[São Paulo]]. Gundumar da ke kusa da ita sune: Monte Belo (N), Areado (NE), Divisa Nova (E), Botelhos (S), Caconde (W) da Muzambinho (NW).

== Tarihi ==
Ginin ya fara ne a kusa da ɗakin sujada da aka keɓe ga Nossa Senhora do Rosário do Cabo Verde a cikin shekara ta 1766. A shekara ta 1877 ya zama karamar hukuma.

== Sadarwa ==
Garin yana aiki da manyan hanyoyi guda uku da ke haɗawa da babbar hanyar tarayya BR-146, wacce ke haye yankin.

Belo Horizonte: 465 km, Muzambinho: 25 km, Botelhos: 20 km, da Monte Belo: 33 km. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A onde fica |url=http://www.aondefica.com/centerleft_mg.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707145655/http://www.aondefica.com/centerleft_mg.asp |archive-date=2010-07-07 |access-date=2008-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ayyukan tattalin arziki ==
Noma, tare da samar da kofi da kayayyakin kiwo, shine babban aikin tattalin arziki.  Kofi shine amfanin gona mafi mahimmanci tare da matsakaicin buhu 160,000 da aka samar.  GDP a cikin 2005 ya kasance kusan R$102 miliyan, tare da 4.5 reais daga haraji, 45 reais daga ayyuka, 4.5 reais daga masana'antu, da 48 miliyan reais daga noma.  Bangaren masana'antu ya dauki ma'aikata 130 aiki a shekarar 2005, yayin da 395 suka yi aikin kasuwanci.

A cikin yankunan karkara akwai masu samarwa 1,461 a kan hekta 38,000 na ƙasa. Kimanin mutane 9,000 ne ke aiki a aikin gona. Babban amfanin gona shine kofi, hekta 10,500; da masara, hekta 2,300. Akwai shanu 20,000, daga cikinsu 7,000 shanu ne (2006). Kiwon aladu da kaji ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin yankin.

Akwai banki daya (2007). A cikin motar akwai motoci 1,823 , manyan motoci 163, manyan motoci 211, bas 17, da [[babura]] 425 (2007). 

== Lafiya da ilimi ==
A bangaren kiwon lafiya akwai asibitocin kiwon lafiya 4 da asibiti daya tare da gadaje 63 (2005). Bukatar ilimi na dalibai 2,600 sun halarci makarantun firamare 6, makarantar tsakiya 1, da makarantun firaminare 9.

* Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Municipal: 0.749 (2000) 
* Matsayi na Jiha: 295 daga cikin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] 853 zuwa 2000
* Matsayi na kasa: 1,920 daga cikin 5,138 municipalities kamar yadda na 2000
* Yawan masu karatu da rubutu: 85%
* Rayuwa mai tsawo: 68 (mazaunin maza da mata) 

A shekara ta 2000 kudin shiga na kowane mutum na R$327.00 ya kasance sama da matsakaicin jihar na R$276.00 kuma sama da matsakaiciyar ƙasa na R$297.00. Poços de Caldas yana da mafi girman kuɗin shiga na kowane mutum a Minas Gerais 2000 tare da R $ 435.00. Mafi ƙasƙanci shine jihar Setubinha tare da R$73.00.

Gundumar da ta fi girma a Minas Gerais a shekara ta 2000 ita ce Poços de Caldas tare da 0.841, yayin da mafi ƙasƙanci shine Setubinha tare da 0.568. A cikin ƙasa mafi girma shine São Caetano do Sul a São Paulo tare da 0.919, yayin da mafi ƙasƙanci shine Setubinha . A cikin kididdigar kwanan nan (la'akari da kananan hukumomi 5,507) Manari a jihar Pernambuco tana da mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin ƙasar - 0,467 - sanya shi a matsayi na ƙarshe.

== Coci ==

* Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana - tare da haikalin a cikin Praça Principal, Bairro Chapadão, a cikin Bairros Coelhos, São Bartolomeu da gundumar Serra dos Lemes .
* Igreja Presbiteriana - tare da majami'u a Rua Dr. Antônio de Souza Melo da kuma Gundumar São Bartolomeu de Minas.
* Igreja Evangélica Assembléia de Deus - tare da majami'u a Rua Cel. Ernane Ornelas (Ma'aikatar Belém), Loteamento Assunção (Ma'Aikatar Madureira) da Bairros Chapadão da São Bartolomeu.
* Igreja Batista - tare da coci a Bairro São Judas Tadeu .
* Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular - tare da coci a Rua Álvaro Isac .
* Igreja Congregação Cristã a [[Brazil]] - tare da coci a Rua Tiradentes .
* Igreja Batista Nacional Unidos em Cristo - tare da coci a Rua Quintino Bocaiúva, 126 - Chapadão.
* Ikilisiyar Allah ita ce Ƙauna - Av. Our Lady of the Assumption . 

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
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  <page>
    <title>Cinikin jima'i a Vietnam</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Cinikin jima'i a Vietnam''' fataucin mutane ne don manufar [[Bautar Jima'i|cin zarafin jima'i da bautar]] da ke faruwa a [[Vietnam|Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Vietnam]]. Vietnam ita ce tushen kuma, zuwa ƙarami, ƙasar da ake nufi da mutane masu fataucin jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VIET NAM - UN ACT |url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601093414/http://un-act.org/vietnam/ |archive-date=2018-06-01 |website=UN-ACT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wadanda ke fama da fataucin jima'i a kasar sun fito ne daga kabilun da yawa a Vietnam. 'Yan ƙasar Vietnam, da farko mata da' yan mata, an yi fataucin jima'i zuwa wasu ƙasashe a [[Asiya]] kuma an sami shari'o'i har ma a [[Nahiya|nahiyoyi]] daban-daban kamar Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2013 |title=Vietnamese Women Fall Prey to Sex Racket |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/trafficking-03282013190106.html |website=Radio Free Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2019 |title=Precarious journeys of Vietnamese children trafficked to Europe |url=https://www.antislavery.org/vietnamese-children-trafficked-europe/ |website=Anti-slavery International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa ana tilasta musu yin karuwanci, da aure.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html |website=Asia News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/ |website=The Diplomat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana barazanar wadanda abin ya shafa    da kuma rauni a jiki da tunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2019 |title=Raped, beaten and sold in China: Vietnam's kidnapped young brides |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/vietnam-kidnapped-brides-trafficking-china-wives-11777162 |website=Channel News Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Vietnamese teen's escape from the China trafficking trade that sold her mother |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-21/vietnam-sapa-women-trafficked-to-china/9675610 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Sex trafficking ring busted, Vietnamese women rescued |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201911180020 |website=Focus Taiwan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2019 |title=Sold, raped, enslaved: Human trafficking victims shared stories in 2019 |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/sold-raped-enslaved-human-trafficking-victims-shared-stories-in-2019-4030004.html |website=VnExpress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i]] daga fyade, cin zarafi &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated8&quot; /&gt;  da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] sun zama ruwan dare.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Vietnam's &quot;modern sex slaves&quot; sold in China as prostitutes or brides |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Vietnams-modern-sex-slaves-sold-in-China-as-prostitutes-or-brides-33361.html |website=Asia News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2015 |title=Vietnamese Trafficking Victim Reveals Heartbreaking Ordeal |url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia/vietnamese-trafficking-victim-reveals-heartbreaking-ordeal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326203201/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia/vietnamese-trafficking-victim-reveals-heartbreaking-ordeal |archive-date=March 26, 2020 |website=VOA News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana azabtar da wasu mata da 'yan mata kuma ana kashe su.

Maza da mata masu aikata laifuka sun fito ne daga wurare daban-daban kuma da yawa mambobi ne ko kuma kungiyoyin masu aikata laphida da kungiyoyi ne suka sauƙaƙe su.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2018 |title=Dangerous journeys: tackling Vietnamese trafficking |url=https://www.antislavery.org/vietnamese-trafficking/ |website=Anti-slavery International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsayin fataucin jima'i a Vietnam yana da wuyar tantancewa saboda dalilai kamar iyakantaccen bayanai, yanayin ɓoye na ayyukan fataucin mutane, ƙalubale a gano wanda aka azabtar, da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi. Kokarin aiwatar da dokokin fataucin jima'i da bincike kan shari'o'in sun kasance a baya da suka shafi kalubale ciki har da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin isasshen hadin kai tsakanin bangarori, batutuwan kula da kan iyaka, da gibin a cikin dokokin yaki da fataucin mutane, kodayake gwamnati tana ƙoƙarin magance shi. Gudanar da dokoki da yawa don yaki da fataucin jima'i, gami da Dokar 2015 kan Rigakafi da Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam. Wanda ke aikata laifuka da fataucin mutane don cin zarafi, da kuma kare wadanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar farfadowa da goyon bayan shari'a da kuma Dokar Shari'a ta 2015, wanda ke aikata laphar fataucin da ke ba da hukunci mai tsanani ga kananan yara masu fataucin abubuwa da kungiyoyin masu aikata laifukan da ke yin hakan galibi hukuncin kisa. Lambar ta tabbatar da cewa ana ba da kariya ga wanda aka azabtar, sabis na farfadowa, da diyya. Har ila yau, yana jaddada hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa kuma yana tsara nauyin hukumomin gwamnati da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban. Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa (2016-2020) yana inganta daidaituwa da kokarin gurfanar da shi, yayin da kasar ke bin Yarjejeniyar Palermo ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Yarjejeniyar hanawa, hanawa da azabtar da fataucin mutane, Musamman Mata da Yara. Duk da wadannan dokoki, kalubalen tilasta aiki har yanzu suna ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vietnam’s current legislation against human trafficking: evaluation and proposed amendments |url=https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/vietnams-current-legislation-against-human-trafficking-evaluation-and-proposed-amendments-71590.html#:~:text=Meanwhile%2C%20under%20Articles%20150%20and,benefits%20or%20practicing%20sexual%20exploitation%2C |access-date=24 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, karuwar haɗin yanki a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Kasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya wanda ke ba da damar yin tafiye-tafiye na kasuwanci da babban birnin, na iya gabatar da sabbin ƙalubale wajen magance fataucin jima'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2018 |title=Human trafficking remains a headache in Vietnam and Southeast Asia |url=http://hanoitimes.vn/human-trafficking-remains-a-headache-in-vietnam-and-southeast-asia-4046.html |website=Hanoi Times |access-date=August 12, 2025 |archive-date=December 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216080348/https://hanoitimes.vn/human-trafficking-remains-a-headache-in-vietnam-and-southeast-asia-4046.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2017 |title=Human trafficking on rise in Vietnam, says government |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/human-trafficking-on-rise-in-vietnam-says-government/722008 |website=Anadolu Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Trafficking of Vietnamese women for sex and marriage expands across region: expert |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-humantrafficking/trafficking-of-vietnamese-women-for-sex-and-marriage-expands-across-region-expert-idUSKCN0Y9180 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Trafficking of Vietnamese women for sex and marriage expands across region - expert |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20160518101650-vj7xq/ |website=Thomson Reuters Foundation News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
'Yan fashi na Cantonese a kan iyakar teku ta Guangdong tare da Vietnam a cikin ƙarni na 17, 18 da 19 sau da yawa ana sace su kuma suna yi wa mata da yara maza na Vietnam fyade. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=ANTONY |first=ROBERT J. |date=2014 |title=Violence and Predation on the Sino-Vietnamese Maritime Frontier, 1450–1850 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44740552 |journal=Asia Major |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=104 |jstor=44740552 |access-date=16 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi fataucin mata da 'yan mata na Vietnam daga Vietnam zuwa China a lokacin Mulkin mallaka na Faransa ta hanyar' yan fashi da hukumomin Vietnamese. Kyaftin din Faransa Louis de Grandmaison ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan matan Vietnam 'ba sa so su koma Vietnam kuma suna da iyalai a China kuma sun fi kyau a China&quot;. Mata na Vietnam suna cikin buƙata saboda ƙananan mata na kasar Sin da ke cikin China kuma a kan iyakar kasar Sin akwai maza da yawa na kasar Sin waɗanda ba su da mata kuma suna buƙatar matan Vietnamese. Mata Vietnamese a cikin Red River delta an kai su China ta hukumomin daukar ma'aikata na kasar Sin da kuma matan Vietnamese da aka sace daga ƙauyuka waɗanda 'yan fashi na Vietnamese da na kasar Sin suka mamaye. Matan Vietnamese sun zama mata, karuwai, ko bayi.

An kalli matan Vietnamese a kasar Sin a matsayin &quot;masu wahala, sun yi murabus ga makomarsu, kuma ban da halin kirki&quot; don haka ana son su a matsayin ƙwaraƙwarai da bayin a kasar Sin kuma yawan fataucin mata na Tongkinese (North Vietnamese) zuwa kasar Sin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1875. Akwai buƙata mai yawa ga matan Vietnamese a China. Tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kudancin kasar Sin sune makoma ga yara da mata waɗanda 'yan fashi na kasar Sin suka sace daga yankin da ke kusa da Haiphong a Vietnam. Yara da kyawawan mata 'yan fashi sun kama su a hare-haren da suka kai a kauyukan Vietnamese. Babban cibiyar fataucin bayi ita ce Hai Phong . An sace yara da mata na Vietnamese kuma an kawo su China don su zama bayi daga 'yan fashi na kasar Sin da Vietnamese.

Mung, Meo, Thai, da Nung 'yan tsiraru mata a cikin tsaunukan Tonkin 'yan fashi na Vietnam da' yan fashi na kasar Sin sun sace su kawo China. 'Yan tawayen Can Vuong masu adawa da Faransanci sune tushen' yan fashi na Vietnam yayin da tsoffin' yan tawayen Taiping suka kasance tushen' yan tawagar kasar Sin. Wadannan 'yan fashi na Vietnam da na kasar Sin sun yi yaƙi da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa kuma sun yi kwanton bauna da sojojin Faransa, suna karɓar taimako daga sojojin kasar Sin na yau da kullun don yin yaƙi da Faransanci. 'Yan fashin teku na kasar Sin da Nung sun yi yaƙi da Meo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colvin19962&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=John Colvin (diplomat)}}&lt;/ref&gt; T'ai sun ƙi Viet Minh kuma sun yi yaƙi da su a shekara ta 1947. An ce Nung ya dace da fashi da fashi.

Gidajen karuwai a [[Bangkok]] sun sayi matan Vietnam da aka sace da suka tsere daga Kudancin Vietnam bayan yakin Vietnam wadanda 'yan fashi suka kama.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mai dumama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>113484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878438</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:26:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878438</origin>
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      <text bytes="3500" sha1="650b6ptqdybjbc6q1glwz7bmdw1bxyr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:BiomeilerDrawing.jpg|thumb|Yin amfani da zafi na tarin man fetur na waje don dumama ciki na gida]]
Mai dumama (ko Biomeiler) tsari ne don amfani da kuzari na biomass don dumama gine-gine.

Hanyar da ta dogara da ƙarancin katako na halitta ta samo asali ne daga Jean Pain a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ana amfani da masu dumama da farko don dalilai na nunawa a matsayin ƙananan tsarin don dumama gida. Za'a iya canza sharar gida zuwa makamashi.

== Nau'o'in ==

=== Tarin mai cike da ruwa ===
Mai dumama mai al'ada yana amfani da zafi na babban tarin mai don dumama gida. Wannan nau'in yana buƙatar babban tarin, wanda aka haɗa shi da bututun ruwa mai juzu'i. Ruwa mai zagayawa yana gudanar da zafi zuwa ginin, inda za'a iya ciyar da shi zuwa zagaye na dumama.

Dole ne tarin ya ƙunshi aƙalla lita 8,000 na biomass don kula da zafin jiki a lokacin hunturu.

Don wannan dalili, yawanci ana tara [[Katako|itace]] da aka yanka kuma ana wucewa da bututun ruwa ta ciki. Tsarin lalacewar [[Ilimin halittu|microbiological]] yana haifar da zafi har zuwa watanni 24. Zafin yana samar da ruwa mai zafi, wanda aka ciyar da shi zuwa zagaye na dumama. Tare da isasshen iskar oxygen, biomass yana lalacewa ta hanyar lalacewar iska. Ayyukan microorganisms za a iya sarrafa su ta hanyar abun da ke ciki.

=== Ruwa mai zafi da iskar gas ===
[[Fayil:JeanPainSystem.jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da zafi na tarin mai, kuma ana samar da iskar gas a lokaci guda]]
Bambancin 'Biomeiler' na Pain ya haɗu da composting tare da ƙarni na biogas.

Abubuwan da ke cikin turare na Pain sun kasance tsire-tsire, rassa da underbrush. Ya ƙirƙiro injunan da ke niƙa waɗannan kayan zuwa ƙarami. Ɗaya daga cikin injunansa, samfurin tractor, ya sami lambar yabo ta huɗu a cikin 1978 [[Grenoble]] Agricultural Fair . 

Bayan Pain ya r albarkatun, za a tara su zuwa tarin mita uku da mita shida a fadin (10 × 20 feet). &lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube|JHRvwNJRNag|The Jean Pain Method (in English)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin yana da nauyin kimanin tan 50 (49 ton tsawo; 55 gajeren ton), kuma an ɗora shi a kan tankin ƙarfe na  mita 4 (140 cu . Wannan tankin ya cika zuwa 3/4 tare da mai, wanda a baya an tsoma shi cikin ruwa na watanni biyu. An haɗa tankin da aka rufe ta hanyar bututu zuwa bututun taya 24 na ciki don tattara iskar [[methane]]. Ciwo ya kiyasta cewa kilo 10 (22 fam) na itace zai samar da iskar gas dai-dai da lita daya (0.22   US . na [[Petrol|Man fetur]].

Yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 90 don samar da 500  mita (18,000 cu  na iskar gas: ya isa ya ci gaba da murhu biyu da murhu uku na ƙonewa suna tafiya na shekara guda. 

Ciwo ya yi amfani da iskar gas don dafa abinci da samar da wutar lantarki. Ya kuma ba da man fetur ga motar mai sauƙi. Injin konewa mai amfani da methane ya fitar da janareta wanda ya samar da 100 watts na wutar lantarki. Wannan ya caji batir, yana ba da haske.

Tarin mai na ciwo yana samar da ruwa mai zafi ta hanyar mita 200 (656  na bututu da aka binne a cikin tudun mai. Ana rufe bututun a k da janareta na methane tare da shigarwa don ruwan sanyi da kuma fitarwa don ruwan zafi. Zafin daga lalacewa yana samar da lita 4 a minti daya (0.88 imp gal / min; 1.1 US gal / min) na ruwan zafi da aka dumama zuwa digiri 60 na Celsius (140 digiri Fahrenheit) - ya isa ya sadu da tsakiya na dumama, gidan wanka da bukatun kicin. Tarin ya ƙunshi kusan watanni 18, bayan haka ana rushe shi kuma ana amfani da [[humus]] don [[Mulch]] ƙasa.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878439</id>
      <parentid>878438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:27:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pharouqenr moved page [[Mai dumama mai cikawa]] to [[Mai dumama]]</comment>
      <origin>878438</origin>
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      <text bytes="3500" sha1="650b6ptqdybjbc6q1glwz7bmdw1bxyr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:BiomeilerDrawing.jpg|thumb|Yin amfani da zafi na tarin man fetur na waje don dumama ciki na gida]]
Mai dumama (ko Biomeiler) tsari ne don amfani da kuzari na biomass don dumama gine-gine.

Hanyar da ta dogara da ƙarancin katako na halitta ta samo asali ne daga Jean Pain a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ana amfani da masu dumama da farko don dalilai na nunawa a matsayin ƙananan tsarin don dumama gida. Za'a iya canza sharar gida zuwa makamashi.

== Nau'o'in ==

=== Tarin mai cike da ruwa ===
Mai dumama mai al'ada yana amfani da zafi na babban tarin mai don dumama gida. Wannan nau'in yana buƙatar babban tarin, wanda aka haɗa shi da bututun ruwa mai juzu'i. Ruwa mai zagayawa yana gudanar da zafi zuwa ginin, inda za'a iya ciyar da shi zuwa zagaye na dumama.

Dole ne tarin ya ƙunshi aƙalla lita 8,000 na biomass don kula da zafin jiki a lokacin hunturu.

Don wannan dalili, yawanci ana tara [[Katako|itace]] da aka yanka kuma ana wucewa da bututun ruwa ta ciki. Tsarin lalacewar [[Ilimin halittu|microbiological]] yana haifar da zafi har zuwa watanni 24. Zafin yana samar da ruwa mai zafi, wanda aka ciyar da shi zuwa zagaye na dumama. Tare da isasshen iskar oxygen, biomass yana lalacewa ta hanyar lalacewar iska. Ayyukan microorganisms za a iya sarrafa su ta hanyar abun da ke ciki.

=== Ruwa mai zafi da iskar gas ===
[[Fayil:JeanPainSystem.jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da zafi na tarin mai, kuma ana samar da iskar gas a lokaci guda]]
Bambancin 'Biomeiler' na Pain ya haɗu da composting tare da ƙarni na biogas.

Abubuwan da ke cikin turare na Pain sun kasance tsire-tsire, rassa da underbrush. Ya ƙirƙiro injunan da ke niƙa waɗannan kayan zuwa ƙarami. Ɗaya daga cikin injunansa, samfurin tractor, ya sami lambar yabo ta huɗu a cikin 1978 [[Grenoble]] Agricultural Fair . 

Bayan Pain ya r albarkatun, za a tara su zuwa tarin mita uku da mita shida a fadin (10 × 20 feet). &lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube|JHRvwNJRNag|The Jean Pain Method (in English)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin yana da nauyin kimanin tan 50 (49 ton tsawo; 55 gajeren ton), kuma an ɗora shi a kan tankin ƙarfe na  mita 4 (140 cu . Wannan tankin ya cika zuwa 3/4 tare da mai, wanda a baya an tsoma shi cikin ruwa na watanni biyu. An haɗa tankin da aka rufe ta hanyar bututu zuwa bututun taya 24 na ciki don tattara iskar [[methane]]. Ciwo ya kiyasta cewa kilo 10 (22 fam) na itace zai samar da iskar gas dai-dai da lita daya (0.22   US . na [[Petrol|Man fetur]].

Yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 90 don samar da 500  mita (18,000 cu  na iskar gas: ya isa ya ci gaba da murhu biyu da murhu uku na ƙonewa suna tafiya na shekara guda. 

Ciwo ya yi amfani da iskar gas don dafa abinci da samar da wutar lantarki. Ya kuma ba da man fetur ga motar mai sauƙi. Injin konewa mai amfani da methane ya fitar da janareta wanda ya samar da 100 watts na wutar lantarki. Wannan ya caji batir, yana ba da haske.

Tarin mai na ciwo yana samar da ruwa mai zafi ta hanyar mita 200 (656  na bututu da aka binne a cikin tudun mai. Ana rufe bututun a k da janareta na methane tare da shigarwa don ruwan sanyi da kuma fitarwa don ruwan zafi. Zafin daga lalacewa yana samar da lita 4 a minti daya (0.88 imp gal / min; 1.1 US gal / min) na ruwan zafi da aka dumama zuwa digiri 60 na Celsius (140 digiri Fahrenheit) - ya isa ya sadu da tsakiya na dumama, gidan wanka da bukatun kicin. Tarin ya ƙunshi kusan watanni 18, bayan haka ana rushe shi kuma ana amfani da [[humus]] don [[Mulch]] ƙasa.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Abd al-Salam</title>
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      <id>878226</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T07:29:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
        <id>45571</id>
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      <comment>Manazarta</comment>
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'''Abd al-Salam''' (Arabic: عبد السلام) sunan namiji wanda aka samoshi a musulmi kuma suna  mai daraja ko suna, wanda aka gina shi akan kalmomin larabci Abd, al- da Salam.  Sunan yana nufin &quot;bawan All-salama&quot;, as-Salam kasancewar daya daga cikin sunayen Allah a cikin Kur'ani, wanda ya haifar da sunaye na ka'idar musulmi&lt;ref&gt;Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. London: Hurst &amp; Company.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;S. A. Rahman (2001). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. New Delhi: Goodword Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda harafin s harafin rana ne, harafin l na ''al-'' an haɗa shi da shi. Don haka kodayake an rubuta sunan tare da haruffa da suka dace da ''Abd al-Salam'', furcin da aka saba amfani da shi ya dace da ''Abd as-Salam''. Sauran fassarar sun haɗa da ''Abdul Salam'', ''Abdul Salaam'', ''Abdus Salam'' da sauransu, duk suna ƙarƙashin bambancin sarari da hyphenation.

Shahararrun mutane da sunan sun hada da:&lt;ref&gt;Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). A Dictionary of Muslim Names. London: Hurst &amp; Company.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;S. A. Rahman (2001). A Dictionary of Muslim Names. New Delhi: Goodword Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutane ==

=== Sunan da aka ba shi ===

* Abd as-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami (1140-1227), mai tsarki na Maroko
* Abd As-Salam Al-Asmar (1455-1575), mai tsarki na Musulmi na Libya
* Abdul Salam al-Buseiri (1898-1978), Ministan Harkokin Waje na Libya
* [[Abdel Salam Al Nabulsy]] (1899-1968), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Lebanon
* Abdus Salam (editor) (1910-1977), ɗan jaridar Bangladesh
* Abdul Salam Sabrah (1912-2012), mukaddashin Firayim Minista na Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Yemen
* Abdul-Salam Ojeili (1917-2006), marubucin litattafan Siriya kuma ɗan siyasa
* Abdul Salam Arif (1921-1966), shugaban Iraki
* [[Abdelsalam al-Majali]] (1925-2023), Firayim Minista na Jordan
* Abdus Salam (mai fafutuka)  (1925-1952), ya mutu a lokacin zanga-zangar Yunkurin Yaren Bengali
* Abdus Salam (mai ba da labarai)  (1925-1992), mai ba da labarai na Pakistan
* Abdus Salam (1926-1996), masanin kimiyyar Pakistan kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel
* Abdus Salaam, wanda ya kafa Crepe Runner, jerin abinci mai sauri da ke Sri Lanka
* Abdesslam Yassine (1928-2012), shugaban kungiyar Islama ta Morocco Al Adl Wa Al Ihssane
* [[Belaid Abdessalam]] (1928-2020), ɗan siyasan Aljeriya
* Rhadi Ben Abdesselam (1929-2000), mai tsere na Maroko
* Shadi Abdel Salam (1930-1986), darektan fim na Masar
* Mohamed Abdul Salam Mahgoub (1935-2022), ɗan siyasan Masar
* Abdul Salam Azimi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936), Babban Alkalin Afghanistan
* Ali Abdussalam Treki, ko Ali Treki, (1937-2015), diflomasiyyar Libya
* [[Abdussalam Abubakar|Abdulsalami Abubakar]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942), ɗan siyasan Najeriya
* Abdus Salam (janar)  (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942), ɗan siyasan Bangladesh kuma babban janar mai ritaya
* Abdus Salam (ɗan siyasa, an haife shi a 1942) (1942-2011), ɗan siyasan Bangladesh
* Abdessalam Jalloud (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), Firayim Minista na Libya
* Abdul Salam (ɗan siyasa)  (1948 - 2017), ɗan siyasan Indiya daga Manipur
* Abdul Salaam (ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka)  (1953-2024), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ya Amurka na New York Jets
* Abdeslam Ahizoune (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955), ɗan kasuwa na Maroko
* Abdul Salam Rocketi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), kwamandan Taliban wanda ya harbe wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu na Soviet tare da roket din grenade, kuma wanda ya gudu zuwa ofis a shekara ta 2005
* Abdussalam Puthige (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), ɗan jaridar Indiya
* Abdulsalam Abdullah (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), ɗan siyasan Iraki
* [[Abdul al salam al hilal|Abd al-Salam Ali al-Hila]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan ƙasar Yemen, wanda aka tsare a Guantanamo ID # 1463
* Abdul Salam Zaeef (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), jakadan Afghanistan a Pakistan
* Abdul Salam Hanafi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), shugaban Taliban
* Abdoul Salam Sow (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Guinea
* Ashraf Salim Abd Al Salam Sultan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), wanda aka tsare a Guantanamo na Libya ID # 263
* Samir Abdussalam Aboud, wanda aka fi sani da Samir Aboud (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Libya
* Abdoul Salem Thiam, wanda aka fi sani da Abdoul Thiam, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Jamus
* Abdulsalam Al Gadabi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), mai iyo na Yemen
* Abdeslam Ouaddou (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Maroko
* Abdulsalaam Jumaa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na UAR
* Nader Abdussalam Al Tarhouni (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Libya
* Abdessalem Arous (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), dan wasan judoka na Tunisia
* Abdeslam Akouzar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Morocco-Faransa
* Abdul Salam Gaithan Mureef Al Shehry (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan ƙasar Saudi Arabia, wanda aka tsare a Guantanamo ID # 132
* Abdessalam Benjelloun (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Maroko
* [[Abdusalam Abubakar]] (an haife shi a shekara ta ), masanin kimiyya na Somalia-Irish
* Abdusalam Abas Ibrahim, cikakken sunan Abdus Ibrahim (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Habasha-Amurka
* Abudushalamu Abudurexiti (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), (ULY: Abdusalam Abdurëshit) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na ƙasar Sin na ƙabilar Uyghur
* [[Abdul Salam Mumuni]], mai shirya fina-finai na Ghana
* Abdeslam Boulaich, mai ba da labari na Maroko
* Abdesalam Kames, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Libya
* Mehdat Abdul Salam Shabana, darektan Kamfanin Kasuwancin Konsojaya, wanda ake zargi da kungiyar ta'addanci da ke Kuala Lumpur
* Abdul Salaam Alizai, tsohon memba na Taliban wanda ya sauya sheka zuwa gwamnati a 2007
* Abdul Salam (mai shari'a) , Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Taliban
* Abdus Salam (dan siyasa na Chattogram) 
* Abdus Salam (mai kasuwanci) 

=== Sunan mahaifi ===

* Chérif Abdeslam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Aljeriya
* Ibrahim Abdeslam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), daya daga cikin masu aikata hare-haren Nuwamba 2015 a birnin Paris
* Salah Abdeslam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan ƙasar Belgium ne wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, ɗan'uwan Ibrahim Abdesalam
* Kamal Abdulsalam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973), mai gina jiki na Libya da Qatar
* Moulvi Abdus Salam (1906-1999), ɗan siyasan Bangladesh

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Tattaunawar user:Umar Rabiuu</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jinjina */ sabon sashe</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umar Rabiuu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar Rabiuu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 20 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Jinjina ==

Barka da aiki @[[User:Umar Rabiuu|Umar Rabiuu]] tabbas kana kokari wajan kirkira da kuma inganta mukaloli, hakan yana da kyau a cigaba da kokari domin inganta Wikipedia. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 16:17, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Jinjina */ Mayarwa</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umar Rabiuu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar Rabiuu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:31, 20 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Jinjina ==

Barka da aiki @[[User:Umar Rabiuu|Umar Rabiuu]] tabbas kana kokari wajan kirkira da kuma inganta mukaloli, hakan yana da kyau a cigaba da kokari domin inganta Wikipedia. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 16:17, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

:ina mai godiya captain pharouq sosae [[User:Umar Rabiuu|Umar Rabiuu]] ([[User talk:Umar Rabiuu|talk]]) 16:22, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Sahher Bambba</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877861</origin>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Tauraro ɗaya
! Mawaƙi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2022
| &quot;Ishq Nahi Karte&quot;
| [[Emran Hashmi|Emraan Hashmi]]
| B Praak
| 
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Kamaal Hai&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sarki
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for 'Kamaal Hai,' First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877863</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Tauraro ɗaya
! Mawaƙi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2022
| &quot;Ishq Nahi Karte&quot;
| [[Emran Hashmi|Emraan Hashmi]]
| B Praak
| 
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Kamaal Hai&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sarki
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for 'Kamaal Hai,' First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
      <sha1>jdvhryjb19n72qwh32y6fcreordptx6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877865</id>
      <parentid>877863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8779" sha1="lp17xhtvo1xq78m7qhn7luz2wbukzzc" xml:space="preserve">
'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talabijin ===

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Tauraro ɗaya
! Mawaƙi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2022
| &quot;Ishq Nahi Karte&quot;
| [[Emran Hashmi|Emraan Hashmi]]
| B Praak
| 
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Kamaal Hai&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sarki
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for 'Kamaal Hai,' First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
      <sha1>lp17xhtvo1xq78m7qhn7luz2wbukzzc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877866</id>
      <parentid>877865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:23:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9930" sha1="cmdgy1dcntll5eg4bo7xge0uddvv8xd" xml:space="preserve">
'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021
| ''Daular''
| Maham Begum
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=The Empire review: Kunal Kapoor, Shabana Azmi period saga is no Game of Thrones, but it sticks to its guns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-review-hotstar-shabana-azmi-kunal-kapoor-period-saga-is-no-game-of-thrones-7472468/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Dil Bekaraar''
| Debjani Thakur
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |title=Dil Bekaraar review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dil-bekaraar-review/20211126.htm |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| ''Ba'a na Bollywood''
| Karishma Talwar
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Like You've Never Seen Before: Netflix Launches Eagerly Anticipated Trailer for 'The Ba***ds Of Bollywood' |url=https://about.netflix.com/news/bads-of-bollywood-trailer-on-netflix |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=About Netflix |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Tauraro ɗaya
! Mawaƙi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2022
| &quot;Ishq Nahi Karte&quot;
| [[Emran Hashmi|Emraan Hashmi]]
| B Praak
| 
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Kamaal Hai&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sarki
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for 'Kamaal Hai,' First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
      <sha1>cmdgy1dcntll5eg4bo7xge0uddvv8xd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877868</id>
      <parentid>877866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877868</origin>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas''
| Sahher Sethi Sehgal
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Sahher Bambba: After my debut film Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas, people told me not to venture into web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sahher-bambba-after-my-debut-film-pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-people-told-me-not-to-venture-into-web-101648148835418.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwan Miranda''
| Sol
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 June 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Fardeen Khan-Riteish Deshmukh starrer Visfot and Harshvardhan Rane-starrer The Miranda Brothers to release directly on JioCinema : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-fardeen-khan-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-visfot-harshvardhan-rane-starrer-miranda-brothers-release-directly-jio-cinema/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021
| ''Daular''
| Maham Begum
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=The Empire review: Kunal Kapoor, Shabana Azmi period saga is no Game of Thrones, but it sticks to its guns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-review-hotstar-shabana-azmi-kunal-kapoor-period-saga-is-no-game-of-thrones-7472468/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Dil Bekaraar''
| Debjani Thakur
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |title=Dil Bekaraar review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dil-bekaraar-review/20211126.htm |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| ''Ba'a na Bollywood''
| Karishma Talwar
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Like You've Never Seen Before: Netflix Launches Eagerly Anticipated Trailer for 'The Ba***ds Of Bollywood' |url=https://about.netflix.com/news/bads-of-bollywood-trailer-on-netflix |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=About Netflix |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Tauraro ɗaya
! Mawaƙi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2022
| &quot;Ishq Nahi Karte&quot;
| [[Emran Hashmi|Emraan Hashmi]]
| B Praak
| 
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Kamaal Hai&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sarki
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for 'Kamaal Hai,' First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291513|Sahher Bambba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas''
| Sahher Sethi Sehgal
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Sahher Bambba: After my debut film Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas, people told me not to venture into web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sahher-bambba-after-my-debut-film-pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-people-told-me-not-to-venture-into-web-101648148835418.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwan Miranda''
| Sol
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 June 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Fardeen Khan-Riteish Deshmukh starrer Visfot and Harshvardhan Rane-starrer The Miranda Brothers to release directly on JioCinema : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-fardeen-khan-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-visfot-harshvardhan-rane-starrer-miranda-brothers-release-directly-jio-cinema/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021
| ''Daular''
| Maham Begum
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=The Empire review: Kunal Kapoor, Shabana Azmi period saga is no Game of Thrones, but it sticks to its guns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-review-hotstar-shabana-azmi-kunal-kapoor-period-saga-is-no-game-of-thrones-7472468/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Dil Bekaraar''
| Debjani Thakur
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |title=Dil Bekaraar review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dil-bekaraar-review/20211126.htm |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| ''Ba'a na Bollywood''
| Karishma Talwar
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Like You've Never Seen Before: Netflix Launches Eagerly Anticipated Trailer for 'The Ba***ds Of Bollywood' |url=https://about.netflix.com/news/bads-of-bollywood-trailer-on-netflix |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=About Netflix |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Tauraro ɗaya
! Mawaƙi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2022
| &quot;Ishq Nahi Karte&quot;
| [[Emran Hashmi|Emraan Hashmi]]
| B Praak
| 
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Kamaal Hai&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sarki
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for 'Kamaal Hai,' First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Aiki
! Sakamako
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| Kyaututtukan Allo
| Mafi Kyawun Wasan Farko Na Mata
| ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas''|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=26th Star Screen Awards {{!}} 2019 : Full show and winners |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/7050 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas''
| Sahher Sethi Sehgal
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Sahher Bambba: After my debut film Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas, people told me not to venture into web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sahher-bambba-after-my-debut-film-pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-people-told-me-not-to-venture-into-web-101648148835418.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwan Miranda''
| Sol
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 June 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Fardeen Khan-Riteish Deshmukh starrer Visfot and Harshvardhan Rane-starrer The Miranda Brothers to release directly on JioCinema : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-fardeen-khan-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-visfot-harshvardhan-rane-starrer-miranda-brothers-release-directly-jio-cinema/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021
| ''Daular''
| Maham Begum
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=The Empire review: Kunal Kapoor, Shabana Azmi period saga is no Game of Thrones, but it sticks to its guns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-review-hotstar-shabana-azmi-kunal-kapoor-period-saga-is-no-game-of-thrones-7472468/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Dil Bekaraar''
| Debjani Thakur
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |title=Dil Bekaraar review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dil-bekaraar-review/20211126.htm |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| ''Ba'a na Bollywood''
| Karishma Talwar
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Like You've Never Seen Before: Netflix Launches Eagerly Anticipated Trailer for 'The Ba***ds Of Bollywood' |url=https://about.netflix.com/news/bads-of-bollywood-trailer-on-netflix |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=About Netflix |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Tauraro ɗaya
! Mawaƙi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2022
| &quot;Ishq Nahi Karte&quot;
| [[Emran Hashmi|Emraan Hashmi]]
| B Praak
| 
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Kamaal Hai&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sarki
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for 'Kamaal Hai,' First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Aiki
! Sakamako
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| Kyaututtukan Allo
| Mafi Kyawun Wasan Farko Na Mata
| ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas''|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=26th Star Screen Awards {{!}} 2019 : Full show and winners |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/7050 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Sahher Bambba''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya wacce galibi take aiki a fina-finan [[Bollywood|Hindi]] da shirye-shiryenta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who is Sahher Bambba? Know all about the rising star in Aryan Khan's 'The Bads of Bollywood' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-sahher-bambba-know-all-about-the-rising-star-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-11755551330363.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambba ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo ne da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' (2019).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=openingdoorz |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Sahher Bambba: Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas! |url=http://openingdoorz.com/sahher-bambba-bollywood-actor/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Opening Doorz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin Bambba ta fito a matsayin Maham Begum a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi ''The Empire'' (2021) kuma babbar mace a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci ''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'' (2025). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Who is 26-year-old actress Sahher Bambba? Meet Aryan Khan's series Ba***ds of Bollywood's leading lady and has worked with Emraan Hashmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/who-is-26-year-old-actress-sahher-bambba-meet-aryan-khans-series-bads-of-bollywoods-leading-lady-and-has-worked-with-emraan-hashmi-1395727 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bamba kuma ta girma a Shimla, [[Himachal Pradesh]] . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2025 |title=Who Is Sahher Bambba? All About The Lead Actress In Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-about-sahher-bambba-in-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood/18093271 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Shimla sannan ta ƙaura zuwa [[Mumbai]] don neman digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Jai Hind . Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Makanlal Chaturvedi ta Jarida da Sadarwa . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bamba ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a shekarar 2019 tare da fim ɗin ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas'' tare da Karan Deol. Ta fito a matsayin mai yin bidiyo wanda ya kamu da soyayya da wani mai kamfanin yin tafiye-tafiye.  Fim ɗin ya zama kamar wani abin mamaki a ofishin akwatin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas box office collection Day 6: Karan Deol's debut film sinks without trace, total Rs 8.07 cr |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-box-office-collection-day-6-karan-deol-s-debut-film-sinks-without-trace-total-rs-6-07-cr/495616 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja ta yaba da yadda take da Deol kuma ta lura cewa, &quot;Matsayin kwarin gwiwar Bambba ya yi yawa a fim ɗin. Tana da zamani kuma tana da kyau kuma ta san yadda za ta bar wani abu. Da jin daɗin halin da take taka rawa, wannan jarumar ba ta yi kama da tana fama da wahala don ta ji daɗin kasancewarta ba.&quot; Ayyukanta sun sa ta zama zakara a kyautar allo don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=20 September 2019 |title=Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas movie review: Debutants Karan Deol, Sahher Bambba bring freshness onscreen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-movie-review-debutants-karan-deol-sahher-bambba-bring-freshness-onscreen/story-NfC68v9cbCkZvqi1zTvRhI.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta faɗaɗa zuwa yanar gizo a shekarar 2021 da fitowar fina-finai biyu. Ta fara fitowa a matsayin Maham Begum, babbar abokiyar aikin sarkin Mughal Babur, wacce ta fafata da Kunal Kapoor a cikin ''fim ɗin The Empire'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-08-07 |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Menon na ''Firstpost'' ya ga wasan kwaikwayonta &quot;abin birgewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Dil Bekaraar'', wanda aka tsara a cikin shirin ' ''Those Pricey Thakur Girls'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' na Anuja Chauhan . Ta fito a matsayin mai karanta labarai tare da Akshay Oberoi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=26 November 2021 |title=Dil Bekaraar first impression: Disney Plus Hotstar series stays true to Anuja Chauhan's novel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dil-bekaraar-review-first-impression-those-pricey-thakur-girls-disney-plus-hotstar-7642376/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath ta yaba da iliminta da na Oberoi mai &quot;gaskiya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title='Dil Bekaraar' review: Romance and frivolity in 1980s India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073808/https://scroll.in/reel/1011326/dil-bekaraar-review-romance-and-frivolity-in-1980s-india |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan hutun shekaru uku, Bamba ta fito a matsayin mace da ke fuskantar ciki ba tare da shiri ba tare da Meezaan Jafri, a cikin fim ɗin ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Miranda Brothers''' na 2024. An fitar da shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an buɗe shi ga ra'ayoyi marasa kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=22 October 2024 |title=Do Patti to The Miranda Brothers: New films and web series releasing on OTT this week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/do-patti-to-the-miranda-brothers-new-films-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-this-week/cid/2057449 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Miranda Brothers Review: Damp Squib |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-miranda-brothers-review/20241025.htm |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bamba ta samu nasararta a fannin aiki a shekarar 2025 tare da ''shirin The Ba***ds of Bollywood'', wani shiri da ya nuna farkon fim din Aryan Khan da ya jagoranci shirin. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo tare da Lakshya Lalwani . Sahir Avik D'souza na ''shirin The Quint'' ya lura da &quot;kwarin gwiwarta da kuma rawar da ta taka&quot; amma ya kara da cewa kusan sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke kusa da ita sun mamaye ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’souza |first=Sahir Avik |date=2025-09-18 |title=Aryan Khan's 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood', is Outrageous, and Outrageously Fun |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-netflix#read-more |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=The Quint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==

=== Fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas''
| Sahher Sethi Sehgal
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Sahher Bambba: After my debut film Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas, people told me not to venture into web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sahher-bambba-after-my-debut-film-pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-people-told-me-not-to-venture-into-web-101648148835418.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan'uwan Miranda''
| Sol
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 June 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Fardeen Khan-Riteish Deshmukh starrer Visfot and Harshvardhan Rane-starrer The Miranda Brothers to release directly on JioCinema : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-fardeen-khan-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-visfot-harshvardhan-rane-starrer-miranda-brothers-release-directly-jio-cinema/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Matsayin
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Bayanan kula
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021
| ''Daular''
| Maham Begum
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=The Empire review: Kunal Kapoor, Shabana Azmi period saga is no Game of Thrones, but it sticks to its guns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-review-hotstar-shabana-azmi-kunal-kapoor-period-saga-is-no-game-of-thrones-7472468/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Dil Bekaraar''
| Debjani Thakur
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |title=Dil Bekaraar review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dil-bekaraar-review/20211126.htm |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| ''Ba'a na Bollywood''
| Karishma Talwar
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Like You've Never Seen Before: Netflix Launches Eagerly Anticipated Trailer for 'The Ba***ds Of Bollywood' |url=https://about.netflix.com/news/bads-of-bollywood-trailer-on-netflix |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=About Netflix |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Tauraro ɗaya
! Mawaƙi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
| 2022
| &quot;Ishq Nahi Karte&quot;
| [[Emran Hashmi|Emraan Hashmi]]
| B Praak
| 
|-
| 2025
| &quot;Kamaal Hai&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sarki
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for 'Kamaal Hai,' First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Aiki
! Sakamako
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| Kyaututtukan Allo
| Mafi Kyawun Wasan Farko Na Mata
| ''Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas''|{{Nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=26th Star Screen Awards {{!}} 2019 : Full show and winners |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/7050 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]

==Mana</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rosy Pereira</title>
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Rosy Pereira (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951, a [[Jakarta]]) mawaƙin pop ne na Indonesiya-Dutch. Ita ce 'yar mawaƙin ƙarfe Coy Pereira. Ta fitar da wakoki a cikin 1960s da sunanta da kuma Babe Pereira. A tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1970s ita ce sauran rabin duo Rosy &amp; Andres waɗanda suka yi nasara da &quot;My Love&quot;.

== Fage ==
Rosy Pereira ita ce auta a cikin yara uku kuma ta fito daga dangin kiɗa. Mahaifinta Coy Pereira sanannen mawaƙin ƙarfe ne.&lt;ref&gt;Tjampoer.nl Rosy Pereira&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Pedalpro.co.uk News, Amsterdam, Hawaiian Steel Guitar Player Coy Pereira passed away by Alexander Zaalberg Archived 2015-12-24 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na The Kilima Hawaiians, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Hawaiian Music Foundation'' VOL. I NO. 8 August 1975 The Kilima Hawaiians page 2&lt;/ref&gt;kuma ya yi rikodin tare da Mena Moeria Minstrels.&lt;ref&gt;45Cat Artist: Mena Moeria Minstrels, Catalogue: 145.559&lt;/ref&gt;Ɗan’uwanta Richard shi ne jagoran guitarist a ƙungiyar da ake kira The Thunderbolts&lt;ref&gt;Indo-Rock-Gallery The Thunderbolts (Rotterdam-Hoogvliet)&lt;/ref&gt;Tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Sharkira da aka haifa a 1982 da Romana da aka haifa a 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;ICM Online 19 Augustus 2010 Editie 3 van de Flyer The X-factor Indo Music Classics 2010 komt er aan&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Iyalin Pereira sun zo ne a cikin Fabrairu 1960 a [[Holand|Netherlands]], lokacin da Rosy yana ɗan shekara 8. A shekarar 1965 ita da dan uwanta Richard sun kafa wata kungiya mai suna Objection. Daga baya ta rera waƙa tare da ƙungiyar Bobby Setter. Lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha takwas a [[Faris|Paris]], ta yi rikodin waƙarta ta farko &quot;Serenade To Summertime&quot; wanda José Bartell da Jean-Claude Petit suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An rubuta wannan a ƙarƙashin sunan Babe Pereira. Bangaren B na guda ɗaya, &quot;Ba za ku iya gani ba&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;NLDiscografie.nl Rosy Pereira&lt;/ref&gt; yana da sha'awa ga Freakbeat da kuma masu tattara rai na Arewa.&lt;ref&gt;Popsike Babe Pereira&lt;/ref&gt;. Hakanan yana bayyana akan tarin masu fasaha daban-daban, Jiran Hutu A cikin gajimare 16 da ba a taɓa gani ba na kyawawan dabi'u masu rai da ruɗarwa 1968 - 1973.&lt;ref&gt;Discogs Various – Waiting For A Break In The Clouds&lt;/ref&gt;

Za ta yi rikodin ƙarin waƙoƙi guda biyu kamar Babe Pereira, ɗaya a cikin 1969 &quot;Wani, Wani wuri&quot; bw &quot;Paperboy&quot; da &quot;Idan Kun Yi Gaskantawa da Soyayya&quot; bw&quot; Gwada&quot; a cikin 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1972, ta fito a cikin fim ɗin De laatse dagen van Isaak aka The Last Good Days of Isaac wanda tauraro Charles Cornette, Hilde Uitterlinden da Rik van Uffelen.&lt;ref&gt;Imdb De laatse dagen van Isaak&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar 1970s ta kasance cikin duo tare da Andres Holten. Sun sami mafi girma goma buga a 1976 tare da &quot;My Love&quot; wanda ya kai lamba 3 akan ginshiƙi na Billboard Dutch.[&lt;ref&gt;Billboard October 9, 1976 Page 59 Billboard Hits Of The World, Holland&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1979, ta kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar uku da ake kira Bonnie, Debbie &amp; Rosy waɗanda suka fitar da guda ɗaya mai suna &quot;Oh Boy&quot; wanda Peter Koelewijn ya rubuta kuma ya shirya.&lt;ref&gt;Swedishcharts.com Bonnie, Debbie &amp; Rosy - Oh Boy (song)&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga kanta, 'yan ukun sun haɗa da Bonnie St. Claire da Debbie aka Ria Schildmeyer.&lt;ref&gt;Muziek Encyclopedie Biografie Debbie&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;NLDiscografie.nl Bonnie St. Claire&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1985, an fito da waƙar &quot;Darling&quot; bw &quot;Ina jin kamar rawa&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Discogs Rosy* – Darling&lt;/ref&gt;. A cikin 1994, ta yi rikodin guda ɗaya tare da Jay Uitterlinden wanda aka saki a ƙarƙashin Rosy &amp; Jay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1951]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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'''William Herbert Teale''' (Bill Teale) (19 Yuni 1947 - 3 Fabrairu 2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Skokie, IL Funeral Home &amp; Cremation &amp;#124; Donnellan Family Funeral Services |url=http://www.donnellanfuneral.com/m/?p=memorial&amp;id=2069081 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance  ɗan ƙasar Amurka kuma kwarare akan  ilimin yara. Ya kasance Farfesa ne a cikin Shirya Litattafai, Harshe da kuma na Al'adu, Masanin mallami a Jami'ar, kuma darektan Jami'ar Illinuis a Cibiyar Litattafan dake Chicago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William H. Teale (Inducted 2003) &amp;#124; Reading Hall of Fame |url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/William_Teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwarsa da aiki ==
An haife shi ne a Bentleyville, Pennsylvania a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 1947, Teale ya sami BA a Turanci a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, da Ed. D a karatu da ilimin Ingilishi a Jami'ar Virginia . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga gundumomin makaranta da dakunan karatu a duk faɗin Amurka, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Talabijin na Yara, Head Start, talabijin na jama'a, Reach Out and Read, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a dumin haɓaka shirye-shiryen da suka mayar da hankali kan ilmantarwa da kuma koyarwa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kasa, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka, da kuma National Endowment for the Humanities. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar wallafe-wallafen na kasa da kasa,a shekarar 2016 zuwa shekarar 2017. Ya kuma  kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta UIC, a cikin kwamitin daraktocin Kungiyar Binciken Ilimi (2007-2009), a cikin kwando na daraktocin Ƙungiyar Karatu ta Duniya (2011-2014), kuma ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ilimin Duniya shekarar (2016-2017). Ya kasance kuma tsohon editan na Mueller Language Arts .  Ya mutu ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu  na shekarar 2018. Ya auri matarsa me Suna Junko Yokota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Advocate, Leader, Humanitarian: ILA Mourns the Loss of Dr. William H. Teale |url=https://www.literacyworldwide.org/blog/literacy-daily/2018/02/05/advocate-leader-humanitarian-ila-mourns-the-loss-of-dr.-william-h.-teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan sa da aka zaɓa ==
Teale ya wallafa littattafai sama da 150, wasu daga Cikin su sune kamar haka:

* Teale, W. H., Whittingham, C. E., &amp; Hoffman, E. B. (a cikin bugawa). Binciken karatu da rubutu na farko, 2006-2015: Shekaru goma na ci gaba. Jaridar Literacy ta Yara.
* Teale, W. H., Hoffman, E. B., Whittingham, C. E., &amp; Paciga, K. (a cikin bugawa). Fara su matasa: Ta yaya canjin daga shirye-shiryen karatu zuwa ilimin karatu da rubutu ya shafi ilimin karatun sakandare. A cikin C. M. Cassano &amp; S. M. Dougherty (Eds.), Bincike mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin karatu da rubutu na farko. New York: Guilford.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Kula da ci gaban ilimin yara ta hanyar ingantaccen ayyukan makarantar sakandare da manufofi: Tattaunawa da Dokta William H. Teale. Harshe Arts, 95 (3), 176-181.
* Whittingham, CE, Hoffman, E. B., &amp; Teale. (2017). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ya kamata ya sanar da shugabancin karatu da rubutu na shugabanni. ''Babbar'', 97 (2), 20-23.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2017). Yin ƙoƙari don fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen. ''Malamin Karatu'', 70 (5), 629-633.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Littafin yana da mahimmanci! Zaɓin matani masu rikitarwa don tallafawa tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen. A cikin H. Bohart, H. B. Collick, &amp; K. Charner (Eds.), ''Koyarwa da ilmantarwa a cikin digiri na farko'' (shafi na 32-40). Washington, DC: Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara.&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] Ikon karatu da rubutu, karatu da rubutu A yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Literacy Today Sept/Oct 2016 |url=http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/8165a33c#/8165a33c/8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. ''Ba wannan ba amma wannan: Babu ƙarin koyar da wasika a mako''. Portsmouth, NH: Kamfanin Buga na Heinemann.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Littafin yana da mahimmanci! Zaɓin litattafan yara masu ba da labari don tallafawa tattaunawar karantawa da babbar murya game da matani masu rikitarwa a farkon maki. Yara, 70 (4), 8-15.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ɗaliban shiga cikin aji yana karantawa da ƙarfi: Yin la'akari da wurin zama da lokacin. ''Jaridar Majalisar Karatu ta Illinois'', 43 (3), 7-14.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tasirin manufofin karatu da rubutu - Da kuma aiki. ''Jaridar Majalisar Karatu ta Illinois''. 43(3), 3-5.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Matsalolin kimanta ilmantarwa a cikin ƙamus a farkon ƙuruciya. Jaridar Early Childhood Literacy 14 (4), 459-481.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2014). Littattafan hotuna da duniyar dijital: Yin zabi mai kyau. ''Malamin Karatu'', 34 (6) 577-585.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Me yara suke buƙatar samun nasara a farkon karatu da rubutu - Kuma bayan haka? A cikin K. Goodman, R. Calfee, &amp; Y. Goodman (Eds.), ''Wanene ilimin ya ƙidaya a cikin manufofin karatu da rubutu na gwamnati? '' ''Me ya sa ƙwarewa ke da muhimmanci'' (shafi na 179-186). New York: Routledge.&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Labaran abubuwan da suka faru a cikin adabi ga yara, shekaru 9-14. ''Littattafan Yara a Ilimi'', 44 (4), 359-376.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. Farawa mafi kyau kafin makarantar sakandare: Fasahar kwamfuta, kafofin watsa labarai masu ma'amala da ilimin 'yan makaranta. Asia-Pacific Journal of Research in Early Childhood Education, 7 (2), 85-104.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Rahoton Kwamitin Ilimi na Farko na Kasa da kuma koyarwar aji: Hasken wuta, fitilu na taka tsantsan, da ja fitilu. Yara, 66 (6), 50-57.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2011). Kayan aiki a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. A cikin T. Rasinski (Ed.), Sake gina tushe: Ingancin koyarwar karatu don karatun karni na 21 (shafi na 67-87). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.&amp;nbsp;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Masanin Jami'ar a Jami'ar Illinois (2013) 
* memba na Hall of Fame na karatu (daga 2003) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William H. Teale (Inducted 2003) &amp;#124; Reading Hall of Fame |url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/William_Teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
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'''William Herbert Teale''' (Bill Teale) (19 Yuni 1947 - 3 Fabrairu 2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Skokie, IL Funeral Home &amp; Cremation &amp;#124; Donnellan Family Funeral Services |url=http://www.donnellanfuneral.com/m/?p=memorial&amp;id=2069081 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance  ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] kuma kwarare akan  ilimin yara. Ya kasance Farfesa ne a cikin Shirya Litattafai, Harshe da kuma na Al'adu, Masanin mallami a Jami'ar, kuma darektan Jami'ar Illinuis a Cibiyar Litattafan dake Chicago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William H. Teale (Inducted 2003) &amp;#124; Reading Hall of Fame |url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/William_Teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwarsa da aiki ==
An haife shi ne a Bentleyville, Pennsylvania a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 1947, Teale ya sami BA a Turanci a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, da Ed. D a karatu da ilimin Ingilishi a Jami'ar Virginia . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga gundumomin makaranta da dakunan karatu a duk faɗin Amurka, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Talabijin na Yara, Head Start, talabijin na jama'a, Reach Out and Read, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a dumin haɓaka shirye-shiryen da suka mayar da hankali kan ilmantarwa da kuma koyarwa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kasa, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka, da kuma National Endowment for the Humanities. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar wallafe-wallafen na kasa da kasa,a shekarar 2016 zuwa shekarar 2017. Ya kuma  kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta UIC, a cikin kwamitin daraktocin Kungiyar Binciken Ilimi (2007-2009), a cikin kwando na daraktocin Ƙungiyar Karatu ta Duniya (2011-2014), kuma ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ilimin Duniya shekarar (2016-2017). Ya kasance kuma tsohon editan na Mueller Language Arts .  Ya mutu ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu  na shekarar 2018. Ya auri matarsa me Suna Junko Yokota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Advocate, Leader, Humanitarian: ILA Mourns the Loss of Dr. William H. Teale |url=https://www.literacyworldwide.org/blog/literacy-daily/2018/02/05/advocate-leader-humanitarian-ila-mourns-the-loss-of-dr.-william-h.-teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan sa da aka zaɓa ==
Teale ya wallafa littattafai sama da 150, wasu daga Cikin su sune kamar haka:

* Teale, W. H., Whittingham, C. E., &amp; Hoffman, E. B. (a cikin bugawa). Binciken karatu da rubutu na farko, 2006-2015: Shekaru goma na ci gaba. Jaridar Literacy ta Yara.
* Teale, W. H., Hoffman, E. B., Whittingham, C. E., &amp; Paciga, K. (a cikin bugawa). Fara su matasa: Ta yaya canjin daga shirye-shiryen karatu zuwa ilimin karatu da rubutu ya shafi ilimin karatun sakandare. A cikin C. M. Cassano &amp; S. M. Dougherty (Eds.), Bincike mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin karatu da rubutu na farko. New York: Guilford.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Kula da ci gaban ilimin yara ta hanyar ingantaccen ayyukan makarantar sakandare da manufofi: Tattaunawa da Dokta William H. Teale. Harshe Arts, 95 (3), 176-181.
* Whittingham, CE, Hoffman, E. B., &amp; Teale. (2017). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ya kamata ya sanar da shugabancin karatu da rubutu na shugabanni. ''Babbar'', 97 (2), 20-23.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2017). Yin ƙoƙari don fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen. ''Malamin Karatu'', 70 (5), 629-633.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Littafin yana da mahimmanci! Zaɓin matani masu rikitarwa don tallafawa tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen. A cikin H. Bohart, H. B. Collick, &amp; K. Charner (Eds.), ''Koyarwa da ilmantarwa a cikin digiri na farko'' (shafi na 32-40). Washington, DC: Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara.&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] Ikon karatu da rubutu, karatu da rubutu A yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Literacy Today Sept/Oct 2016 |url=http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/8165a33c#/8165a33c/8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. ''Ba wannan ba amma wannan: Babu ƙarin koyar da wasika a mako''. Portsmouth, NH: Kamfanin Buga na Heinemann.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Littafin yana da mahimmanci! Zaɓin litattafan yara masu ba da labari don tallafawa tattaunawar karantawa da babbar murya game da matani masu rikitarwa a farkon maki. Yara, 70 (4), 8-15.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ɗaliban shiga cikin aji yana karantawa da ƙarfi: Yin la'akari da wurin zama da lokacin. ''Jaridar Majalisar Karatu ta Illinois'', 43 (3), 7-14.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tasirin manufofin karatu da rubutu - Da kuma aiki. ''Jaridar Majalisar Karatu ta Illinois''. 43(3), 3-5.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Matsalolin kimanta ilmantarwa a cikin ƙamus a farkon ƙuruciya. Jaridar Early Childhood Literacy 14 (4), 459-481.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2014). Littattafan hotuna da duniyar dijital: Yin zabi mai kyau. ''Malamin Karatu'', 34 (6) 577-585.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Me yara suke buƙatar samun nasara a farkon karatu da rubutu - Kuma bayan haka? A cikin K. Goodman, R. Calfee, &amp; Y. Goodman (Eds.), ''Wanene ilimin ya ƙidaya a cikin manufofin karatu da rubutu na gwamnati? '' ''Me ya sa ƙwarewa ke da muhimmanci'' (shafi na 179-186). New York: Routledge.&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Labaran abubuwan da suka faru a cikin adabi ga yara, shekaru 9-14. ''Littattafan Yara a Ilimi'', 44 (4), 359-376.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. Farawa mafi kyau kafin makarantar sakandare: Fasahar kwamfuta, kafofin watsa labarai masu ma'amala da ilimin 'yan makaranta. Asia-Pacific Journal of Research in Early Childhood Education, 7 (2), 85-104.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Rahoton Kwamitin Ilimi na Farko na Kasa da kuma koyarwar aji: Hasken wuta, fitilu na taka tsantsan, da ja fitilu. Yara, 66 (6), 50-57.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2011). Kayan aiki a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. A cikin T. Rasinski (Ed.), Sake gina tushe: Ingancin koyarwar karatu don karatun karni na 21 (shafi na 67-87). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.&amp;nbsp;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Masanin Jami'ar a Jami'ar Illinois (2013) 
* memba na Hall of Fame na karatu (daga 2003) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William H. Teale (Inducted 2003) &amp;#124; Reading Hall of Fame |url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/William_Teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>lms0lihohvhwbg12ji87fsc2vy3l22e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878465</id>
      <parentid>878464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:33:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878465</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6297" sha1="pvr3lf1fpdw7kjdijljw5yelcdzpozk" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''William Herbert Teale''' (Bill Teale) (19 Yuni 1947 - 3 Fabrairu 2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Skokie, IL Funeral Home &amp; Cremation &amp;#124; Donnellan Family Funeral Services |url=http://www.donnellanfuneral.com/m/?p=memorial&amp;id=2069081 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance  ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] kuma kwarare akan  ilimin yara. Ya kasance [[Farfesa]] ne a cikin Shirya Litattafai, Harshe da kuma na Al'adu, Masanin mallami a Jami'ar, kuma darektan Jami'ar Illinuis a Cibiyar Litattafan dake Chicago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William H. Teale (Inducted 2003) &amp;#124; Reading Hall of Fame |url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/William_Teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwarsa da aiki ==
An haife shi ne a Bentleyville, Pennsylvania a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 1947, Teale ya sami BA a Turanci a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, da Ed. D a karatu da ilimin Ingilishi a Jami'ar Virginia . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga gundumomin makaranta da dakunan karatu a duk faɗin Amurka, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Talabijin na Yara, Head Start, talabijin na jama'a, Reach Out and Read, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a dumin haɓaka shirye-shiryen da suka mayar da hankali kan ilmantarwa da kuma koyarwa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kasa, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka, da kuma National Endowment for the Humanities. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar wallafe-wallafen na kasa da kasa,a shekarar 2016 zuwa shekarar 2017. Ya kuma  kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta UIC, a cikin kwamitin daraktocin Kungiyar Binciken Ilimi (2007-2009), a cikin kwando na daraktocin Ƙungiyar Karatu ta Duniya (2011-2014), kuma ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ilimin Duniya shekarar (2016-2017). Ya kasance kuma tsohon editan na Mueller Language Arts .  Ya mutu ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu  na shekarar 2018. Ya auri matarsa me Suna Junko Yokota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Advocate, Leader, Humanitarian: ILA Mourns the Loss of Dr. William H. Teale |url=https://www.literacyworldwide.org/blog/literacy-daily/2018/02/05/advocate-leader-humanitarian-ila-mourns-the-loss-of-dr.-william-h.-teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan sa da aka zaɓa ==
Teale ya wallafa littattafai sama da 150, wasu daga Cikin su sune kamar haka:

* Teale, W. H., Whittingham, C. E., &amp; Hoffman, E. B. (a cikin bugawa). Binciken karatu da rubutu na farko, 2006-2015: Shekaru goma na ci gaba. Jaridar Literacy ta Yara.
* Teale, W. H., Hoffman, E. B., Whittingham, C. E., &amp; Paciga, K. (a cikin bugawa). Fara su matasa: Ta yaya canjin daga shirye-shiryen karatu zuwa ilimin karatu da rubutu ya shafi ilimin karatun sakandare. A cikin C. M. Cassano &amp; S. M. Dougherty (Eds.), Bincike mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin karatu da rubutu na farko. New York: Guilford.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Kula da ci gaban ilimin yara ta hanyar ingantaccen ayyukan makarantar sakandare da manufofi: Tattaunawa da Dokta William H. Teale. Harshe Arts, 95 (3), 176-181.
* Whittingham, CE, Hoffman, E. B., &amp; Teale. (2017). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ya kamata ya sanar da shugabancin karatu da rubutu na shugabanni. ''Babbar'', 97 (2), 20-23.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2017). Yin ƙoƙari don fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen. ''Malamin Karatu'', 70 (5), 629-633.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Littafin yana da mahimmanci! Zaɓin matani masu rikitarwa don tallafawa tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen. A cikin H. Bohart, H. B. Collick, &amp; K. Charner (Eds.), ''Koyarwa da ilmantarwa a cikin digiri na farko'' (shafi na 32-40). Washington, DC: Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara.&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] Ikon karatu da rubutu, karatu da rubutu A yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Literacy Today Sept/Oct 2016 |url=http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/8165a33c#/8165a33c/8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. ''Ba wannan ba amma wannan: Babu ƙarin koyar da wasika a mako''. Portsmouth, NH: Kamfanin Buga na Heinemann.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Littafin yana da mahimmanci! Zaɓin litattafan yara masu ba da labari don tallafawa tattaunawar karantawa da babbar murya game da matani masu rikitarwa a farkon maki. Yara, 70 (4), 8-15.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ɗaliban shiga cikin aji yana karantawa da ƙarfi: Yin la'akari da wurin zama da lokacin. ''Jaridar Majalisar Karatu ta Illinois'', 43 (3), 7-14.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tasirin manufofin karatu da rubutu - Da kuma aiki. ''Jaridar Majalisar Karatu ta Illinois''. 43(3), 3-5.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Matsalolin kimanta ilmantarwa a cikin ƙamus a farkon ƙuruciya. Jaridar Early Childhood Literacy 14 (4), 459-481.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2014). Littattafan hotuna da duniyar dijital: Yin zabi mai kyau. ''Malamin Karatu'', 34 (6) 577-585.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Me yara suke buƙatar samun nasara a farkon karatu da rubutu - Kuma bayan haka? A cikin K. Goodman, R. Calfee, &amp; Y. Goodman (Eds.), ''Wanene ilimin ya ƙidaya a cikin manufofin karatu da rubutu na gwamnati? '' ''Me ya sa ƙwarewa ke da muhimmanci'' (shafi na 179-186). New York: Routledge.&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Labaran abubuwan da suka faru a cikin adabi ga yara, shekaru 9-14. ''Littattafan Yara a Ilimi'', 44 (4), 359-376.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. Farawa mafi kyau kafin makarantar sakandare: Fasahar kwamfuta, kafofin watsa labarai masu ma'amala da ilimin 'yan makaranta. Asia-Pacific Journal of Research in Early Childhood Education, 7 (2), 85-104.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Rahoton Kwamitin Ilimi na Farko na Kasa da kuma koyarwar aji: Hasken wuta, fitilu na taka tsantsan, da ja fitilu. Yara, 66 (6), 50-57.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2011). Kayan aiki a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. A cikin T. Rasinski (Ed.), Sake gina tushe: Ingancin koyarwar karatu don karatun karni na 21 (shafi na 67-87). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.&amp;nbsp;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Masanin Jami'ar a Jami'ar Illinois (2013) 
* memba na Hall of Fame na karatu (daga 2003) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William H. Teale (Inducted 2003) &amp;#124; Reading Hall of Fame |url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/William_Teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>pvr3lf1fpdw7kjdijljw5yelcdzpozk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878466</id>
      <parentid>878465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:34:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6301" sha1="0xxbg2uq3llvv8vcz37c5dhabx25505" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''William Herbert Teale''' (Bill Teale) (19 Yuni 1947 - 3 Fabrairu 2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Skokie, IL Funeral Home &amp; Cremation &amp;#124; Donnellan Family Funeral Services |url=http://www.donnellanfuneral.com/m/?p=memorial&amp;id=2069081 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance  ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] kuma kwarare akan  ilimin yara. Ya kasance [[Farfesa]] ne a cikin Shirya Litattafai, Harshe da kuma na Al'adu, Masanin mallami a Jami'ar, kuma darektan Jami'ar Illinuis a Cibiyar Litattafan dake [[Chicago]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William H. Teale (Inducted 2003) &amp;#124; Reading Hall of Fame |url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/William_Teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwarsa da aiki ==
An haife shi ne a Bentleyville, Pennsylvania a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 1947, Teale ya sami BA a Turanci a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, da Ed. D a karatu da ilimin Ingilishi a Jami'ar Virginia . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga gundumomin makaranta da dakunan karatu a duk faɗin Amurka, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Talabijin na Yara, Head Start, talabijin na jama'a, Reach Out and Read, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a dumin haɓaka shirye-shiryen da suka mayar da hankali kan ilmantarwa da kuma koyarwa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kasa, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka, da kuma National Endowment for the Humanities. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar wallafe-wallafen na kasa da kasa,a shekarar 2016 zuwa shekarar 2017. Ya kuma  kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta UIC, a cikin kwamitin daraktocin Kungiyar Binciken Ilimi (2007-2009), a cikin kwando na daraktocin Ƙungiyar Karatu ta Duniya (2011-2014), kuma ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ilimin Duniya shekarar (2016-2017). Ya kasance kuma tsohon editan na Mueller Language Arts .  Ya mutu ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu  na shekarar 2018. Ya auri matarsa me Suna Junko Yokota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Advocate, Leader, Humanitarian: ILA Mourns the Loss of Dr. William H. Teale |url=https://www.literacyworldwide.org/blog/literacy-daily/2018/02/05/advocate-leader-humanitarian-ila-mourns-the-loss-of-dr.-william-h.-teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan sa da aka zaɓa ==
Teale ya wallafa littattafai sama da 150, wasu daga Cikin su sune kamar haka:

* Teale, W. H., Whittingham, C. E., &amp; Hoffman, E. B. (a cikin bugawa). Binciken karatu da rubutu na farko, 2006-2015: Shekaru goma na ci gaba. Jaridar Literacy ta Yara.
* Teale, W. H., Hoffman, E. B., Whittingham, C. E., &amp; Paciga, K. (a cikin bugawa). Fara su matasa: Ta yaya canjin daga shirye-shiryen karatu zuwa ilimin karatu da rubutu ya shafi ilimin karatun sakandare. A cikin C. M. Cassano &amp; S. M. Dougherty (Eds.), Bincike mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin karatu da rubutu na farko. New York: Guilford.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Kula da ci gaban ilimin yara ta hanyar ingantaccen ayyukan makarantar sakandare da manufofi: Tattaunawa da Dokta William H. Teale. Harshe Arts, 95 (3), 176-181.
* Whittingham, CE, Hoffman, E. B., &amp; Teale. (2017). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ya kamata ya sanar da shugabancin karatu da rubutu na shugabanni. ''Babbar'', 97 (2), 20-23.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2017). Yin ƙoƙari don fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen. ''Malamin Karatu'', 70 (5), 629-633.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Littafin yana da mahimmanci! Zaɓin matani masu rikitarwa don tallafawa tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen. A cikin H. Bohart, H. B. Collick, &amp; K. Charner (Eds.), ''Koyarwa da ilmantarwa a cikin digiri na farko'' (shafi na 32-40). Washington, DC: Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara.&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] Ikon karatu da rubutu, karatu da rubutu A yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Literacy Today Sept/Oct 2016 |url=http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/8165a33c#/8165a33c/8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. ''Ba wannan ba amma wannan: Babu ƙarin koyar da wasika a mako''. Portsmouth, NH: Kamfanin Buga na Heinemann.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Littafin yana da mahimmanci! Zaɓin litattafan yara masu ba da labari don tallafawa tattaunawar karantawa da babbar murya game da matani masu rikitarwa a farkon maki. Yara, 70 (4), 8-15.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ɗaliban shiga cikin aji yana karantawa da ƙarfi: Yin la'akari da wurin zama da lokacin. ''Jaridar Majalisar Karatu ta Illinois'', 43 (3), 7-14.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tasirin manufofin karatu da rubutu - Da kuma aiki. ''Jaridar Majalisar Karatu ta Illinois''. 43(3), 3-5.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Matsalolin kimanta ilmantarwa a cikin ƙamus a farkon ƙuruciya. Jaridar Early Childhood Literacy 14 (4), 459-481.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2014). Littattafan hotuna da duniyar dijital: Yin zabi mai kyau. ''Malamin Karatu'', 34 (6) 577-585.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Me yara suke buƙatar samun nasara a farkon karatu da rubutu - Kuma bayan haka? A cikin K. Goodman, R. Calfee, &amp; Y. Goodman (Eds.), ''Wanene ilimin ya ƙidaya a cikin manufofin karatu da rubutu na gwamnati? '' ''Me ya sa ƙwarewa ke da muhimmanci'' (shafi na 179-186). New York: Routledge.&amp;nbsp;
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Labaran abubuwan da suka faru a cikin adabi ga yara, shekaru 9-14. ''Littattafan Yara a Ilimi'', 44 (4), 359-376.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. Farawa mafi kyau kafin makarantar sakandare: Fasahar kwamfuta, kafofin watsa labarai masu ma'amala da ilimin 'yan makaranta. Asia-Pacific Journal of Research in Early Childhood Education, 7 (2), 85-104.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Rahoton Kwamitin Ilimi na Farko na Kasa da kuma koyarwar aji: Hasken wuta, fitilu na taka tsantsan, da ja fitilu. Yara, 66 (6), 50-57.
* Yokota, J., &amp; Teale, W. H. (2011). Kayan aiki a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. A cikin T. Rasinski (Ed.), Sake gina tushe: Ingancin koyarwar karatu don karatun karni na 21 (shafi na 67-87). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.&amp;nbsp;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Masanin Jami'ar a Jami'ar Illinois (2013) 
* memba na Hall of Fame na karatu (daga 2003) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William H. Teale (Inducted 2003) &amp;#124; Reading Hall of Fame |url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/William_Teale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>0xxbg2uq3llvv8vcz37c5dhabx25505</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ambaliya ruwa na Lekki na 2024</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>117837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878282</id>
      <parentid>820062</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:10:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maiakwai4u</username>
        <id>37986</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358443716|2024 Lekki flood]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2198" sha1="7kqlqw2tdwk7uic6uvwb8uft3r281cr" xml:space="preserve">
== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Lekki birni ne da ke cikin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Tana kudu maso gabashin birnin Legas. Yankin da aka kafa ta halitta, wanda ke iyaka da yammacin shi ne Victoria Island da gun du mo min [[Ikoyi]] na Legas, tare da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kudu, Lagos Lagoon a arewa, da Lekki Lagoon a gabas; tare da kudu maso gabashin birnin, wanda ya ƙare a gefen yammacin tsibirin Refuge, yana iyaka da gabashin Ibeju-Lekki LGA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-18 |title=Lagos State Government |url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018091652/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19 |archive-date=2015-10-18 |access-date=2024-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
A safiyar 4 ga Yuli, ruwan sama mai yawa ya fara wanda bai tsaya ba har sai bayan sa'o'i goma.&lt;ref name=&quot;c884&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kegbegbe |first=Ibrahim |date=7 Jul 2024 |title=Nigeria's Rainy Season: Can Lagos Lead the Fight Against Floods? |url=https://sunrise.ng/nigerias-rainy-season-can-lagos-lead-the-fight-against-floods/ |access-date=11 Jul 2024 |website=Sunrise News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t948&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 Jul 2024 |title=10-Hour Rainfall Floods Luxury Mansions in Lekki and Ikoyi, Forcing Residents to Flee |url=https://vmtnews.ng/10-hour-rainfall-floods-luxury-mansions-in-lekki-and-ikoyi-forcing-residents-to-flee/ |access-date=11 Jul 2024 |website=VMT News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga yankin. Ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata gidaje da yawa, kasuwanni, hanyoyi, da wuraren tarihi.

== Sakamakon haka ==
An toshe hanya na kwanaki yayin da kamfanoni da mazauna suka tsabtace daga ambaliyar ruwa kuma suka fara gyara gine-ginen da suka lalace. Wasu mazauna dole ne su fita daga gidajensu don dawowa bayan haka.

A lokacin ziyarar Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun Ruwa a jihar Legas Tokunbo Wahab, ya danganta ambaliyar ruwa mai maimaitawa ga al'adar mazauna na gina don toshe Tsarin 156, ya jaddada cewa jihar ba za ta ninka hannunta ba kuma ta ba da damar wasu mutane don samun riba don lalata ababen more rayuwa na jama'a da gwamnati ta bayar.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>7kqlqw2tdwk7uic6uvwb8uft3r281cr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878283</id>
      <parentid>878282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:10:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maiakwai4u</username>
        <id>37986</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358443716|2024 Lekki flood]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2278" sha1="qja62mc79kwadff4cfbq04oc6fyyekr" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fayil:Lekki_flooding_2024.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2024]]

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Lekki birni ne da ke cikin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Tana kudu maso gabashin birnin Legas. Yankin da aka kafa ta halitta, wanda ke iyaka da yammacin shi ne Victoria Island da gun du mo min [[Ikoyi]] na Legas, tare da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kudu, Lagos Lagoon a arewa, da Lekki Lagoon a gabas; tare da kudu maso gabashin birnin, wanda ya ƙare a gefen yammacin tsibirin Refuge, yana iyaka da gabashin Ibeju-Lekki LGA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-18 |title=Lagos State Government |url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018091652/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19 |archive-date=2015-10-18 |access-date=2024-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
A safiyar 4 ga Yuli, ruwan sama mai yawa ya fara wanda bai tsaya ba har sai bayan sa'o'i goma.&lt;ref name=&quot;c884&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kegbegbe |first=Ibrahim |date=7 Jul 2024 |title=Nigeria's Rainy Season: Can Lagos Lead the Fight Against Floods? |url=https://sunrise.ng/nigerias-rainy-season-can-lagos-lead-the-fight-against-floods/ |access-date=11 Jul 2024 |website=Sunrise News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t948&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 Jul 2024 |title=10-Hour Rainfall Floods Luxury Mansions in Lekki and Ikoyi, Forcing Residents to Flee |url=https://vmtnews.ng/10-hour-rainfall-floods-luxury-mansions-in-lekki-and-ikoyi-forcing-residents-to-flee/ |access-date=11 Jul 2024 |website=VMT News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga yankin. Ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata gidaje da yawa, kasuwanni, hanyoyi, da wuraren tarihi.

== Sakamakon haka ==
An toshe hanya na kwanaki yayin da kamfanoni da mazauna suka tsabtace daga ambaliyar ruwa kuma suka fara gyara gine-ginen da suka lalace. Wasu mazauna dole ne su fita daga gidajensu don dawowa bayan haka.

A lokacin ziyarar Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun Ruwa a jihar Legas Tokunbo Wahab, ya danganta ambaliyar ruwa mai maimaitawa ga al'adar mazauna na gina don toshe Tsarin 156, ya jaddada cewa jihar ba za ta ninka hannunta ba kuma ta ba da damar wasu mutane don samun riba don lalata ababen more rayuwa na jama'a da gwamnati ta bayar.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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[[Fayil:Lekki_flooding_2024.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2024]]

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Lekki birni ne da ke cikin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Tana kudu maso gabashin birnin Legas. Yankin da aka kafa ta halitta, wanda ke iyaka da yammacin shi ne Victoria Island da gun du mo min [[Ikoyi]] na Legas, tare da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a kudu, Lagos Lagoon a arewa, da Lekki Lagoon a gabas; tare da kudu maso gabashin birnin, wanda ya ƙare a gefen yammacin tsibirin Refuge, yana iyaka da gabashin Ibeju-Lekki LGA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-18 |title=Lagos State Government |url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018091652/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19 |archive-date=2015-10-18 |access-date=2024-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
A safiyar 4 ga Yuli, ruwan sama mai yawa ya fara wanda bai tsaya ba har sai bayan sa'o'i goma.&lt;ref name=&quot;c884&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kegbegbe |first=Ibrahim |date=7 Jul 2024 |title=Nigeria's Rainy Season: Can Lagos Lead the Fight Against Floods? |url=https://sunrise.ng/nigerias-rainy-season-can-lagos-lead-the-fight-against-floods/ |access-date=11 Jul 2024 |website=Sunrise News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t948&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 Jul 2024 |title=10-Hour Rainfall Floods Luxury Mansions in Lekki and Ikoyi, Forcing Residents to Flee |url=https://vmtnews.ng/10-hour-rainfall-floods-luxury-mansions-in-lekki-and-ikoyi-forcing-residents-to-flee/ |access-date=11 Jul 2024 |website=VMT News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga yankin. Ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata gidaje da yawa, kasuwanni, hanyoyi, da wuraren tarihi.

== Sakamakon haka ==
An toshe hanya na kwanaki yayin da kamfanoni da mazauna suka tsabtace daga ambaliyar ruwa kuma suka fara gyara gine-ginen da suka lalace. Wasu mazauna dole ne su fita daga gidajensu don dawowa bayan haka.

A lokacin ziyarar Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun Ruwa a jihar Legas Tokunbo Wahab, ya danganta ambaliyar ruwa mai maimaitawa ga al'adar mazauna na gina don toshe Tsarin 156, ya jaddada cewa jihar ba za ta ninka hannunta ba kuma ta ba da damar wasu mutane don samun riba don lalata ababen more rayuwa na jama'a da gwamnati ta bayar.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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  <page>
    <title>Killing of Pro-Biafra Protesters (2015–2016)</title>
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      <text bytes="11531" sha1="tsmg2cddzt7jzyaops1yhgl9bsqghj1" xml:space="preserve">Kisan masu zanga-zangar Biafra na 2015-2016 shine kisan masu zanga'ar da ke neman maido da ikon mallakar [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] ta jami'an tsaro na [[Najeriya]], musamman [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]], a fadin sassan [[Kasar Inyamurai|kudu maso gabas]] Najeriya. Masu zanga-zangar sun kasance karkashin jagorancin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da yawa. Bugu da kari, mazaunan yankin da aka ambata a sama galibi ana fuskantar su a cikin yanayin da ke daidai da waɗanda za a iya samu a Jihar 'yan sanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=IPOB to IGP: Hide your face in shame for ordering disarmament of unarmed Biafrans |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/ipob-igp-hide-face-shame-ordering-disarmament-unarmed-biafrans/ |access-date=2 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=IPOB/Police clash: We're in democracy, people should be entitled to speak their minds- Ekweremadu |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/ipobpolice-clash-democracy-people-entitled-speak-minds-ekweremadu/ |access-date=31 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=Biafra protests: Ekweremadu urges security agents to be responsible |url=http://dailypost.ng/2016/05/31/biafra-protests-ekweremadu-urges-security-agents-to-be-responsible/ |access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kudu maso Gabas (SBCHROs) ta kiyasta cewa kimanin mambobi 80 na kungiyar masu goyon bayan Biafra 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da magoya bayansu an kashe su ne daga jami'an tsaro na Najeriya a karkashin umarnin gwamnatin Najeriya tsakanin 30 ga Agusta 2015 da 9 ga Fabrairu 2016. 

Abubuwan da suka fi shahara sune zanga-zangar da suka faru a [[Onitsha]] a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2015 inda kimanin mutane 11 suka mutu, ciki har da 'yan sanda 2 da masu fafutuka 9;  kuma a [[Aba]] a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2016 inda jami'an tsaro na Najeriya suka kashe mambobi shida na kungiyar 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) kuma an kama wasu kusan 20. Har ila yau, 'yan asalin Biafra sun yi iƙirarin cewa sojojin Najeriya sun kashe kuma sun ƙone gawawwakin masu fafutuka na Biafra a wani abin da ya faru a Aba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Army Murders and Burns the Corpses of Pro-Biafra Activists |url=https://www.naij.com/754352-biafra-controversy-read-what-nigerian-army-did-to-13-dead-bodies.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104641/https://www.naij.com/754352-biafra-controversy-read-what-nigerian-army-did-to-13-dead-bodies.html |archive-date=2016-03-07 |access-date=2016-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga kashe-kashen, mambobin kabilun Igbo, wadanda ke kan gaba a cikin tashin hankali na rabuwa, jami'an tsaro na Najeriya sun yi niyya. A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, yawancin Igbos da ke dawowa gida don bikin Kirsimeti daga yammacin kasar an tsare su a kan [[Onitsha]] Niger River Bridge na sa'o'i da yawa ta hanyar sojoji da ke gudanar da ayyukan tsayawa da bincike. Rashin da wannan ya haifar ya kai sa'o'i goma sha biyu tare da masu tafiya da yawa suna kwana a bangarorin biyu na gadar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Search for Pro-Biafra Agitators: Soldiers Block Onitsha Bridge Head |url=http://www.authorityngr.com/2015/12/Search-for-pro-Biafra-agitators--Soldiers-block-Onitsha-Bridge-Head/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311170707/http://www.authorityngr.com/2015/12/Search-for-pro-Biafra-agitators--Soldiers-block-Onitsha-Bridge-Head/ |archive-date=2016-03-11 |access-date=2016-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sojojin Najeriya da Gwamnatin Tarayya sun ƙaryata yin wani daga cikin waɗannan ayyuka. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2016, ƙungiyar Amnesty International ta zargi jami’an tsaron Najeriya da kashe aƙalla mutane 150 daga cikin masu fafutukar neman ‘yancin Biafra cikin lumana. Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta kuma ce sojojin Najeriya sun yi amfani da harsashi na gaskiya, ba tare da isasshen gargadi ba, wajen tarwatsa mambobin ƙungiyar Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) daga Agusta 2015 zuwa Agusta 2016. Sojoji da ‘yan sanda sun ƙaryata waɗannan zarge-zarge, suna cewa ana ƙoƙarin ɓata sunan jami’an tsaro ne.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-biafrans-activate-right-self-defence-civil-societies-condemn-aba-killings-1543181/ &quot;Nigeria: Biafrans Activate Right to Self-Defence as Civil Societies Condemn Aba Killings&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amnesty accuses Nigeria of killing at least 150 Biafra separatist |url=http://news.trust.org/item/20161124000447-d9mqq}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== zanga-zangar ranar Biafra ==
30 Mayu 2016 [[Biyafara|Biafra]] Day Demonstrations - jerin zanga-zangar da ke tunawa da sanarwar 'yancin kai na yankin Biafran daga Najeriya a shekarar 1967 - sun zama masu zubar da jini a birane da yawa a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya yayin da jami'an tsaro na Najeriya suka yi karo da kungiyoyin masu goyon bayan Biafra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2016 |title=Two killed as pro-Biafran rally turns violent in Delta |url=http://punchng.com/two-killed-pro-biafran-rally-turns-violent-delta-%E2%80%8E/ |access-date=31 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dozens Killed, Several injuries Biafra-day rally turning bloody |url=http://dailymetro.info/dozens-killed-several-injuries-biafra-day-rally-turning-bloody |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531112855/http://dailymetro.info/dozens-killed-several-injuries-biafra-day-rally-turning-bloody |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=31 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida, suna ambaton rahotanni na shaidu, sun ce an kashe mutane 40, yayin da aka kama mambobi sama da 50 masu goyon bayan Biafra a birnin kasuwanci na [[Onitsha]] a lokacin zanga-zangar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dozens Killed, Several Injured as Biafra Day Rallies Turn Bloody |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/05/31/dozens-killed-several-injured-as-biafra-day-rallies-turn-bloody/ |access-date=31 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=South-East burns as Biafra Day turns bloody |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/south-east-burns-as-biafra-day-turns-bloody/ |access-date=31 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lamarin, a cewar daya daga cikin shaidun, ya fara ne da misalin karfe 3 na safe lokacin da jami'an tsaro suka mamaye gidan cocin Katolika a Nkpor Agu, kusa da Onitsha, inda masu goyon bayan Biafra suka kafa sansani kuma ana zargin sun bude wuta. An kiyasta fararen hula biyar da aka kashe, yayin da wasu goma suka ji rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; An rubuta wasu mutuwar 35 biyo bayan ci gaba da tashin hankali a kan wasu mambobin kungiyar pro-Biafra a cikin birnin kasuwanci ta jami'an tsaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Nnamdi globes ya kasance a wurin shakatawa na kasa, Afirka ta Kudu don yin alama a wurin zama a gida, 30 ga Mayu 2019.

Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don 'Yancin Bil'adama da Dokar Shari'a, ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama, ta ce bincikenta ya nuna cewa jami'an tsaro sun harbe, sun kashe, sun karɓi gawawwakin kuma sun binne wadanda abin ya shafa a wuraren da ba a sani ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferencePB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=IPOB/Army clash: Relations move victims from hospitals to unknown places |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/ipobarmy-clash-relations-move-victims-hospitals-unknown-places/ |access-date=2 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata sanarwa da Sojojin Najeriya suka fitar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kai hari kan masu fafutuka &quot;saboda yawan tsoro, tashin hankali da tsoro da aka haifar daga ayyukan MASSOB da membobin IPOB. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=50th Celebration Of Biafra: Why We Attacked MASSOB, IPOB Members- Nigerian Military |url=http://saharareporters.com/2016/05/31/%E2%80%8E-50th-celebration-biafra-why-we-attacked-massob-ipob-members-nigerian-military |access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=Army explains why it attacked protesting MASSOB, IPOB members |url=http://dailypost.ng/2016/05/31/army-explains-why-it-attacked-protesting-massob-ipob-members/ |access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Biafra: We acted in self-defence – Army |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/biafra-acted-self-defence-army/ |access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=We Acted in Self Defence over Biafra Day Killings, Says Military |url=http://anambrariansnews.com.ng/?p=27279 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701155250/http://anambrariansnews.com.ng/?p=27279 |archive-date=2016-07-01 |access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halin cikin gida da na duniya ==
Tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jam’iyyar Labour ta Birtaniya, Harriet Harman, ta roƙi Sakataren Harkokin Waje da na Commonwealth na Birtaniya, Philip Hammond, da ya taimaka wajen sakin shugaban ƙungiyar Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), Nnamdi Kanu, wanda aka tsare. A gefe guda kuma, ƙungiyar Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa tana aiki kan rahotanni masu maimaituwa da suka shafi yin amfani da ƙarfin soja fiye da kima wajen tarwatsa masu zanga-zangar da ke goyon bayan motsin Biafra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=British Parliament Member Petitions UK Government Over Nnamdi Kanu's Detention |url=https://www.naij.com/621175-photos-british-parliament-member-petitions-uk-government-nnamdi-kanus-detention.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308072713/https://www.naij.com/621175-photos-british-parliament-member-petitions-uk-government-nnamdi-kanus-detention.html/ |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2016-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-must-probe-serious-violence-claims-against-pro-biafrans-says-amnesty-international-1545567/ |title=&quot;Nigeria Must Probe Serious Violence Claims Against Pro-Biafrans Says Amnesty International&quot; |access-date=2025-10-25 |archive-date=2025-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821110056/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-must-probe-serious-violence-claims-against-pro-biafrans-says-amnesty-international-1545567 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;'''Wani rahoto daga [[Amnesty International]] ya zargi sojojin Najeriya da kashe akalla 'yan tawaye 17 na Biafra marasa makami a birnin [[Onitsha]] kafin tafiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2016 don tunawa da shekaru 49 na farkon rabuwa na Biafra.

[[Tarayyar Turai]] ta hanyar Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje da Manufofin Tsaro, Federica Mogherini a baya ta ce tana goyon bayan zaman lafiya na raba gardama kan 'yancin kai.

Da yake mayar da martani ga kisan kiyashi na ranar [[Biyafara|Biafra]], Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya, [[Ike Ekweremadu]], ya koka cewa &quot;a cikin dimokuradiyya ya kamata mutane su sami damar yin magana da tunaninsu da kuma taruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai alhakin. &quot; Da yake amsawa ga tashin hankali don sake rabuwa da Biafra wanda ya haifar da ra'ayi na warewa, tsohon Mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, [[Atiku Abubakar]], ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin Najeriya don cire cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da siyasa na kasar kuma ya sanya shi ga rashin adalci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Biafra: Atiku calls for restructuring of federation |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/biafra-atiku-calls-restructuring-federation/ |access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Azare</title>
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&quot;Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Azare&quot; (FGC Azare) makarantar tarayyar NiJeria ce ta sekandari da ke hanyar misau a garin Azare dake karamar hukumar Katagum, a Bauchi State.[https://www.publicprocurement.ng/federal-government-college-azare-bauchi-state-invitation-to-tender-for-2025-capital-projects/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013222211/https://www.publicprocurement.ng/federal-government-college-azare-bauchi-state-invitation-to-tender-for-2025-capital-projects/ |date=2025-10-13 }}dayace daga cikin makarantun Federal Unity School wanda gomnatin nigeria tayi a dukan fadin kasar.

==Manazarta==
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  <page>
    <title>Kowanyama, Queensland</title>
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{{Weather box}}'''Kowanyama''' wani gari ne da ke cikin yankin teku a cikin Aboriginal Shire na Kowanyama, Queensland, [[Asturaliya|Australia]] . 

Shi ne shafin yanar gizon tsohon Mitchell River Mission, wanda aka kafa a 1916, bayan da aka watsar da Ofishin Jakadancin Trubanamen da ke kusa (wanda aka kafa ba da nisa a kan Topsy Creek a 1905) 

A cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2006, garin Kowanyama yana da yawan mutane 1,017. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Garin yana kan yankin Cape York . Yana da iyaka zuwa yamma ta Gulf of Carpentaria kuma zuwa arewa ta Kogin Coleman (15°04′12′′S 141°38′54′′E / 15.0700°S 141.6483°E / -15.0700; 141.6683 (Coleman River (mouth))).

Ƙaunar Kowanyama (da kuma shire na asalin ƙasar Kowanyama wanda ke da iyaka iri ɗaya) yana da yanki na ƙasa.{{Convert|2524.9|km2}}.

Kogin Mitchell ya shiga garin daga yamma (Maramie) kuma ya fita zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa Gulf of Carpentaria . Yayin da kogin ya kusanci Gulf, ya rabu zuwa magudanan ruwa guda biyu a kusa da tsibirin Wallaby (15°12′01′′S 141°39′01′′E / 15.2002°S 141.6502°E / -15.2002;  141.6602 (Wallaby Island)) tare da reshen kudancin da ke riƙe da sunan Mitchell River (tare da bakin 15°11′55′′S 141′29′′E / 151.1986°S 141.5°S 149.18) (Mitchell River) da arewacin638&quot;&quot;

Aboriginal mutanen da ke zaune a cikin wannan al'umma sun haɗa da mutanen Kokominjena, Kokoberra da Kunjen na mutanen Yir-Yoront.  A yaren Yir-Yoront, Kowanyama na nufin “Wurin ruwa da yawax{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kowanyama yana shiga ta tashar jiragen sama na kowane yanayi, da kuma hanyoyin da ba a rufe ba a lokacin rani daga Pormpuraaw zuwa arewa, Normanton zuwa kudu da Cairns a gabas.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}

[[Yaren Kunjen|Kunjen]] (wanda aka fi sani da Koko Wanggara, Ngundjan da Olkola) yare ne na Yammacin Cape York . Yankin yaren Kunjen ya haɗa da shimfidar wuri a cikin iyakokin karamar hukuma na Majalisar Al'umma ta Kowanyama da Majalisar Cook Shire . 
[[Fayil:Beginning_of_Kowanyama_1_7_1919L.jpg|right|thumb|280x280px|Kowanyama, watan Yunin 1919]]
An buɗe Makarantar Jihar Kowanyama a watan Janairun shekara ta 1904.  Tun daga farkon shekara ta 2014, makarantar ta fara yin rajistar dalibai a cikin shirin hanyoyi na shekara 11 da 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kowanyama SS |url=https://kowanyamss.eq.edu.au/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204065722/https://kowanyamss.eq.edu.au/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1905, an kafa Ofishin Jakadancin Trubanamen a cikin ƙasa a kan Topsy Creek, kuma an cire mutanen Aboriginal na yankin daga ƙasashensu na kakanninsu zuwa cikin ƙauyen. Daga baya, a cikin 1916, an kafa Ofishin Jakadancin Mitchell River a shafin yanar gizon Kowanyama na yanzu kuma an watsar da shafin Trubanamen. Wasu mutane sun ci gaba da zama a ƙasashensu na gargajiya, kawai suna ƙaura zuwa Kowanyama a cikin shekarun 1940.

In 1964, a cyclone destroyed the mission.  The Queensland government funded the rebuilding.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}

Kowanyama Post Office ya buɗe a shekara ta 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;Post Office&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phoenix Auctions History |title=Post Office List |url=http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=QLD&amp;filter=*Kowanyama* |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090053/http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=QLD&amp;filter=%2AKowanyama%2A |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=19 January 2021 |publisher=Phoenix Auctions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Yuli 1987, Gwamnatin Jihar Queensland ta aiwatar da doka don DOGIT (Deed of Grant in Trust) akan filaye a cikin Kogin Mitchell, yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 250 (97 sq mi).  Aikin ya shafi filayen gargajiya na mutanen Kowanyama.  Kamar sauran al'ummomin DOGIT na lokacin, Kowanyama yana da Majalisar Gari da ƴan Asalin da ke zaune a cikin al'umma suka zaɓa.  Sabuwar Majalisar Kowanyama da aka kafa ta dauki alhakin aiwatar da wasu sharudda na DOGIT.  Zaɓaɓɓun mazauna ƙabila bakwai suna gudanar da wa'adin mulki na shekaru uku..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}&amp;#x5B;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;#x5D;

Tun daga shekarun 1990s, yawancin mutanen Kowanyama suna komawa ƙasashensu ta hanyar Homelands Movement.

Sauran wuraren gida, da suka haɗa da Lease na Musicers Pastoral Lease da Sefton Pastoral Lease, Majalisar Kowanyama ce ta siya ta kansu kuma suna wajen iyakar DOGIT.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Yawan jama'a ==
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016, garin Kowanyama yana da yawan mutane 944. 

A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, garin Kowanyama yana da yawan mutane 1,079 . 

In the 2021 census, the locality of Kowanyama had a population of 1,079 people.

== Al'adu ==

== Ilimi ==
Makarantar Jihar Kowanyama makarantar firamare ce ta gwamnati da sakandare (Early Childhood-10) don yara maza da mata a 345 Kowanyama Street (15°28′20′′S 141°44′42′′E / 15.4721°S 141.7451°E / -15.4721; 141.7401 (Kowanyama State School)).&lt;ref name=&quot;SchoolList2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2018 |title=State and non-state school details |url=https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kowanyama State School |url=https://kowanyamass.eq.edu.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302100414/https://kowanyamass.eq.edu.au/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=1 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2018, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 190 tare da malamai 21 da ma'aikatan da ba malamai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACARA2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACARA School Profile 2018 |url=https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-2018.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827085246/https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-2018.xlsx |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haɗa da shirin [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SchoolList2018&quot; /&gt;

Ilimi na sakandare zuwa Shekara 12 ba ya samuwa a Kowanyama ko kusa. Ilimi na nesa da makarantun kwana sune madadin.&lt;ref name=&quot;globeschools&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Layers: Locality; Schools and school catchments |url=https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=Queensland Globe |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219175447/https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙuntatawa na barasa ==
Al'ummar Kowanyama tana ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa mai tsauri na barasa da 'yan sanda suka tilasta wa mutane da ke riƙe da duk wani barasa, da kuma hana duk wani abin hawa da ke ɗauke da barasa a ko'ina cikin al'umma.

An yi iƙirarin dakatar da lasisin giya na Kowanyama Aboriginal Shire Council ya haifar da Majalisar ta rasa kasuwancin da ya kai dala miliyan 1.6, tare da har zuwa $ 120,000 a hannun jari. A sakamakon haka, a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2008, Majalisar ta tafi Kotun Koli ta Queensland don kalubalantar yanke shawara na lasisin giya a matsayin nuna bambanci.

== Harsuna ==
Yir ''Yiront'' (wanda aka fi sani da Yiront, ''Jirjoront'', Yir-yiront, da ''Kokomindjan'') yare ne na asalin Australiya. Yankin yaren gargajiya yana cikin Yammacin na Cape York a cikin yankunan karamar hukuma na Aboriginal Shire na Kowanyama da Shire na Cook, a cikin kogin Coleman da Mitchell River. Bayan cire mutanen Aboriginal daga ƙasashensu na gargajiya, ana kuma magana da shi a Pormpuraaw da Kowanyama.

== Yanayi ==


Kowanyama yana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savannah (Köppen: Aw), tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci, lokacin damina mai tsanani tsakanin watan Disamba da Maris da kuma tsayin lokacin rani daga  watan Afrilu zuwa  Nuwamba tare da ƙarancin zafi da sanyi dare.  Kodayake matsakaita maxima ya wuce 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) a cikin duk watanni, matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici ya bambanta sosai: daga 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) a watan Yuli zuwa 24.5 °C (76.1 °F) a watan Disamba. Yayin da yawan ruwan sama ya kai 1,274.2 mm (50.17 in) kowace shekara, yana da ƙarfi sosai a lokacin rani, wanda aka misalta a watan Fabrairun 2014, lokacin da 1,470.6 mm (57.90 in) na ruwan sama ya faɗi.  Matsanancin zafin jiki ya tashi daga 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) akan 3 watan Disamba 2019 zuwa 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) akan 3 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 1990.

.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kowanyama Airport Climate (1912-2024) |url=https://www.farmonlineweather.com.au/climate/station.jsp?lt=site&amp;lc=29038 |access-date=July 15, 2024 |publisher=FarmOnline Weather}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiya ==
Ana yi wa Kowanyama hidima kowane mako a lokacin rani ta hanyar jiragen kasa daga Cairns.  Sabis ɗin yana zama akai-akai yayin da lokacin damina ke gabatowa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ruwan sama na farko a watan Oktoba na iya sa '''hanyar ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 400 (mil 250)''' zuwa '''Chillagoe''', da ke gabashin al’umma, ta cika da ruwa. Zuwa ƙarshen watan Disamba kuwa, ruwan damina yawanci ya iso gaba ɗaya, yana '''katse hanyoyin mota''' zuwa al’ummar..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ana ɗaukar ruwan sama a matsayin isowar ''nhawrr yirrpa'', [[maciji]] mai laushi wanda ke kawo rayuwa da ke ba da ruwa ga ƙasar. A lokacin rigar, wanda zai iya ci gaba har zuwa Mayu, ana ba da sabis ga al'umma ne kawai ta jirgin sama, saboda duk sauran damar da aka ƙuntata. A lokacin rigar, ana fitar da sabbin abinci da abubuwan da ke lalacewa cikin al'umma kowane mako a kan jiragen haya ta shagunan a cikin gari. Ana kula da sabis na fasinja na jirgin sama zuwa Cairns, kilomita 600 (370  a duk shekara ta hanyar Filin jirgin saman Kowanyama (15°29′07′′S 141°45′09′′E / 15.4854°S 141.7526°E / -15.4854; 141.752 (Farin jirgin saman Kowanama)). &lt;ref name=&quot;airports&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2020 |title=Airports – Queensland |url=https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/transport-features-queensland-series/resource/f5e72c21-4f70-4cca-a22e-f2265b85ee56 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115071531/https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/transport-features-queensland-series/resource/f5e72c21-4f70-4cca-a22e-f2265b85ee56 |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=Queensland Open Data |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Aboriginal Shire na Kowanyama.
* Harshen Yir-Yoront.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Byzantine</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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      <text bytes="7645" sha1="780cv6hblul56whrasgq17sue2pqjj2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Sojojin ruwa na Byzantine sune sojojin ruwa na Daular Byzantine. Kamar jihar da ta yi aiki, ci gaba ne kai tsaye daga magabata na Romawa, amma ya taka rawar gani sosai a cikin tsaro da rayuwar jihar fiye da yadda aka yi ta a baya. Yayin da jiragen ruwa na Daular Roma suka fuskanci wasu manyan barazanar ruwa na ruwa, suna aiki a matsayin rundunar 'yan sanda da ba ta da iko da girma ga sojojin, umarnin teku ya zama mahimmanci ga wanzuwar kasar ta Byzantine, wanda masana tarihi da yawa suka kira &quot;daular maritime&quot;.{{Sfn|Lewis|Runyan|1985}}{{Sfn|Scafuri|2002}}

Barazana ta farko ga mulkin Romawa a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum ta kasance daga Vandals a ƙarni na 5, amma yaƙe-yaƙe na Justinian I a ƙarni na 6 ya kawo ƙarshen barazanarsu. Sake kafa rundunar jiragen ruwa na dindindin da kuma shigar da jirgin ruwa na dromon a daidai wannan lokacin kuma yana nuna ma'anar lokacin da sojojin ruwan Byzantine suka fara tashi daga tushensu na Roman marigayi da kuma haɓaka halayensa. Za a ci gaba da wannan tsari tare da fara yaƙe-yaƙe na Musulmi na farko a ƙarni na 7. Bayan da aka yi hasarar Levant da kuma Afirka daga baya, Bahar Rum ta rikide ta zama fagen fama tsakanin Rumawa da jerin kasashen musulmi. A cikin wannan gwagwarmaya, jiragen ruwa na Byzantine sun kasance masu mahimmanci, ba wai kawai don kare kariya daga dukiyoyi masu nisa na Daular ba a kusa da Basin Bahar Rum, amma har ma don tunkude hare-haren da ke cikin teku a kan babban birnin mulkin mallaka na Konstantinoful kanta. Ta hanyar amfani da sabuwar “wuta ta Girka”, sanannen sanannen kuma makamin sirri na sojojin ruwa na Byzantine, Constantinople ya sami ceto daga hare-hare da yawa kuma yawancin ayyukan sojan ruwa ya haifar da nasarar Byzantine.

Da farko, tsaron gaɓar tekun Byzantine da kuma hanyoyin zuwa Konstantinoful babban jirgin ruwa na Karabisianoi ya ɗauki nauyinsa. Ci gaba duk da haka an raba shi zuwa wasu jiragen ruwa na yanki da dama, yayin da aka kiyaye babban jirgin ruwa na Imperial a Constantinople, yana gadin birnin da kuma kafa tushen balaguro na ruwa. A ƙarshen karni na 8, sojojin ruwa na Byzantine, wani tsari mai kyau da kuma kiyayewa, ya sake zama babban ikon teku a cikin Bahar Rum. Rikici da sojojin ruwa na duniyar musulmi ya ci gaba da samun nasara daban-daban, amma a cikin karni na 10, Rumawa sun sami rinjaye a Gabashin Bahar Rum.

A cikin karni na 11, rundunar sojan ruwa, kamar Daular kanta, ta fara raguwa. Da yake fuskantar sabbin kalubalen sojan ruwa daga Yamma, an tilasta wa Byzantines su dogara da rundunar sojan ruwa na biranen Italiya kamar Venice da [[Genoa]], tare da mummunar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Daular da ikon mallakar. Wani lokaci na farfadowa a karkashin Daular Komnenos ya biyo bayan wani lokaci na raguwa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin mummunar rushewar Daular ta Crusade na huɗu a cikin 1204. Bayan da aka dawo da Daular a cikin 1261, sarakuna da yawa na Daular Palaiologan sun yi ƙoƙari su farfado da rundunar sojan ruwa, amma kokarin su kawai ya sami sakamako na wucin gadi. Sarkin sarakuna Andronikos II Palaiologos har ma ya rushe rundunar sojan ruwa gaba ɗaya, ya ba Venice damar kayar da Byzantines a yaƙe-yaƙe biyu, na farko wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniyar wulakanci wanda ya ga Venetians suna riƙe da tsibirai da yawa da aka kama daga sojojin Byzantine a lokacin yaƙin kuma ya tilasta wa na ƙarshe ya biya Venice don halakar da yankin Venetian na Constantinople a hannun mazaunan Genoese na birnin. A tsakiyar karni na 14, rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Byzantine, wacce ta iya sanya daruruwan jiragen yaki a teku, an iyakance ta zuwa 'yan dozin a mafi kyau, kuma kula da Tekun Aegean ya wuce ga rundunar sojan ruwa ta Italiya kuma, a cikin karni na 15, sabuwar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Ottoman. Rashin rundunar sojan ruwa ta Byzantine ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa faduwar Constantinople zuwa [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a cikin 1453.
 

== Tarihin aiki ==

=== Lokacin farko ===

==== Yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa da mamayewar barbarians: ƙarni na 4 da 5 ====
[[Fayil:Shepherd_526-600.jpg|thumb|A ƙarshen karni na 5, Yammacin Bahar Rum ya fada hannun masarautun barbarians. Nasarar Justinian I ta dawo da ikon Romawa a kan dukkan teku, wanda zai kasance har zuwa nasarar musulmai a ƙarshen rabin karni na 7.]]
Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Byzantine, kamar Gabashin Roman ko Daular Byzantine kanta, ta ci gaba da tsarin Daular Romawa. Bayan Yaƙin Actium a cikin 31 BC, ba tare da wata barazana ta waje a cikin Bahar Rum ba, rundunar sojan ruwa ta Roma ta yi yawancin ayyukan 'yan sanda da masu tsaron gida. Yaƙe-yaƙe na teku, kamar waɗanda aka yi yaƙi ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata a cikin Punic Wars (264 zuwa 146 BC), ba su sake faruwa ba, kuma jiragen ruwa na Romawa sun ƙunshi ƙananan jiragen ruwa, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da sababbin ayyukansu. A farkon karni na 4 AD, jiragen ruwa na dindindin na Romawa sun ragu, don haka lokacin da jiragen ruwa na sarakunan Constantine the Great da Licinius suka yi karo a cikin 324 AD, an hada su da sababbin jiragen ruwa da aka gina ko kuma wadanda aka kwace daga biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Gabashin Bahar Rum.{{Sfn|Norwich|1990}}{{Sfn|Casson|1991}} Yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa na ƙarni na 4 da farkon ƙarni na 5, duk da haka, sun haifar da farfadowar aikin sojan ruwa, tare da jiragen ruwa da aka fi amfani da su don jigilar sojoji.{{Sfn|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006}} Sojojin ruwa masu yawa sun ci gaba da aiki a Yammacin Bahar Rum a cikin kwata na farko na karni na biyar, musamman daga Arewacin Afirka, amma an kalubalanci ikon Roma na Bahar Rum lokacin da Vandals suka mamaye Afirka  (429 zuwa 442).{{Sfn|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Sabuwar Masarautar Vandalic ta Carthage, a ƙarƙashin mai iyawa [[Gaiseric|Geiseric]] (r. 428-477), nan da nan ta kaddamar da hare-hare kan iyakar Italiya da Girka, har ma da korar da kwace Roma a cikin 455.{{Sfn|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006}} Hare-haren Vandal sun ci gaba ba tare da raguwa ba a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya, duk da yunkurin da Romawa suka yi na kayar da su.{{Sfn|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006}} Daular Yammacin ba ta da iko, rundunar sojan ruwa ta ragu zuwa kusan komai, amma sarakunan gabas har yanzu suna iya kiran albarkatu da ƙwarewar sojan ruwa na gabashin Bahar Rum.{{Sfn|MacGeorge|2002}} Wani balaguron Gabas na farko a cikin 448, duk da haka, bai wuce Sicily ba, kuma a cikin 460, Vandals sun kai hari kuma sun lalata rundunar mamayewar Romawa ta Yamma a Cartagena a [[Ispaniya|Spain]].{{Sfn|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006}} A ƙarshe, a cikin 468, babban balaguron Gabas ya taru a ƙarƙashin Basiliscus, wanda aka yi la'akari da jiragen ruwa 1,113 da mutane 100,000, amma ya kasa da bala'i. Kimanin jiragen ruwa 600 sun ɓace ga jiragen wuta, kuma farashin kudi na fam 130,000 na zinariya da fam 700,000 na azurfa kusan sun rushe Daular.{{Sfn|Norwich|1990}} Wannan ya tilasta wa Romawa su yarda da Geiseric kuma su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Bayan mutuwar Geiseric a cikin 477, duk da haka, barazanar Vandal ta koma baya.{{Sfn|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006}}

==== Karni na shida - Justinian ya dawo da ikon Romawa a kan Bahar Rum ====
Karni na 6 ya nuna sake haihuwar ikon sojan Rayuwa na Roma. A cikin 508, yayin da adawa da Masarautar Ostrogothic ta Theodoric ta tashi, an ruwaito Sarkin sarakuna Anastasius I (r. 491-518) ya aika da rundunar jiragen yaki 100 don kai hari kan iyakar Italiya.{{Sfn|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006}} A cikin 513, janar Vitalian ya tayar da Anastasius. 'Yan tawayen sun tara jiragen ruwa 200 wadanda, duk da wasu nasarorin farko, admiral Marinus ya lalata su, wanda ya yi amfani da sinadarin sulfur don kayar da su.{{Sfn|Hocker|1995}}

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Sare Bishiyoyin daji a New Zealand</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnjafarmahuta12</username>
        <id>46515</id>
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[[Fayil:Deforestation_NZ_TasmanWestCoast_3_MWegmann.jpg|thumb|Kashe daji a Tasman, Tsibirin Kudancin.]]
Sake saran gandun daji a New Zealand ya kasance batun muhalli mai cike da cece-kuce a baya, amma gandun daji na asali (wanda ake kira &quot;daji&quot;) a yanzu suna da kariyar doka, kuma mutane ba su yarda su yi amfani da su ba.

== Ruwan daji kafin mutum ==
Tunda [[New Zealand]] ita ce babbar ƙasa ta ƙarshe da mutane za su zauna, canje-canjen [[ilimin ɗan adam]] sun fi sauƙi a yi nazari fiye da ƙasashe masu tarihin ɗan adam. An gina hoto na murfin ciyayi ta hanyar amfani da kayan tarihi da burbushin halittu, musamman hatsi na pollen daga tsoffin gandun daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newnham |first=Rewi |last2=McGlone |first2=Matt |last3=Moar |first3=Neville |last4=Wilmshurst |first4=Janet |last5=Vandergoes |first5=Marcus |date=2013 |title=The vegetation cover of New Zealand at the Last Glacial Maximum |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |series=Linking Southern Hemisphere records and past circulation patterns: the AUS-INTIMATE project |volume=74 |pages=202–214 |bibcode=2013QSRv...74..202N |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.022 |issn=0277-3791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun gandun daji a Tsibirin Stewart da Tsibirin Ulva, amma a lokacin Pleistocene waɗannan yankuna za a rufe su da ciyawa da shrubland. A lokacin mafi girman glacial na ƙarshe podocarp, gandun daji mai zurfi da beech sun girma a arewacin New Zealand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nzcpe |date=2019-09-18 |title=Hopped out |url=https://blog.planetaryecology.org/2019/09/19/hopped-out/ |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Planetary Ecology |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidauniyar Māori ==
Kafin zuwan Māori, New Zealand kusan gaba ɗaya gandun daji ne, ban da yankuna masu tsawo da wuraren da aikin dutsen wuta ya shafa. Māori sun fara zama a kasar kimanin shekaru 1000 da suka gabata &lt;ref name=&quot;insights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Forestry Insights: Deforestation |url=http://insights.co.nz/story_behind_d.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232923/http://insights.co.nz/story_behind_d.aspx |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a 1840, lokacin da Turawa suka kasance karamin ɓangare na yawan jama'a, an rage gandun daji sosai daga 85% zuwa 53%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGlone |first=M. S. |date=April 1983 |title=Polynesian Deforestation of New Zealand: A Preliminary Synthesis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/arco.1983.18.1.11 |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1002/arco.1983.18.1.11 |issn=0728-4896 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zamanin Turai ==
[[Fayil:Te_Akatea_bushfire_-_Auckland_Libraries_AWNS-19110309-13-3.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga Auckland Weekly News (9 Maris 1911) ya nuna hayaki yana fitowa sama da sararin samaniya, tare da taken &quot;The epidemic of bush fires in Auckland Province&quot;.]]
Lokacin da Turawa na farko suka isa, a cikin 1769, har yanzu akwai gandun daji mai zurfi. Masu bincike na farko kamar su Cook da Banks sun bayyana ƙasar a matsayin &quot;babban itace, itatuwa masu tsawo da itace mafi kyau&quot;. An yi amfani da katako don gyara jiragen ruwa har zuwa karni na 19. Tare da mulkin mallaka na New South Wales da ke fadada cikin sauri a cikin yawan jama'a, buƙatar katako daga New Zealand ya fara tashi. Fitar da katako, galibi kauri, ya zama babban masana'antu ga New Zealand. Akwai rubuce-rubuce daga shekarun 1840 da ke nuna cewa jiragen ruwa 50 zuwa 100 za a iya ɗaure su zuwa bakin teku a cikin Kaipara Harbour kuma a cika su da katako daga manyan katako masu iyo waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar katako 10,000 a lokaci guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Insights |url=http://www.insights.co.nz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525201751/http://insights.co.nz/ |archive-date=25 May 2010 |access-date=19 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga matsayin nau'in katako, yawancin majagaba sun sami itatuwan kauri masu daraja ga gum da suka samar don yin varnish da linoleum, da farko a tsibirin arewa kusa da [[Auckland]]. Masu mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a saba amfani da su ba don tattara wannan gum daga bishiyoyi masu rai. Cire wadannan bishiyoyi da ƙasa da ke kewaye da su ya haifar da lalacewar ƙasar, wanda ya sa ba za a iya amfani da shi ba don noma (Wynn shafi na 108). Ba tare da itatuwa don riƙe ƙasa da tarkace zuwa ƙasa ba, ruwa yana gudana kyauta, yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai. Kamar yadda yawancin New Zealand suka rufe da daji mai zurfi, ana amfani da fasahar slash-and-burn sau da yawa don shirya ƙasar da ake buƙata don noma a Bankuna daji. Wannan aikin ba a aiwatar da shi sosai ba saboda rikitarwa na sarrafa wuta, kuma ba da gangan ba ya haifar da manyan yankuna na ƙasa da ke kama wuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wynn&quot; /&gt; Dubban kadada sun kone kuma sun lalace.

Bayan da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Waitangi a cikin 1840, mazauna sun fara haɓaka cikin sauri. An ci gaba da saran gandun daji don amfani da yawa, gami da share filayen noma da lambuna da itacen gini. Kimanin kadada 50,000 (kilomita 200) kuma an yi asararsa sakamakon gobarar dajin da mutane suka yi a cikin 'yan kwanaki kawai. Sau da yawa ana bai wa matsugunan filaye, irin su Gidajen Gida, tare da sharaɗin cewa za su yi hasarar idan ba su share isasshen daji ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Provincial District of Auckland. — The Land Act, 1877 {{!}} NZETC |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t5-body-d14.html |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya danganta hauhawar adadin sare dazuzzuka tare da tashi kwatsam a amfani da injin daskarewa. A shekarar 1843, akwai guda shida kawai, goma sha biyu a 1847, goma sha biyar a 1855 da kuma casa'in da uku a 1868, girma fiye da sau goma sha biyar a cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar. Matsugunan niƙa da yawa sun sami tallafi ta hanyar zama tasha na layin dogo, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin izini da samun aiki. Da lokaci, masana'antun kuma sun zama masu amfani. Wadannan abubuwan sun taimaka wajen haifar da adadin [[Gandun daji|sare itatuwa]] a fadin kasar.

Kodayake a cikin 1885 Ma'aikatar dazuzzuka ta Jihar ta ware gandun daji don kare albarkatun katako, an biya manoma na New Zealand shekaru 100 ko kuma an ba su tallafi don share ƙasar bishiyoyi ko &quot; inganta&quot; ƙasa don noma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vitalis |first=Vangelis |date=2007 |title=Agricultural subsidy reform and its implications for sustainable development: the New Zealand experience |journal=Environmental Sciences |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1080/15693430601108086 |issn=1569-3430 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rabin New Zealand yanzu an canza shi zuwa ƙasar noma, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sivyer |first=Louisa |last2=Morgan-Richards |first2=Mary |last3=Koot |first3=Emily |last4=Trewick |first4=Steven A. |date=2018 |editor-last=Stewart |editor-first=Alan |editor2-last=Keyghobadi |editor2-first=Nusha |title=Anthropogenic cause of range shifts and gene flow between two grasshopper species revealed by environmental modelling, geometric morphometrics and population genetics |journal=Insect Conservation and Diversity |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=415–434 |doi=10.1111/icad.12289 |s2cid=89841369}}&lt;/ref&gt; misali mafi yawan kogin kogin gabar yamma yanzu makiyaya ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nzcpe |date=2019-04-04 |title=Robbing the bank: land use change. |url=https://blog.planetaryecology.org/2019/04/04/robbing-the-bank-land-use-change/ |access-date=2020-01-16 |website=Planetary Ecology |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cire gandun daji ya ba da gudummawa ga halaka jinsunan da ke cikin yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=7. – Extinctions – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/extinctions/page-7 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar cire gandun daji na New Zealand, mutane sun kirkiro wuri mai faɗi tare da yanayin yanayi don ba da damar tsutsa mai ƙaho ''Phaulacridium marginale'' don fadada kewayonsa a duk faɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nzcpe |date=2019-09-18 |title=Hopped out |url=https://blog.planetaryecology.org/2019/09/19/hopped-out/ |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Planetary Ecology |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin baya-bayan nan ==
A cikin 1970s, motsin muhalli ya fara aiki kai tsaye don kare gandun daji na New Zealand. Sanannen kamfen ɗin kai tsaye sun kasance a cikin Pureora Forest tare da Stephen King da Kogin Yamma tare da Majalisar Ayyukan Gandun Daji da Ayyukan Gandun Daji. Duk wani gandun daji na asali a filayen jama'a ya ƙare a shekara ta 2002 lokacin da gwamnatin Labour ta amince da alkawarin da ta yi na zaɓe na dakatar da saren.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}

A cikin 2005, gandun daji ya rufe sama da 80,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi), ko 29% na ƙasar, wanda ya ƙunshi 63,000 km2 (24,000 sq mi) na gandun daji na asali da 17,000 km2 (6,600 sqmi). Wannan ƙididdiga ta NZ ta ƙunshi yankuna sama da 0.5 ha (acres 1.2) tare da aƙalla murfin kambi 10% da mafi ƙarancin tsayi na 5 m (16 ft) a lokacin balaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forests and Forest Products |url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/environment/environmental-economic-accounts/forests-and-forest-products-2005.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804040343/http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/environment/environmental-economic-accounts/forests-and-forest-products-2005.aspx |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=archive.stats.govt.nz |language=en-nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran ma'aunai sun bambanta, ta yadda ƙiyasin 2010 ɗaya, dangane da alkaluman MPI, ya sanya gandun daji na asali a murabba'in kilomita 65,000 (25,000 sq mi) (24%) da kuma jimlar itacen a 30%,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2011/12 edition of New Zealand Plantation Forest Industry Facts &amp; Figures |url=https://www.nzfoa.org.nz/images/stories/pdfs/nzf8135_factsfigures.pdf |website=Forest Owners Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma wani a waccan shekarar ya ce kashi 31.40% na New Zealand ya rufe da daji. Wannan baya hada da gonakin noma ko bishiyoyi a wuraren shakatawa. Wannan adadi yana karuwa a hankali amma a hankali tun 1998.{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Reliable source needed for both sentences|date=April 2019}} Ya zuwa 2018 kiyasin yanki da aka dasa ya haura zuwa murabba'in kilomita 17,300 (6,700 sq mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Zealand's forests {{!}} Ministry for Primary Industries. |url=https://www.teururakau.govt.nz/news-and-resources/open-data-and-forecasting/forestry/new-zealands-forests/ |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=www.teururakau.govt.nz |language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsaro na gandun daji ==
Hanyoyi da yawa na shari'a yanzu suna nan don kare gandun daji na New Zealand. Dokar Gudanar da albarkatu, babbar Dokar Majalisar da aka zartar a cikin 1991, tana ba da kowane [[Yanayi na halitta]] matakin kariya ta doka ta hanyar tsarin amincewar albarkatu. Kashe bishiyoyi na asali ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar tsarin izini wanda Ma'aikatar Masana'antu ta Firamare (MPI) ke gudanarwa kuma dole ne a nuna shi mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Forestry |url=http://www.mpi.govt.nz/growing-and-producing/forestry/indigenous-forestry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155413/http://www.mpi.govt.nz/growing-and-producing/forestry/indigenous-forestry/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-19 |publisher=Ministry for Primary Industries}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin ma'adanai da aka yi rajista don yanke bishiyoyi na asali ya sauka daga 672 a 1959,  zuwa 652 a 1984 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 1959 |title=New Zealand Gazette No.70 |url=https://library.victoria.ac.nz/databases/nzgazettearchive/pubs/gazettes/1959/1959%20ISSUE%20070.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a 2024 akwai kusan 150 izinin Gudanar da dazuzzuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 1984 |title=Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette |url=https://library.victoria.ac.nz/databases/nzgazettearchive/pubs/gazettes/1984/1984%20ISSUE%20214.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Industries |first=Ministry for Primary |date=2024-08-09 |title=Harvesting and milling native (indigenous) timber {{!}} NZ Government |url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/forestry/native-indigenous-forests/harvesting-milling-native-indigenous-timber/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Harvesting and milling native (indigenous) timber {{!}} NZ Government |language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MPI kuma tana tsara manufofi game da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preventing Illegal Logging |url=http://www.mpi.govt.nz/growing-and-producing/forestry/overview/preventing-illegal-logging/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155250/http://www.mpi.govt.nz/growing-and-producing/forestry/overview/preventing-illegal-logging/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-19 |publisher=Ministry for Primary Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2014 an zartar da doka ta musamman don ba da izinin cire yawancin itatuwan rimu waɗanda suka rushe a cikin guguwa a Tsibirin Kudancin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=West Coast Wind-blown Timber (Conservation Lands) Act 2014 |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0048/latest/DLM6166606.html |access-date=2016-12-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon lokutan, rimu ita ce katako da aka yi amfani da ita sosai a cikin gini. Bayan 1950, an maye gurbinsa da maganin ''Pinus radiata'', amma an yi amfani da ƙananan adadi don kayan [[ɗaki]] a cikin shekarun 1990.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kashe daji ta yankin
* Muhalli na New Zealand
* Gidajen daji a New Zealand
* [[Rashin Holocene|Abubuwan da suka faru na Holocene]]
* Royal Forest da Tsaro na Tsaro na New Zealand
* [[Canjin yanayi a New Zealand]]
* Rashin gurɓata a New Zealand

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Forest and Bird - babbar kungiyar kiyayewa ta kasa a New Zealand
* Kayan gandun daji na asali An adana shi   a Ma'aikatar Masana'antu ta Farko
* Bayanan daji da Bayanai a Mongabay</text>
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    <title>Kula da kwayoyin halitta na ciyawa a New Zealand</title>
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[[Fayil:Chrysolina_beetles_feeding_on_St._Johns_Wort.jpg|thumb|Kwararrun ''Chrysolina'' da ke cin abinci a kan tsire-tsire na St. Johns (''Hypericum perforatum'') a Balmoral, Arewacin Canterbury, New Zealand. Wannan shi ne shirin kula da ciyawa mafi nasara na NZ wajen sarrafa ciyawa da aka yi niyya.]]
An dauki New Zealand a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe mafi wahala a duniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Philip E. |date=May 2020 |title=Plant invasions in New Zealand: global lessons in prevention, eradication and control |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1539–1562 |doi=10.1007/s10530-020-02224-6 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an yi amfani da kulawar halittu na gargajiya (biocontrol) a matsayin hanya ɗaya don yaki da ciyawa mafi yaduwa da lalacewa na New Zealand.  Kula da shuke-shuke na gargajiya shine inda aka gabatar da wakili na musamman don ciyar da nau'in shuke- shuke-huke, yawanci nau'in kwari masu cin ganyayyaki ko kwayar cuta, a cikin ƙasa ko yanki a cikin ƙoƙari na ɓangare ko cikakken sarrafa yawan shuke-shirye. An san New Zealand a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe / yankuna biyar na duniya waɗanda suka fi aiki a cikin kula da kwayoyin halitta (waɗansu Australia, [[Hawaii]], Arewacin Amurka, da Afirka ta Kudu). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schwarzländer |first=M. |last2=Hinz |first2=Hariet L. |last3=Winston |first3=R. L. |last4=Day |first4=M. D. |date=June 2018 |title=Biological control of weeds: an analysis of introductions, rates of establishment and estimates of success, worldwide |journal=BioControl |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=319–331 |doi=10.1007/s10526-018-9890-8 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka fara kula da ciyawa a NZ a cikin shekarun 1920, an saki nau'in wakilai na kula da ciwon daji 69 a kan nau'in ciyawa 28.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1007_s10526-023-10225-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fowler |first=Simon V. |last2=Groenteman |first2=Ronny |last3=Paynter |first3=Quentin |date=June 2024 |title=The highs and the lows: a cost benefit analysis of classical weed biocontrol in New Zealand |journal=BioControl |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=253–267 |doi=10.1007/s10526-023-10225-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan New Zealand tana sakin jami'an kula da halittu da sauri fiye da kowace ƙasa, wanda aka danganta shi da girman matsalar ciyawa ta ƙasar da kuma goyon bayan jama'a don kula da ciyawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes_etal_2013&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Entomologist_Ronny_Groenteman_in_an_experiment_with_St._Johns_Wort_in_North_Canterbury,_New_Zealand.jpg|thumb|Misali na ci gaba da tasirin ''Chrysolina'' a kan murkushe St. Johns Wort a NZ. Masanin ilimin halittu na ciyawa Ronny Groenteman a Arewacin Canterbury a cikin shekara ta 2010, a wani makirci na dutse a gefen hanya wanda aka yayyafa da maganin kashe kwari yayin da aka yayyafar da makircin da ke hagu da ruwa. Shirin da aka yayyafa ruwa ya kasance ba tare da komai ba yayin da shirin da aka yayyar da kwari ya kasance tarin St. Johns Wort.]]
An sami nasarar sarrafa ciyawa mai kyau a cikin New Zealand ta hanyar amfani da biocontrol don hazo fure (Ageratina riparia), St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), da ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris) (ƙarshen mafi nasarar sarrafawa akan busasshiyar gabas ta NZ). An sami nasarar sarrafa wani yanki don ciyawa shaidan na Mexica (Ageratina adenophora), ciyawa (Alternanthera philoxeroides), heather (Calluna vulgaris), nodding thistle (Carduus nutans), da Scotch tsintsiya (Cytisus scoparius).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes_etal_2013&quot; /&gt; Sauran ciyawa, musamman gorse (Ulex europaeus), sun kasance sun yaɗu kuma suna da yawa duk da gabatarwar da yawa na jami'an kula da ilimin halitta.  

Kididdigar tattalin arziki ta nuna cewa sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin New Zealand gabaɗaya ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai. Misali, saka hannun jari a shekarar 2022 a cikin sarrafa sarrafa ciyawa don samar da shimfidar wurare ya kasance NZ $ 0.69 miliyan kuma ya ba da kiyasin fa'idar NZ dala miliyan 85 a shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1007_s10526-023-10225-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fowler |first=Simon V. |last2=Groenteman |first2=Ronny |last3=Paynter |first3=Quentin |date=June 2024 |title=The highs and the lows: a cost benefit analysis of classical weed biocontrol in New Zealand |journal=BioControl |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=253–267 |doi=10.1007/s10526-023-10225-2}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFowlerGroentemanPaynter2024&quot;&gt;Fowler, Simon V.; Groenteman, Ronny; Paynter, Quentin (June 2024). &quot;The highs and the lows: a cost benefit analysis of classical weed biocontrol in New Zealand&quot;. ''BioControl''. '''69''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;253–&lt;/span&gt;267. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10526-023-10225-2|10.1007/s10526-023-10225-2]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Adadin tattalin arzikin da aka ƙididdige zuwa New Zealand daga nasarar sarrafa kwayoyin halitta na St John's wort, da kanta, ya fi jimilar saka hannun jarin ƙasar a duk shirye-shiryen sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fowler |first=Simon V. |last2=Barringer |first2=James |last3=Groenteman |first3=Ronny |last4=Humphries |first4=Grant |date=4 March 2025 |title=Biocontrol of St John's wort (''Hypericum perforatum'') provides huge ongoing benefits to New Zealand agriculture |journal=New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=308–320 |doi=10.1080/00288233.2023.2232762}}&lt;/ref&gt; St John's wort ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin ciyawa na NZ har sai an samu nasarar sarrafa su ta hanyar wasu beetles guda biyu da suka yadu a yanzu (Chrysolina hyperici da Chrysolina quadrigemina) tare da taimako a cikin Tsibirin Kudancin Kudancin daga wani kuda da aka gabatar da gall-forming (Zeuxidiplosis giardi). &lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes_etal_2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Syrett_StJohnsWort&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Syrett |first=Pauline |date=1997 |title=Biological control of St. John's wort in New Zealand |journal=Plant Protection Quarterly |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=88–90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi wuri sosai don yin hukunci game da nasarar wasu shirye-shirye saboda yana iya ɗaukar shekaru zuwa shekaru da yawa don jami'ai su kai ga yawan da ke da tasiri sosai ga yawan ciyawa. Wani sanannen misali na jinkiri wanda wani lokacin zai iya faruwa a cikin nasarar wakili shine biocontrol na heather (''Calluna vulgaris'') ta amfani da kwari na heather. &lt;ref name=&quot;Peterson_Heather&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Paul G. |last2=Merrett |first2=Merilyn F. |last3=Fowler |first3=Simon V. |last4=Barrett |first4=Douglas Paul |last5=Paynter |first5=Quentin |date=October 2020 |title=Comparing biocontrol and herbicide for managing an invasive non‐native plant species: Efficacy, non‐target effects and secondary invasion |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=1876–1884 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13691}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heather ta bazu ko'ina a tsakiyar dutsen wuta a tsibirin Arewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Hazel M. |last2=Bannister |first2=Peter |date=1990 |title=The spread of heather, ''Calluna vulgaris'' (L.) Hull, into indigenous plant communities of Tongariro National Park |url=https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1881/pdf |journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology |volume=14 |pages=7–16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta fara shirin kula da halittu wanda ya haifar da sakin ''L. suturalis'' a Tongariro National Park a shekarar 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peterson_Heather&quot; /&gt; Fiye da shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin shekara ta 2001, cewa yaduwar kwari ta fara kashe wuraren heather.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peterson_Heather&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2007, barkewar kwari na sheather yana yaduwa da sauri kuma an nuna cewa kwari na heather sun fi tasiri wajen kashe heather fiye da amfani da herbicide, kuma ya haifar da karuwa a rufe tsire-tsire na asali yayin da waɗannan suka ragu a cikin murfin da wadatar jinsuna tare da aikace-aikacen herbicide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peterson_Heather&quot; /&gt;

Tare da ciyawa da yawa a cikin New Zealand, akwai damuwa cewa sarrafa nau'in ciyawa ɗaya a ƙasar kiyayewa zai haifar da maye gurbinsa da wani ciyawa maimakon amfanin tsire-tsire na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barton_mistflower&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya nuna cewa ba haka ba ne tare da nasarar sarrafa fure na hazo, wanda ya zama mai zurfi da yaduwar gandun daji a arewacin New Zealand, sannan kuma an sami nasarar sarrafa shi ta hanyar halitta ta hanyar sakin fararen ƙwayoyin cuta (''Entyloma ageratinae'') da ƙwaro (''Procecidochares alani''). &lt;ref name=&quot;Barton_mistflower&quot; /&gt; Fiye da shekaru biyar na saka idanu, wadatar jinsuna da kashi na wasu tsire-tsire da aka gabatar ba su canza ba yayin da wadatar jinsin da kashi na tsire-shire na asali suka karu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barton_mistflower&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barton |first=Jane |last2=Fowler |first2=Simon V. |last3=Gianotti |first3=Alison F. |last4=Winks |first4=Chris J. |last5=de Beurs |first5=Maarten |last6=Arnold |first6=Greg C. |last7=Forrester |first7=Guy |date=March 2007 |title=Successful biological control of mist flower (''Ageratina riparia'') in New Zealand: Agent establishment, impact and benefits to the native flora |journal=Biological Control |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=370–385 |doi=10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.09.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Cinnnabar_moth_caterpillars_feeding_on_ragwort.jpg|thumb|Tsire-tsire na ragwort a Auckland, New Zealand, wanda caterpillars na cinnabar ke ciyar da shi. Cinnabar moth na ɗaya daga cikin wakilai na farko na kula da halittu da aka saki a NZ.]]
Masana kimiyyar New Zealand da suka biyo baya sun yi binciken sarrafa ƙwayar cuta, tun daga 1925 a Cibiyar Cawthron a Nelson. Na farko ciyayi da aka yi niyya sune blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.), Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), gorse (Ulex europaeus), ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris), da kuma wata [[shuka]] ta NZ ta endemic, piripiri (Acaena anserinifolia). &lt;ref name=&quot;Cameron_etal_1989&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin kwari 17 da aka shigo da su don nazarin, an saki uku kuma daga cikin waɗannan biyu an kafa su (asu ragwort cinnabar (Tyria jacobaeae da gorse iri weevil (Exapion ulicis),) yayin da piripiri sawfly na [[Chile]] (Ucona acaenae) ya kasa.

A cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1980s, Ma'aikatar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu ce ta jagoranci aikin kula da ciyawa na New Zealand, sannan Cibiyoyin Bincike na Crown suka biyo baya daga 1992.  Akwai raguwa a cikin saka hannun jari na sarrafa halittu tsakanin 1931 da 1965 saboda mayar da hankali kan sabbin magungunan herbicides, sannan kuma ya sake farfado da sha'awar sarrafa ciyawa biyo bayan karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin da ba a yi niyya ba da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi juriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes_etal_2013&quot; /&gt; Har zuwa yau, shekarun da suka gabata tare da gabatarwar kula da ciyawa a cikin New Zealand sun kasance shekarun 1990 da 2000 (tare da wakilai 15 da 13 da aka gabatar, bi da bi). &lt;ref name=&quot;Hayes_etal_2013&quot; /&gt;

Shirye-shiryen sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin NZ galibi an fara su ne ta hanyar, kuma galibi masana'antun samar da kayayyaki na farko ko hukumomin da ke da alhakin kula da muhalli kamar majalisun yanki da Sashen Kulawa.

==Manazarta==
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  <page>
    <title>T-cell leukemia / lymphoma na manya</title>
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'''Adult T-cell leukemia''' / '''lymphoma''' ('''ATL''' ko '''ATLL''') wani nau'in [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] ne mai ban sha'awa na tsarin rigakafin T-cells&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid4544052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yodoi |first=J |last2=Takatsuki |first2=K |last3=Masuda |first3=T |year=1974 |title=Letter: Two cases of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Japan |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=290 |issue=10 |pages=572–3 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197403072901018 |pmid=4544052}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid301762&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uchiyama |first=T |last2=Yodoi |first2=J |last3=Sagawa |first3=K |last4=Takatsuki |first4=K |last5=Uchino |first5=H |year=1977 |title=Adult T-cell leukemia: Clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases |journal=Blood |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=481–92 |doi=10.1182/blood.V50.3.481.481 |pmid=301762 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22068231&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yodoi |first=J |last2=Maeda |first2=M |year=2011 |title=The discovery of ATL: an odyssey in restrospect |journal=International Journal of Hematology |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=423–8 |doi=10.1007/s12185-011-0957-x |pmid=22068231 |s2cid=9299403}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da kwayar cutar T-cell / lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1).&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15726602&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nicot |first=Christophe |year=2005 |title=Current views in HTLV-I-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma |journal=American Journal of Hematology |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=232–9 |doi=10.1002/ajh.20307 |pmid=15726602 |s2cid=30160899 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin ƙwayoyin ATL suna dauke da hadin gwiwar HTLV-1 provirus da ke ci gaba da tallafawa wannan rawar da kwayar cutar ke takawa a cikin dalilin neoplasm.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15726602&quot; /&gt; Ƙananan mutane na HTLV-1 suna ci gaba don haɓaka ATL tare da dogon lokaci tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da ci gaban ATL. ATL an rarraba shi zuwa nau'o'i huɗu: mai tsanani, mai ƙonewa, nau'in lymphoma, da kuma na dogon lokaci. An san nau'in cututtukan cututtukat da cututtukani musamman suna da tsananin tashin hankali tare da rashin hangen nesa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Matsuoka |first=M |last2=Jeang |first2=K |date=2007 |title=Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nrc2111 |journal=Nature Reviews Cancer |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=270–280 |doi=10.1038/nrc2111 |issn=1474-175X |pmid=17384582 |s2cid=7824653 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A duniya, an kiyasta retrovirus HTLV-1 don kamuwa da mutane miliyan 20 a kowace shekara tare da abin da ya faru na ATL kusan 0.05 a kowace shekara 100,000 tare da yankuna masu kama da yankuna na Japan, har zuwa 27 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=A |last2=Harewood |first2=J |date=2018 |title=Adult T Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATL): State of the Art |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6 |journal=Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=300–307 |doi=10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6 |issn=1558-822X |pmid=30047026 |s2cid=51719877 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, shari'o'in sun karu a yankunan da ba na kowa ba tare da mafi girman HTLV-1 a tsibirin kudancin / arewacin Japan, Caribbean, Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, Afirka mai zafi, Romania, arewacin Iran. ATL yawanci yana faruwa a kusa da shekaru 62 amma matsakaicin shekaru a lokacin ganewar asali ya dogara da yaduwar kamuwa da HTLV-1 a cikin wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chihara |first=D |last2=Ito |first2=H |last3=Katanoda |first3=K |last4=Shibata |first4=A |last5=Matsuda |first5=T |last6=Tajima |first6=K |last7=Sobue |first7=T |last8=Matsuo |first8=K |date=2012 |title=Increase in incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in non-endemic areas of Japan and the United States |journal=Cancer Science |volume=103 |issue=10 |pages=1857–1860 |doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02373.x |issn=1349-7006 |pmc=7659271 |pmid=22738276}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin magani na yanzu don ATL ya dogara ne akan nau'in asibiti da martani ga maganin farko. Wasu hanyoyin magani don magani bazai samuwa a duk ƙasashe ba saboda haka dabarun sun bambanta a duk faɗin duniya. Dukkanin marasa lafiya ana tura su zuwa gwaje-gwaje na asibiti idan akwai. Baya ga gwaje-gwaje na asibiti, jiyya suna tsakiya akan maganin sinadarai da yawa, zidovudine tare da interferon-a (AZT / IFN), da allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=A |last2=Harewood |first2=J |date=2018 |title=Adult T Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATL): State of the Art |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6 |journal=Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=300–307 |doi=10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6 |issn=1558-822X |pmid=30047026 |s2cid=51719877 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPhillipsHarewood2018&quot;&gt;Phillips, A; Harewood, J (2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6|&quot;Adult T Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATL): State of the Art&quot;]]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports''. '''13''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;300–&lt;/span&gt;307. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6|10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-822X 1558-822X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30047026 30047026]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51719877 51719877].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
ATL yawanci mai tsananin tashin hankali ne wanda ba Hodgkin's lymphoma ba tare da bayyanar histologic ba sai dai ga tsarin rarraba da kuma T-cell phenotype.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ishida |first=T |last2=Joh |first2=T |last3=Uike |first3=N |last4=Yamamoto |first4=K |last5=Utsunomiya |first5=A |last6=Yoshida |first6=S |last7=Saburi |first7=Y |last8=Miyamoto |first8=T |last9=Takemoto |first9=S |last10=Suzushima |first10=H |last11=Tsukasaki |first11=K |date=2012 |title=Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.37.3472 |issn=1527-7755 |pmid=22312108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin lymphocytes masu zagayawa tare da tsarin nukiliya mara kyau (ƙwayoyin leukemic) akai-akai. Lines na shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa HTLV-1 yana haifar da ATL. Wannan shaidar ta haɗa da keɓewar HTLV-1 akai-akai daga marasa lafiya tare da wannan cuta da kuma gano HTLV-1-proviral genome a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar sankara na ATL. ATL sau da yawa yana tare da sa hannu na ciki, hypercalcemia, [[Yanayin fata|cututtukan fata]], da cututtuken ƙashi. Rashin mamayewar ƙashi da osteolysis, siffofi na ƙashi, yawanci suna faruwa a cikin saitin ciwon daji mai ƙarfi, kamar nono, prostate, da ciwon daji na huhu, amma ba su da yawa a cikin cututtukan jini. Koyaya, marasa lafiya tare da HTLV-1-induced ATL da [[Multiple myeloma|myeloma mai yawa]] suna da alaƙa da ci gaban osteolysis da hypercalcemia. Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi masu ban sha'awa na ATL da cututtukan ƙashi masu yawa shine cewa raunin ƙashi galibi osteolytic ne tare da ƙananan aikin osteoblastic. A cikin marasa lafiya tare da ATL, matakan serum masu girma na IL-1, TGFβ, PTHrP, furotin na kumburi na macrophage (MIP-1α), da mai karɓar mai kunnawa na nukiliya-κB ligand (RANKL) an haɗa su da hypercalcemia. Mice masu ƙarancin rigakafi waɗanda suka karɓi implants tare da ƙwayoyin leukemic daga marasa lafiya tare da ATL ko HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes sun haɓaka hypercalcemia da matakan serum masu girma na PTHrP.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16118323&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=L |last2=Deng |first2=H |last3=Zhao |first3=H |last4=Hirbe |first4=A |last5=Harding |first5=J |last6=Ratner |first6=L |last7=Weilbaecher |first7=K |date=2005 |title=HTLV-1 Tax transgenic mice develop spontaneous osteolytic bone metastases prevented by osteoclast inhibition |journal=Blood |volume=106 |issue=13 |pages=4294–302 |doi=10.1182/blood-2005-04-1730 |pmc=1895233 |pmid=16118323}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin marasa lafiya suna mutuwa a cikin shekara guda na ganewar asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matsuoka |first=M |last2=Suzuki |first2=R |date=2020 |title=Treatment and prognosis of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma |url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723084215/http://www.uptodate.com:80/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma |archive-date=2012-07-23 |access-date=27 July 2012 |website=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cutar da ke dauke da HTLV-1, kamar kamuwa da cuta tare da wasu retroviruses, mai yiwuwa yana faruwa ne don rayuwa kuma ana iya ƙaddara shi lokacin da aka gano maganin rigakafi akan HTLV-1 a cikin serum.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16155611&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=G |last2=Matsuoka |first2=M |year=2005 |title=Natural history of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and approaches to therapy |journal=Oncogene |volume=24 |issue=39 |pages=6047–57 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1208979 |pmid=16155611 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
An yi imanin cewa yaduwar HTLV-1 tana faruwa ne daga uwa zuwa yaro; ta hanyar jima'i; kuma ta hanyar fuskantar jini mai gurbatawa, ko dai ta hanyar ƙarin jini ko raba allurar gurbatawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ishida |first=T |last2=Joh |first2=T |last3=Uike |first3=N |last4=Yamamoto |first4=K |last5=Utsunomiya |first5=A |last6=Yoshida |first6=S |last7=Saburi |first7=Y |last8=Miyamoto |first8=T |last9=Takemoto |first9=S |last10=Suzushima |first10=H |last11=Tsukasaki |first11=K |date=2012 |title=Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.37.3472 |issn=1527-7755 |pmid=22312108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Binciken ya dogara ne akan siffofin asibiti da canje-canje na yanayin yanayin da immunophenotypic na ƙwayoyin cuta. Kamar yadda siffofin asibiti da hangen nesa na iya zama daban-daban, ana rarraba cutar zuwa nau'o'i huɗu bisa ga rarrabawar Shimoyama: mai tsanani, lymphoma, mai tsanani, da ƙonewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ishida |first=T |last2=Joh |first2=T |last3=Uike |first3=N |last4=Yamamoto |first4=K |last5=Utsunomiya |first5=A |last6=Yoshida |first6=S |last7=Saburi |first7=Y |last8=Miyamoto |first8=T |last9=Takemoto |first9=S |last10=Suzushima |first10=H |last11=Tsukasaki |first11=K |date=2012 |title=Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.37.3472 |issn=1527-7755 |pmid=22312108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kullum, gano akalla kashi 5 cikin 100 na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini na gefe da kuma tabbatar da kwayar cutar T-lymphotropic ta mutum nau'in 1 sun isa ga ganewar asali na nau'ikan cututtukan cututtukani masu tsanani, na yau da kullun, da masu hayaki. Ga nau'in lymphoma, ana iya buƙatar gwajin histopathologic ta hanyar biopsy na lymph nodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matsuoka |first=M |last2=Suzuki |first2=R |date=2020 |title=Treatment and prognosis of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma |url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723084215/http://www.uptodate.com:80/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma |archive-date=2012-07-23 |access-date=27 July 2012 |website=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Immunophenotype na ATLL ya haɗa da alamomi masu kyau kamar CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, da CD25, tare da alamomi marasa kyau don CD7, CD8, da alamomi na cytotoxic. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani ɓangare na tabbatacce ga CD30, CCR4, da FOXP3. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ishida |first=T |last2=Joh |first2=T |last3=Uike |first3=N |last4=Yamamoto |first4=K |last5=Utsunomiya |first5=A |last6=Yoshida |first6=S |last7=Saburi |first7=Y |last8=Miyamoto |first8=T |last9=Takemoto |first9=S |last10=Suzushima |first10=H |last11=Tsukasaki |first11=K |date=2012 |title=Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.37.3472 |issn=1527-7755 |pmid=22312108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <id>878387</id>
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      <text bytes="12716" sha1="5xcz6gtnv796xxm2w1n23cp85aai1m9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Adult T-cell leukemia''' / '''lymphoma''' ('''ATL''' ko '''ATLL''') wani nau'in [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] ne mai ban sha'awa na tsarin rigakafin T-cells&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid4544052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yodoi |first=J |last2=Takatsuki |first2=K |last3=Masuda |first3=T |year=1974 |title=Letter: Two cases of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Japan |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=290 |issue=10 |pages=572–3 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197403072901018 |pmid=4544052}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid301762&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uchiyama |first=T |last2=Yodoi |first2=J |last3=Sagawa |first3=K |last4=Takatsuki |first4=K |last5=Uchino |first5=H |year=1977 |title=Adult T-cell leukemia: Clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases |journal=Blood |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=481–92 |doi=10.1182/blood.V50.3.481.481 |pmid=301762 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22068231&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yodoi |first=J |last2=Maeda |first2=M |year=2011 |title=The discovery of ATL: an odyssey in restrospect |journal=International Journal of Hematology |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=423–8 |doi=10.1007/s12185-011-0957-x |pmid=22068231 |s2cid=9299403}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da kwayar cutar T-cell / lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1).&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15726602&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nicot |first=Christophe |year=2005 |title=Current views in HTLV-I-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma |journal=American Journal of Hematology |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=232–9 |doi=10.1002/ajh.20307 |pmid=15726602 |s2cid=30160899 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin ƙwayoyin ATL suna dauke da hadin gwiwar HTLV-1 provirus da ke ci gaba da tallafawa wannan rawar da kwayar cutar ke takawa a cikin dalilin neoplasm.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15726602&quot; /&gt; Ƙananan mutane na HTLV-1 suna ci gaba don haɓaka ATL tare da dogon lokaci tsakanin kamuwa da cuta da ci gaban ATL. ATL an rarraba shi zuwa nau'o'i huɗu: mai tsanani, mai ƙonewa, nau'in lymphoma, da kuma na dogon lokaci. An san nau'in cututtukan cututtukat da cututtukani musamman suna da tsananin tashin hankali tare da rashin hangen nesa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Matsuoka |first=M |last2=Jeang |first2=K |date=2007 |title=Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nrc2111 |journal=Nature Reviews Cancer |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=270–280 |doi=10.1038/nrc2111 |issn=1474-175X |pmid=17384582 |s2cid=7824653 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A duniya, an kiyasta retrovirus HTLV-1 don kamuwa da mutane miliyan 20 a kowace shekara tare da abin da ya faru na ATL kusan 0.05 a kowace shekara 100,000 tare da yankuna masu kama da yankuna na Japan, har zuwa 27 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=A |last2=Harewood |first2=J |date=2018 |title=Adult T Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATL): State of the Art |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6 |journal=Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=300–307 |doi=10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6 |issn=1558-822X |pmid=30047026 |s2cid=51719877 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, shari'o'in sun karu a yankunan da ba na kowa ba tare da mafi girman HTLV-1 a tsibirin kudancin / arewacin Japan, Caribbean, Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, Afirka mai zafi, Romania, arewacin Iran. ATL yawanci yana faruwa a kusa da shekaru 62 amma matsakaicin shekaru a lokacin ganewar asali ya dogara da yaduwar kamuwa da HTLV-1 a cikin wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chihara |first=D |last2=Ito |first2=H |last3=Katanoda |first3=K |last4=Shibata |first4=A |last5=Matsuda |first5=T |last6=Tajima |first6=K |last7=Sobue |first7=T |last8=Matsuo |first8=K |date=2012 |title=Increase in incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in non-endemic areas of Japan and the United States |journal=Cancer Science |volume=103 |issue=10 |pages=1857–1860 |doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02373.x |issn=1349-7006 |pmc=7659271 |pmid=22738276}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin magani na yanzu don ATL ya dogara ne akan nau'in asibiti da martani ga maganin farko. Wasu hanyoyin magani don magani bazai samuwa a duk ƙasashe ba saboda haka dabarun sun bambanta a duk faɗin duniya. Dukkanin marasa lafiya ana tura su zuwa gwaje-gwaje na asibiti idan akwai. Baya ga gwaje-gwaje na asibiti, jiyya suna tsakiya akan maganin sinadarai da yawa, zidovudine tare da interferon-a (AZT / IFN), da allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=A |last2=Harewood |first2=J |date=2018 |title=Adult T Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATL): State of the Art |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6 |journal=Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=300–307 |doi=10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6 |issn=1558-822X |pmid=30047026 |s2cid=51719877 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPhillipsHarewood2018&quot;&gt;Phillips, A; Harewood, J (2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6|&quot;Adult T Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATL): State of the Art&quot;]]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports''. '''13''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;300–&lt;/span&gt;307. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6|10.1007/s11899-018-0458-6]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-822X 1558-822X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30047026 30047026]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51719877 51719877].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
ATL yawanci mai tsananin tashin hankali ne wanda ba Hodgkin's lymphoma ba tare da bayyanar histologic ba sai dai ga tsarin rarraba da kuma T-cell phenotype.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ishida |first=T |last2=Joh |first2=T |last3=Uike |first3=N |last4=Yamamoto |first4=K |last5=Utsunomiya |first5=A |last6=Yoshida |first6=S |last7=Saburi |first7=Y |last8=Miyamoto |first8=T |last9=Takemoto |first9=S |last10=Suzushima |first10=H |last11=Tsukasaki |first11=K |date=2012 |title=Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.37.3472 |issn=1527-7755 |pmid=22312108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin lymphocytes masu zagayawa tare da tsarin nukiliya mara kyau (ƙwayoyin leukemic) akai-akai. Lines na shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa HTLV-1 yana haifar da ATL. Wannan shaidar ta haɗa da keɓewar HTLV-1 akai-akai daga marasa lafiya tare da wannan cuta da kuma gano HTLV-1-proviral genome a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar sankara na ATL. ATL sau da yawa yana tare da sa hannu na ciki, hypercalcemia, [[Yanayin fata|cututtukan fata]], da cututtuken ƙashi. Rashin mamayewar ƙashi da osteolysis, siffofi na ƙashi, yawanci suna faruwa a cikin saitin ciwon daji mai ƙarfi, kamar nono, prostate, da ciwon daji na huhu, amma ba su da yawa a cikin cututtukan jini. Koyaya, marasa lafiya tare da HTLV-1-induced ATL da [[Multiple myeloma|myeloma mai yawa]] suna da alaƙa da ci gaban osteolysis da hypercalcemia. Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi masu ban sha'awa na ATL da cututtukan ƙashi masu yawa shine cewa raunin ƙashi galibi osteolytic ne tare da ƙananan aikin osteoblastic. A cikin marasa lafiya tare da ATL, matakan serum masu girma na IL-1, TGFβ, PTHrP, furotin na kumburi na macrophage (MIP-1α), da mai karɓar mai kunnawa na nukiliya-κB ligand (RANKL) an haɗa su da hypercalcemia. Mice masu ƙarancin rigakafi waɗanda suka karɓi implants tare da ƙwayoyin leukemic daga marasa lafiya tare da ATL ko HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes sun haɓaka hypercalcemia da matakan serum masu girma na PTHrP.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16118323&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=L |last2=Deng |first2=H |last3=Zhao |first3=H |last4=Hirbe |first4=A |last5=Harding |first5=J |last6=Ratner |first6=L |last7=Weilbaecher |first7=K |date=2005 |title=HTLV-1 Tax transgenic mice develop spontaneous osteolytic bone metastases prevented by osteoclast inhibition |journal=Blood |volume=106 |issue=13 |pages=4294–302 |doi=10.1182/blood-2005-04-1730 |pmc=1895233 |pmid=16118323}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin marasa lafiya suna mutuwa a cikin shekara guda na ganewar asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matsuoka |first=M |last2=Suzuki |first2=R |date=2020 |title=Treatment and prognosis of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma |url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723084215/http://www.uptodate.com:80/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma |archive-date=2012-07-23 |access-date=27 July 2012 |website=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cutar da ke dauke da HTLV-1, kamar kamuwa da cuta tare da wasu retroviruses, mai yiwuwa yana faruwa ne don rayuwa kuma ana iya ƙaddara shi lokacin da aka gano maganin rigakafi akan HTLV-1 a cikin serum.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16155611&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=G |last2=Matsuoka |first2=M |year=2005 |title=Natural history of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and approaches to therapy |journal=Oncogene |volume=24 |issue=39 |pages=6047–57 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1208979 |pmid=16155611 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
An yi imanin cewa yaduwar HTLV-1 tana faruwa ne daga uwa zuwa yaro; ta hanyar jima'i; kuma ta hanyar fuskantar jini mai gurbatawa, ko dai ta hanyar ƙarin jini ko raba allurar gurbatawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ishida |first=T |last2=Joh |first2=T |last3=Uike |first3=N |last4=Yamamoto |first4=K |last5=Utsunomiya |first5=A |last6=Yoshida |first6=S |last7=Saburi |first7=Y |last8=Miyamoto |first8=T |last9=Takemoto |first9=S |last10=Suzushima |first10=H |last11=Tsukasaki |first11=K |date=2012 |title=Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.37.3472 |issn=1527-7755 |pmid=22312108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Binciken ya dogara ne akan siffofin asibiti da canje-canje na yanayin yanayin da immunophenotypic na ƙwayoyin cuta. Kamar yadda siffofin asibiti da hangen nesa na iya zama daban-daban, ana rarraba cutar zuwa nau'o'i huɗu bisa ga rarrabawar Shimoyama: mai tsanani, lymphoma, mai tsanani, da ƙonewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ishida |first=T |last2=Joh |first2=T |last3=Uike |first3=N |last4=Yamamoto |first4=K |last5=Utsunomiya |first5=A |last6=Yoshida |first6=S |last7=Saburi |first7=Y |last8=Miyamoto |first8=T |last9=Takemoto |first9=S |last10=Suzushima |first10=H |last11=Tsukasaki |first11=K |date=2012 |title=Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.37.3472 |issn=1527-7755 |pmid=22312108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kullum, gano akalla kashi 5 cikin 100 na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini na gefe da kuma tabbatar da kwayar cutar T-lymphotropic ta mutum nau'in 1 sun isa ga ganewar asali na nau'ikan cututtukan cututtukani masu tsanani, na yau da kullun, da masu hayaki. Ga nau'in lymphoma, ana iya buƙatar gwajin histopathologic ta hanyar biopsy na lymph nodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matsuoka |first=M |last2=Suzuki |first2=R |date=2020 |title=Treatment and prognosis of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma |url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723084215/http://www.uptodate.com:80/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-adult-t-cell-leukemia-lymphoma |archive-date=2012-07-23 |access-date=27 July 2012 |website=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Immunophenotype na ATLL ya haɗa da alamomi masu kyau kamar CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, da CD25, tare da alamomi marasa kyau don CD7, CD8, da alamomi na cytotoxic. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani ɓangare na tabbatacce ga CD30, CCR4, da FOXP3. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ishida |first=T |last2=Joh |first2=T |last3=Uike |first3=N |last4=Yamamoto |first4=K |last5=Utsunomiya |first5=A |last6=Yoshida |first6=S |last7=Saburi |first7=Y |last8=Miyamoto |first8=T |last9=Takemoto |first9=S |last10=Suzushima |first10=H |last11=Tsukasaki |first11=K |date=2012 |title=Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW-0761) for relapsed adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=837–842 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.37.3472 |issn=1527-7755 |pmid=22312108 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>The Wall Street Boy</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339564017|The Wall Street Boy]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="604" sha1="fk2einqrtb1lp1p0p6wg1vxiajxcthn" xml:space="preserve">'''''Yaron Wall Street''''' ( Kalenjin   ) wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Kenya da Kanada, wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2023.  Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Thamela Mpumlwana a matsayin Kipkemboi, wani matashin ƙwararren masanin lissafi daga yankunan karkara [[Kenya|na Kenya]] wanda aka tilasta masa barin tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, sannan ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke ba shi damar yin wasa a kasuwar hannun jari da kuma wadatar da iyalinsa da al'ummarsa.</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339564017|The Wall Street Boy]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="769" sha1="f793rilqorhiy3fcox4wed5uuwgtxu3" xml:space="preserve">'''''Yaron Wall Street''''' ( Kalenjin   ) wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Kenya da Kanada, wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2023.  Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Thamela Mpumlwana a matsayin Kipkemboi, wani matashin ƙwararren masanin lissafi daga yankunan karkara [[Kenya|na Kenya]] wanda aka tilasta masa barin tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, sannan ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke ba shi damar yin wasa a kasuwar hannun jari da kuma wadatar da iyalinsa da al'ummarsa. 

Simintin ya kuma haɗa da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a cikin ayyukan tallafi.</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339564017|The Wall Street Boy]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="956" sha1="1657y3ey23tfhaeyla9xad8nov64c91" xml:space="preserve">'''''Yaron Wall Street''''' ( Kalenjin   ) wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Kenya da Kanada, wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2023.  Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Thamela Mpumlwana a matsayin Kipkemboi, wani matashin ƙwararren masanin lissafi daga yankunan karkara [[Kenya|na Kenya]] wanda aka tilasta masa barin tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, sannan ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke ba shi damar yin wasa a kasuwar hannun jari da kuma wadatar da iyalinsa da al'ummarsa. 

Simintin ya kuma haɗa da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a cikin ayyukan tallafi.

An fara nuna fim ɗin a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na ƙasa da ƙasa]] a watan Nuwamba na 2023,  kafin a fara fitar da shi a kasuwa a shekarar 2024.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877932</id>
      <parentid>877931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:04:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339564017|The Wall Street Boy]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877932</origin>
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      <text bytes="976" sha1="1rhu8j94foyywkogsuoy6fqs45xrqxj" xml:space="preserve">'''''Yaron Wall Street''''' ( Kalenjin   ) wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Kenya da Kanada, wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2023.  Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Thamela Mpumlwana a matsayin Kipkemboi, wani matashin ƙwararren masanin lissafi daga yankunan karkara [[Kenya|na Kenya]] wanda aka tilasta masa barin tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, sannan ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke ba shi damar yin wasa a kasuwar hannun jari da kuma wadatar da iyalinsa da al'ummarsa. 

Simintin ya kuma haɗa da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a cikin ayyukan tallafi.

An fara nuna fim ɗin a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na ƙasa da ƙasa]] a watan Nuwamba na 2023,  kafin a fara fitar da shi a kasuwa a shekarar 2024. 

== Kyaututtuka ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877933</id>
      <parentid>877932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:04:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339564017|The Wall Street Boy]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877933</origin>
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      <text bytes="2559" sha1="s2k7ako4mtcwuvm0z0fuktrtgsjc313" xml:space="preserve">'''''Yaron Wall Street''''' ( Kalenjin   ) wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Kenya da Kanada, wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2023.  Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Thamela Mpumlwana a matsayin Kipkemboi, wani matashin ƙwararren masanin lissafi daga yankunan karkara [[Kenya|na Kenya]] wanda aka tilasta masa barin tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, sannan ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke ba shi damar yin wasa a kasuwar hannun jari da kuma wadatar da iyalinsa da al'ummarsa. 

Simintin ya kuma haɗa da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a cikin ayyukan tallafi.

An fara nuna fim ɗin a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na ƙasa da ƙasa]] a watan Nuwamba na 2023,  kafin a fara fitar da shi a kasuwa a shekarar 2024. 

== Kyaututtuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Kyauta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ranar bikin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nau'i
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mai karɓa(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
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| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2024
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Mai Tallafawa]]
| Elsie Abang| {{Won}}
| 
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje|Fim Mafi Kyau Daga Wani Dan Afirka Mai Rayuwa A Ƙasashen Waje]]
|| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 
|-
| [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Cinematographer]]
| Rudolf Blahacek| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Mafi Kyawun Gyara]]
| JL Munce| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga mafi Kyakkyawun Tsarin Fitarwa|Mafi kyawun Tsarin Samarwa]]
| Joel Richardson| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Sauti|Mafi kyawun Sauti]]
|| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Mafi kyawun Tasirin Kayayyaki]]
|| {{Nom}}
|-
| Ƙungiyar Daraktoci ta Kanada
| 2024
| Mafi kyawun Tsarin Samarwa, Fim Mai Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Iyaka
| Joel Richardson| {{Won}}
| 
|-
| Kyaututtukan Hotuna na NAACP
| 2025
| Fim ɗin Fim na Ƙasashen Duniya Mai Kyau
|| {{Nom}}
| 
|-
| Kyaututtukan Allon Kanada
| 2025
| Mafi kyawun Maki na Asali
| Amin Bhatia| {{Nom}}
| 
|}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877934</id>
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        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
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      <text bytes="2572" sha1="4yzgpryh70r7bv9rosw089d6czymamt" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''''Yaron Wall Street''''' ( Kalenjin   ) wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Kenya da Kanada, wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2023.  Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Thamela Mpumlwana a matsayin Kipkemboi, wani matashin ƙwararren masanin lissafi daga yankunan karkara [[Kenya|na Kenya]] wanda aka tilasta masa barin tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, sannan ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke ba shi damar yin wasa a kasuwar hannun jari da kuma wadatar da iyalinsa da al'ummarsa. 

Simintin ya kuma haɗa da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a cikin ayyukan tallafi.

An fara nuna fim ɗin a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na ƙasa da ƙasa]] a watan Nuwamba na 2023,  kafin a fara fitar da shi a kasuwa a shekarar 2024. 

== Kyaututtuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Kyauta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ranar bikin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nau'i
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mai karɓa(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2024
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Mai Tallafawa]]
| Elsie Abang| {{Won}}
| 
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje|Fim Mafi Kyau Daga Wani Dan Afirka Mai Rayuwa A Ƙasashen Waje]]
|| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 
|-
| [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Cinematographer]]
| Rudolf Blahacek| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Mafi Kyawun Gyara]]
| JL Munce| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga mafi Kyakkyawun Tsarin Fitarwa|Mafi kyawun Tsarin Samarwa]]
| Joel Richardson| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Sauti|Mafi kyawun Sauti]]
|| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Mafi kyawun Tasirin Kayayyaki]]
|| {{Nom}}
|-
| Ƙungiyar Daraktoci ta Kanada
| 2024
| Mafi kyawun Tsarin Samarwa, Fim Mai Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Iyaka
| Joel Richardson| {{Won}}
| 
|-
| Kyaututtukan Hotuna na NAACP
| 2025
| Fim ɗin Fim na Ƙasashen Duniya Mai Kyau
|| {{Nom}}
| 
|-
| Kyaututtukan Allon Kanada
| 2025
| Mafi kyawun Maki na Asali
| Amin Bhatia| {{Nom}}
| 
|}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877935</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877935</origin>
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      <text bytes="2586" sha1="mvi1bzxcfeg3i83qi81e64321hrzq7k" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''''Yaron Wall Street''''' ( Kalenjin   ) wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Kenya da Kanada, wanda [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2023.  Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Thamela Mpumlwana a matsayin Kipkemboi, wani matashin ƙwararren masanin lissafi daga yankunan karkara [[Kenya|na Kenya]] wanda aka tilasta masa barin tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, sannan ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke ba shi damar yin wasa a kasuwar hannun jari da kuma wadatar da iyalinsa da al'ummarsa. 

Simintin ya kuma haɗa da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a cikin ayyukan tallafi.

An fara nuna fim ɗin a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na ƙasa da ƙasa]] a watan Nuwamba na 2023,  kafin a fara fitar da shi a kasuwa a shekarar 2024. 

== Kyaututtuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Kyauta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ranar bikin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nau'i
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mai karɓa(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2024
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Tallafawa|Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Mai Tallafawa]]
| Elsie Abang| {{Won}}
| 
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau ta Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje|Fim Mafi Kyau Daga Wani Dan Afirka Mai Rayuwa A Ƙasashen Waje]]
|| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 
|-
| [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Cinematographer]]
| Rudolf Blahacek| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gyara|Mafi Kyawun Gyara]]
| JL Munce| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga mafi Kyakkyawun Tsarin Fitarwa|Mafi kyawun Tsarin Samarwa]]
| Joel Richardson| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Sauti|Mafi kyawun Sauti]]
|| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Mafi kyawun Tasirin Kayayyaki]]
|| {{Nom}}
|-
| Ƙungiyar Daraktoci ta Kanada
| 2024
| Mafi kyawun Tsarin Samarwa, Fim Mai Kasafin Kuɗi Mai Iyaka
| Joel Richardson| {{Won}}
| 
|-
| Kyaututtukan Hotuna na NAACP
| 2025
| Fim ɗin Fim na Ƙasashen Duniya Mai Kyau
|| {{Nom}}
| 
|-
| Kyaututtukan Allon Kanada
| 2025
| Mafi kyawun Maki na Asali
| Amin Bhatia| {{Nom}}
| 
|}


==Manazarta</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:IP4883</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>122500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877730</id>
      <parentid>744531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cabayi</username>
        <id>8435</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cabayi moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Iangpowell]] to [[Tattaunawar user:IP4883]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Iangpowell|Iangpowell]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/IP4883|IP4883]]&quot;</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Iangpowell! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Iangpowell|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 12 Disamba 2025 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>awn5ny0e3egcg3kerlzxjj3thbhff5u</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kisan gillar iyali na Del Águila</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>122664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877745</id>
      <parentid>797418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnjafarmahuta12</username>
        <id>46515</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>877745</origin>
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      <text bytes="6246" sha1="qgej3zhnl93j1hbo1389cwnam69ysqt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
An yi zargin Águila ta kashe ƙannenta huɗu ƙanana ta hanyar amfani da guba a Murcia, [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. An ruwaito cewa ta kashe su bayan ta ji takaicin tilasta musu kula da su. Duk da cewa likitoci sun kammala da cewa ita mai tabin hankali ce wadda ta aikata mugunta da gangan, Piedad ta yi iƙirarin cewa yaran farko uku da aka kashe suna kan umarnin mahaifiyarta ne. Ba za a iya gurfanar da Piedad a gaban kuliya ba saboda shekarunta, kuma an tura ta gidan sufi. Shari'ar ta shahara a kafafen yaɗa labarai na Spain, inda aka yi mata lakabi da &quot;Shari'ar Yara Masu Murcian&quot;.

== Bayani ==
An haifi Piedad Martínez del Águila a matsayin ɗa na uku kuma 'yar fari ga Andrés Martínez del Águila, mai gyaran bulo da ke aiki a fannin gini, da Antonia Pérez Díaz, wacce ke aiki a wurare daban-daban. Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Antonio, mai shekaru 16, da Manuel, mai shekaru 14, da ƙannenta maza bakwai, Jesús, mai shekaru 10, Cristina, mai shekaru 8, Manuela, mai shekaru 6,[a] Andrés, mai shekaru 5, Fuensanta, mai shekaru 4, Mariano, mai shekaru 2, da Mari Carmen, mai watanni 9. Mahaifiyarta tana da ciki na watanni bakwai.[2] Iyalin suna zaune a Carril, Villagarcía de Arosa (es), Spain.[3] Piedad ba ta je makaranta ba, maimakon haka tana taimaka wa mahaifiyarta da ayyukan gida da kuma kula da 'yan'uwanta mata. Tana son zama mai gyaran gashi a lokacin girma. Manyan 'yan'uwanta maza biyu suna aiki. Iyalin sun fara zama a wani gida a Algezares, kuma sun shafe shekaru biyu suna zaune a wani gida a lokacin da lamarin ya faru.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;La muerte de los cuatro hermanos, contada por su desventurado padre&quot; [The death of the four siblings, told by their unfortunate father]. ''Línea'' (in Spanish). Murcia, Spain. 8 January 1966. p. 16. Retrieved 8 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Sun zauna a gida na farko a cikin rukunin gidaje na Casas del Carmen.[4]: 5

== Kisa ==
A ranar 4 ga Disamba 1965, an gano Mari Carmen mai watanni 9 a mace.[2] Tana da farfadiya tana da watanni biyar, wanda aka yi mata magani. A ranar mutuwarta, an ga irin waɗannan alamun.[1] Da farko an gano mutuwarta a matsayin ta hanyar ciwon sankarau; wani jariri daga cikin dangin ya mutu sakamakon cutar shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Bayan kwana biyar, Mariano ya mutu. An kuma yi zaton mutuwarsa ta samo asali ne daga ciwon sankarau. Bayan mutuwar Fuensanta kwanaki biyar bayan na Mariano, zato ya taso.[2] Likitan iyali, Antonio Guillamón,[5] ya ƙi sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar mutuwa.[2] An kwantar da iyalan a Asibitin Gundumar Murcia don a duba su, kuma an sallame su kafin [[Kirsimeti]] saboda lafiyarsu.[2] A ranar 4 ga Janairu 1966, da ƙarfe 9 na safe, Andrés ya mutu yana da shekaru biyar.[1][2]

== Bincike da ganowa ==
An aika da gawarwakin Andrés da Fuensanta zuwa Cibiyar Lafiya ta Carlos III don gwaji, inda ba a gano wata ƙwayar cuta ba.[2] A ranar 11 ga Janairu 1966, an gano alamun guba a cikin gawarwakin Andrés.[4]: 5  An tono dukkan gawarwakin guda huɗu daga makabartar Nuestro Padre Jesús da ke Espinardo, kuma an yanke hukuncin cewa duk an yi musu guba iri ɗaya. An sami alamun DDT da potassium cyanide a jikinsu. Bayan haka, an umarci iyayen Andrés da Antonia da su daure. An tsare Antonia a Asibitin San Juan de Dios saboda ciki, kuma Andrés ya sami damar duba lafiyar kwakwalwarsa a Cibiyar Kula da Masu Ciwon Hauka ta El Palmar.[2]

Iyayen sun musanta cewa akwai wani guba a cikin gidan. Bayan labarin gubar ya bayyana a bainar jama'a, Piedad ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya yi shiru. Iyayen sun yi imanin cewa mutanen da ke wajen gidan ne suka kashe yaran. Antonia ta tausaya wa Piedad, tana gaya wa masu yin hira cewa ita ce mutum na ƙarshe da 'yan'uwan suka gani kafin mutuwarsu. Ta kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Piedad ba ta fahimci cikakken yanayin ba saboda shekarunta.[4]: 5

Piedad ta zama wacce ake zargi saboda ita ce ke da alhakin kula da yaran da kuma ciyar da su. Wani mai bincike ya yi kamar ya saka sinadarin chloride a cikin gilashin madara ga Piedad yayin da yake yi mata tambayoyi, wanda hakan ya fusata ta hana shi. Lokacin da ya dage cewa Piedad ya sha, sai ta ƙi. Bayan mai binciken ya tambaye ta ko ya yi kama da abin da ta ba 'yan'uwanta, ta amsa laifin, tana mai cewa 'yan'uwanta uku na farko da ta kashe suna bisa umarnin mahaifiyarta ne, kuma na ƙarshe bisa ga ƙa'idarta. Piedad ta ba da labarin cewa Fuensanta ce kaɗai ta yi magana a lokacin gubar, tana cewa &quot;Piedad, zo da sauri. Ina mutuwa&quot;. Ta ce ta yi gubar ta hanyar ƙwallan gubar bera da aka yi amfani da su don tsaftace ƙarfe, sannan ta saka ta a cikin gilashin madara. Duk yaran sun mutu cikin awa ɗaya.[2]

Piedad, bayan ta ji takaicin tilasta mata kula da ƙannenta, ta fara shan guba ga ƙananan yaran domin ta sami ƙarin lokacin hutu da kuma yin wasa da abokanta. Bayan ta amsa laifinta, an kwantar da ita a asibitin masu tabin hankali kuma ta ba da nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban. Ta dage cewa mahaifiyarta ta shawo kanta ta ba wa yaran uku na farko guba. Likitoci a asibiti sun kammala da cewa ita mai tabin hankali ce kuma ta yi abin da aka yi niyya da mugunta. Duk da cewa ita kaɗai ce ta aikata mutuwar huɗu, a matsayinta na ƙarama, ba za a iya gurfanar da ita a gaban kuliya ba.[2] Bayan ɗan lokaci a Kotun Matasa, ta shiga gidan sufi na Oblates da ke Murcia.[2]

== Bayan haka ==
Lamarin ya shahara a kafofin watsa labarai na gida, ana yi mata lakabi da &quot;Shari'ar Yara Murcian&quot;. Jita-jita marasa tushe cewa yaran sun mutu sakamakon shaƙewa bayan an matse musu matashin kai a fuskokinsu kafin a gano gubar.[4]: 4  Shari'ar ta haifar da tattaunawa mai zurfi a duk faɗin Spain.[4]: 5  A lokacin da take a gidan sufi na Oblates, an ruwaito cewa Piedad ta yi farin ciki kuma tana jin daɗin saka.[2] Ta bayyana sha'awar zama da wata goggo, Lola, wacce ba ta da 'ya'ya.[1][2] An guji iyalan bayan aikata laifukan, kuma Andrés Sr. ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tattara shara a rayuwarsa ta baya, daga ƙarshe ya zama makaho. Manyan 'yan'uwan Piedad biyu za su tafiakan aikata ƙananan laifuka.[2] Babu wani bayani game da Piedad bayan alƙawarinta ga gidan sufi da aka sani.[2][3]

Bayanan Bayani

An kuma ruwaito shi a matsayin &quot;Manolita&quot;.[1]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Kashe-kashe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Frank Mugisha</title>
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[[Fayil:Hillary_Rodham_Clinton_with_2011_Human_Rights_Defender_Award_recipients_(cropped)_–_Frank_Mugisha.jpg|thumb|Frank Mugisha a cikin 2012.]]
'''Frank Mugisha''' (an haife shi 17 ga Yuni 1979)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |accessdate=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 November 2011 |title=Kjemper for homser med livet som innsats - fikk Rafto-prisen i kveld |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/fikk-rafto-prisen-sondag-kveld-1.7865149 |accessdate=14 April 2023 |website=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan fafutukar hakkin LGBT ne daga Uganda kuma Daraktan Zartarwa na '''Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG)'''. Ya samu lambar yabo ta '''Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award''' da '''Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize''' a shekarar 2011 saboda aikinsa na fafutuka. Mugisha ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT a Uganda.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Mugisha a wani unguwa a Kampala, Uganda. An tarbiyantar da shi a cikin iyali mai tsananin bin addinin Katolika, kuma ya bayyana masa ga ɗan uwansa a shekara ta 14.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake bayyana shi ya sa wasu ‘yan uwa suka janye masa, wasu abokai da ‘yan uwa sun ci gaba da goyon bayansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayinda yake a jami'a a shekara ta 2004, ya kafa Icebreakers Uganda, ƙungiyar da aka kirkira a matsayin cibiyar tallafi ga 'yan Uganda LGBT waɗanda ke waje ko suna cikin fitowa ga dangi da abokai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mugisha yanzu shine babban darakta na SMUG, ƙungiyar laima wacce ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi goma sha takwas, gami da Icebreakers Uganda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2011 |title=Kjemper for homser med livet som innsats - fikk Rafto-prisen i kveld |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/fikk-rafto-prisen-sondag-kveld-1.7865149 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - Sakatare Janar ta girmama Mugisha. An lissafa shi a cikin Mujallar Advocate, The Independent, wanda Black Entertainment Television ya girmama - BET da Mugisha sun sami suna ta #POWER10: daga cikin mafi yawan mutanen Black LGBTQ masu tasiri a cikin 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mugisha ta kasance abokiyar kusa da abokin hulɗa kuma wanda ya kafa SMUG [[David Kato]], wanda aka kashe a watan Janairun 2011 bayan ya samu nasarar kai karar wani tabloid mai suna Rolling Stone don buga sunayen 'yan Uganda 100 na LGBT tare da ƙarfafawa don &quot; rataye su&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mugisha na ɗaya daga cikin masu shigar da kara daga SMUG wanda Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Tsarin Mulki ta wakilta ta amfani da Dokar Tort Alien don kai karar mai bishara na Amurka Scott Lively don laifuka a kan bil'adama saboda aikinsa a kan Dokar Anti-Homosexuality ta Uganda,  aikin da aka bayyana a matsayin karfafa tsananta wa maza da 'yan mata  kuma a matsayin &quot;haɗin ... da ke ƙoƙarin cutarwa da hana wasu mutane hakkinsu [wanda] shine ma'anar tsanantawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Tarayyar Amurka Michael A. Ponsor ya yanke hukuncin cewa masu shigar da kara sun kasance a kan tushe a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa da tarayya wajen kin amincewa da kalubalen iko ga karar; ya kuma yanke hukuncin cewa kariya ta Kwaskwarimar Farko don halin Lively ba ta da lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin rubutunsa a '''The Guardian''' a shekarar 2014, Mugisha ya yi bayani cewa tsanar maza da maza (homophobia) da ƙiyayya da ke bayan '''Anti-Homosexuality Bill''' sun samo asali ne daga tasirin kasashen yamma: &quot;Ni namiji ne mai son maza. Ni ɗan Uganda ne kuma. Babu wani abu da ya saba da Afirka a cikin ni. Uganda ce ƙasar da na haife, na girma, kuma nake kira gida na. Haka kuma ƙasa ce da na zama kusan ɗan fashi mara laifi saboda wanda nake so. Ina so ‘yan uwana ‘yan Uganda su fahimci cewa son jinsi na maza da maza ba abin shigo daga yamma bane, kuma ina so abokanmu a kasashen da suka ci gaba su gane cewa yanayin tsanar maza da maza a yanzu yana tasowa daga can.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Mugisha |first=Frank |date=March 21, 2014 |title=I am a gay Ugandan about to go home. This law will tyrannise my life. |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/20/gay-ugandan-law-tyrannise-life-anti-homosexuality-act |accessdate=March 21, 2014 |publisher=theguardian.com |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanarwa ==
Mugisha ya sami lambar yabo ta Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award ta 2011 da kuma lambar yabo ta Rafto ta 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda aikinsa na neman haƙƙin LGBT a Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2011 |title=Kjemper for homser med livet som innsats - fikk Rafto-prisen i kveld |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/fikk-rafto-prisen-sondag-kveld-1.7865149 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma sami digirin digirin girmamawa na Jami'ar Ghent . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 November 2011 |title=Kjemper for homser med livet som innsats - fikk Rafto-prisen i kveld |url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/fikk-rafto-prisen-sondag-kveld-1.7865149 |accessdate=14 April 2023 |website=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mugisha ta kasance dan takarar Nobel Peace Prize a shekarar 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Erie Gay News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, an haɗa Mugisha a cikin jerin manyan shugabannin duniya na Fortune Magazine.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Stella Nyanzi
* Pepe Julian Onziema

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shari'ar fyade ta Anjana Mishra</title>
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Lamarin Anjana Mishra game da fyade shari'ar fyade ce mai girma da ta faru a jihar [[Odisha|Orissa]] ([[Indiya|India]]) a shekarar 1999. Anjana Mishra, tsohuwar matar wani jami'in kula da gandun daji na Indiya Subash Chandra Mishra, an yi mata fyade a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 1999. Wannan shari'ar ta haifar da tashin hankali a cikin Jiha tare da Anjana ta zargi Babban Minista na lokacin J. B. Patnaik da abokinsa tsohon Lauyan Janar na Odisha Indrajit Ray da taka rawar gani a lamarin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=J.B. Patnaik |title=Why should I apologise to Anjana? |url=http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522040625/http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |archive-date=22 May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |website=The Week |format=Interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shari'ar fyade ta lalata hoton jam'iyyar. Shugaban jam'iyyar Sonia Gandhi ya maye gurbin Babban Minista da Giridhar Gamang . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FROM THE FRYING PAN INTO THE FIRE |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmintdev/160/9012614.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610125346/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmintdev/160/9012614.htm |archive-date=2016-06-10 |access-date=2017-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Motar da Anjana da abokiyar jaridarta ke tafiya a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 1999 an tsayar da ita a wani wuri mara kyau kusa da Barang a wajen Cuttack da wadanda ake zargi guda uku kuma an yi mata fyade a gaban abokinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=J.B. Patnaik |title=Why should I apologise to Anjana? |url=http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522040625/http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |archive-date=22 May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |website=The Week |format=Interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biyu daga cikin masu laifin an kama su a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 1999, kuma an tsare su a hannun shari'a, yayin da wanda ake tuhuma na uku, Biban Biswal, bayan shekaru 22 a gudu, 'yan sanda na Odisha suka kama shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun 2021 daga Pune a [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FROM THE FRYING PAN INTO THE FIRE |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmintdev/160/9012614.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610125346/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmintdev/160/9012614.htm |archive-date=2016-06-10 |access-date=2017-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Ofishin Bincike (CBI) ya ɗauki shari'ar bayan Babban Kotun Orissa ta ba da umarnin hukumar bincike a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1999, don bincika shari'ar. CBI ta gabatar da takardar cajin ta a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1999.

Bayan doguwar gwagwarmaya, Anjana Mishra ta lashe shari'arta. A cikin hukuncin da aka yanke a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2002 Alkalin Gundumar da Sessions na Khurda, Orissa, ya yanke wa biyu daga cikin mutane uku da ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai da tarar Rs.5,000 kowannensu. Alkalin Mahendra Nath Patnaik ya yanke wa Pradip Sahoo da Direndra Mohanty hukunci kan zargin cin zarafin Anjana yayin da take tafiya a cikin mota daga Cuttack zuwa Bhubaneswar tare da aboki a ranar 9 ga Janairun 1999. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=J.B. Patnaik |title=Why should I apologise to Anjana? |url=http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522040625/http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |archive-date=22 May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |website=The Week |format=Interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanda ake tuhuma na uku, Biban Biswal, ya yi nasarar guje wa kamawa na tsawon shekaru 22.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FROM THE FRYING PAN INTO THE FIRE |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmintdev/160/9012614.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610125346/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmintdev/160/9012614.htm |archive-date=2016-06-10 |access-date=2017-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun 2021, an kama firaministan da ake tuhuma Biban Biswal daga Pune ta hanyar wani aiki da ake kira 'Silent Viper' ta ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta Odisha karkashin jagorancin Kwamishinan 'yan sanda Dokta Sudhansu Sarangi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=J.B. Patnaik |title=Why should I apologise to Anjana? |url=http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522040625/http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |archive-date=22 May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |website=The Week |format=Interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kan hukuncin Anjana Mishra ta ce har yanzu tana &quot;damuwa&quot; saboda hukumar bincike ba ta yi wani ƙoƙari don kama Biswal ba, wanda, ta yi zargin yana da mabuɗin warware &quot;maƙaryaci&quot; a bayan fyade.

A cikin 2023, Anjana Mishra ta ba da sanarwa ta shari'a ga masu yin jerin yanar gizo &quot;Barang 1999&quot; a kan dandalin OTT Kanccha Lanka da ake zargin ya dogara da ainihin rayuwarta. Ta zargi masu gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon ba su nemi izinin ta wajen buga jerin ba. Ta hanyar lauyanta, ta yi barazanar masu gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon da su kwashe jerin daga dandamali ko kuma za a tilasta mata ta koma kotu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=J.B. Patnaik |title=Why should I apologise to Anjana? |url=http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522040625/http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |archive-date=22 May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |website=The Week |format=Interview}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FROM THE FRYING PAN INTO THE FIRE |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmintdev/160/9012614.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610125346/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmintdev/160/9012614.htm |archive-date=2016-06-10 |access-date=2017-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yunkurin fyade na farko ==
A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1997, Anjana ta yi korafi a kan Ray ta hanyar rubuta wa Babban Minista cewa a ranar 11 ga watan Yunin Ray ya gayyace ta zuwa ofishinsa da zama a Cuttack, ya kai ta ɗakin dakinsa a kan uzuri na karbar kiran sirri, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi mata fyade. Kamar yadda ba a dauki mataki ba, wakilan kungiyoyin mata da yawa sun sadu da Babban Minista wanda ya ba da shawarar yarjejeniyar sulhu. Anjana ta ki amincewa da wannan. Ta gabatar da rahoton bayanai na farko tare da ofishin 'yan sanda na Cantonment a Cuttack a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1997. Anjana ta kuma zargi Babban Ministan da kare Ray.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=J.B. Patnaik |title=Why should I apologise to Anjana? |url=http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522040625/http://appiusforum.net/anjana_mishra.html |archive-date=22 May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |website=The Week |format=Interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ray ya bar mukamin bayan kukan jama'a kuma CBI ta dauki shari'ar. Kotun da aka zaba ta CBI ta yanke wa Ray hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru uku a watan Fabrairun 2000, inda ta tuhume shi da yunkurin fyade.

== Manazarta ==
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      <text bytes="4824" sha1="7ue8ywwof6ke9uhp7q8dmjym8jofbzq" xml:space="preserve">'''Kisan mata a [[Peru]]''' kisan kai ne da aka yi wa mata a Peru, wata ƙasa a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], wacce ke fuskantar manyan tashin hankali ga mata. Tsakanin 2010 da 2017, an kashe mata 837 kuma an yi yunkurin kisan kai 1,172. &lt;ref name=&quot;PERU17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 November 2017 |title=#NiUnaMenos: miles de mujeres marcharán para rechazar la violencia |url=https://peru.com/actualidad/mi-ciudad/niunamenos-miles-mujeres-marcharan-rechazar-violencia-noticia-544058 |access-date=26 November 2017 |website=Perú.com |language=es-PE |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140012/https://peru.com/actualidad/mi-ciudad/niunamenos-miles-mujeres-marcharan-rechazar-violencia-noticia-544058 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lambobin da aka sabunta tsakanin 2015 da 2021 sun nuna da karuwa a cikin kisan mata, tare da kashe mata 897 a Peru a lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Desde el 2015, cerca de 900 mujeres fueron víctimas de feminicidios, según cifra oficial del @INEI_oficial |url=https://twitter.com/waykaperu/status/1608261266233257986 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=[[Wayka]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdiga ==
Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasa ta yi, kashi 32.3% na matan Peruvian sun bayyana cewa sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jiki daga abokin tarayya a wani lokaci, tare da kashi 11.9% da suka fuskanta a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Desde el 2015, cerca de 900 mujeres fueron víctimas de feminicidios, según cifra oficial del @INEI_oficial |url=https://twitter.com/waykaperu/status/1608261266233257986 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=[[Wayka]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016 Eduardo Vega, mai kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasar, ya ba da rahoton cewa a matsakaita, mata goma a kowane wata abokan aikinsu ne suka kashe su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Desde el 2015, cerca de 900 mujeres fueron víctimas de feminicidios, según cifra oficial del @INEI_oficial |url=https://twitter.com/waykaperu/status/1608261266233257986 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=[[Wayka]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ofishin ombudman ya yi ya gano cewa tsakanin 2009 da 2015, an yi kisan mata 795, amma tare da yanke hukunci 84 kawai tsakanin 2012 da 2015; a cikin kashi 81% na yunkurin kisan mata, hukumomi sun sami wani mataki don kare wadanda abin ya shafa, 24% daga cikinsu abokan aikinsu ne suka kashe su.&lt;ref name=&quot;dp173&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2015 |title=Tras la presentación del Informe №173: Defensoría del Pueblo pide sanciones más drásticas y efectivas frente al delito de feminicidio. Nota de Prensa №268/OCII/DP/2015 |url=http://www.defensoria.gob.pe/modules/Downloads/prensa/notas/2015/NP-268-15.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021050759/http://www.defensoria.gob.pe/modules/Downloads/prensa/notas/2015/NP-268-15.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2017 |access-date=August 14, 2016 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Halin kisan mata ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan; a cikin 2017 akwai kisan mata 94, yayin da a cikin 2020, an bayar da rahoton kisan mata 138.&lt;ref name=&quot;PERU17&quot;/&gt; A wannan shekarar, sabon rikodin mutanen da suka ɓace ya lissafa mata 5521, daidai da kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanen da suka bace a Peru. A cikin 2020, an yanke hukunci biyu ne kawai game da kisan mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title='Judith never came home': deadly fate of 'disappeared' women in Peru |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/mar/18/peru-disappeared-girls-women-shadow-pandemic-femicide-police-accused-sex-trafficking |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken da Jami'ar Lima ta yi a shekarar 2018 game da kisan mata na kusa da ita ya gano manyan abubuwan haɗari guda biyu da ke kara yiwuwar kisan mata: tashin hankali na tunanin mutum na baya, da tashin hankali da aka shirya. Wannan binciken ya kiyasta shekarun rayuwa da suka ɓace saboda mutuwar da ba ta dace ba wanda ya haifar da kisan mata a 16, 567 tsakanin 2011 da 2015.[1]￼

== Yunkurin adawa da cin zarafin mata ==
A cikin 2016, an kirkiro kungiyar NiUnaMenos (Spanish: Ba ɗaya ba) don nuna rashin amincewa da kisan mata da tashin hankali ga mata a Peru.

A cikin 2020, zanga-zangar ta fara ne a Peru game da mutuwar Judith Machaca da Noemí Escobar, mata biyu waɗanda aka gano jikinsu a cikin rijiyar; kukan jama'a ya biyo baya lokacin da Santiago Pace, wani jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ya furta kisan mata biyu kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar fataucin jima'i da ke aiki daga cikin' yan sanda na Peruvian, wani alƙali na yankin ya sake shi daga hannun.[1]￼

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rikicin jinsi a Peru
* NiUnaMenos (Peru)  - Yunkurin Peruvian game da cin zarafin mata

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wearside Jack</title>
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      <text bytes="12784" sha1="1cr81nc7a8u21wd9e7vz05dxt7v3y0w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Wearside Jack''' shine laƙabi da aka ba '''John Samuel Humble''' (8 ga Janairu 1956 - 30 ga Yulin 2019), wani ɗan Burtaniya wanda ya yi kamar shi ne [[Peter Sutcliffe|Yorkshire Ripper]] a cikin rikodin sauti da haruffa da yawa a cikin 1978 da 1979. 

Humble ya aika da saƙo da aka ɗauka a cikin harshen Wearside da haruffa uku, yana ba'a ga hukumomi saboda rashin kama shi. Sakon, wanda aka rubuta a kan wani cassette na sauti, ya sa aka motsa binciken daga yankin West Yorkshire, gidan ainihin mai kisan kai, Peter Sutcliffe, kuma ta haka ne ya taimaka wajen tsawaita hare-haren da ya kai wa mata kuma yana iya jinkirta kama shi da watanni goma sha takwas.[1]￼

Fiye da shekaru 25 bayan taron, an gano wani sashi daga daya daga cikin ambulaf din Humble ta hanyar DNA, kuma a cikin 2006, an yanke wa Humble hukuncin shekaru takwas a kurkuku saboda karkatar da hanyar adalci.&amp;nbsp;

== Yaudara ==

=== Harafin uku ===
Tsakanin Maris 1978 da ƙarshen Yuni 1979, Humble ya aika da wasiƙu uku da ke da'awar zama Yorkshire Ripper .  An sanya su biyu daga [[Sunderland]], an yi wa mataimakin Cif Constable [[George Oldfield (shugaban 'yan sanda)|George Oldfield]] na 'yan sanda na West Yorkshire wanda ke jagorantar binciken Ripper, kuma daya ga Daily Mirror.

An rubuta wa Mataimakin Babban Jami'in George Oldfield

: Dear Sir

Na yi nadama cewa ba zan iya ba da sunana ba saboda dalilai a bayyane. Ni ne mai tsinkaye. 'Yan jarida sun kira ni mahaukaci amma ba ku ba, kuna kira ni mai basira kuma ni ne. Kai da matasanku ba su da wata alama cewa hoton da ke cikin takarda ya ba ni damuwa kuma hakan game da kashe kaina, babu dama. Ina da abubuwa da zan yi. Manufar da na yi na kawar da su a kan tituna. Ɗaya daga cikin nadama da na yi shi ne cewa matashiyar lassie McDonald, ba ta san dalilin ya canza al'ada a wannan dare ba. Har zuwa lamba 8 yanzu kuna cewa 7 amma ku tuna Preston '75. ku san game da ku. Kun yi daidai Ina tafiya kadan. Wataƙila kuna neman ni a Sunderland, kada ku damu, ba ni da hankali, kawai in buga wasika a can a daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiye na. Ba mummunan wuri ba idan aka kwatanta da Chapeltown da Manningham da sauran wurare. Gargadi karuwanci da su daina kan tituna ya sa na ji yana zuwa kuma.￼

: Ya yi nadama game da yarinya lassie.

: naka da girmamawa

: Jack mai satar

: Zan iya sake rubuta daga baya ban tabbata ba wanda ya cancanci hakan. Masu karuwanci suna ƙuruciya a kowane lokaci. Tsohon karuwa a karo na gaba ina fatan. Huddersfield ba ta sake ba, ƙaramin kusa da kira na ƙarshe.

&quot;Preston '75&quot; ya kasance nuni ne ga kisan Joan Harrison .  An yi imanin cewa Yorkshire Ripper a lokacin ya kashe ta, amma an yi tunanin cewa haɗin da ake tsammani ba a cikin yankin jama'a ba wanda ke jagorantar da'awar mai yaudara don samun amincin da bai cancanci ba. Sutcliffe ya musanta wani ilmi kuma ba a tuhume shi da wannan laifi ba. Ya kasance ba a warware shi ba har zuwa shekara ta 2011, lokacin da aka daidaita Shaidar DNA daga wurin aikata laifuka da na wani marigayi mai suna Christopher Smith (ya mutu a shekara ta 2008) wanda aka yanke masa hukunci da wasu laifuka, gami da yunkurin fyade da kisan kai.

=== Rubutun &quot;Wearside Jack&quot; ===
A ranar 17 ga watan Yunin 1979, Humble ya aika da cassette ga Mataimakin Cif Constable Oldfield, inda ya gabatar da kansa kawai a karkashin sunan &quot;Jack&quot; kuma ya yi ikirarin alhakin kisan gillar Ripper har zuwa wannan lokacin.
{{Blockquote|I'm Jack. I see you are still having no luck catching me. I have the greatest respect for you George, but Lord! You are no nearer catching me now than four years ago when I started. I reckon your boys are letting you down, George. They can't be much good, can they?&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 | title = Jack tape - cassette recording
 | author = K. Brannen
 | publisher = Execulink.com
 | url = http://www.execulink.com/~kbrannen/jacktape.wav
 | access-date = 2 April 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Rubuce-rubucen a kan tef ɗin cassette ya ƙare tare da wani ɓangare daga 1978 guda &quot;Na gode da kasancewa aboki&quot; na Andrew Gold. George Oldfield da sauran manyan jami'ai sun sanar da su daga [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] cewa mahaliccin tef ɗin yaudara ce. Masanin binciken Amurka Robert Ressler ya nuna, a cikin littafinsa, Who Fights Monsters, cewa ya tuntube su don sanar da su nan da nan bayan ya ji rikodin.

Duk da wannan, 'yan sanda sun mayar da hankali kan Harshe Wearside na Humble. Tare da masu sharhi na murya, sun yanke shawarar (bisa ga ilimin yare)  cewa faɗar ta bambanta da yankin Castletown na [[Sunderland]]. Wannan ya haifar da mutane 40,000 da ake bincike ba tare da amfani ba, kamar yadda mai kisan, Sutcliffe, ya fito ne daga Bradford. Har ila yau, 'yan sanda sun fara kamfen ɗin talla mai mahimmanci, gami da hotuna na 'Dial-the-Ripper', tallace-tallace 5,000, da tallace-tafiye a cikin jaridu 300. Babban jami'in tsaro Ronald Gregory ya karkatar da fam miliyan 1 daga kasafin kudin bincike zuwa yakin neman zabe shi kadai. Bayan 'yan makonni bayan an buga rikodin, masana murya sun fara ƙoƙarin shawo kan' yan sanda cewa mai yaudara ne ya kirkiro tef ɗin, amma ba a saurare su ba.&amp;nbsp;

[[Joan Smith]] ta yi hira da shi don The Sunday Times a cikin 1980, Olive Smelt, wanda Sutcliffe ya azabtar wanda ya tsira daga harin da ya kai a 1975 a Halifax, ya yi fushi cewa 'yan sanda sun yi watsi da dagewarta cewa mai aikata laifin mutum ne na gida. Sauran shaidun wadanda suka tsira, hotunan da ke kusa da bayyanar Sutcliffe, an kuma ki amincewa da su. Wani takardar sirri na 'yan sanda da aka bayar a watan Satumbar 1979 ta ɗakin kisan gillar' yan sanda na Yammacin Yorkshire ya umarci masu bincike da su yi watsi da binciken duk wanda ake zargi ba tare da karin magana na Arewa maso Gabas ba.

An yi hira da Peter Sutcliffe, wanda ya aikata kisan, kuma an sake shi sau tara a cikin shekaru biyar. Hudu daga cikin wadannan lokuta sun biyo bayan shawarar 'yan sanda na neman mutumin da aka ji a kan tef ɗin. Kowace lokacin da aka ƙi shi a matsayin wanda ake zargi saboda ba shi da harshen Arewa maso Gabas. A watan Yulin 1979, 'yan sanda biyu da suka zama masu tuhuma sun yi hira da Sutcliffe. Ɗaya daga cikin jami'an, Detective Constable Andrew Laptew, a cikin rahotonsa ya rubuta cewa akwai shaidar da ta dace cewa shi ne mai kisan kai, amma an rage takardar saboda yaren Sutcliffe na Yorkshire da rashin wasa da rubutun hannu na mai yaudara.

Wani wanda ba a san shi ba a lokacin da Sutcliffe ya mutu a lokacin wasikar farko ta Humble ita ce Yvonne Pearson, wanda jikinsa bai gano ba, an ɓoye shi a ƙarƙashin sofa da aka watsar a Bradford. Wannan daki-daki ya haifar da tuhuma ga Sufeto na 'Yan sanda na Northumbria cewa shaidar Wearside Jack yaudara ce (kamar yadda marubucin wasikar bai ambaci wannan laifi ba) kuma ya gabatar da rahoto ga' yan sanda na West Yorkshire a watan Satumbar 1979, amma an yi watsi da rahoton. Ɗaya daga cikin daidaituwa tsakanin mai kisan Harrison (wanda ake zargi da ƙarya) da Wearside Jack shine ɓoyewar ƙwayoyin jini na rukuni na B a cikin hawaye da maniyyi, wanda aka samo daga wurin kisan ta da kuma goge na ɗaya daga cikin haruffa, ingancin da kashi 6% kawai na maza suka raba. Wannan shi ne wanda aka dauka a matsayin hujja ta ƙarshe Yorkshire Ripper shine mutumin da ya aiko da haruffa da tef.

=== An tabbatar da yaudara ===
Yayinda 'yan sanda na Yammacin Yorkshire ke binciken jagororin, Sutcliffe ya kashe wasu mata uku, kuma ya kai hari ga wasu biyu. Sai kawai bayan ikirarin Sutcliffe ne aka nuna Wearside Jack ya zama yaudara. ACC Oldfield ya yi ritaya da wuri bayan abin da ya yi la'akari da wulakanci; ya mutu a 1985 Yanayi da shekaru 61. Ya bayyana a lokacin shari'ar Humble cewa Sutcliffe ya gaya wa 'yan sanda bayan kama shi a 1981 cewa &quot;Yayin da hakan ke ci gaba na ji lafiya. Ba ni da Geordie. An haife ni a Shipley. &quot;

== John Humble ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
Dan Sam da Violet Humble, Humble ya halarci makarantar Hylton Road Junior School da Havelock Senior School a kan Fordfield Road a cikin Ford Estate a Sunderland .  Ya sami &quot;mafi yawan&quot; sakamakon makaranta,  kuma ya sami 'yan cancanta, kafin ya bar makaranta yana da shekara 16. Matsayinsa na aiki ya haɗa da aikin tubali (wanda ya bar bayan shekaru uku), watanni shida a cikin wanki na asibiti da kuma ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin mai tsaro.

A cikin 1990, Humble ya auri wata mace da ya kasance cikin dangantaka da makonni shida. A farkon shekarun auren, an ce shi uba ne mai kyau ga 'ya'yanta biyu, amma ya zama mai cin zarafin matarsa kuma daga ƙarshe an same shi da laifin cin zarafin jama'a, wanda ya haifar da rabuwa da ma'auratan a kusa da 1999. Humble ya koma Ford Estate don ya zauna tare da ɗan'uwansa a shekara ta 2002.

=== Gasar DNA ta haifar da kamawa ===
[[Fayil:Forensic_Science_Service_building,_Sandbeck_Way,_Wetherby_(15th_April_2013)_005.JPG|right|thumb|An gwada DNA daga ambulaf ɗin a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Forensic Science Service a Wetherby, West Yorkshire.]]
Wani ci gaba ya zo ne a shekara ta 2005 bayan manyan jami'ai daga Kisan kai na 'yan sanda na West Yorkshire da Babban Bincike Team (HMET), karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Sufeto Chris Gregg, sun yanke shawarar sake duba lamarin. Wani karamin sashi na hatimi daga daya daga cikin ambulaf din ya kasance a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a [[Landan]], kuma, biyo bayan tallace-tallace game da sake dubawa na sanyi, an dawo da tef ɗin yaudara na asali daga masanin kimiyya da ya yi ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a kan binciken asali.

A sakamakon wannan bita na sanyi, DNA daga ambulaf ɗin da Humble ya aiko a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaudara an daidaita su a cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] National DNA Database tare da samfuran da 'yan sanda suka samu daga Humble a cikin wani abin da bai dace ba a shekara ta 2001, lokacin da aka kama shi kuma aka yi masa gargadi don maye da rikici. A wannan lokacin, Humble ya zama mai shaye-shaye. Rashin daidaituwa na takamaiman mutum wanda ya dace da samfurin DNA ya kasance daya cikin biliyan, yana nuna cewa Humble shine mai laifi.

An kama Humble, wanda ke zaune a Ford Estate a Sunderland, a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2005.  An bayyana shi a matsayin ma'aikaci mara aikin yi a lokacin da aka kama shi a gida, Humble da ɗan'uwansa sun bugu sosai har 'yan sanda suka bukaci su jira kusan kwana ɗaya kafin a yi masa tambayoyi; lokacin da ya yi masa tambayoyi ya buƙaci a gaya masa cewa yanzu yana hannun' yan sanda.

A wasu lokuta yayin tambayoyin 'yan sanda, Humble ya bayyana yana jin kunyar abin da ya yi, yana magana game da ayyukan a matsayin &quot;mugunta&quot; kuma yana cewa ya cancanci a ɗaure shi. Humble ya yarda da alhakin wasikun da cassette, amma ya musanta karkatar da hanyar adalci, kuma ƙungiyar lauyoyinsa ta tura a banza don ƙaramin zargi na ɓata lokacin 'yan sanda. An tuhume shi da laifuka huɗu na karkatar da hanyar adalci.

An motsa Humble, a cewar Gregg bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci, ta hanyar sha'awar sananne, ƙiyayya da 'yan sanda da kuma daidaitawa da kisan gillar Jack the Ripper Whitechapel a ƙarshen karni na 19 a London. Rashin kula da 'yan sanda ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1975 lokacin da aka daure shi saboda ya kai hari kan wani jami'in' yan sanda da ba ya aiki (wanda ya yi watanni uku a wata hukuma ta matasa masu laifi),  da kuma yanke masa hukunci a baya don fashi da sata a shekara ta 1973.  Damuwar Humble game da kisan gillar Whitechapel ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen wasikun yaudara, wasu wurare ana fassara su daga wasikun karni na 19 na Mai kisan gilla na baya.

Kafin a kama Sutcliffe, Humble ya kira 'yan sanda sau biyu ba tare da sunansa ba don nuna cewa an yaudare su saboda ya ji laifi don yaudarar binciken, amma an rage kiransa.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin kiran da aka yi wa 'Yan sanda na Northumbria a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1979, ya kasance kwanaki 12 bayan an kashe Barbara Leach, na farko daga cikin wadanda Sutcliffe ya kashe bayan yaudarar Humble ta rinjayi binciken' yan sanda.[2][3] An yi rikodin kiran, wanda ya kasance takaice, amma 'yan sanda sun karɓi daruruwan kiran ƙarya.[4] Har ila yau, an san cewa 'yan sanda sun yi hira da maƙwabtansu da ke neman Wearside Jack, amma bai yi ba. Humble yana zaune a mil daga Castletown, inda aka yi kuskuren tunanin Yorkshire Ripper yana rayuwa saboda tef na Humble.[5]￼

=== Shari'a da kuma yanke hukunci ===
An dakatar da Humble a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2005.  An yi masa shari'a a Kotun Leeds Crown a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006 kuma da farko ya ce ba shi da laifi. Ya yarda da kasancewa Wearside Jack a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2006, kuma a ranar 20 ga Maris 2006, ya canza roƙonsa zuwa laifi a kan laifuka huɗu na karkatar da hanyar adalci.

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Gidan Bonnie na Airlie</title>
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'''Gidan Bonnie na Airlie''' waƙar gargajiya ce ta Scotland ta ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, tana ba da labarin harin da Archibald Campbell, Earl na Argyll, ya yi a kan Airlie Castle, gidan James Ogilvy, Earl na Airlie, a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1640.&lt;ref&gt;A Handbook for Travellers in Scotland (2 ed.). London: John Murray. 1868. p. 287. OCLC 67865677.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani nau'i mai zurfi ya fara bayyana a cikin 1790 kuma ya sami bugawa a matsayin lamba 199 a cikin tarin Francis Child The English and Scottish Popular Ballads na 1882.

== Tarihi ==
Kodayake akwai ƙiyayya ta gargajiya tsakanin Campbells da Ogilvys tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, rikice-rikicen su na sirri ya kara tsanantawa a 1638, lokacin da dangin biyu suka haɗu da bangarori daban-daban a cikin tawaye na Alkawari na Kasa: Ogilvy ya goyi bayan sarki, Charles I, da Campbell 'yan tawaye. Lokacin da James Ogilvy ya tara rundunar mutane da yawa kuma ya yi tafiya a kudu don taimakon sarki, Archibald, yana da'awar yin aiki a madadin kawancen adawa da sarauta, ya kwace kuma ya lalata gidan sarauta na Airlie kuma, bisa ga wasu asusun, ya yi wa matar James Ogilvey fyade. An kira matar Ogilvy da Margaret a wasu sassan waƙar. A zahiri, James Ogilvy ya auri Lady Isabel Hamilton.

== Rubutun ==
Yaro, yana tattarawa a cikin shekarun 1870, ya sami nau'ikan iri ɗaya guda huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan duk sun bayyana yadda wuta ta lalata gidan sarauta bayan Lady Ogilvy ta ki bayyana inda dukiyar iyali take. Koyaya wasu sassan sun ci gaba a cikin yaduwar baki kuma wanda aka sake bugawa a nan, tare da aya mai duhu na ƙarshe, an tattara shi a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1955 a Fetterangus ta Hamish Henderson da Peter Kennedy daga Lucy Stewart: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan aka ba da nassoshi da yawa ga &quot;Chairlie&quot; da kuma ambaton Locheil, waƙar ta ɗauki ƙarin ma'ana, ana fahimtar ta ba daidai ba don komawa ga Charles Edward Stuart da Archibald Cameron na Lochiel a cikin tawaye na 1745, dogon lokaci bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Airlie. [1]￼

== Fassara ==
Alan Lomax ya haɗa waƙar a cikin Classic Ballads na Burtaniya da Ireland na 1961. Belle Stewart ce ta rera shi, wacce ta koyi waƙar daga kawunta mai shekaru 91 mai suna Henry MacDonald, kuma Peter Kennedy ne ya rubuta ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Ewan MacColl da Kate Rusby sun yi rikodin, ta amfani da waƙoƙi daban-daban.

An tattara nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙar a Scotland, Kanada, da Amurka.

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'''Gidan Bonnie na Airlie''' waƙar gargajiya ce ta Scotland ta ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, tana ba da labarin harin da Archibald Campbell, Earl na Argyll, ya yi a kan Airlie Castle, gidan James Ogilvy, Earl na Airlie, a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1640.&lt;ref&gt;A Handbook for Travellers in Scotland (2 ed.). London: John Murray. 1868. p. 287. OCLC 67865677.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani nau'i mai zurfi ya fara bayyana a cikin 1790 kuma ya sami bugawa a matsayin lamba 199 a cikin tarin Francis Child The English and Scottish Popular Ballads na 1882.

== Tarihi ==
Kodayake akwai ƙiyayya ta gargajiya tsakanin Campbells da Ogilvys tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, rikice-rikicen su na sirri ya kara tsanantawa a 1638, lokacin da dangin biyu suka haɗu da bangarori daban-daban a cikin tawaye na Alkawari na Kasa: Ogilvy ya goyi bayan sarki, Charles I, da Campbell 'yan tawaye. Lokacin da James Ogilvy ya tara rundunar mutane da yawa kuma ya yi tafiya a kudu don taimakon sarki, Archibald, yana da'awar yin aiki a madadin kawancen adawa da sarauta, ya kwace kuma ya lalata gidan sarauta na Airlie kuma, bisa ga wasu asusun, ya yi wa matar James Ogilvey fyade. An kira matar Ogilvy da Margaret a wasu sassan waƙar. A zahiri, James Ogilvy ya auri Lady Isabel Hamilton.

== Rubutun ==
Yaro, yana tattarawa a cikin shekarun 1870, ya sami nau'ikan iri ɗaya guda huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;Fraser, Murdo (2015). &quot;An Uneasy Peace&quot;. The rivals : Montrose and Argyll and the struggle for Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780857902481&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Here the allegation is dismissed as &quot;propaganda&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan duk sun bayyana yadda wuta ta lalata gidan sarauta bayan Lady Ogilvy ta ki bayyana inda dukiyar iyali take. Koyaya wasu sassan sun ci gaba a cikin yaduwar baki kuma wanda aka sake bugawa a nan, tare da aya mai duhu na ƙarshe, an tattara shi a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1955 a Fetterangus ta Hamish Henderson da Peter Kennedy daga Lucy Stewart: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan aka ba da nassoshi da yawa ga &quot;Chairlie&quot; da kuma ambaton Locheil, waƙar ta ɗauki ƙarin ma'ana, ana fahimtar ta ba daidai ba don komawa ga Charles Edward Stuart da Archibald Cameron na Lochiel a cikin tawaye na 1745, dogon lokaci bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Airlie. [1]￼

== Fassara ==
Alan Lomax ya haɗa waƙar a cikin Classic Ballads na Burtaniya da Ireland na 1961. Belle Stewart ce ta rera shi, wacce ta koyi waƙar daga kawunta mai shekaru 91 mai suna Henry MacDonald, kuma Peter Kennedy ne ya rubuta ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Ewan MacColl da Kate Rusby sun yi rikodin, ta amfani da waƙoƙi daban-daban.

An tattara nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙar a Scotland, Kanada, da Amurka.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Gidan Bonnie na Airlie''' waƙar gargajiya ce ta Scotland ta ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, tana ba da labarin harin da Archibald Campbell, Earl na Argyll, ya yi a kan Airlie Castle, gidan James Ogilvy, Earl na Airlie, a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1640.&lt;ref&gt;A Handbook for Travellers in Scotland (2 ed.). London: John Murray. 1868. p. 287. OCLC 67865677.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani nau'i mai zurfi ya fara bayyana a cikin 1790 kuma ya sami bugawa a matsayin lamba 199 a cikin tarin Francis Child The English and Scottish Popular Ballads na 1882.

== Tarihi ==
Kodayake akwai ƙiyayya ta gargajiya tsakanin Campbells da Ogilvys tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, rikice-rikicen su na sirri ya kara tsanantawa a 1638, lokacin da dangin biyu suka haɗu da bangarori daban-daban a cikin tawaye na Alkawari na Kasa: Ogilvy ya goyi bayan sarki, Charles I, da Campbell 'yan tawaye. Lokacin da James Ogilvy ya tara rundunar mutane da yawa kuma ya yi tafiya a kudu don taimakon sarki, Archibald, yana da'awar yin aiki a madadin kawancen adawa da sarauta, ya kwace kuma ya lalata gidan sarauta na Airlie kuma, bisa ga wasu asusun, ya yi wa matar James Ogilvey fyade. An kira matar Ogilvy da Margaret a wasu sassan waƙar. A zahiri, James Ogilvy ya auri Lady Isabel Hamilton.

== Rubutun ==
Yaro, yana tattarawa a cikin shekarun 1870, ya sami nau'ikan iri ɗaya guda huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;Child, Francis. &quot;Bonnie House o' Airlie&quot;. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2007-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fraser, Murdo (2015). &quot;An Uneasy Peace&quot;. The rivals : Montrose and Argyll and the struggle for Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780857902481&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Here the allegation is dismissed as &quot;propaganda&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan duk sun bayyana yadda wuta ta lalata gidan sarauta bayan Lady Ogilvy ta ki bayyana inda dukiyar iyali take. Koyaya wasu sassan sun ci gaba a cikin yaduwar baki kuma wanda aka sake bugawa a nan, tare da aya mai duhu na ƙarshe, an tattara shi a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1955 a Fetterangus ta Hamish Henderson da Peter Kennedy daga Lucy Stewart: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan aka ba da nassoshi da yawa ga &quot;Chairlie&quot; da kuma ambaton Locheil, waƙar ta ɗauki ƙarin ma'ana, ana fahimtar ta ba daidai ba don komawa ga Charles Edward Stuart da Archibald Cameron na Lochiel a cikin tawaye na 1745, dogon lokaci bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Airlie.

== Fassara ==
Alan Lomax ya haɗa waƙar a cikin Classic Ballads na Burtaniya da Ireland na 1961. Belle Stewart ce ta rera shi, wacce ta koyi waƙar daga kawunta mai shekaru 91 mai suna Henry MacDonald, kuma Peter Kennedy ne ya rubuta ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Ewan MacColl da Kate Rusby sun yi rikodin, ta amfani da waƙoƙi daban-daban.

An tattara nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙar a Scotland, Kanada, da Amurka.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Gidan Bonnie na Airlie''' waƙar gargajiya ce ta Scotland ta ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, tana ba da labarin harin da Archibald Campbell, Earl na Argyll, ya yi a kan Airlie Castle, gidan James Ogilvy, Earl na Airlie, a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1640.&lt;ref&gt;A Handbook for Travellers in Scotland (2 ed.). London: John Murray. 1868. p. 287. OCLC 67865677.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani nau'i mai zurfi ya fara bayyana a cikin 1790 kuma ya sami bugawa a matsayin lamba 199 a cikin tarin Francis Child The English and Scottish Popular Ballads na 1882.

== Tarihi ==
Kodayake akwai ƙiyayya ta gargajiya tsakanin Campbells da Ogilvys tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, rikice-rikicen su na sirri ya kara tsanantawa a 1638, lokacin da dangin biyu suka haɗu da bangarori daban-daban a cikin tawaye na Alkawari na Kasa: Ogilvy ya goyi bayan sarki, Charles I, da Campbell 'yan tawaye. Lokacin da James Ogilvy ya tara rundunar mutane da yawa kuma ya yi tafiya a kudu don taimakon sarki, Archibald, yana da'awar yin aiki a madadin kawancen adawa da sarauta, ya kwace kuma ya lalata gidan sarauta na Airlie kuma, bisa ga wasu asusun, ya yi wa matar James Ogilvey fyade. An kira matar Ogilvy da Margaret a wasu sassan waƙar. A zahiri, James Ogilvy ya auri Lady Isabel Hamilton.

== Rubutun ==
Yaro, yana tattarawa a cikin shekarun 1870, ya sami nau'ikan iri ɗaya guda huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;Child, Francis. &quot;Bonnie House o' Airlie&quot;. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2007-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fraser, Murdo (2015). &quot;An Uneasy Peace&quot;. The rivals : Montrose and Argyll and the struggle for Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780857902481&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Here the allegation is dismissed as &quot;propaganda&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan duk sun bayyana yadda wuta ta lalata gidan sarauta bayan Lady Ogilvy ta ki bayyana inda dukiyar iyali take. Koyaya wasu sassan sun ci gaba a cikin yaduwar baki kuma wanda aka sake bugawa a nan, tare da aya mai duhu na ƙarshe, an tattara shi a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1955 a Fetterangus ta Hamish Henderson da Peter Kennedy daga Lucy Stewart: &lt;ref&gt;Kennedy, Peter. &quot;It fell on a day&quot;. Folktrax Media Archive. Archived from the original on 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2007-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan aka ba da nassoshi da yawa ga &quot;Chairlie&quot; da kuma ambaton Locheil, waƙar ta ɗauki ƙarin ma'ana, ana fahimtar ta ba daidai ba don komawa ga Charles Edward Stuart da Archibald Cameron na Lochiel a cikin tawaye na 1745, dogon lokaci bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Airlie.

== Fassara ==
Alan Lomax ya haɗa waƙar a cikin Classic Ballads na Burtaniya da Ireland na 1961. Belle Stewart ce ta rera shi, wacce ta koyi waƙar daga kawunta mai shekaru 91 mai suna Henry MacDonald, kuma Peter Kennedy ne ya rubuta ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Ewan MacColl da Kate Rusby sun yi rikodin, ta amfani da waƙoƙi daban-daban.

An tattara nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙar a Scotland, Kanada, da Amurka.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Gidan Bonnie na Airlie''' waƙar gargajiya ce ta Scotland ta ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, tana ba da labarin harin da Archibald Campbell, Earl na Argyll, ya yi a kan Airlie Castle, gidan James Ogilvy, Earl na Airlie, a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1640.&lt;ref&gt;A Handbook for Travellers in Scotland (2 ed.). London: John Murray. 1868. p. 287. OCLC 67865677.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani nau'i mai zurfi ya fara bayyana a cikin 1790 kuma ya sami bugawa a matsayin lamba 199 a cikin tarin Francis Child The English and Scottish Popular Ballads na 1882.

== Tarihi ==
Kodayake akwai ƙiyayya ta gargajiya tsakanin Campbells da Ogilvys tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, rikice-rikicen su na sirri ya kara tsanantawa a 1638, lokacin da dangin biyu suka haɗu da bangarori daban-daban a cikin tawaye na Alkawari na Kasa: Ogilvy ya goyi bayan sarki, Charles I, da Campbell 'yan tawaye. Lokacin da James Ogilvy ya tara rundunar mutane da yawa kuma ya yi tafiya a kudu don taimakon sarki, Archibald, yana da'awar yin aiki a madadin kawancen adawa da sarauta, ya kwace kuma ya lalata gidan sarauta na Airlie kuma, bisa ga wasu asusun, ya yi wa matar James Ogilvey fyade. An kira matar Ogilvy da Margaret a wasu sassan waƙar. A zahiri, James Ogilvy ya auri Lady Isabel Hamilton.

== Rubutun ==
Yaro, yana tattarawa a cikin shekarun 1870, ya sami nau'ikan iri ɗaya guda huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;Child, Francis. &quot;Bonnie House o' Airlie&quot;. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2007-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fraser, Murdo (2015). &quot;An Uneasy Peace&quot;. The rivals : Montrose and Argyll and the struggle for Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780857902481&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Here the allegation is dismissed as &quot;propaganda&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan duk sun bayyana yadda wuta ta lalata gidan sarauta bayan Lady Ogilvy ta ki bayyana inda dukiyar iyali take. Koyaya wasu sassan sun ci gaba a cikin yaduwar baki kuma wanda aka sake bugawa a nan, tare da aya mai duhu na ƙarshe, an tattara shi a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1955 a Fetterangus ta Hamish Henderson da Peter Kennedy daga Lucy Stewart: &lt;ref&gt;Kennedy, Peter. &quot;It fell on a day&quot;. Folktrax Media Archive. Archived from the original on 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2007-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan aka ba da nassoshi da yawa ga &quot;Chairlie&quot; da kuma ambaton Locheil, waƙar ta ɗauki ƙarin ma'ana, ana fahimtar ta ba daidai ba don komawa ga Charles Edward Stuart da Archibald Cameron na Lochiel a cikin tawaye na 1745, dogon lokaci bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Airlie.

== Fassara ==
Alan Lomax ya haɗa waƙar a cikin Classic Ballads na Burtaniya da Ireland na 1961. Belle Stewart ce ta rera shi, wacce ta koyi waƙar daga kawunta mai shekaru 91 mai suna Henry MacDonald, kuma Peter Kennedy ne ya rubuta ta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Belle Stewart and family&quot;. Folktrax Media Archive. Archived from the original on 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2007-06-03.&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Ewan MacColl da Kate Rusby sun yi rikodin, ta amfani da waƙoƙi daban-daban.

An tattara nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙar a Scotland, Kanada, da Amurka.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bessie Dunlop na Lynn</title>
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'''Bessie Dunlop''', '''Elizabeth Dunlop''' ko '''Elizabeth Jack''' (ta mutu a shekara ta 1576), matar manomi ce ta Scotland daga Ayrshire wacce aka maƙure ta sannan aka ƙone ta, a Edinburgh saboda laifin maita, maita, da sihiri. Halin ta ya kasance mai ban mamaki a cikin adadin cikakkun bayanai da aka danganta a cikin shaidarta da kuma rashin wani abu sai dai sakamako mai kyau ko tsaka-tsaki na ayyukanta da ayyukanta. Amincewa da ita ga amfani da ruhun da aka saba da shi da kuma alaƙa da fairies sune babban dalilin da ya sa aka yanke mata hukunci da hukuncin kisa.

== Rayuwa da halayyar ==
Bessie ita ce matar Andrew Jack na Lynn, Lyne, Lin, ko Linn, wani ƙauye da sunan wani glen wanda Caaf Water ke gudana, yana kwance a cikin Barony na Lynn, sannan mallakar Robert, Master of Boyd, ɗan fari na Ubangiji Boyd.  Da alama saboda haka gonarsu ta kasance kusa ko a kasan Lynn Glen a kan Caaf Water, kusa da Dalry a Arewacin Ayrshire, [[Scotland]]. Ta auri Andrew Jack kuma sunanta ya nuna alaƙar Ayrshire kamar yadda garin Dunlop a cikin tsohuwar gundumar Cunninghame ke kusa da Ikklisiya na Dunlop . An rubuta ta a matsayin tuki da shanu a wani lokaci kuma an ambaci tumaki tare da doki da tafiya zuwa [[Edinburgh]] da Leith tare da mijinta don tattara abincin dabbobi, don haka an nuna karamin gonar iyali aƙalla. Bessie kuma ta rubuta wani taro a 'Thorn of Dawmstarnik' wanda mai yiwuwa ne Dalmusternock a kan Kilmarnock zuwa hanyar [[Glasgow]].

An ambaci murhu a daya daga cikin ziyarar Thomas Reid zuwa gidan Bessie kuma yana yiwuwa mijinta ya kasance mai niƙa a ɗaya daga cikin ma'adanai a Lynn Glen. An kira ta 'mahaifiyar kirki' wacce ta kasance mataki daya daga laird kuma matar mai niƙa za ta sami damar wannan aikin. Tana da shekarun haihuwa a lokacin wadannan abubuwan kuma tana da yara masu rai tare da wani da aka haifa a cikin shekaru hudu da ta san Thomas Reid.

Mijinta yana da ƙarancin bayani a cikin labarin yayin da yake la'akari da sau da yawa Thomas Reid yana cikin kamfaninta, amma akwai ƙananan shaidu game da duk wani rashin dace da shi ban da karya ƙananan tarurruka na zamantakewa kamar ƙoƙarin ja ta da igiyoyinta don ƙarfafa ta ta zuwa elfhame. An ambaci John Jack a matsayin mahaifin daya daga cikin marasa lafiya.

== Haɗin kai tare da Thomas Reid da Sarauniyar Elfland ==
[[Fayil:Monkcastle_and_home_farm,_1906.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Ginin gonar tsohuwar Monkcastle da Monkcastle a cikin 1906]]
[[Fayil:Cleeve_Cove.JPG|thumb|Ƙofar 'Elfhame' a Cleeve Cove a cikin Disk Water Glen]]

=== Thomas Reid ===
Lokacin da aka zargi Bessie Dunlop da maita ta amsa masu tuhumar ta cewa ta sami bayanai game da annabce-annabce, inda kayan da suka ɓace da magunguna na halitta daga Thomas ko Tom Reid, tsohon jami'in barony na Blair kusa da Dalry wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe shi a Yaƙin Pinkie kimanin shekaru 29 da suka gabata a shekara ta 1547. Ta bayyana shi a cikin sharuddan dattijo, mai ado mai kyau, mai gaskiya kuma mai daraja tare da dogon gemu mai launin toka wanda ke ɗauke da fararen sandar. Bessie ta bayyana wa masu tambayoyin cewa &quot;Ba ta taɓa sanin shi ba lokacin da yake da rai&quot;,  amma ta fara saduwa da Thomas ko Tom Reid a kusa da shekara ta 1572 yayin da take tuka shanu zuwa makiyaya na yau da kullun tsakanin gidanta da yadi ko lambun Monkcastle kuma bayan tattaunawa sai ya ɓace ta hanyar rami a cikin bango ko dyke a lambun Monkicastle, a bayyane rami ne da ya fi karami ga mutum mai rai ya wuce.  Sabis ɗin ya rubuta cewa ya fito ne daga dutse, fiye da sau ɗaya, ba tare da ambaton wani abu mai ban mamaki ba.

A ganawarsu ta farko ta kasance tana kuka kuma a cikin asarar da ke cike da damuwa saboda wata [[saniya]] ta mutu, jaririn da aka haifa shi yaro ne mara lafiya, har yanzu tana da rauni daga kokarin haihuwar jariri kuma a ƙarshe an dauki mijinta da 'ƙasa mara lafiya' kuma ba ta tsammanin shi ya rayu ba. A wannan lokacin ne suka fara haduwa, lokacin da ya kusanci ta.

An gabatar da shi daga hanyoyi da yawa na tunani cewa Thomas Reid a zahiri firist ne na Katolika ko mai bin wannan bangaskiya, a ɓoye a cikin sabon mulkin Furotesta. Da alama ya san ta saboda yana gaishe ta da &quot;Gude day, Bessie&quot; kuma yana amfani da gaisuwar Katolika &quot;Sancta Maria&quot;. Lokacin da ta gaya masa game da matsalolinta sai ya amsa a cikin salon firist da farko yana tambaya &quot;Me ya sa dole ne ya yi irin wannan dole kuma ya yi kuka ga wani abu na duniya?&quot;,  ya kara da cewa dole ne ta fusata Allah ta hanyar tambayarsa kuma shawararsa ita ce ta yi wa Mai Iko Dukkanin.  Ya bayyana ra'ayi cewa Juyin Juya Halin bai yi kyau ba  kuma lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙari ya janye ta daga Kristanci ya kara da sharhi game da bangaskiyar da ta dauka a dutsen rubutu.  Wurin da suka haɗu da farko da kuma ɓacewarsa mai ban mamaki, Monkland ko Monkcastle, tsohon mallakar abbots ne na Kilwinning Abbey  wanda zai iya ba da wuri mai kyau don ɓoyewa kuma yana da ƙananan ramuka ko gibin a cikin ganuwar lambu, gidan kankara, babban gida da ɗakunan ajiyarsa, da dai sauransu waɗanda za a iya gani a matsayin ƙananan don matsawa, musamman kamar yadda yake a wani nesa da ita a lokacin.  Shi da kansa ya ce ya zauna tare da fairies a cikin Elfhame.

Ba a tabbatar da mutuwar Thomas Reid a yakin Pinkie ba, amma ma'aikacinsa, John Blair, ya mutu a yakin. Shaidar Thomas Reid kasancewa fatalwa ba ta da yawa saboda yana waje a rana, yana iya riƙe abubuwa, ya ja a kan rigarta har ma da ɗaukar 'ya'yan itace, da dai sauransu. Tafiya ta hanyar ƙanƙanin rami a cikin bango ko dyke ba ta da tabbas kuma wasu ba su san kasancewarsa a cikin gidanta ba lokacin da mijinta yake aiki yana magana da masu gyaran tufafi uku kuma batun ra'ayi ne game da yadda ya kamata a fassara wannan. An hana ta yin magana da shi lokacin da wasu ke wurin, kamar a Dalry da Edinburgh. Har ila yau, hulɗarsa da membobin 'Court of the Elves' yana buɗewa ga fassarar ko wanene su da gaske. Ziyarar da ta yi a madadinsa ga ɗansa da dangi  ya kara da hoton wani mutum da ke ɓoyewa koyaushe yana rufe waƙoƙinsa kamar yadda wani abu mai ban mamaki ya faru lokacin da Bessie ta ziyarci wanda ya tsira daga Yaƙin Pinkie tare da tabbacin wanda ya aiko ta amma babu wani dalili na ziyarar. 

=== Kotun Elfhame ===
[[Fayil:Caaf_Mill,_Lynn_Glen.JPG|left|thumb|Ƙarshen gable na Caaf Mill a Lynn Glen a kan Ruwa Caaf]]
Bessie ta tambayi Thomas dalilin da ya sa aka zaba ta a matsayin mai karɓar lokacinsa, ilimi da shawara, amsar ita ce Sarauniyar Elfland ta umarce shi ya taimake ta. Ya bayyana cewa a lokacin aikinta na baya-bayan nan wata mace mai tsayi ta zo ƙofarta neman abin sha kuma wannan ba canji ba ne face Sarauniya kanta. An ba da abin sha kuma wannan kashi ya kawo al'adun gargajiya daban-daban a cikin daidaitattun kamar jariri mai canzawa yayin da ta ke rashin lafiya kuma ita da Thomas sun annabta mutuwarta da kuma warkewar mijinta.

Bessie ta taba saduwa da Thomas a 'Thorn of Dawmstarnik' (watakila Dalmusternock Farm kusa da Craufurdland Castle ) a kan hanyar Glasgow zuwa Kilmarnock inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya rinjayi ta ta hana Kristanci don dawo da rayuwa 'rayuwa ta alatu'. Ta ƙi shi kuma ya tafi cikin ƙyamar duk da haka ya sake bayyana ba da daɗewa ba a gidanta kuma a wannan lokacin yana da mata takwas da maza huɗu daga Kotun Elfland waɗanda suke fatan shawo kanta ta shiga cikinsu. Abin mamaki Thomas ya shawarce ta da kada ta yi magana kuma sun tafi da mummunan sauti mai kama da guguwa. An yi musu ado da kyau kuma Thomas ya kira su 'mai kyau' ko fairies.

Bessie a wani lokaci ta ɗaure doki a kusa da Edinburgh a Restalrig Loch lokacin da ta fahimci ƙungiyar mahayan da ke wucewa da ɓacewa cikin tafkin. Thomas ya bayyana cewa waɗannan su ne fairies a daya daga cikin &quot;cavalcades a duniya&quot;.

=== Elfhame na Blair ===
[[Fayil:Cleevescovecaveplan.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Cleaves Cove - Elfhame o'the Blair]]
Wani bangare mai ban sha'awa na labarin Bessie Dunlop shine cewa babban shafin Cleeves Cove, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren tarihi na Ayrshire, yana kan Dusk Water kawai 'yan mil daga Lynn Glen da Monkcastle. A matsayinsa na jami'in barony na Blair, Thomas Reid zai san wannan yanki sosai. Hadisin ya rubuta cewa koguna sun kasance &quot;Elfhame o'the Blair&quot; ko 'Elfhouse' [undefined] kuma mazauna yankin a wannan lokacin sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan halittu masu sihiri sun sanya wannan mazauninsu a cikin ɗakuna da yawa da ke dauke da stalactites da stalagmites. [1] A lokacin Halloween an ce za su zo suna hawa daga koguna a kan dawakai waɗanda suka kasance girman beraye, dogon gashin su mai launin rawaya ko kuma a ɗaure su a cikin maɗaura tare da ƙuƙwalwar zinariya. Quaichs din su kofuna ne kuma suna shan ruwan inabi a ƙarƙashin toadstools. Tufafin su na kore ne kuma kibiyoyin su an yi su ne da moss-reed da aka kai da kawunan kibiyoyi na flint waɗanda aka tsoma a cikin guba. An yi baka daga ƙasusuwan haƙarƙari na jarirai marasa baftisma waɗanda aka binne su a asirce a cikin shaws da glens.[2] Ba a san shekarun da waɗannan al'adun 'Elfhame' suke ba, duk da haka tonowa ya nuna cewa mutum ne ya zauna a ciki kuma Covenanters ne suka yi amfani da shi don neman wurin ɓoyewa daga sojojin sarki.￼

== Warkarwa da sauran ayyuka ==
Gaskiyar shaidar Bessie a kotu ba za a taɓa sanin ta ba, duk da haka an yi amfani da azabtarwa kamar yadda Service ya rubuta cewa &quot;doctor, wani skeillie, an kawo shi frae yont Glesco' don magance shari'ar&quot;. Ya ci gaba da cewa an cire ta kuma an yi bincike don Alamar Iblis kuma an kuma &quot;scored abune the breath&quot;,  wanda ake yanka shi da wuka sama da baki a matsayin nau'in azabtarwa da aka yi amfani da shi a kan mayu  kuma ana iya amfani da wasu azabtarwa. Kamar dai ba ta amfana da kudi daga taimakon da ta ba mutane ba duk da cewa an lura da kyaututtuka na abinci kamar &quot;wani abinci da wasu cuku&quot;. Bessie tana da abokan ciniki daban-daban daga aristocracy da 'yan kasuwa, babu wanda ya zo mata taimako a shari'arta. Laird na matar Stanely, 'yar Lady Johnstone ta nemi taimakon Bessie lokacin da 'yarta ta yi rashin lafiya kuma Bessie ta shirya maganin giya mai karfi, wanda aka ƙarfafa shi da ginger, cloves, aniseed da liquorice. Lady Kilbowie tana fama da 'ƙafa mai laushi' kuma Thomas a wannan lokacin ya ba da shawara cewa babu wani abu da za a iya yi don taimakawa tsofaffi mai haƙuri ba tare da yin yanayin ya fi muni ba. Lady Thirdpart a cikin barony na Renfrewshire ta haɗa da Bessie a cikin neman tsabar zinariya da aka sace daga [[jakarta]] kuma hakika an sami kuɗin bayan Bessie ya kira ɓarawo.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kisan Carole Packman</title>
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'''Veronica Anne Packman''' (née '''Thornton''', c. 1945 - Yuni 1985), wanda aka fi sani da '''Carole Packman''', mace ce 'yar Burtaniya mai shekaru 40 wacce ta ɓace daga gidanta a Bournemouth, Ingila a watan Yunin 1985. An sami mijinta, Russell Causley (née Packman),  da laifin kisan ta, amma Ba a taɓa samun jikin ba. 

A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, Causley ya fara sauraron shari'a a tarihin Burtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Williets |first=Ben |date=21 September 2021 |title=The murder of Carole Packman, killed by husband Russell Causley, to feature on TV show |url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/19593055.russel-causley-murder-death-carole-packman-feature-tv-show/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |work=Bournemouth Echo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samantha Gillingham, 'yar ma'auratan wacce ta yi kamfen na shekaru da yawa don kiyaye mahaifinta a kurkuku, ta kira shawarar gudanar da sauraron jama'a &quot;mai sauri&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 March 2004 |title=Missing wife 'killed by husband' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/dorset/3558721.stm |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=BBC News }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2023 Hukumar Sadarwa ta kammala cewa ya kamata a sake sakin Causley kuma ya bar kurkuku a watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar, dangane da yanayin lasisin saki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 March 2004 |title=Missing wife 'killed by husband' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/dorset/3558721.stm |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=BBC News }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Flora |date=15 February 2023 |title=Murderer Russell Causley freed from jail |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/dominic-raab-bournemouth-ministry-of-justice-hmp-lewes-government-b2282849.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bacewa ==
Carole Packman ta ɓace daga gidan dangi a Bournemouth a watan Yunin 1985. Bayan an kama mijinta, Russell Causley, yana karya mutuwarsa a bakin tekun Guernsey a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaudarar inshora a 1993, an same shi kuma an ɗaure shi saboda zamba a 1995. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Williets |first=Ben |date=21 September 2021 |title=The murder of Carole Packman, killed by husband Russell Causley, to feature on TV show |url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/19593055.russel-causley-murder-death-carole-packman-feature-tv-show/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |work=Bournemouth Echo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shari'ar, 'Yan sanda na Dorset sun sake bincika bacewar Packman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 March 2004 |title=Missing wife 'killed by husband' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/dorset/3558721.stm |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=BBC News }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'a ==
An yanke wa Causley hukunci kan kisan kai a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 1996 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai tare da mafi ƙarancin farashin shekaru 16.

Duk da rashin wani jiki ko shaidar shari'a, masu gabatar da kara sun nemi shawo kan juri: cewa Carole Packman ba ta da rai; cewa an kashe ta; kuma cewa mijinta shine mai kisan.

== Daukaka kara da sake yankewa hukunci ==
Causley ya daukaka kara game da hukuncin da aka yanke masa a shekarar 1998, amma an tabbatar da hukuncin. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2003, Kotun daukaka kara ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa bayan wani roko, kuma alƙalin ya ba da umarnin sake shari'a. A lokacin da aka sake masa shari'a a shekara ta 2004, an sake same shi da laifin kisan kai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Williets |first=Ben |date=21 September 2021 |title=The murder of Carole Packman, killed by husband Russell Causley, to feature on TV show |url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/19593055.russel-causley-murder-death-carole-packman-feature-tv-show/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |work=Bournemouth Echo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru na gaba ==
Russell Causley ya cancanci samun damar yin Magana a shekarar 2012. Bayan sauraro da yawa, an ba shi damar yin magana a shekarar 2020. Jikan Packman, Neil Gillingham, ya yi magana game da shawarar yayin da &quot;Helen's Law&quot; ke wucewa ta majalisa yayin bita. 'Yar Packman Samantha Gillingham ta bukaci Causley a cikin shekaru da yawa don bayyana wurin jikin mahaifiyarta. Samantha Gillingham da farko ta yi kira a cikin kafofin watsa labarai don dokar &quot;babu jiki, babu parole&quot; a cikin 2010, shekaru biyu kafin Causley ya cancanci yin parole.

Neil Gillingham ya soki Dokar Fursunoni (Bayyana Bayani Game da Wadanda aka azabtar) Dokar 2020  da aka zartar ta hanyar majalisa kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an &quot;ba da ruwa&quot;. Neil ya ci gaba da cewa a aikace sauye-sauyen doka ba za su hana a saki masu kisan kai da aka yanke musu hukunci ba duk da rashin son yin aiki tare da hukumomi. Labarai daban-daban sun bayyana a cikin 'yan jarida na kasa a watan Janairun 2020, inda Neil Gillingham ya bayyana &quot;Dokar Helen&quot; a matsayin &quot;doka ba tare da hakora ba&quot;. Daga baya Joshua Rozenberg ya sake jaddada wannan a watan Nuwamba 2020 a cikin wani shafin yanar gizo mai taken &quot;Dokar da ba ta da bambanci&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Faye |date=30 November 2021 |title=Murderer who refused to reveal where he hid wife's body back in jail |url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/11/30/carole-packman-killer-who-refused-to-reveal-where-he-hid-wifes-body-back-in-jail-15686661/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Metro |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na 2020, Shugaba na Hukumar Sadarwa, Martin Jones, ya karfafa gargadi na Neil Gillingham a baya a cikin wata hira da Sky News. 

A watan Disamba na 2021, an mayar da Causley kurkuku bayan ya karya ka'idojin lasisinsa. A watan Janairun 2022, an ba da rahoton cewa an sake tura shi zuwa Hukumar Sadarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Williets |first=Ben |date=21 September 2021 |title=The murder of Carole Packman, killed by husband Russell Causley, to feature on TV show |url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/19593055.russel-causley-murder-death-carole-packman-feature-tv-show/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |work=Bournemouth Echo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara saita ranar sauraron ne a watan Oktoba 2022 bayan da Sakataren Harkokin Shari'a Dominic Raab ya tura shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 March 2004 |title=Missing wife 'killed by husband' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/dorset/3558721.stm |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=BBC News }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Faye |date=30 November 2021 |title=Murderer who refused to reveal where he hid wife's body back in jail |url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/11/30/carole-packman-killer-who-refused-to-reveal-where-he-hid-wifes-body-back-in-jail-15686661/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Metro |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da ranar sauraron ga ''Bournemouth Daily Echo'' kafin a sanar da dangin Packman, wanda Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta nemi gafara.

BBC ta bayyana a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan 2022 cewa an dawo da Causley zuwa kurkuku saboda &quot;rashin hulɗa da hukumomi na ɗan lokaci&quot;. An tsare Causley a kurkuku a HM Prison Lewes . 

An jinkirta ranar sauraron sallar jama'a ta asali saboda &quot;damuwa da lafiyar fursunoni yana cikin haɗari&quot;. Ranar da ta gabata kafin sauraron jama'a da aka shirya, an sanar da cewa an dakatar da Hukumar Sadarwa saboda tabbacin cewa an ɓoye adireshin sakin Causley a fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 March 2004 |title=Missing wife 'killed by husband' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/dorset/3558721.stm |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=BBC News }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, Causley ya halarci taron da aka yi wa kwamitin salula inda ya yarda da alhakin kisan matarsa. An fara sauraron ne a Ingila da Wales a fili.[1] A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2023, Hukumar Sadarwa ta kammala cewa ya kamata a sake shi.[2] Sakataren Shari'a Dominic Raab yana la'akari da ko za a daukaka kara kan shawarar Hukumar Sadarwa, amma daga baya Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta sanar da cewa babu wani dalili na doka don yin hakan.[3] An saki Causley daga kurkuku a watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar, dangane da ka'idojin lasisi da ke nuna inda yake zaune, wanda yake hulɗa da shi kuma ya ƙuntata ayyukansa; za a dawo da shi kurkuku idan ya kasa bin ka'idoji na sakin sa.[3]￼

== Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai ==
An rufe shari'ar ne a cikin jerin laifuka na ITV The Investigator: A British Crime Story a cikin 2016 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Jefferies2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jefferies |first=Mark |last2=Methven |first2=Nicola |date=3 August 2016 |title=The Investigator real-life murder story finishes with 'jaw-dropping' revelations – and clues point to second series |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/investigator-real-life-murder-story-8556430 |access-date=15 August 2016 |website=[[Daily Mirror]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan sanda na Dorset daga baya sun tabbatar da cewa shari'ar ta kasance a buɗe kuma za su bincika sabbin shaidu da Mark Williams-Thomas ya gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;BEcho2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2016 |title=Police will re-examine evidence into murder of Carole Packman as convicted killer retracts confession made to TV investigator |url=http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/14664387.Police_will_re_examine_evidence_into_murder_of_Carole_Packman_as_convicted_killer_retracts_confession_made_to_TV_investigator/ |access-date=15 August 2016 |website=[[Bournemouth Echo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, shari'ar ta kasance batun wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

Kashi na 6 na ''Lokacin da ya ɓace ya juya zuwa kisan kai'' ya rufe shari'ar Russell Causley kuma yana samuwa don gudana akan [[Netflix]], Amazon Prime da Apple TV. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=IMDb is [[WP:RS/P|not a reliable source]]|date=October 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;IMDb is not a reliable source (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nine Lives Media ta samar da Nightmare In Suburbia: shari'ar da aka nuna a cikin Series 3, Episode 3 mai taken Killing the truth wanda aka fara watsawa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011. Dukansu Neil Gillingham da Samantha Gillingham sun tattauna tasirin da kisan ya yi musu. Ana samun shirin talabijin don yawo a kan Amazon Prime . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]￼

A watan Satumbar 2021, an sake nuna lamarin a cikin Series 3, Episode 5 na jerin shirye-shiryen Killer In My Family da aka watsa a kan Discovery+. Dukansu Samantha Gillingham da ɗanta Neil Gillingham sun bayyana a cikin shirin suna ba da cikakken bayani game da tasirin da kisan ya ci gaba da yi a rayuwarsu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=IMDb is [[WP:RS/P|not a reliable source]]|date=October 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;IMDb is not a reliable source (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Monster Films sun samar da Murder By The Sea Series 8 Episode 4 wanda aka shirya za a watsa shi a ranar Talata 31 ga Janairu 2022 a CBS Reality kuma a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2022. Babu Sam Gillingham ko ɗanta Neil Gillingham da suka shiga cikin shirin kuma ba su san yadda aka samar da shi ba.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin hukuncin kisan kai ba tare da jiki ba
* Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace: kafin 2000
* Kisan Helen McCourt
* Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba a Ƙasar Ingila
* ''Mai Bincike: Labarin Laifin Burtaniya''

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lee Filer</title>
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'''Lee R. Filer'''&lt;ref name=&quot;WL2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Representative Lee R. Filer |url=http://legisweb.state.wy.us/LegislatorSummary/LegDetail.aspx?LegID=1990 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115190358/http://legisweb.state.wy.us/LegislatorSummary/LegDetail.aspx?LegID=1990 |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |access-date=December 10, 2013 |publisher=[[Wyoming Legislature]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born January 14, 1980, in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]]) is an American politician and former [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] member of the [[Wyoming House of Representatives]]. He is currently representing [[Wyoming's 44th House of Representatives district|District 44]]. He was a former representative representing [[Wyoming's 12th House of Representatives district|District 12]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PVS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lee Filer's Biography |url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/140049 |access-date=December 10, 2013 |publisher=[[Project Vote Smart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Filer ya halarci Kwalejin Jama'a ta Sojan Sama.

A shekara ta 2024 ya shiga Jam'iyyar Republican . 

== Zabe ==

* 2012 Lokacin da wakilin [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jamhuriyar Republican]] Amy Edmonds ya yi ritaya kuma ya bar kujerar Gundumar 12 a bude, Filer ba shi da hamayya ga zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 2012, inda ya lashe zaben 384, &lt;ref&gt;https://ballotpedia.org/Lee_Filer&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya lashe babban zaben Nuwamba 6, 2012 tare da kuri'u 1,578 (48.00%) a kan dan takarar Jamhuriwar Republican David Kniseley. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statewide House Candidates Official Summary Wyoming General Election - November 6, 2012 |url=http://soswy.state.wy.us/Elections/Docs/2012/Results/General/2012_Statewide_House_Candidates_Summary.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2013 |publisher=Secretary of State of Wyoming |page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Mansfield</title>
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        <id>46515</id>
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Mansfield State High School wata makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Queensland Independent Public Schools 2013-14-15 |url=http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307050610/http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; makarantar sakandare mai haɗin gwiwa ta kimanin dalibai 3700 da ke Mansfield, wani yanki a [[Brisbane]], [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. Yana kan kusurwar Broadwater Road da Ham Road. An kafa makarantar kuma an buɗe ta a shekara ta 1974. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, makarantar ta zama sananniya ga aikinta na ilimi,  da kuma takamaiman shirye-shiryenta ciki har da nutsewar Faransanci, Kiɗa, Fasaha ta Fasaha (TIC), Taimako na Koyon da shirye-shiryen Kwarewar Rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mansfield SHS Facts &amp; Rankings |url=http://house.ksou.cn/school.php?id=2194 |access-date=2 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiyar ==
Makarantar tana kusa da Makarantar Firamare ta Jihar Mansfield a unguwar Mansfield .

An gina sabon gini, P block, a ƙarshen 2023 don ƙara ƙarfin zane-zane, injiniya da batutuwa masu zane. Ƙasa na ƙasa na wannan ginin kuma yana aiki a matsayin wurin ajiye motoci ga malamai kuma waje yana aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ɗaukar yanki ga ɗalibai. Wannan ya haifar da gardama tsakanin al'umma don lalata zirga-zirgar zirga-zane saboda juyawa na dama.

An gina gini na biyu, C Block, a ƙarshen 2014 don ƙara ƙarfin makarantar don yin rajistar ɗalibai 300 na Shekara 7, waɗanda suka shiga makarantar sakandare bayan canji a cikin tsarin karatun Queensland. Sabon ginin yana da sabbin ɗakunan ajiya sama da 40, gami da ɗakunan ajiyoyi tare da kwamfutoci, ɗakunan ajiyar hoto da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya.

Ginin na uku, an kara J Block kuma yana shirye don dalibai a farkon makonni na Term One, 2020. An gina toshe SC (Cibiyar Kimiyya), da kuma sabon zauren wasanni (SP, Cibiyar Wasanni). Ginin sabon zauren taro ya kuma cika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Queensland Independent Public Schools 2013-14-15 |url=http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307050610/http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa rubuce-rubuce, Mansfield State High School ita ce makarantar sakandare ta biyu mafi girma a Queensland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Queensland Independent Public Schools 2013-14-15 |url=http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307050610/http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantar tana da kantin abinci guda biyu, tare da mai ba da kofi da kuma gidan wasan motsa jiki bayan makaranta. Har ila yau, yana da sabis na abinci wanda ke sayar da abinci a lokacin kwanakin ci gaban mutum, ayyuka, da sauran ayyukan bayan makaranta. Bugu da kari, tana da gini na musamman, E Block, don tallafawa ɗalibai masu nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mansfieldshs_eq_edu_au&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Student Code of Conduct |url=https://mansfieldshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/documents/mshs%20student%20code%20of%20conduct%202021-2023.pdf |access-date=2024-01-01 |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101081310/https://mansfieldshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/documents/mshs%20student%20code%20of%20conduct%202021-2023.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Malamai ==
A cikin 1990, dalibai shida sun sami mafi girman ƙimar shiga makarantar sakandare (TE) - 990 .

A cikin 2013, dalibai na shekara 12 a makarantar sakandare ta Mansfield sun sami OP 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Queensland Independent Public Schools 2013-14-15 |url=http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307050610/http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2015, makarantar ta samar da matsakaicin NAPLAN na 602, mafi girma a gefen kudu, ya fi makarantar Anglican Church Grammar School (598) da Kwalejin Brisbane Boys (591). 31% na masu digiri a shekarar 2015 sun sami OP 1-5.

A cikin 2021, sakamakon makarantar ya kasance mai girma. 7 Dalibai na aji 12 sun sami 100/100 a kan dukkan batutuwa 5, wasu kuma 11 sun sami 99/100 a kan batutuwa 5. Dalibai 30 sun sami 25/25 a jarrabawar waje a batutuwa daban-daban. Ɗalibi 1 ya sami 50/50 a cikin General Maths, 13 ya sami 49/50. 10 Dalibai sun sami ATAR mafi girma fiye da 99.5. Kashi 45% na dalibai sun sami ATAR sama da 90.0.￼

Tsarin karatun Mansfield ya ƙunshi batutuwa ciki har da: Kiɗa; Lissafi; Fim, Talabijin da Sabon Kafofin Watsa Labarai; Kimiyya; Turanci; Fasahar Kwamfuta / Nazarin; Ayyuka na Manual; Lafiya da Ilimi na Jiki; LOTE (Faransanci ko Jafananci); Kasuwancin Kasuwanci; Fasaha; Tattalin Arziki na Gida da SOSE (Binciken Jama'a da Muhalli).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Queensland Independent Public Schools 2013-14-15 |url=http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307050610/http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mansfield SHS Facts &amp; Rankings |url=http://house.ksou.cn/school.php?id=2194 |access-date=2 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga shirye-shiryen Faransanci na Immersion, Fasaha da Fasaha da Kiɗa, yana da shirin Kwarewar Rayuwa don kula da ɗalibai masu nakasa da ke buƙatar tallafin zamantakewa da halayyar mutum, da kuma shirin Taimako na Koyon don kula da ɗayan ɗalibai masu nakasassu.&lt;ref name=&quot;mansfieldshs_eq_edu_au&quot;/&gt;

== Adadin shiga ==
Matsakaicin ƙarfin makarantar sakandare ta Jihar Mansfield shine dalibai 2,194. &lt;ref name=&quot;bccc&quot; /&gt; Tana da rajista 3,338 a cikin 2022.

Ya zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu 2023 akwai dalibai sama da 3,400 a MSHS tare da 90% daga cikinsu suna cikin kamawa.

== Shahararrun ɗalibai ==
Mambobin The Jungle Giants sun halarci makarantar sakandare ta Jihar Mansfield.

Mansfield kuma yana da masu nutsewa hudu da suka halarci makarantar, yanzu duk suna wakiltar Ostiraliya a matakin kasa da kasa; Loudy Wiggins &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Queensland Independent Public Schools 2013-14-15 |url=http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307050610/http://education.qld.gov.au/schools/independent-public-schools/ips-schools.html#ips2015 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Bronze Medalist a [[Sydney]]), Matthew Mitcham, Sharleen Stratton  (Gold Medalist) da Scott Robertson 

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* Ilimi a Ostiraliya
* Jerin makarantu a Greater Brisbane

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Taɓawa da sihiri</title>
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[[Fayil:Pontiac_1961_on_podium_from_&quot;A_Touch_of_Magic&quot;.jpg|right|frame|&quot;Pontiac na 1961! Yana da kyau sosai!&quot;]]
A Touch of Magic (1961) wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na al'ada na General Motors.

Fim din ya fara ne da mai zane a allon zane, yana mafarki game da ma'aurata na shekarun 1920 waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya; Mutumin ya ceci Mace daga mai sihiri (&quot;mummunan kyakkyawa&quot;) da dragon, sai kawai ya gano cewa duk suna yin aiki ga masu sauraro a cikin shekarun 1960. Fim din ya nuna ma'auratan suna soyayya a cikin sabbin motocin General Motors. Yanzu sun yi aure, Mutum da Mace na gaba sun bayyana a farkon shekarun 1960 na gidan zamani na gaba tare da kicin sihiri; suna karbar bakuncin bikin warming na gida wanda baƙi marasa ganuwa suka halarta. Mun ga ma'auratan suna rawa da mafarki a kan girgije.[1]

Fim din, wanda ya shiga Yankin jama'a, [[Victor D. Solow]] ne ya samar da shi kuma ya ba da umarni ta hanyar MPO Productions. Joseph Moncure Maris da Edward Eliscu sun rubuta rubutun da kalmomin; Sol Kaplan, kashi. Ya fito da masu rawa Tad Tadlock (sunan gaskiya Thelma Tadlock) da James Mitchell, tare da muryoyin waka na Anita Ellis da Ed Kenney.

Wannan yana daya daga cikin jerin fina-finai na Populuxe da abubuwan da Jama'a Motors ke tallafawa. Jerin ya fara ne tare da baje kolin Janar Motar Futurama a baje kolin duniya na 1939, wanda ya nuna hangen nesa na nan gaba wanda ya shafi Yaduwar birane da hanyoyin samun dama masu yawa. GM daga baya Motorama nune-nunen ya ci gaba da wannan taken a cikin shekarun 1960. A Touch of Magic shi ne fim na 1961 Motorama .

== Zaɓuɓɓukan ƙa'idodi ==
[[Fayil:A_Touch_of_Magic,_1961_film.ogv|thumb]]

* Mutum - &quot;Wannan gidan mafarki kai da ni za mu raba / Frigidaire ne ya shirya mana&quot;
* Mutum da Mace - &quot;Lanƙarar Aladdin ta sami kwanakinta/Wannan sihiri na zamani yana nan don zama&quot;
* Mutum da Mace - &quot;Shin sihiri kowace rana / Shin kyakkyawa ce da ke tafiya mai tsawo / Yana kiyaye ruhohinmu matasa da gay / Kuma sihiri koyaushe sabo ne / A cikin duniya cike da sihiri tare da ... &quot;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Design for Dreaming, wani fim na GM a cikin wannan jerin, kuma Tad Tadlock ne ya fito

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwalejin Kirista ta Citipointe</title>
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'''Kwalejin Kirista ta Citipointe''', wacce a da aka fi sani da '''Kwalejin Kirista ta Brisbane''' ( '''COCB''' ), makaranta ce ta kwana mai zaman kanta ta Kiristoci ta K-12 da ke Carindale, Queensland, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Tana da alaƙa da cocin Pentecostal da ta kafa ƙungiyar Kirista ta hanyar sadarwa, Cocin Citipointe.

Makarantar ta kasance abin muhawara a bainar jama'a a watan Janairun 2022 lokacin da kwalejin ta yaɗa kwangilar yin rajista wadda ta buƙaci iyaye su amince da cewa makarantar tana nuna bambanci tsakanin maza da mata bisa ga jinsi maimakon jinsi, kuma su amince da sanarwar imani da ta shafi batutuwan jinsi da jima'i. Wannan takaddama ta haifar da janye kwangilar kuma shugaban makarantar ya sauka daga mukaminsa.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa makarantar da yanzu ake kira Citipointe Christian College a matsayin Christian Outreach College [[Brisbane]] a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1978, shekaru huɗu bayan kafa Cibiyar Hidimar Kirista. Fasto Ian Feeney shine shugaban makarantar farko, kuma harabar makarantar ta kasance a titin Kurilpa, West End.&lt;ref name=&quot;History-COCB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Christian Outreach College Brisbane |url=http://www.brisbane.coc.edu.au/Site/About/History.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324055653/http://www.brisbane.coc.edu.au/Site/About/History.asp |archive-date=24 March 2009 |access-date=2009-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1982, kwalejin ta koma harabar makarantar da take a yanzu a Wecker Road, Mansfield.&lt;ref name=&quot;History-COCB&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1985, aka naɗa shugaban makarantar na huɗu Fasto Ron Woolley.&lt;ref name=&quot;History-COCB&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Headmaster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A message from the Headmaster |url=http://www.brisbane.coc.edu.au/Site/About/HeadmastersWelcome.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226165712/http://www.brisbane.coc.edu.au/Site/About/HeadmastersWelcome.asp |archive-date=26 December 2008 |access-date=2009-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1990, harabar makarantar ta ƙunshi gine-gine uku: A Block, B Block da aka faɗaɗa, da Kurilpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;History-COCB&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarun 1990, an gina wasu gine-gine huɗu ciki har da ɗakin karatu; an kuma yi wani katon gini daga wani kadara da aka mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;History-COCB&quot; /&gt; An ci gaba da gina ginin a duk tsawon shekarun 2000, gami da cibiyar kimiyya da aka buɗe a 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEWS-JUNE06&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=June 2006 COCB News. |url=http://www.coc.edu.au/Site/_documents/COCBNews_JUNE06.pdf |access-date=2009-01-12 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;History-COCB&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2018, an naɗa Fasto Brian Mulheran a matsayin shugaban makarantar; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2018 |title=New Principal Induction – Ps Brian Mulheran |url=https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202114338/https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=Citipointe Christian College}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya ajiye wannan muƙamin don ɗaukar hutu a watan Fabrairun 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Australian Associated Press |date=2022-02-04 |title=Citipointe Christian College principal Brian Mulheran to 'stand aside' after anti-gay contracts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/05/citipointe-christian-college-principal-brian-mulheran-to-stand-aside-after-anti-gay-contracts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205002129/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/05/citipointe-christian-college-principal-brian-mulheran-to-stand-aside-after-anti-gay-contracts |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-05 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Maris, ya yi murabus daga muƙaminsa a hukumance. 

=== Takaddama kan kwangilar yin rijistar 2022 ===
A ranar 28 ga Janairu 2022, Kwalejin Kirista ta Citipointe ta yaɗa sabuwar kwangilar yin rajista, kuma ta sanar da iyaye cewa ɗalibanta za su yi rajista a makarantar zai dogara ne da sa hannun wannan kwangilar.  Kwantiragin ya nemi iyaye su yarda cewa kwalejin za ta yi bambance-bambancen maza/mace bisa ga jinsi maimakon asalin jinsi (&quot;gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, misali, kayan makaranta, gabatarwa, kalmomi, amfani da kayan aiki da kayan more rayuwa, shiga cikin wasannin motsa jiki da masauki&quot;);  kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa yana ba wa makarantar damar korar ɗalibi saboda ayyukan da ba su dace da waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba (ko &quot;ƙa'idodin koyarwa&quot;). 

Yarjejeniyar ta kuma haɗa da jadawalin da ke ɗauke da sanarwar imani cewa &quot;Allah yana nufin kusanci tsakanin namiji da mace ne kawai waɗanda suka yi aure&quot; kuma &quot;Allah ya ba da umarni kada a yi jima'i a wajen irin wannan auren&quot;. [undefined] Bayanin imani ya lissafa misalai na lalatar jima'i wanda ya ɗauki duk wani jima'i a wajen auren maza da mata a matsayin &quot;zunubi da ɓata wa Allah rai kuma... yana lalata dangantaka da al'umma&quot;: [2] [3] gami da luwaɗi, luwaɗi, jima'i da dabba, jima'i da dangi, lalata da yara, batsa, da fasikanci. An ɗauko wannan sanarwar ne daga sanarwar imani ta ƙungiyar Cocin Duniya, wacce ita ce hukumar gudanarwa ta makarantar.[1]

Kwantiragin ya jawo suka, kuma a ranar 30 ga Janairu makarantar ta buga wata sanarwa a kafafen yada labarai a shafinta na yanar gizo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2018 |title=New Principal Induction – Ps Brian Mulheran |url=https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202114338/https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=Citipointe Christian College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata malamar makaranta ta yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da shirin mayar da 'yarta zuwa wata makaranta, &lt;ref name=&quot;quit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=The Project: Citipointe Christian College teacher Helen Clapham Burns quits over LGBT controversy |url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/current-affairs/the-project-citipointe-christian-college-teacher-helen-clapham-burns-quits-over-lgbt-controversy/news-story/7f6f4d50ed07e0028e0ac37878985bea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201061458/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/current-affairs/the-project-citipointe-christian-college-teacher-helen-clapham-burns-quits-over-lgbt-controversy/news-story/7f6f4d50ed07e0028e0ac37878985bea |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=news.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata takarda ta yanar gizo da ke kira ga makarantar da ta soke kwangilar ta karu da sauri, inda ta sami sa hannu sama da 150,000 kafin makarantar ta janye kwangilar a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangiah |first=Lillian |date=2022-03-31 |title=Citipointe Christian College principal officially resigns, months after discrimination saga |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-31/shell-qld-citipoint-resignation-brian-mulheran/100956022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427093941/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-31/shell-qld-citipoint-resignation-brian-mulheran/100956022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-27 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2021, wata takarda da ke goyon bayan Citipointe ta jawo hankalin sama da mutane 35,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2018 |title=New Principal Induction – Ps Brian Mulheran |url=https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202114338/https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=Citipointe Christian College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministar Ilimi ta Queensland Grace Grace ta bayyana kwangilar a matsayin &quot;abin da ba za a yarda da shi ba&quot; kuma &quot;abin damuwa ne&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangiah |first=Lillian |date=2022-03-31 |title=Citipointe Christian College principal officially resigns, months after discrimination saga |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-31/shell-qld-citipoint-resignation-brian-mulheran/100956022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427093941/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-31/shell-qld-citipoint-resignation-brian-mulheran/100956022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-27 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma memba ta tarayya Angie Bell ta ce ta yi tunanin &quot;ba daidai ba ne kawai&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-01-31 |title=Brisbane Christian college defends demanding parents sign contract on student gender identity, homosexuality |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-31/qld-school-contract-lgbtqi-citipointe-christian-college/100791734 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202132857/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-31/qld-school-contract-lgbtqi-citipointe-christian-college/100791734 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-02 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin Garin Brisbane, Adrian Schrinner, tsohon ɗalibi kuma iyaye a makarantar a yanzu, ya ce zai gabatar da damuwarsa ga shugaban makarantar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Read |first=Cloe |date=31 January 2022 |title=Lord mayor to raise 'concerns' with Christian college over contracts |url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/lord-mayor-to-raise-concerns-with-christian-college-over-contracts-20220131-p59spj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131202726/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/lord-mayor-to-raise-concerns-with-christian-college-over-contracts-20220131-p59spj.html |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=[[Brisbane Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, Firayim Minista Scott Morrison ya nuna adawarsa a wata hira da aka yi da shi a rediyo, kuma ya ce kudirin gwamnatinsa na nuna wariya ga addini zai sa irin waɗannan kwangiloli su zama haramtattu a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2018 |title=New Principal Induction – Ps Brian Mulheran |url=https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202114338/https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=Citipointe Christian College}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangiah |first=Lillian |date=2022-03-31 |title=Citipointe Christian College principal officially resigns, months after discrimination saga |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-31/shell-qld-citipoint-resignation-brian-mulheran/100956022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427093941/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-31/shell-qld-citipoint-resignation-brian-mulheran/100956022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-27 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa wasu iyalai sun yi niyyar barin makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2018 |title=New Principal Induction – Ps Brian Mulheran |url=https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202114338/https://citipointe.qld.edu.au/news/new-principal-induction-ps-brian-mulheran/ |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=Citipointe Christian College}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=College |first=Concerned Parents of Citipointe Christian |date=2022-02-02 |title=Why we, as Christian parents, cannot sign a school contract that condemns gay or transgender students |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/why-we-as-christian-parents-cannot-sign-a-school-contract-that-condemns-gay-or-transgender-students-20220202-p59t68.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203121335/https://www.smh.com.au/national/why-we-as-christian-parents-cannot-sign-a-school-contract-that-condemns-gay-or-transgender-students-20220202-p59t68.html |archive-date=3 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-03 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantar ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwalejin San Sisto</title>
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'''Kwalejin San Sisto''' kwaleji ce ta sakandare ta Roman Katolika ga 'yan mata a aji 7 zuwa 12, wacce ke [[Carina, Queensland|Carina]], wani yanki a kudu maso gabashin [[Brisbane]], Queensland, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Tana da ɗalibai kusan 900.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Australian Schools Directory |url=https://www.australianschoolsdirectory.com.au/5786/san-sisto-college-carina-carina |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.australianschoolsdirectory.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwalejin ta kasu zuwa makarantu uku: Caleruega (Shekaru 7 da 8), Fanjeaux (Shekaru 9 da 10) da Bologna (Shekaru 11 da 12).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2013 |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.sansisto.qld.edu.au/ourcollege/collegeplanning/Documents/Annual%20Report%202012.pdf |access-date=2026-01-03 |archive-date=2020-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323160113/http://www.sansisto.qld.edu.au/ourcollege/collegeplanning/Documents/Annual%20Report%202012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2016 |title=Annual Report 2015 |url=https://www.sansisto.qld.edu.au/ourcollege/collegeplanning/Documents/Annual%20Report%202015.pdf |access-date=2026-01-03 |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715000334/https://www.sansisto.qld.edu.au/ourcollege/collegeplanning/Documents/Annual%20Report%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya wa nau'ikan makarantun suna ne bayan tafiyar St Dominic, wanda aka haifa a Caleruega, Spain, ya yi tafiya zuwa Fanjeaux, Faransa, kuma ya mutu a Bologna, Italiya.

A cikin Kwalejin San Sisto, akwai azuzuwa shida, tubalan M, tubalan C, tubalan A, tubalan R da tubalan DE da DW.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Kwalejin San Sisto a shekarar 1961 ta hannun Sister Jude, wacce ita ce shugabar makarantar farko. Malaman farko a Kwalejin San Sisto 'yan'uwa mata ne na Dominican waɗanda suka yi tafiya daga Maitland, New South Wales.

== Gidajen makaranta ==
Akwai gidajen wasanni guda huɗu na makaranta: Jude, Rose, Catherine da Dominic.

Jude, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Sr. Mary St. Jude, shugaban makarantar farko, shine gidan kore kuma abin koyi shine kada.

Rose, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan St. Rose ta Lima, gidan ja ne kuma abin tunawa shine dodo.

Catherine, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan St. Catherine ta Siena, ita ce gidan shuɗi, kuma abin koyinta kifin shark ne.

Dominic, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan St. Dominic, shine gidan rawaya kuma abin tunawa shine zuma.

== Waƙar makaranta ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;Ko da yake makarantarmu ƙarama ce, muna da al'adu masu wadata da na da, waɗanda suka daɗe suna wanzuwa har tsawon shekaru ɗari takwas.

 Sunan San Sisto ne wanda muke alfahari da shi, tare da Veritas taken mu kamar 'yan Dominica.

 Ga makarantarmu, muna yi wa makarantarmu alƙawarin amincinmu, Kiristoci na gaskiya mu kasance koyaushe.

 Ta hanyar nunawa a rayuwarmu, ƙa'idodin da ke nan sun ƙarfafa, a matsayin shaida ga gaskiya a cikin magana da aiki.

 Kamar Dominic na da da kuma ƙungiyar mawakan da suka taru a kusa da shi, masu fafutukar gaskiya a duniya

 San Sisto muna ƙaunarka kuma muna fatan za mu yi alfahari da kai, yanzu da ma fiye da haka a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Makarantar tana da alaƙa da 'Yan'uwan Dominican na Gabashin Ostiraliya da Tsibirin Solomon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2013 |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.sansisto.qld.edu.au/ourcollege/collegeplanning/Documents/Annual%20Report%202012.pdf |access-date=2026-01-03 |archive-date=2020-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323160113/http://www.sansisto.qld.edu.au/ourcollege/collegeplanning/Documents/Annual%20Report%202012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Appius Claudius Pulcher (mai ba da shawara 54 BC)</title>
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'''Appius Claudius Pulcher''' (97-49 BC) dan asalin Roma ne, ɗan siyasa kuma janar a ƙarni na farko BC. Ya kasance wakilin Jamhuriyar Roma a cikin 54 BC. Ya kasance gwani a cikin Dokar Romawa da kayan tarihi, musamman ma ilimin esoteric na kwalejin Augural wanda ya kasance memba mai rikitarwa. Ya kasance shugaban babban layin dangin da ya fi iko na Patrician Claudii . Claudii na ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai biyar (gentes maiores ko &quot;Babban Ƙungiyoyi&quot;) waɗanda suka mamaye rayuwar zamantakewa da siyasa ta Roma daga farkon shekarun jamhuriya. An fi saninsa da mai karɓar 13 daga cikin haruffa da ke cikin ad Familiares corpus na [[Cicero]] (dukan littafin III), wanda ya kasance daga 53 zuwa 50 BC. Ba su haɗa da amsoshin Appius ga Cicero ba. Har ila yau, an san shi da kasancewa babban ɗan'uwan Clodius da Clodia.

== Halin zuriya ==
Appius shi ne ɗan fari kuma babban magaji na Appius Claudius Pulcher (kwararren 79 BC), wanda ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban babban layin Claudii Pulchri lokacin da dattijo Appius ya mutu yana yakin neman zabe a Dutsen Rhodope a matsayin gwamnan Makidoniya a 76 BC.

== Farkon aiki, 76-67 BC ==
Mutuwar mahaifinsa ta bar Appius shugaban danginsa mai iko yana da shekaru 20 ko 21, amma yana fama da 'yan'uwa maza biyu,' yan'uwa mata biyu da ba su yi aure ba da kuɗi kaɗan. Wannan talauci ne kawai, amma ya tabbatar da amincin mahaifinsa, wanda a bayyane yake bai sami riba sosai ba, idan ba haka ba, daga lokacin haramtacciyar lokacin da ba su da kyau, mafi sanannun Marcus Licinius Crassus da Gaius Curio pater, sun sami wadata mai yawa daga dukiyar da aka kwace na wadanda aka kashe a Marian na Sulla.

Appius ya sami taimako mai karimci daga Lucius Licinius Lucullus, wanda bayan ya dawo daga aikinsa na Afirka a 75 BC ya amince ya auri 'yar'uwarta mafi ƙanƙanta ba tare da sadaki ba. Ya kuma ba da wani muhimmin gado ga Appius, wanda a rayuwarsa ta baya ya nuna dawowar iyalinsa zuwa yanayi mai kyau daga wannan kyautar.


Dangantaka mai kyau ta Appius da dangin Varro ta jimre. Ɗan Varro mai suna (an haife shi a shekara ta 80 KZ) daga baya ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abokansa mafi kusa,  yana aiki a matsayin quaestor a cikin shekarar mutuwar Appius, kuma daga baya ɗaya daga cikin manyan haruffa masu rikitarwa da ban sha'awa na farkon mulkin [[Augustus|Agusta]] a cikin ilimin zamani: A. Terentius Varro Murena, wanda ya mutu a farkon makonni (ko kwanaki) na ofishinsa a 23 KZ.

Ya yi aiki a kan ma'aikatan surukinsa Lucullus, babban kwamandan sojojin Romawa a Asiya a farkon rabin Yaƙin Mithridatic na Uku . Wataƙila Appius ya tafi tare da Lucullus daga farkon 73 BC, kodayake ba a tabbatar da shi kai tsaye a gabas ba har zuwa kaka na 71 bayan mamayar gabashin Kappadokia Pontike (Pontus), lokacin da Lucullos ya tura shi ga Sarkin [[Armeniya]] Tigranes don neman mika wuya ga Mithridates VI.

Halinsa da maganarsa sun ɓata wa Tigranes rai, wanda ya kira kansa Sarkin Sarakuna, wanda ya saba da bikin kotu na gabas sama da shekaru ashirin. Wannan ba kawai gaskiya ne na Romawa ba kowace rana, amma girman kai da appietas na Kulawa. Rashin nasarar wannan aikin ya haifar da yakin farko na Roma da Armenia, wanda Lucullus ya fara a 69 BC.

Lucullus watakila ya aika da saurayi Appius da gangan, ya san cewa ba za a karɓi halinsa ba a kotun Sarkin Sarakuna. Wataƙila ya aika da L. Fannius ko L. Magius, dukansu biyu suna da gogewa a kotun Pontic, kuma wasikar da ya aika wa Tigranes yana magana da shi kawai a matsayin Sarki, maimakon Sarkin Sarakuna, kusan tabbas ya kasance zagi ne da gangan na ingantaccen tsarin diflomasiyya. Tigranes tabbas ya dauke shi kamar haka.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ofishin Firayim Minista (Norway)</title>
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'''Ofishin Firayim Minista na Norway''' (Norwegian) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Office of the Prime Minister |title=Statsministerens kontor blir til |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/smk/dep/Historie.html?id=85907 |access-date=26 April 2008 |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; sashen majalisar ministoci ne wanda ke taimakawa majalisar ministocin Norway da Firayim Ministan Norway a cikin jagorancin majalisar ministociya da gwamnati. Tun daga shekarar 2021 Firayim Minista Jonas Gahr Støre (Labour Party) ne ke jagoranta. Sakataren Gwamnati da ke kula da ofishin shine {{Interlanguage link|Kristine Joy Nordenson Kallset|no}} .[no] Ofishin yana da ma'aikata kusan 55.

== Tarihi ==
Tun lokacin da aka kafa Gwamnatin Norway ta farko, a cikin 1814, Firayim Minista yana da sakatare don taimaka masa da ayyuka, kodayake ba a sanya su gaba ɗaya a ofishinsa ba har zuwa 1945. An ba ofishin taken yanzu a 1950, amma ba a kafa shi ba sai 1956. A shekara ta 1969 babban sakatariyar dukkan majalisar ministocin ya zama wani ɓangare na Ofishin Firayim Minista.[1]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdur Rahman (masanin kimiyya)</title>
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'''Abdur Rahman''' (Bengali; 1920-2015), wanda aka fi sani da '''Faqihul Millat''', [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne na Bangladesh na makarantar Deobandi . &lt;ref name=&quot;csb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Organization |url=http://www.csbib.org/organization.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907005508/http://csbib.org/organization.php |archive-date=7 September 2011 |website=Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a Imam Nagar, Fatikchhari, [[Chittagong]], a cikin 1920. Shi ne darektan da ya kafa Cibiyar Binciken Musulunci ta Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Absolute Submission to the Almighty |url=http://fahadmahdi.webs.com/bengalipart.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722114235/http://fahadmahdi.webs.com/bengalipart.htm |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=fahadmahdi.webs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Abdur Rahman a shekara ta 1920, ga dangin Musulmi na Bengali a ƙauyen Imamnagar a Fatikchhari, Gundumar Chittagong, Indiya ta Burtaniya . An san mahaifinsa da suna Chan Miah .  Abdur Rahman ya kammala karatun firamare da sakandare daga Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam da [[Darul Uloom Hathazari|Darul Uloom Muinul Islama Hathazari]] . Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don ƙarin karatu. A can Abdur Rahman ya samu nasarar kammala ''Dawra da Hadith'' sannan ya shiga cikin wannan ma'aikatar a cikin bincike a fagen Ifta (dokokin Islama). &lt;ref name=&quot;csb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Organization |url=http://www.csbib.org/organization.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907005508/http://csbib.org/organization.php |archive-date=7 September 2011 |website=Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
After graduating from Darul Uloom Deoband Abdur Rahman served as a teacher and principal in various Islamic seminaries, locally called madrasah including Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya of Chittagong and Jameel Madrasah of Bogra. He is the founder of Islamic Research Center Bangladesh and Jamiatul Abrarat Riverview, Dhaka. He is also the chairman of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board Federation.&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot; /&gt;  Besides these Mufti Abdur Rahman has been serving as the chairman of the North Bengal Madrasah Education Board consists of over a thousand institutions of [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Islamic education]] of 18 districts in the northern part of the country.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Bankin Musulunci ===
Daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 1992 Mufti Abdur Rahman ya kasance mamba a majalisar sharia ta farko ta bankin Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd, tun daga lokacin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a bangaren bankin Musulunci a matsayin mai kula da shari'a a bankuna daban-daban na kasar. An zabe shi Shugaban Hukumar Shariah ta Tsakiya na Bankunan Musulunci na Bangladesh (CSBIB) a cikin 2007.[1][2] A halin yanzu, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Shari'a na Bankin Al Arafah Islami da kuma matsayin mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Shariah na Bankin Zuba Jari. Ya kuma kasance mashawarcin Shariah na Bankin Oriental na wani kankanin lokaci. [ana binciken hujja [citation need] Ya kuma zama shugaban hukumar shariah na bankin Shahjalal Islami.[3] Abdur Rahman ya halarci tarukan karawa juna sani kuma ya yi balaguro zuwa Saudi Arabiya, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, India da Pakistan.[1]

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu ne saboda tsufa a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2015 a Bashundhara, [[Dhaka]] .  Shugaban Kungiyar Bashundhara, Ahmed Akbar Sobhan ya nuna ta'aziyya.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Hanafi scholars}}{{Islam in South Asia}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]</text>
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'''Abdur Rahman''' (Bengali; 1920-2015), wanda aka fi sani da '''Faqihul Millat''', [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne na Bangladesh na makarantar Deobandi . &lt;ref name=&quot;csb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Organization |url=http://www.csbib.org/organization.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907005508/http://csbib.org/organization.php |archive-date=7 September 2011 |website=Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a Imam Nagar, Fatikchhari, [[Chittagong]], a cikin 1920. Shi ne darektan da ya kafa Cibiyar Binciken Musulunci ta Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Absolute Submission to the Almighty |url=http://fahadmahdi.webs.com/bengalipart.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722114235/http://fahadmahdi.webs.com/bengalipart.htm |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=fahadmahdi.webs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Abdur Rahman a shekara ta 1920, ga dangin Musulmi na Bengali a ƙauyen Imamnagar a Fatikchhari, Gundumar Chittagong, Indiya ta Burtaniya . An san mahaifinsa da suna Chan Miah .  Abdur Rahman ya kammala karatun firamare da sakandare daga Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam da [[Darul Uloom Hathazari|Darul Uloom Muinul Islama Hathazari]] . Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don ƙarin karatu. A can Abdur Rahman ya samu nasarar kammala ''Dawra da Hadith'' sannan ya shiga cikin wannan ma'aikatar a cikin bincike a fagen Ifta (dokokin Islama). &lt;ref name=&quot;csb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Organization |url=http://www.csbib.org/organization.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907005508/http://csbib.org/organization.php |archive-date=7 September 2011 |website=Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
After graduating from Darul Uloom Deoband Abdur Rahman served as a teacher and principal in various Islamic seminaries, locally called madrasah including Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya of Chittagong and Jameel Madrasah of Bogra. He is the founder of Islamic Research Center Bangladesh and Jamiatul Abrarat Riverview, Dhaka. He is also the chairman of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board Federation.&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot; /&gt;  Besides these Mufti Abdur Rahman has been serving as the chairman of the North Bengal Madrasah Education Board consists of over a thousand institutions of [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Islamic education]] of 18 districts in the northern part of the country.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Bankin Musulunci ===
Daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 1992 Mufti Abdur Rahman ya kasance mamba a majalisar sharia ta farko ta bankin Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd, tun daga lokacin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a bangaren bankin Musulunci a matsayin mai kula da shari'a a bankuna daban-daban na kasar. An zabe shi Shugaban Hukumar Shariah ta Tsakiya na Bankunan Musulunci na Bangladesh (CSBIB) a cikin 2007.[1][2] A halin yanzu, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Shari'a na Bankin Al Arafah Islami da kuma matsayin mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Shariah na Bankin Zuba Jari. Ya kuma kasance mashawarcin Shariah na Bankin Oriental na wani kankanin lokaci. [ana binciken hujja [citation need] Ya kuma zama shugaban hukumar shariah na bankin Shahjalal Islami.[3] Abdur Rahman ya halarci tarukan karawa juna sani kuma ya yi balaguro zuwa Saudi Arabiya, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, India da Pakistan.[1]

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu ne saboda tsufa a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2015 a Bashundhara, [[Dhaka]] .  Shugaban Kungiyar Bashundhara, Ahmed Akbar Sobhan ya nuna ta'aziyya.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]</text>
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'''Kwalejin Jihar Woodcrest''' makaranta ce ta shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa aji na 12 da ke cikin unguwar birnin Ipswich da ke Springfield a Queensland, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Makarantar tana da jimillar ɗalibai 1,719 da suka yi rajista a shekarar 2022.

Tsakanin 1998 da 2022, Pat Murphy shine Shugaban Gudanarwa na Kwalejin Jihar Woodcrest. A shekarar 2022, Jeff Jones shine Shugaban Gudanarwa na makarantar.[1] Tun daga 2023, aikin Kwalejin Jihar Woodcrest na Shugaban Gudanarwa yana hannun Deborah Hansen.[2] Makarantar ta kuma ƙunshi Shugaban Kwalejin, Manajan Kasuwanci, Mataimakan Shugaban Firamare 2 da Mataimakan Shugaban Sakandare 3.[3]

== Gidajen wasanni ==
Kwalejin Jihar Woodcrest ta ƙunshi waɗannan gidajen wasanni guda huɗu masu launuka daban-daban:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=Friday 25 February 2022 |url=https://epublisherapp.com/public/newsletter/ViewNewsletter?u=Nk9pL2VVb0wyUkdaM0RiazdnMk9EZz09&amp;newsLettertype=NkYrWGJsUHN3N29sZVZHNXJrR3M3QT09&amp;orgId=ZStXbHIyOXRqbDZSS1I4eEp0bHVYQT09&amp;issueId=QTk1bzltZ2pWbXdWYmErRDRiMDJkZz09&amp;pl=TUtZN0hnd3RScjdSYUhNcmcwTUpXZz09 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=ePublisher |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayan aiki ==
Kayan aiki a Kwalejin Jihar Woodcrest sun haɗa da:

* Cibiyar Albarkatu ta Farko (Cibiyar ɗakin karatu ta Shiri zuwa Aji 6)
* Cibiyar Albarkatu ta Sakandare (Cibiyar ɗakin karatu ta Shekara 7 zuwa Shekara 12)
* Hangar; cibiyar fasaha da ke cikin gundumar Makarantar Sakandare
* Gidan Abinci; wurin cin abinci
* Babban zauren wasanni
* Ɗakin wasanni na sakandare da ɗakin motsa jiki
* Studio na Rawa da Wasan Kwaikwayo
* Majami'ar Hulɗa
* Kayan aikin fasaha na hannu
* Dakunan gwaje-gwajen kimiyya
* Ovals biyu na wasanni
* Filin wasanni masu amfani da yawa
* Filin wasan tennis &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=Friday 25 February 2022 |url=https://epublisherapp.com/public/newsletter/ViewNewsletter?u=Nk9pL2VVb0wyUkdaM0RiazdnMk9EZz09&amp;newsLettertype=NkYrWGJsUHN3N29sZVZHNXJrR3M3QT09&amp;orgId=ZStXbHIyOXRqbDZSS1I4eEp0bHVYQT09&amp;issueId=QTk1bzltZ2pWbXdWYmErRDRiMDJkZz09&amp;pl=TUtZN0hnd3RScjdSYUhNcmcwTUpXZz09 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=ePublisher |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Aikin Gida (Cibiyar koyo ta Aji 7 zuwa 12) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-26 |title=Principal's Welcome |url=https://woodcrestsc.eq.edu.au/our-school/principals-welcome |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Woodcrest State College |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204092425/https://woodcrestsc.eq.edu.au/our-school/principals-welcome |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* iThrive (cibiyar kula da lafiyar ɗalibai na aji 7 zuwa 12) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Our Staff |url=https://woodcrestsc.eq.edu.au/our-school/our-staff |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Woodcrest State College |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122184124/https://woodcrestsc.eq.edu.au/our-school/our-staff |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Filin Wasan Kwando na Sakandare &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=Friday 25 February 2022 |url=https://epublisherapp.com/public/newsletter/ViewNewsletter?u=Nk9pL2VVb0wyUkdaM0RiazdnMk9EZz09&amp;newsLettertype=NkYrWGJsUHN3N29sZVZHNXJrR3M3QT09&amp;orgId=ZStXbHIyOXRqbDZSS1I4eEp0bHVYQT09&amp;issueId=QTk1bzltZ2pWbXdWYmErRDRiMDJkZz09&amp;pl=TUtZN0hnd3RScjdSYUhNcmcwTUpXZz09 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=ePublisher |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Edward Anders</title>
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'''Edward Anders''' (21 ga Yuni, 1926 - 1 ga Yuni, 2025) ɗan ƙasar Latvia ne, masanin kimiyyar sinadarai kuma farfesa a fannin sinadarai a Jami'ar Chicago . Manyan fannoni na bincikensa sun haɗa da asalin da shekarun meteorites, wanzuwar ƙwayoyin presolar a cikin meteorites, yawan abubuwan sinadarai na [[Tsarin hasken rana|Tsarin Rana]], da kuma ƙarewar taro a tarihin Duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 1970, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bincike 142 waɗanda suka yi nazarin samfuran wata da shirin Apollo ya dawo da su Duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Compton |first=David W. |date=1989 |title=Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch11-4.html |journal=NASA Special Publication 1214, Chapter 11, Section 4, &quot;The First Lunar Science Conference.&quot; |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2019-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121507/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch11-4.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya yi ritaya daga binciken kimiyya a 1991, ya zama fitaccen mai bincike, mai jawabi kuma marubuci kan batutuwan da suka shafi [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] a Latvia.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Anders Edward Alperovitch a birnin Liepāja na bakin teku na Latvia a shekarar 1926. Mahaifiyarsa (Erica, née Sheftelovitch-Meiran) da mahaifinsa (Adolf) duk suna cikin al'ummar 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa masu jin Jamusanci. A shekarar 1940, Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Latvia, kuma a shekarar 1941, Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Latvia. Mahaifin Anders yana cikin Yahudawan Liepaja da yawa da 'yan Nazi suka kashe a farkon watannin mamayar. Anders da mahaifiyarsa sun guje wa halakar Nazi ta hanyar yin kamar ita 'yar asalin Aryan ce da Yahudawa suka rene, har sai da suka sami damar tserewa daga Latvia kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Anders ya zauna a Munich, inda ya fara zuwa Jami'ar UNRRA, wata cibiya ta wucin gadi da Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Hali ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa don yi wa 'yan gudun hijira hidima, sannan Jami'ar Munich. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agusta na 1948, Anders ya bayyana a matsayin shaida a shari'ar manyan kwamandojin [[Nuremberg]], inda ya bayar da shaidar sojojin Jamus suna aikata fashi da makami da harbin fararen hula Yahudawa a Liepaja a shekarar 1941. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Compton |first=David W. |date=1989 |title=Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch11-4.html |journal=NASA Special Publication 1214, Chapter 11, Section 4, &quot;The First Lunar Science Conference.&quot; |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2019-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121507/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch11-4.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1949, Anders ya isa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], inda ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a fannin sinadarai a Jami'ar Columbia . Ya sami digirin digirgir (Ph.D.) daga Columbia a shekarar 1954, inda ya amfana daga jagorancin farfesa Jack Malcolm Miller na kimiyyar nukiliya a Columbia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Anders ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na kimiyya a fannin ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar Chicago . Ya zo a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1955, ya sami aiki bayan 'yan shekaru kuma aka nada shi farfesa Horace B. Horton a shekarar 1973. Ya yi shekara 1963-64 a Jami'ar Bern a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a lokacin hutu; ya koma jami'ar [[Switzerland]] na tsawon watanni shida daga 1970 zuwa 1990. Nadinsa na farko a fannin ilimi shi ne malami a Jami'ar Illinois (Champaign-Urbana) daga 1954 zuwa 1955. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami kyautar Quantrell . &lt;ref name=&quot;Prize&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching |url=https://www.uchicago.edu/who-we-are/global-impact/accolades/llewellyn-john-and-harriet-manchester-quantrell-awards-for-excellence-in-undergraduate-teaching |website=UChicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1959, Anders ya lashe kyautar Newcomb Cleveland daga Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka saboda aikinsa kan meteorites da asteroids. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ya yi a wannan lokacin ya haɗa da shaidar cewa meteorites sun fito ne daga bel ɗin asteroid,  da kuma bayani kan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirƙirar ƙananan lu'u-lu'u a cikin meteorites, ba tare da buƙatar babban matsin lamba wanda za a iya samu kawai a cikin manyan jikuna masu ƙarfin nauyi ba. 

A shekarar 1973, Anders ya sami lambar yabo ta NASA ta Nasarar Kimiyya ta Musamman,  yana godiya ga aikinsa na nazarin tarin samfuran wata da aka dawo da su Duniya ta hanyar aikin Apollo. A shekarar 1974, [[Royal Astronomical Society|ƙungiyar Royal Astronomical Society]] ta Burtaniya ta naɗa shi memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje, ko kuma mataimaki. An kuma zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a shekarar 1974. 

Anders da abokan aikinsa sun fara rubuta shaidar ƙurar taurari a cikin meteorites a cikin 1978, suna buga sakamakon binciken a cikin ''Science'' yana nuna cewa &quot;ƙananan meteorites sun ƙunshi wani nau'in baƙon abu, presolar abu: ƙurar da aka fitar daga jatan lande.&quot;  Binciken da Anders da abokan aikinsa suka yi ya tabbatar da kasancewar lu'u-lu'u, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Compton |first=David W. |date=1989 |title=Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch11-4.html |journal=NASA Special Publication 1214, Chapter 11, Section 4, &quot;The First Lunar Science Conference.&quot; |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2019-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121507/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch11-4.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; silicon carbide da graphite a cikin ƙwayoyin meteorites na interstellar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wata hira da ''Discover'' a 1991, Anders ya kira meteorites a matsayin &quot;tauraron sararin samaniya na talaka.&quot; 

A shekarun 1980, Anders da abokan aikinsa sun buga shaida a cikin ''Kimiyya'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Yanayi'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Compton |first=David W. |date=1989 |title=Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch11-4.html |journal=NASA Special Publication 1214, Chapter 11, Section 4, &quot;The First Lunar Science Conference.&quot; |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2019-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121507/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch11-4.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; na gobarar bala'i shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata, wanda babban hatsarin meteorite ya haifar a Tekun Mexico. Binciken da suka yi kan [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|lamarin kawar da Cretaceous-Paleogene]] ya yi nazarin laka daga wurare masu nisa kamar Turai da New Zealand. A kowane hali, sun sami adadi mai yawa na iridium (wani abu mai wuya da ke da alaƙa da wasu meteorites) da adadi mai yawa na carbon (wanda ke da alaƙa da gobarar duniya) a cikin layuka iri ɗaya. &quot;Shekarar farko bayan tasirin ta kasance lokaci mai ban mamaki da haɗari ga rayuwa a Duniya,&quot; in ji Anders ga ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' . 

A shekarar 1989, Anders da masanin ilmin taurari na Belgium [[Nicolas Grevesse]] sun buga &quot;Abundances of the Elements,&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani takarda ta kimiyya da ke tattara mafi inganci kiyasin da aka yi har zuwa yau na meteorite da yawan hasken rana na abubuwa sama da 80, tun daga hydrogen zuwa uranium. An ambaci bincikensu a cikin takardu sama da 11,000 daga wasu masu binciken kimiyya, a cewar Google Scholar. 

== Binciken Kisan Kiyashi ==
A shekara ta 2003, Anders da marubucin Juris Dubrovskis sun buga &quot;Wa Ya Mutu a Kisan Kiyashi? Maido da Sunaye Daga Bayanan Hukuma&quot;. Labarinsu, wanda ya bayyana a cikin Nazarin Kisan Kare Dangi da Kisan Gwiwa, ya yi amfani da Latvia, Jamusanci, Isra'ila da sauran bayanan don rubuta makomar kowanne daga cikin Yahudawa 7,140 na Liepaja a lokacin mamayar Nazi Jamus. Anders da Dubrovskis sun tabbatar da cewa mutane 208 ne kawai suka tsira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2004, shugabar Latvia, Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, ta yi jawabi a wurin bikin keɓe wani abin tunawa da kisan kiyashi da aka yi a Liepāja. Ta rufe da cewa: &quot;Ina so in gode wa Kwamitin Tunawa da Kisan Kiyashi na Liepāja, shugabanta Mr. Edward Anders, Mr. Vladimirs Bāns, marubutan aikin, da duk waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa don ganin wannan abin tunawa ya zama gaskiya.&quot;

== Mutuwa ==
Anders ya mutu a San Mateo, [[California]], a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2025, yana da shekaru 98. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |date=2001 |title=Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences: Edward Anders |journal=[[Meteoritics &amp; Planetary Science]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=A225–A267 |bibcode=2001M&amp;PSA..36..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]]
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  <page>
    <title>Shiri kan Matsayi da Ilimi na Mata</title>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
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'''Aikin kan Matsayi da Ilimin Mata''' (PSEW) shine aikin farko [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] wanda ya mayar da hankali kan daidaiton jinsi a fannin ilimi. An kafa PSEW a shekarar 1971 ta Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Amurka (AAC), wacce a yau aka sani da [[Association of American Colleges and Universities|Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i ta Amurka]] (AACU), PSEW ta yi aiki don inganta damar shiga da daidaito a cikin manyan makarantu ga mata, tana magance buƙatun ɗaliban jami'a, malamai, ma'aikata, da masu gudanarwa. PSEW ta samar da kuma rarraba kayan aiki game da matsayin mata a manyan makarantu, ta shawarci kwalejoji da jami'o'i game da manufofi da suka shafi [[Affirmative action|tabbatar da aiki]], shirye-shiryen karatun mata, da ɗaukar malamai mata aiki, kuma ta yi aiki tare da masu tsara manufofi don gabatar da dokoki don inganta daidaiton jinsi a manyan makarantun Amurka. Jaridar PSEW, ''On Campus with Women'' (OCWW), ta fara daga shekarar 1971-2013 ta hanyar ACU, tana buga labarai da bincike da suka shafi mata a manyan makarantu. PSEW ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaba da kuma zartar da [[Title IX]], ɓangaren [[Education Amendments of 1972|Kwaskwarimar Ilimi ta Amurka na 1972]] wanda ya hana nuna wariya a fannin ilimi bisa ga jinsi. 

An rushe PSEW a matsayin wani aiki daban a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1991 kuma aka sake haɗa shi cikin ACU a matsayin Shirin kan Matsayi da Ilimi ga Mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Crisis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Mark |date=2014 |title=Crisis and Opportunity: The Founding of the Association of American Colleges |url=http://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/2014/fall/curtis |access-date=21 March 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Caryn McTighe Musil ce ta jagoranci shirin har zuwa ƙarshensa a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Butler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Johnnella |title=Carol Geary Schneider, Liberal Education, and Social Justice |url=https://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/2016/summer/butler |access-date=21 March 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana gudanar da tarin kayan aiki da wallafe-wallafen da PSEW ta samar a ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger da ke Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Radcliffe a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . 

== Tarihi da samuwar ==
An kafa Aikin Kan Matsayi da Ilimin Mata a shekarar 1971 a matsayin mataki na farko a wani sauyi da Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Amurka (wanda yanzu ita ce Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Amurka da Jami'o'i ) ta yi don mai da hankali kan bambancin ɗalibai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaff |first=Jerry |date=2015 |title=The Role of Faculty in the Transformation of AAC&amp;U: A Personal Essay |url=http://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/2015/summer/gaff |access-date=21 March 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar da ke hedikwatar ACU a Washington, DC, tana aiki tare da ƙaramin ma'aikata.  PSEW ta sami kuɗi ta hanyar tallafi, gami da daga Carnegie Corporation na New York da Gidauniyar Ford . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=New funder coalition Press Forward will award more than $500 million to revitalize local news |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/news-and-stories/news-and-press/news/new-funder-coalition-press-forward-will-award-more-than-500-million-to-revitalize-local-news/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Ford Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

PSEW ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da taken IX. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙarin, ƙungiyar ta ziyarci makarantu, ta ilmantar da 'yan majalisa kan batutuwan mata a fannin ilimi, kuma ta yi kira da a samar da manufofi don inganta yanayin mata a harabar jami'a. PSEW ta mai da hankali kan cin zarafin mata da fyaɗe a harabar jami'a, inda ta samar da kayan ilimi kan waɗannan batutuwa a shekarun 1980. Abin lura shi ne, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;yanayi mai sanyi&quot;, wadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ayyukanta da yawa don bayyana ƙalubalen da mata ke fuskanta a fannin ilimi. 

=== Mutane ===
Bernice Resnick Sandler ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na PSEW daga 1971-1991. Sandler ta kuma kasance mai himma a cikin Kungiyar Mata ta Daidaito (WEAL), inda ta yi irin wannan aikin wajen inganta daidaiton jinsi a manyan makarantu. Bayan Sandler, Caryn McTighe Musil ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Shirin Magajin Gado kan Matsayin da Ilimi na Mata (PSEW) har zuwa 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Butler&quot;/&gt;

Margaret C. Dunkle ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar PSEW daga 1972-1977. Roberta M. Hall da Grace L. Mastalli suma ma'aikata ne masu mahimmanci. 

== Babban gudunmawa ==

=== Littattafai ===
An kafa PSEW ne don taimaka wa kwalejoji da jami'o'i wajen tsara manufofi da suka magance wariyar jinsi da cin zarafin mata. Duk da haka, aikinsu ya bazu ba da daɗewa ba fiye da wannan manufa, yayin da ma'aikatan PSEW suka fara buga ayyukan asali kan mata a manyan makarantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaff&quot;/&gt; PSEW ta buga rahotanni sama da 100, da kuma ƙananan littattafai, ƙasidu, da kuma wasiƙar labarai ta ''On Campus with Women'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Equity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musil |first=Caryn |title=Gender Equity: Who Needs It? |url=https://www.aacu.org/publications-research/periodicals/gender-equity-who-needs-it |access-date=21 March 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Littattafansu sun yi magana game da batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da ɗaukar ɗalibai mata da malamai, batutuwan da suka shafi ɗaliban tsiraru, wariyar jinsi a ɗaukar ma'aikata, wariyar jinsi a cikin bincike, Title IX, taimakon kuɗi, cin zarafin jima'i a harabar jami'a, da yanayin ilimi ga mata. Kayan aikinsu sun isa ga shugabannin kwaleji da malamai da kuma masu tsara manufofi, kuma ba wai kawai sun yaɗa bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru da bincike da suka shafi mata a fannin ilimi ba, har ma sun sanar da mata kai tsaye game da haƙƙinsu na doka na ilimi. PSEW ta buga takardu na farko kan mata masu launin fata a manyan makarantu da rahotanni na farko na ƙasa kan wariyar jinsi a wasannin kwaleji, muhallin aji mai rikici, fyaɗe ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a a harabar jami'a, da cin zarafin mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bernice&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=AAC&amp;U Congratulates Bernice Sandler on Induction into National Women's Hall of Fame |url=http://www.aacu.org/whats-new/aacu-congratulates-bernice-sandler-induction-national-womens-hall-fame |access-date=21 March 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== &quot;Yanayin sanyi&quot; ====
Ƙungiyar ta kuma samar da wallafe-wallafe da ke magana kan kalmar da ta ƙirƙiro, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bernice&quot;/&gt; &quot;yanayin sanyi&quot; da mata ke fuskanta a kwalejoji da jami'o'i, wani shiri na tattaunawa wanda ya zama wani shiri mai mahimmanci ga gudummawar ƙungiyar ga daidaito a fannin ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Butler&quot;/&gt; An kwatanta &quot;yanayin sanyi&quot; da bayanin ƙalubalen da ɗalibai mata da malamai suka fuskanta, tun daga kalaman batanci da aka yi game da mata da ƙwarewarsu ta ilimi zuwa rashin kulawa da katsewar mata a aji. Tattaunawar PSEW game da waɗannan ƙalubalen ga ƙwarewar mata a cikin yanayin ilmantarwa ta taimaka wajen tattaunawa mai faɗi game da rashin daidaiton yanayin ilmantarwa da mutane daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ba su da isasshen taimako suka fuskanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaff&quot;/&gt;

Aikin ya buga ayyuka da dama masu tasiri kan wannan batu. A shekarar 1982, Hall da Sandler sun buga &quot;Yanayin Aji: Abin Sanyi ga Mata?&quot; An ba da kuɗin wannan takarda ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi daga Asusun Inganta Ilimi Bayan Sakandare (FIPSE) na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka . PSEW ta gudanar da wani taro a watan Nuwamban 1982 mai suna &quot;Yanayin Aji Mai Sanyi: Dabaru na Raba Canji&quot; don tallata da tattauna sakamakon binciken. Takardar ƙarshe da aka rarraba a taron ta sayar da kwafi sama da 40,000 tsakanin 1982 da 1990. 

==== ''A harabar jami'a tare da mata'' ====
Wataƙila littafin PSEW mafi shahara shine littafinsu na yau da kullun, ''On Campus with Women'' (OCWW), wanda ya buga bincike da kasidu kan batutuwan da suka shafi mata a manyan makarantu. Sandler ne ya kafa shi a farkon PSEW a shekarar 1971, abubuwan da ke cikinsa sun mayar da hankali kan shugabancin mata, yanayin harabar jami'a, manhaja da ilimin koyarwa, da kuma sabon bincike kan shigar mata cikin manyan makarantu. A kaka ta 2002, OCWW ta ƙaura ta yanar gizo kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=New funder coalition Press Forward will award more than $500 million to revitalize local news |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/news-and-stories/news-and-press/news/new-funder-coalition-press-forward-will-award-more-than-500-million-to-revitalize-local-news/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Ford Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, buga littafin ''On Campus with Women'' as different mujallu ya ƙare, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bernice&quot;/&gt; da kuma manufarta ta rufe batutuwan jinsi a manyan makarantu ya ƙare ta hanyar sauran mujallu na ACU, kamar ''Liberal Education'' and ''Diversity and Democracy'' . 

==== Lakabi na IX ====
PSEW ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin aiki tare da ma'aikatan Majalisa da sauran ƙungiyoyi kan tsara da aiwatar da Take IX, hulɗa da sauran ƙungiyoyi da Majalisa don ginawa da zartar da dokar. PSEW ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin hanya ga jami'o'i don yin shawarwari kan yuwuwar aiwatarwa da manufofi tsakanin zartar da dokar a watan Yunin 1972 da rahoton ƙarshe na 1975 kan aiwatarwa da ƙa'idodi daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ilimi, da Jin Daɗi .  Ƙungiyar ta taimaka wa kwalejoji da jami'o'i don kafa manufofi waɗanda ke iyakance haɗarinsu na keta buƙatun Take IX. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gaff&quot;/&gt; A wannan lokacin na wucin gadi, PSEW sau da yawa tana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Mata da 'Yan Mata a Ilimi (NCWGE), ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi da aka kafa don fafutukar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Take IX kan aiwatarwa, aiwatarwa, da kuma kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen ilimi na mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Finding Aid&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=New funder coalition Press Forward will award more than $500 million to revitalize local news |url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/news-and-stories/news-and-press/news/new-funder-coalition-press-forward-will-award-more-than-500-million-to-revitalize-local-news/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Ford Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Bayan Take IX ====
Bayan da Dokar IX ta zama doka, PSEW ta ci gaba da ilmantar da masu tsara manufofi da jami'an gwamnati game da matsalolin mata a harabar jami'o'i. Ma'aikatan PSEW sau da yawa suna ziyartar harabar jami'o'i don gano matsaloli da kuma yin aiki tare da gwamnatoci kan aiwatarwa da aiwatar da Dokar IX. PSEW ta kuma ƙirƙiri kayan ilimi kan fyaɗe da cin zarafin jima'i a matsayin albarkatu ga harabar jami'o'i. 

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Mufti Abdul Razzaq</title>
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'''Mufti Abdul Razzaq''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Abdul Razzaque Khan'''; 13 ga watan Agustan 1925 - 26 ga watan Mayu 2021) masanin musulmi ne na Indiya, mufti kuma mai fafutukar ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Indiya, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na tara na Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind . Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind's Arshad faction. Ya kafa Madrasa Jamia Islamia Arabia a Bhopal .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Abdul Razzāq a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 1925.  Ya yi karatu a Masjid Malang ShAH, Jamia Darul Uloom Ilāhiya da Jamia Aḥmadiya a Bhopal .  A watan Yulin 1952, ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Ya yi karatun ''[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih Bukhari]]'' tare da Hussain Ahmad Madani; Sahih Muslim tare da Fakhrul Hasan Moradabadi; ''[[Jami at-Tirmizi|Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'' tare da Muḥammad Ibrāhim Balyawi; ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abu Dawud]]'' tare da Bashīr Aḥmad; ''[[Sunan an-Nasai|Sunan Nasai]]'' da ''[[Sunan ibn Majah]]'' tare da Mubārak Hussain; ''Muwatta Imām Muḥammad'' tare da Mirajul Haq Deobandi; Muwatta Malik Imam Sayyid Hasan; Shama'il Muhammadi Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi tare da Sharah Qasmi .&lt;ref name=&quot;education1&quot; /&gt; Ya kammala karatun &quot;dars-e-nizami&quot; a cikin 1377 AH sannan ya kware a &quot;ifta&quot; tare da Mahdi Hasan Shahjahanpuri .&lt;ref name=&quot;education1&quot; /&gt;

Razzaq ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Indiya.[1] A cikin 1947, yana cikin yaƙin da aka yi a sansanin Qazi na Bhopal da ƴan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.[1] A cikin 1958, ya kafa Madrasa Jamia Islamia Arabia, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi girma a makarantar hauza a Bhopal.[2][3] Ya kasance mai kula da makarantun Islama daban-daban a Madhya Pradesh[2]. Shi ne kuma shugaban jiha na Darul Uloom Deoband na &quot;Rābta Madāris-e-Islamiya&quot; na Madhya Pradesh.[2] Yana da girma da ci gaban Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind a Madhya Pradesh.[4] Shi ne babban sakatare Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind daga 1991 zuwa 1994.[5] Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta na kasa da kuma shugaban jihar Madhya Pradesh (na kungiyar Arshad).[6] A shekara ta 1958, an nada shi mataimakin mufti na &quot;Dārul Qadha&quot; na Bhopal (kotun Musulunci); da kuma babban alkali a shekarar 1968.[7] Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mufti na birnin Bhopal daga 1974 zuwa 1983.[7] An gan shi a matsayin babban Mufti (Mufti-e-Azam) na Madhya Pradesh.[8] Ya inganta jituwa tsakanin addinai ta hanyar shirya tarurruka da shugabannin addinai daban-daban.[9] Ya kasance mai fayyace magana kuma ya umurci musulmi da su tunkari tarzomar al’umma ta hanyoyin da suka dace da lamarin.[10][11]

A cikin 2016, yana sukar ayyukan [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], Vishva Hindu Parishad da Bajrang Dal a Madhya Pradesh; ya gaya wa Musulmai su &quot;ci gaba da zaman lafiya kuma kada su shiga cikin tashin hankali ko wasu abubuwa da za su iya lalata yanayin zaman lafiya a cikin Jiha. &quot;  Ya bayyana, &quot;idan wani ya kai farmaki kai ku da ku ba su da wani mafita sai dai su kashe shi ko su kashe wasu daga masu tayar da hankali, kada su yi jinkiri kuma su ci gaba. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;siasat&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau ya tambayi shugabannin siyasa na Madhya Pradeh da ke kai farmaki ga su.&lt;ref name=&quot;instruct&quot; /&gt; Ya bayyana cewa, &quot;idan ba su daina ba, Musulmai ba sa amfani da bangarori ko dai. &quot;  Gwamnan Madhya Pradesh, [[Anandiben Patel]], ya girmama Razzāq a watan Janairun 2021 saboda shiga cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya. 

Razzāq ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2021.  Digvijaya Singh, Kamal Nath da Shivraj Singh Chouhan sun nuna baƙin ciki game da mutuwarsa. An ba shi mai tsaron girmamawa kafin a binne shi.

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Abdul Razzāq ya rubuta littattafai sama da 50 ciki har da: 

* ''Sarzamīn-e-Hind: Ambiyā Kirām aur Islām''
* ''Qur'ān Main Kya Hai?''
* ''Āzādi, Aslāf aur Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind''
* ''Islāmi Zindagi: Paidā'ish Se Jannat Tak''
* ''Ahle Qur'ān aur Ahle Kitāb''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]]</text>
      <sha1>jsd15klzjz1z53y0ugfz3xpdptaylhz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gregorios Xenopoulos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Gregorios Xenopoulos''' (Girkanci:  {{IPA|el|kseˈnopulos|}}; Disamba 9, 1867 - 14 Janairu 1951) marubuci ne, ɗan jarida kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo daga Zakynthos . 

Ya kasance babban edita a cikin mujallar The Education of Children (Ηιά Δπλασις των Παίδων) a lokacin daga 1896 zuwa 1948, a lokacin da shi ma babban marubucin mujallar ne. Shi ne alamar kasuwanci &quot;Σας ασπάζομαι, Φαίδων&quot; (&quot;Yours sincerely, Phaedon) &quot;, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a cikin haruffa da aka yi wa mujallar. Ya kuma kasance wanda ya kafa kuma editan mujallar ''Nea Estia'', wanda har yanzu ana buga shi. Ya zama memba na Kwalejin Athens a 1931, kuma ya kafa Kungiyar Marubutan Girka (Εταιρεία Ελλήνων Λογοτεχνών) tare da Kostis Palamas, Angelos Sikelianos da Nikos Kazantzakis .

== Rayuwa ==
An haife shi a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1867 a Constantinople . Mahaifinsa, Dionysios, ya fito ne daga Zakynthos kuma mahaifiyarsa, Evlalia ta fito ne daga Constantinople. Iyalin sun koma Zakynthos ba da daɗewa ba, inda Gregorios ya kasance matashi har zuwa 1883, lokacin da ya shiga Jami'ar Athens don nazarin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi. Bai kammala karatunsa ba: tun a shekara ta farko, ya fara rubuta wallafe-wallafen, wanda shine kawai hanyar samun kudin shiga a lokacin.

A shekara ta 1892 ya koma [[Athens]] har abada kuma a shekara ta 1894 ya auri Efrosini Diogenidis . Sun sake aure shekara daya da rabi bayan haka, bayan sun riga sun haifi 'yar. A shekara ta 1901 ya auri matarsa ta biyu Christine Kanellopoulos, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu.

Ya yi aiki tare da jaridu da mujallu da yawa, inda ya buga karatu da yawa, labarai, gajerun labaru da litattafai. A shekara ta 1894 ya zama darektan jaridar Illustrated Estia kuma a shekara ta 1896 babban editan The Education of the Children .  Daga 1901 zuwa 1912 ya wallafa littattafai da karatu a cikin ''Panathinaia'', kuma daga 1912 ya yi aiki tare da jaridar Ethnos, yana rubuta litattafai. A shekara ta 1927 ya kafa mujallar ''Nea Estia'', wanda ya kasance darakta har zuwa 1934.

Gidansa, gami da ɗakin karatu, ya lalace a lokacin rikice-rikicen Dekemvriana a Athens a 1944. Ya mutu a Athens a ranar 14 ga Janairun 1951 kuma an binne shi a kan kudin jama'a.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Magana ===
Xenopoulos marubuci ne mai yawa. Ya rubuta litattafai sama da 80 da kuma gajerun labaru da yawa. Ya fara zama sananne ga duniyar wallafe-wallafen ta hanyar littafinsa na farko: &quot;Ο Άνθρωπος του Κόσμου&quot; (O anthropos tou kosmou, &quot;Mutumin duniya&quot;). Wannan labari da na gaba, &quot;Nikolas Sigalos&quot; (1890), wanda aka rubuta a cikin sabon salon Athens, ba su yi nasara ba. Daga nan sai ya juya don wahayi zuwa wurin haihuwarsa, Zakynthos, kuma a sakamakon haka ya rubuta wasu daga cikin litattafansa mafi kyau, kamar su &quot;Magaret Stefa&quot; (1893) da Κόκκινος Βράχος (Kokkinos Vrachos, &quot;Red Rock&quot;, 1905). Wadannan sun biyo bayan wasu litattafai a cikin sabon salon Athens: &quot;Ο papilμος&quot; (O polemos, &quot;War&quot;, 1914), &quot;Οι Μυστικοί Αρραβώνες&quot; (I mystikoi aravones, &quot;The Secret Engagement&quot;, 1915) da kuma littafin Makarantar Ionian &quot;Laura&quot; (1915), wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi sha'awa. Amma aikinsa mafi burin shi ne trilogy: &quot;Πλούσιοι και φτωχοί&quot; (plousioi kai ftochoi, &quot;Mai arziki da Talakawa&quot;, 1919), &quot;Τίμιοι και άτιμοι&quot; (Timioi kai atimoi, &quot;Mai Gaskiya da rashin gaskiya&quot;, 1921), &quot;Τυχεροί και άτυχοι&quot; (Tycheroi kai atychoi, &quot;Lafiya da mara kyau&quot;, 1924). Sauran litattafai sun haɗa da: &quot;Αναδυομένη&quot; (Anadyomeni, 1923), &quot;Ισαβέλλα&quot; (Isabella, 1923), &quot;&quot;Τερέζα Βάρμα-Δακόστα&quot; (Teresa Varma-Dakosta, 1925).

An kafa litattafansa a Athens da Zakynthos, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin mai goyon bayan &quot;littafin birni&quot;. Babban jigon ayyukansa shine soyayya, musamman soyayya tsakanin mutane daban-daban. An soki aikinsa saboda sanya yawa a gaban inganci, tare da sakonni da yawa, da kuma yin biyayya ga dandano na masu karatu tare da al'amuran da suka kasance masu tayar da hankali ga lokacin. Koyaya an kuma yaba masa saboda ƙarfin labarinsa da ikon riƙe hankalin masu karatu.

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Masanori Sanada</title>
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Masanori Sanada (真田 雅則, Sanada Masanori; 6 ga Maris, 1968 - 6 ga Satumba, 2011) ya kasance ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Japan.

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
An haifi Sanada a Shizuoka a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1968. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Juntendo, ya shiga All Nippon Airways a shekarar 1990. Ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na yau da kullun daga kakar wasa ta farko. A shekara ta 1992, ya koma sabon kulob din Shimizu S-Pulse wanda ke zaune a cikin gida. Kodayake ya taka leda a dukkan wasannin a shekarar 1992, ya yi yaƙi da Sidmar don matsayi daga 1993. Bayan Sidmar ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen kakar 1995, Sanada ya zama mai tsaron gida na yau da kullun. Kungiyar ta lashe kofin J.League na 1996 a karon farko. A shekara ta 1999, kulob din ya lashe matsayi na 2 na J1 League kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun XI. A Asiya, kulob din ya lashe gasar cin kofin Asiya ta 1999-2000 a gasar zakarun Asiya ta farko. Daga shekara ta 2001, damar da ya samu na yin wasa ya ragu a bayan matasa masu tsaron gida Keisuke Hada da Takaya Kurokawa . Ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen kakar 2004.

== Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa ==
A shekarar 1988, lokacin da Sanada yake ɗalibi a Jami'ar Juntendo, an zaɓe shi a matsayin &quot;ƙungiyar B&quot; ta ƙasar Japan don gasar cin kofin Asiya ta 1988. A wannan gasar, ya buga wasanni 3. [1] Duk da haka, Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Japan ba ta ƙidaya a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Japan ba saboda wannan ƙungiyar ta Japan &quot;ƙungiyar B&quot; ce ba &quot;ƙungiyar farko&quot; ba.

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Bayan ya yi ritaya, Sanada ya zama kocin mai tsaron gida a Shimizu S-Pulse a shekarar 2005. A shekarar 2008, ya koma JEF United Chiba . A shekarar 2011, ya koma S-Pulse. Duk da haka, ya huta saboda matsalar lafiya daga ranar 2 ga Satumba. &lt;ref&gt;{{WorldFootball.net|masanori-sanada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2011, Sanada ta mutu sakamakon [[Gazawar zuciya|bugun zuciya]] a Shizuoka tana da shekaru 43. &lt;ref&gt;{{WorldFootball.net|masanori-sanada}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{WorldFootball.net|masanori-sanada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Constantine Bayahude</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134765</id>
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      <text bytes="2626" sha1="ge6zfcyunpcaneoernlg2wm45obo1nv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Constantine Bayahude (kimanin 850[1] - 26 ga Disamba, bayan 886) wani malamin addinin Kirista ne na Byzantine kuma mai wa'azin bishara wanda ake girmamawa a matsayin waliyi a cikin mahallinsa na sufanci da kuma a Constantinople.

==Farkon rayuwa==
An haife shi a cikin Iyalin Yahudawa a Synada, Constantine ya yi fice a [[Ibrananci]] da [[Tsohon Alkawari]] tun yana ƙarami.{{Sfn|Starr|1970}} An ce an tuba shi zuwa Kiristanci tun yana saurayi ta hanyar ikon [[Alamar gicciye]], wanda ya yi ta hanyar kwaikwayon ɗan kasuwa Kirista.{{Sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} Cikakken juyowa ya kasance a hankali. Ana iya danganta shi da kamfen ɗin da Sarkin sarakuna Basil I (r. 867-886) ya yi don juyawa Yahudawa a farkon mulkinsa.{{Sfn|Falkenhausen|2012}} Iyalin Constantine sun shirya masa aure, amma a ranar bikin aurensa ya gudu zuwa gidan ibada na [[Phlouboute]], inda a ƙarshe aka yi masa baftisma.{{Sfn|Kazhdan|1991}}

Constantine, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;tsohon Bayahude&quot; (ό εξ Ιουδαιων, ho ex Iudaion),  ya kasance a Phlouboute na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu.{{Sfn|Falkenhausen|2012}} An naɗa shi firist don yin bishara ga Yahudawa na Nicaea. A cikin wahayin, Saint Spyridon ya gaya masa ya je Cyprus, inda ya sami wani abu na shahadar mai suna Palamon, wanda ya ba da [[Monastery of Saint Hyakinthos (Nicaea)|masallacin Saint Hyakinthos]] a Nicaea. Bayan Phlouboute, ya shiga cibiyoyin monastic na Bithynian Olympus, inda dangin Yahudawa suka yi ƙoƙari su kama shi kuma su dawo da shi a matsayin mai gudu. Daga bisani ya zauna a Olympus, da farko a Atroa kuma daga baya a [[Monastery of Balaios|Balaios]]. Daga Olympus an ce ya shiga tsakani don sulhunta Sarkin sarakuna Basil I da ɗansa Leo VI, co-sarkin sarakuna tun 870 . {{Sfn|Starr|1970}}{{Sfn|Kazhdan|1991}}

Wani labari mai suna na Constantine (Acta Sanctorum, Nuwamba IV, 628-656 da Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca 370 [1]) wani ɗan Nicaean ne ya rubuta shi a farkon ƙarni na goma a lokacin mulkin Leo VI, [1] mai yiwuwa a Constantinople. [1][1] Marubucin bai saba da Constantine ba kuma ya dogara da al'adun baki don waƙarsa.[1] Ya tsira a cikin rubutun hannu guda ɗaya.[1] Marubucin ya nuna Constantine a matsayin sananne tare da aristocracy na Byzantine. Mu'ujizai da ya danganta ga tsarkakar Constantine ba na al'ada ba ne. A daya, wata mai yaudara ta fadi lokacin da Constantine ya yi alamar gicciye.[2]

Archbishop Anthony na Novgorod ya rubuta kasancewar cocin da aka keɓe ga Constantine a cikin Yankin Yahudawa na Constantinople a ƙarni na sha uku.{{Sfn|Starr|1970}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anita Altman</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Anita Altman''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1945) 'yar kasuwa ce ta zamantakewar al'umma ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma mai tsara birni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2013 |title=Broadway Legend Chita Rivera Receives CCNY Alumni Finley Award |url=http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2013/10/24/broadway-legend-chita-rivera-receives-ccny-alumni-finley-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530001759/http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2013/10/24/broadway-legend-chita-rivera-receives-ccny-alumni-finley-award/ |archive-date=May 30, 2015 |access-date=May 29, 2015 |website=cuny.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Altman ya kafa ReelAbilities, babban bikin fim a Amurka wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga fina-finai ta ko game da mutanen da ke da nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wnyc.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2014 |title=Telling the Story of Disability Through Film |url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/telling-story-disability-through-film/ |website=WNYC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Altman tana da hannu a cikin Mata na Yahudawa,  kuma memba ne na majami'ar B&quot;Nai Jeshrun ta New York. Altman ita ce mahaifiyar Sascha Altman DuBrul, wacce ta kafa aikin Icarus .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Altman was raised in a working-class Greek Jewish community in the East Bronx. Her Romaniote Jewish grandparents, Anna and Zadick Coffino, emigrated from the Ottoman Empire to the Lower East Side of Manhattan, before settling in Hunts Point[1][2] Her father, Jack Altman, an Ashkenazi Jewish plumber, married their daughter Sarah Coffino. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Altman ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Hunter College. Ta sami B.A. a Kimiyya ta Siyasa daga Kwalejin [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a 1967, da kuma Jagora na Nazarin Kwararru a Gudanar da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya daga Sabon Makarantar Binciken Jama'a a 1982.

A shekara ta 2014, an ba Altman lambar yabo ta Townsend Harris ta City Colleges' Association don nasarorin da suka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2013 |title=Broadway Legend Chita Rivera Receives CCNY Alumni Finley Award |url=http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2013/10/24/broadway-legend-chita-rivera-receives-ccny-alumni-finley-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530001759/http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2013/10/24/broadway-legend-chita-rivera-receives-ccny-alumni-finley-award/ |archive-date=May 30, 2015 |access-date=May 29, 2015 |website=cuny.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altman yana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Stanley Altman, wanda farfesa ne a Kwalejin Baruch . [1]

== Ayyuka ==
Yayinda yake aiki a Sashen Shirye-shiryen Birnin New York, Altman ya shiga cikin haɓaka Babban Shirin don birnin.

While working in New York's Health Services Administration, she focused on improving prison health services.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Altman ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Ci gaban Al'umma don Co-op City, shirya masu ba da sabis na ɗan adam da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen al'adu.

As Deputy Director of Montefiore Medical Center's Building Program, Altman worked with hospital administrators, architects, the City Planning Commission, and community representatives to help plan the reconstruction and expansion of the hospital.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== AIDS / HIV da NORCs ===
A shekara ta 1987, Altman ya fara aiki a UJA-Federation kuma ya jagoranci tayin tallafi na farko don tallafawa &quot;A Jewish Response to the AIDS Epidemic,&quot; wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa shirye-shiryen horo da ilimi da ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye na sabis da ke haɗa asibitoci da hukumomin al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2013 |title=Broadway Legend Chita Rivera Receives CCNY Alumni Finley Award |url=http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2013/10/24/broadway-legend-chita-rivera-receives-ccny-alumni-finley-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530001759/http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2013/10/24/broadway-legend-chita-rivera-receives-ccny-alumni-finley-award/ |archive-date=May 30, 2015 |access-date=May 29, 2015 |website=cuny.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; UJA-Federation ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobi biyar da suka kafa New York AIDS Coalition, wanda ya fito a matsayin babbar ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwarin [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] a [[New York (jiha)|Jihar New York]].

Altman ya yi aiki don tara tallafi ga al'ummomin ritaya na halitta (NORCs) a matsayin mahalli don tsara al'ummomi tare da manyan jama'a.[undefined] Altman ya goyi bayan ba da damar karuwar yawan tsofaffi &quot;zuwa tsufa a wurin&quot;. [2] [3] [undefined] Altman ya taimaka wajen aiwatar da ra'ayoyin shirin da aka fara a Penn South, ƙungiyar kwadago mai tallafawa, haɗin gwiwar gidaje masu matsakaici a cikin al'ummar Chelsea ta Manhattan, [4] gami da shirin da ke da burin taimaka wa manyan mazauna su ci gaba da zama a gidajensu.[1] Wannan shirin sabis na tallafi (SSP) ya tattara al'umma kuma ya gina haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manyan mazauna, gudanar da gidaje, da hukumomin kiwon lafiya da sabis na zamantakewa don cimma wannan ƙarshen.[4] Tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar Robert Wood, an sake maimaita shirin kuma a cikin 1994 Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta zartar da dokar NORC-SSP ta farko a kasar, ta samar da tallafin da ya dace da shirye-shiryen asali 10. Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1999 ta hanyar kafa New York City NORC wanda Majalisar Birnin ta tallafawa.[3]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
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'''Nikos Kapetanidis  (Pontic: Νίκος Καπετανίδης, 1889-1921, mai shekara 32) ɗan jaridar Pontian ne kuma mawallafin jarida daga Rizunda. Masu kishin kasa na Turkiyya da ke aiki karkashin Mustafa Kemal ne suka rataye shi a lokacin shari'ar Amasya'''

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Kapetanidis a Rize, wani birni a Yankin Pontus na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ([[Turkiyya]] ta zamani). Ya halarci Phrontisterion na Trapezous, makarantar tsakiya ta Girka a Trebizond . Ya fara sukar tsarin ilimi yayin da yake karatu a Phronsisterion na Trapezous . Kapetanidis ya yi takaici da rashin ƙwararrun malamai. A ra'ayinsa, yawancin malamai na zamani ba su karfafa tunani mai mahimmanci ko mai kirkira ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ra'ayoyin Kapetanidis game da ilimi sun rinjayi imaninsa na kasa. A ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s, kishin ƙasa na Helenanci yana tasowa. Helenawa na Turai sune manyan masu ba da shawara ga Ma'anar Megali (&quot;Babban Ma'anar&quot;), wanda ya karfafa sake fasalin [[Daular Rumawa|Jihar Byzantine]] a Girka da Anatolia. Don inganta kishin kasa da girman kai a waje da Turai, Masarautar Girka ta kafa ofisoshin jakadancin Girka a Daular Ottoman. Ya kuma aika da malamai na Girka zuwa al'ummomi a Anatolia. Wannan ƙoƙari ya karfafa kishin ƙasa tsakanin wasu Helenawa na Anatolian, musamman waɗanda ke cikin manyan ɗalibai masu ilimi.

Ga waɗancan Paparoma waɗanda suka rungumi ethnonationalism, asalin su na [[Turai]] ya maye gurbin tsohuwar ganewar kansu a matsayin [[Kiristoci]] na Ottoman. Photiadis da Iliadou-Tachou suna jayayya cewa haɓakar kishin ƙasa na [[Turkiyya]] a farkon shekarun 1900 ya haifar da kishin ƙasa na Girka da populism a cikin Daular Ottoman. Kapetanidis na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Pontians waɗanda suka goyi bayan waɗannan ra'ayoyin' yan kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauki harshe a matsayin muhimmiyar karfi don hada kan Helenawa na Turai da mutanen Gabashin Girka. Ba kamar wasu daga cikin tsaransa ba, Kapetanidis yana son Girkanci ya zama harshen koyarwa na makarantun Pontian. A cikin tunaninsa, wannan zai sa ilimi ya fi dacewa ga matsakaicin mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;efsyn.gr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kapetanidis |first=Kostas N. |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Οι (διαχρονικά) εξευτελιστικοί μισθοί των Εκπαιδευτικών και η απαξίωση της Δημόσιας Εκπαίδευσης |url=https://www.efsyn.gr/node/270945 |website=Journal of the Authors |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida da membobin jaridar Girka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapetanidis ya buga nasa jarida, {{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a zahiri &quot;Seasons&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot; /&gt; An buga shi sau hudu a mako a Trebizond tsakanin 1918 da 1921. Yana daya daga cikin jaridu na Girka mafi tasiri a Trebizond. Sauran jaridu na Pontic na zamani sune {{Lang|pnt|Faros tis Anatolis}} a Trebizond da {{Lang|pnt|Eleftheros Pontos}} a Batumi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi magana game da batutuwan ilimi ta hanyar jaridarsa, yana tallafawa amfani da Girkanci na gari a makarantun yankin. Bugu da ƙari, ya nace cewa bai kamata hukumomin addini su sarrafa ilimi ba, musamman Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Constantinople. Kapetanidis ya yi imanin cewa malamai ya kamata su horar da dalibai a matsayin masu tunani na kasa. A cikin tunaninsa, ilimin addini bai da mahimmanci fiye da ilimin kasa.[1] Kapetanidis ya kuma bayyana cewa malamai ya kamata su sami albashi mai yawa. A lokacin, yawancin malaman Girkanci na Pontic sun bar sana'ar saboda karancin albashi. Shekara guda kafin mutuwarsa, ya rubuta a cikin Epochi, &quot;Domin darajarmu a matsayin [[Romawa]]...[lower-alpha 1] dole ne kada ku yi tunanin cewa koyar da mu yana nufin bara. &quot;[2]

== Mutuwa ==
{{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a cewar masanin Maria Vergeti, ita ce babbar jaridar Helenanci a Trebizond. Kapetanidis ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin al'ummar Girka ta Trebizond .  Wasu wasu Helenawa masu tasiri na Anatolian, kamar [[Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens|Chrysanthos]], Bishop na zamani na Trebizond, sun karfafa [[Ottomanism]]: zaman lafiya tsakanin Turks da 'yan tsiraru. Ba kamar Chrysanthos ba, Kapetanidis ya yi amfani da matsayinsa don ba da shawara kan manufofi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasa, kamar jihar Pontic mai zaman kanta da kuma haɗuwa da Pontos tare da Girka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1921, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta gudanar da gwajin Amasya . A cewar Vergeti, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen &quot;sun yanke hukuncin kisa ga jagorancin ruhaniya da siyasa na Helenawa na Pontic&quot;.  Kapetanidis, wani mutum mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, haka ma maza kamar Matthaios Kofidis, ɗan siyasa da ya shahara tsakanin [[Musulmai]] da [[Kiristoci]]. Masanin tarihi Tessa Hofmann ya kira waɗannan gwaje-gwajen &quot;ƙarewar Helenawa na Anatolian a ƙarƙashin hujja ta doka&quot;.

==Manazarta== 
{{Notelist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
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'''Nikos Kapetanidis'''  (Pontic: Νίκος Καπετανίδης, 1889-1921, mai shekara 32) ɗan jaridar Pontian ne kuma mawallafin jarida daga Rizunda. Masu kishin kasa na Turkiyya da ke aiki karkashin Mustafa Kemal ne suka rataye shi a lokacin shari'ar Amasya.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Kapetanidis a Rize, wani birni a Yankin Pontus na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ([[Turkiyya]] ta zamani). Ya halarci Phrontisterion na Trapezous, makarantar tsakiya ta Girka a Trebizond . Ya fara sukar tsarin ilimi yayin da yake karatu a Phronsisterion na Trapezous . Kapetanidis ya yi takaici da rashin ƙwararrun malamai. A ra'ayinsa, yawancin malamai na zamani ba su karfafa tunani mai mahimmanci ko mai kirkira ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ra'ayoyin Kapetanidis game da ilimi sun rinjayi imaninsa na kasa. A ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s, kishin ƙasa na Helenanci yana tasowa. Helenawa na Turai sune manyan masu ba da shawara ga Ma'anar Megali (&quot;Babban Ma'anar&quot;), wanda ya karfafa sake fasalin [[Daular Rumawa|Jihar Byzantine]] a Girka da Anatolia. Don inganta kishin kasa da girman kai a waje da Turai, Masarautar Girka ta kafa ofisoshin jakadancin Girka a Daular Ottoman. Ya kuma aika da malamai na Girka zuwa al'ummomi a Anatolia. Wannan ƙoƙari ya karfafa kishin ƙasa tsakanin wasu Helenawa na Anatolian, musamman waɗanda ke cikin manyan ɗalibai masu ilimi.

Ga waɗancan Paparoma waɗanda suka rungumi ethnonationalism, asalin su na [[Turai]] ya maye gurbin tsohuwar ganewar kansu a matsayin [[Kiristoci]] na Ottoman. Photiadis da Iliadou-Tachou suna jayayya cewa haɓakar kishin ƙasa na [[Turkiyya]] a farkon shekarun 1900 ya haifar da kishin ƙasa na Girka da populism a cikin Daular Ottoman. Kapetanidis na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Pontians waɗanda suka goyi bayan waɗannan ra'ayoyin' yan kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauki harshe a matsayin muhimmiyar karfi don hada kan Helenawa na Turai da mutanen Gabashin Girka. Ba kamar wasu daga cikin tsaransa ba, Kapetanidis yana son Girkanci ya zama harshen koyarwa na makarantun Pontian. A cikin tunaninsa, wannan zai sa ilimi ya fi dacewa ga matsakaicin mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;efsyn.gr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kapetanidis |first=Kostas N. |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Οι (διαχρονικά) εξευτελιστικοί μισθοί των Εκπαιδευτικών και η απαξίωση της Δημόσιας Εκπαίδευσης |url=https://www.efsyn.gr/node/270945 |website=Journal of the Authors |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida da membobin jaridar Girka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapetanidis ya buga nasa jarida, {{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a zahiri &quot;Seasons&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot; /&gt; An buga shi sau hudu a mako a Trebizond tsakanin 1918 da 1921. Yana daya daga cikin jaridu na Girka mafi tasiri a Trebizond. Sauran jaridu na Pontic na zamani sune {{Lang|pnt|Faros tis Anatolis}} a Trebizond da {{Lang|pnt|Eleftheros Pontos}} a Batumi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi magana game da batutuwan ilimi ta hanyar jaridarsa, yana tallafawa amfani da Girkanci na gari a makarantun yankin. Bugu da ƙari, ya nace cewa bai kamata hukumomin addini su sarrafa ilimi ba, musamman Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Constantinople. Kapetanidis ya yi imanin cewa malamai ya kamata su horar da dalibai a matsayin masu tunani na kasa. A cikin tunaninsa, ilimin addini bai da mahimmanci fiye da ilimin kasa.[1] Kapetanidis ya kuma bayyana cewa malamai ya kamata su sami albashi mai yawa. A lokacin, yawancin malaman Girkanci na Pontic sun bar sana'ar saboda karancin albashi. Shekara guda kafin mutuwarsa, ya rubuta a cikin Epochi, &quot;Domin darajarmu a matsayin [[Romawa]]...[lower-alpha 1] dole ne kada ku yi tunanin cewa koyar da mu yana nufin bara. &quot;[2]

== Mutuwa ==
{{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a cewar masanin Maria Vergeti, ita ce babbar jaridar Helenanci a Trebizond. Kapetanidis ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin al'ummar Girka ta Trebizond .  Wasu wasu Helenawa masu tasiri na Anatolian, kamar [[Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens|Chrysanthos]], Bishop na zamani na Trebizond, sun karfafa [[Ottomanism]]: zaman lafiya tsakanin Turks da 'yan tsiraru. Ba kamar Chrysanthos ba, Kapetanidis ya yi amfani da matsayinsa don ba da shawara kan manufofi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasa, kamar jihar Pontic mai zaman kanta da kuma haɗuwa da Pontos tare da Girka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1921, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta gudanar da gwajin Amasya . A cewar Vergeti, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen &quot;sun yanke hukuncin kisa ga jagorancin ruhaniya da siyasa na Helenawa na Pontic&quot;.  Kapetanidis, wani mutum mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, haka ma maza kamar Matthaios Kofidis, ɗan siyasa da ya shahara tsakanin [[Musulmai]] da [[Kiristoci]]. Masanin tarihi Tessa Hofmann ya kira waɗannan gwaje-gwajen &quot;ƙarewar Helenawa na Anatolian a ƙarƙashin hujja ta doka&quot;.

==Manazarta== 
{{Notelist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8205" sha1="megbjek0yzmy0yg4mbzeo6fk5ed4vmk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Nikos Kapetanidis'''  (Pontic: Νίκος Καπετανίδης, 1889-1921, mai shekara 32) ɗan jaridar Pontian ne kuma mawallafin jarida daga Rizunda. Masu kishin kasa na Turkiyya da ke aiki karkashin Mustafa Kemal ne suka rataye shi a lokacin shari'ar Amasya.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Kapetanidis a Rize, wani birni a Yankin Pontus na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ([[Turkiyya]] ta zamani). Ya halarci Phrontisterion na Trapezous, makarantar tsakiya ta Girka a Trebizond . Ya fara sukar tsarin ilimi yayin da yake karatu a Phronsisterion na Trapezous . Kapetanidis ya yi takaici da rashin ƙwararrun malamai. A ra'ayinsa, yawancin malamai na zamani ba su karfafa tunani mai mahimmanci ko mai kirkira ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ra'ayoyin Kapetanidis game da ilimi sun rinjayi imaninsa na kasa. A ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s, kishin ƙasa na Helenanci yana tasowa. Helenawa na Turai sune manyan masu ba da shawara ga Ma'anar Megali (&quot;Babban Ma'anar&quot;), wanda ya karfafa sake fasalin [[Daular Rumawa|Jihar Byzantine]] a Girka da Anatolia. Don inganta kishin kasa da girman kai a waje da Turai, Masarautar Girka ta kafa ofisoshin jakadancin Girka a Daular Ottoman. Ya kuma aika da malamai na Girka zuwa al'ummomi a Anatolia. Wannan ƙoƙari ya karfafa kishin ƙasa tsakanin wasu Helenawa na Anatolian, musamman waɗanda ke cikin manyan ɗalibai masu ilimi.

Ga waɗancan Paparoma waɗanda suka rungumi ethnonationalism, asalin su na [[Turai]] ya maye gurbin tsohuwar ganewar kansu a matsayin [[Kiristoci]] na Ottoman. Photiadis da Iliadou-Tachou suna jayayya cewa haɓakar kishin ƙasa na [[Turkiyya]] a farkon shekarun 1900 ya haifar da kishin ƙasa na Girka da populism a cikin Daular Ottoman. Kapetanidis na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Pontians waɗanda suka goyi bayan waɗannan ra'ayoyin' yan kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauki harshe a matsayin muhimmiyar karfi don hada kan Helenawa na Turai da mutanen Gabashin Girka. Ba kamar wasu daga cikin tsaransa ba, Kapetanidis yana son Girkanci ya zama harshen koyarwa na makarantun Pontian. A cikin tunaninsa, wannan zai sa ilimi ya fi dacewa ga matsakaicin mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;efsyn.gr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kapetanidis |first=Kostas N. |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Οι (διαχρονικά) εξευτελιστικοί μισθοί των Εκπαιδευτικών και η απαξίωση της Δημόσιας Εκπαίδευσης |url=https://www.efsyn.gr/node/270945 |website=Journal of the Authors |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida da membobin jaridar Girka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapetanidis ya buga nasa jarida, {{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a zahiri &quot;Seasons&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot; /&gt; An buga shi sau hudu a mako a Trebizond tsakanin 1918 da 1921. Yana daya daga cikin jaridu na Girka mafi tasiri a Trebizond. Sauran jaridu na Pontic na zamani sune {{Lang|pnt|Faros tis Anatolis}} a Trebizond da {{Lang|pnt|Eleftheros Pontos}} a Batumi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi magana game da batutuwan ilimi ta hanyar jaridarsa, yana tallafawa amfani da Girkanci na gari a makarantun yankin. Bugu da ƙari, ya nace cewa bai kamata hukumomin addini su sarrafa ilimi ba, musamman Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Constantinople. Kapetanidis ya yi imanin cewa malamai ya kamata su horar da dalibai a matsayin masu tunani na kasa. A cikin tunaninsa, ilimin addini bai da mahimmanci fiye da ilimin kasa.[1] Kapetanidis ya kuma bayyana cewa malamai ya kamata su sami albashi mai yawa. A lokacin, yawancin malaman Girkanci na Pontic sun bar sana'ar saboda karancin albashi. Shekara guda kafin mutuwarsa, ya rubuta a cikin Epochi, &quot;Domin darajarmu a matsayin [[Romawa]]...[lower-alpha 1] dole ne kada ku yi tunanin cewa koyar da mu yana nufin bara.

== Mutuwa ==
{{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a cewar masanin Maria Vergeti, ita ce babbar jaridar Helenanci a Trebizond. Kapetanidis ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin al'ummar Girka ta Trebizond .  Wasu wasu Helenawa masu tasiri na Anatolian, kamar [[Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens|Chrysanthos]], Bishop na zamani na Trebizond, sun karfafa [[Ottomanism]]: zaman lafiya tsakanin Turks da 'yan tsiraru. Ba kamar Chrysanthos ba, Kapetanidis ya yi amfani da matsayinsa don ba da shawara kan manufofi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasa, kamar jihar Pontic mai zaman kanta da kuma haɗuwa da Pontos tare da Girka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1921, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta gudanar da gwajin Amasya . A cewar Vergeti, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen &quot;sun yanke hukuncin kisa ga jagorancin ruhaniya da siyasa na Helenawa na Pontic&quot;.  Kapetanidis, wani mutum mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, haka ma maza kamar Matthaios Kofidis, ɗan siyasa da ya shahara tsakanin [[Musulmai]] da [[Kiristoci]]. Masanin tarihi Tessa Hofmann ya kira waɗannan gwaje-gwajen &quot;ƙarewar Helenawa na Anatolian a ƙarƙashin hujja ta doka&quot;.

==Manazarta== 
{{Notelist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
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'''Nikos Kapetanidis'''  (Pontic: Νίκος Καπετανίδης, 1889-1921, mai shekara 32) ɗan jaridar Pontian ne kuma mawallafin jarida daga Rizunda. Masu kishin kasa na Turkiyya da ke aiki karkashin Mustafa Kemal ne suka rataye shi a lokacin shari'ar Amasya.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Kapetanidis a Rize, wani birni a Yankin Pontus na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ([[Turkiyya]] ta zamani). Ya halarci Phrontisterion na Trapezous, makarantar tsakiya ta Girka a Trebizond . Ya fara sukar tsarin ilimi yayin da yake karatu a Phronsisterion na Trapezous . Kapetanidis ya yi takaici da rashin ƙwararrun malamai. A ra'ayinsa, yawancin malamai na zamani ba su karfafa tunani mai mahimmanci ko mai kirkira ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ra'ayoyin Kapetanidis game da ilimi sun rinjayi imaninsa na kasa. A ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s, kishin ƙasa na Helenanci yana tasowa. Helenawa na Turai sune manyan masu ba da shawara ga Ma'anar Megali (&quot;Babban Ma'anar&quot;), wanda ya karfafa sake fasalin [[Daular Rumawa|Jihar Byzantine]] a Girka da Anatolia. Don inganta kishin kasa da girman kai a waje da Turai, Masarautar Girka ta kafa ofisoshin jakadancin Girka a Daular Ottoman. Ya kuma aika da malamai na Girka zuwa al'ummomi a Anatolia. Wannan ƙoƙari ya karfafa kishin ƙasa tsakanin wasu Helenawa na Anatolian, musamman waɗanda ke cikin manyan ɗalibai masu ilimi.

Ga waɗancan Paparoma waɗanda suka rungumi ethnonationalism, asalin su na [[Turai]] ya maye gurbin tsohuwar ganewar kansu a matsayin [[Kiristoci]] na Ottoman. Photiadis da Iliadou-Tachou suna jayayya cewa haɓakar kishin ƙasa na [[Turkiyya]] a farkon shekarun 1900 ya haifar da kishin ƙasa na Girka da populism a cikin Daular Ottoman. Kapetanidis na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Pontians waɗanda suka goyi bayan waɗannan ra'ayoyin' yan kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauki harshe a matsayin muhimmiyar karfi don hada kan Helenawa na Turai da mutanen Gabashin Girka. Ba kamar wasu daga cikin tsaransa ba, Kapetanidis yana son Girkanci ya zama harshen koyarwa na makarantun Pontian. A cikin tunaninsa, wannan zai sa ilimi ya fi dacewa ga matsakaicin mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;efsyn.gr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kapetanidis |first=Kostas N. |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Οι (διαχρονικά) εξευτελιστικοί μισθοί των Εκπαιδευτικών και η απαξίωση της Δημόσιας Εκπαίδευσης |url=https://www.efsyn.gr/node/270945 |website=Journal of the Authors |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida da membobin jaridar Girka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapetanidis ya buga nasa jarida, {{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a zahiri &quot;Seasons&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot; /&gt; An buga shi sau hudu a mako a Trebizond tsakanin 1918 da 1921. Yana daya daga cikin jaridu na Girka mafi tasiri a Trebizond. Sauran jaridu na Pontic na zamani sune {{Lang|pnt|Faros tis Anatolis}} a Trebizond da {{Lang|pnt|Eleftheros Pontos}} a Batumi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi magana game da batutuwan ilimi ta hanyar jaridarsa, yana tallafawa amfani da Girkanci na gari a makarantun yankin. Bugu da ƙari, ya nace cewa bai kamata hukumomin addini su sarrafa ilimi ba, musamman Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Constantinople. Kapetanidis ya yi imanin cewa malamai ya kamata su horar da dalibai a matsayin masu tunani na kasa. A cikin tunaninsa, ilimin addini bai da mahimmanci fiye da ilimin kasa.[1] Kapetanidis ya kuma bayyana cewa malamai ya kamata su sami albashi mai yawa. A lokacin, yawancin malaman Girkanci na Pontic sun bar sana'ar saboda karancin albashi. Shekara guda kafin mutuwarsa, ya rubuta a cikin Epochi, &quot;Domin darajarmu a matsayin [[Romawa]]...[lower-alpha 1] dole ne kada ku yi tunanin cewa koyar da mu yana nufin bara.

== Mutuwa ==
{{Lang|pnt|Epochi}}, a cewar masanin Maria Vergeti, ita ce babbar jaridar Helenanci a Trebizond. Kapetanidis ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin al'ummar Girka ta Trebizond .  Wasu wasu Helenawa masu tasiri na Anatolian, kamar [[Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens|Chrysanthos]], Bishop na zamani na Trebizond, sun karfafa [[Ottomanism]]: zaman lafiya tsakanin Turks da 'yan tsiraru. Ba kamar Chrysanthos ba, Kapetanidis ya yi amfani da matsayinsa don ba da shawara kan manufofi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasa, kamar jihar Pontic mai zaman kanta da kuma haɗuwa da Pontos tare da Girka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Photiadis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Photiadis |first=Kostas |last2=Iliadou-Tachou |first2=Sofia |last3=Pougaridou |first3=Paraskevi-Anastasia |date=2011 |title=Οι Περί Γλώσσης Αντιλήψεις του Μητροπολίτη Τραπεζούντας Χρύσανθου Φιλιππίδη και ο Εκπαιδευτικός Δημοτικισμός της Εφημερίδας Εποχή (Τραπεζούντα 1920) |trans-title=The linguistic perceptions of the metropolitan Chrysanthos Philippides of Trabzon and the educational “demoticism” of the newspaper &quot;Season&quot; (Trabzon 1920) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280318202 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=ResearchGate |publisher=University of Western Macedonia |pages=1, 7–8 |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1921, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta gudanar da gwajin Amasya . A cewar Vergeti, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen &quot;sun yanke hukuncin kisa ga jagorancin ruhaniya da siyasa na Helenawa na Pontic&quot;.  Kapetanidis, wani mutum mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, haka ma maza kamar Matthaios Kofidis, ɗan siyasa da ya shahara tsakanin [[Musulmai]] da [[Kiristoci]]. Masanin tarihi Tessa Hofmann ya kira waɗannan gwaje-gwajen &quot;ƙarewar Helenawa na Anatolian a ƙarƙashin hujja ta doka&quot;.

==Manazarta== 
{{Notelist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
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    <title>Scott Ashjian</title>
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'''Jon Scott Ashjian''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), wanda aka fi sani da '''Scott Ashjian''', shi ne ɗan takarar Tea Party of Nevada a takarar Sanatan Amurka a babban zaɓen Nevada na shekarar 2010.  An haifi Ashjian a [[Fresno, California]] ; babban ɗan cikin yara takwas. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta South Lake Tahoe a shekara ta 1982, ya fara kamfanin kera motoci na kansa a Bakersfield, California, kuma ya haɓaka shi har zuwa wurare a Fresno, Bakersfield, da Visalia, California . Shi ɗan Mormon ne, kuma ya yi aiki a wani aiki a [[Argentina]] daga 1986 zuwa 1988. Ashjian ya ƙaura daga [[California]] zuwa [[Nevada]] a shekara ta 1995. Yana zaune a Las Vegas, Nevada, inda yake aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa, ɗan kwangilar shimfida bututun ruwa, kuma mai saka hannun jari a gidaje, kuma mamallakin kamfanin kwalta ne. Tare da matarsa, Bonnie, yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da 'ya mace ɗaya.

Ashjian memba ne na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], kuma ya kaɗa ƙuri'a ga takarar shugaban ƙasa na Ronald Reagan, [[George W. Bush]] da [[John McCain]] . A shekara ta 2010, Ashjian da magoya bayansa sun ƙirƙiri Jam'iyyar Tea Party of Nevada, wacce dabi'unta ke goyon bayan ƙaramar gwamnati, ' [['Yancin zaɓi|yanci]], ' [['yanci|yanci]], da rage basussukan jama'a na Amurka . Ashjian ya shigar da takardun takararsa ga Jam'iyyar Tea Party, wata ƙaramar jam'iyya mai rijista a [[Nevada]], a Carson City a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nevada Secretary of State |author-link=Nevada Secretary of State |title=2010 Filed Candidates |url=http://nvsos.gov/index.aspx?page=337 |access-date=2010-10-14 |website=Election Center |publisher=www.nvsos.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙalubalanci takarar Ashjian na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a kotu a watan Afrilun 2010, kuma alkalin gundumar Carson City, Nevada, James Todd Russell ya yanke hukuncin cewa zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a zaɓen. An ɗaukaka ƙara, kuma Kotun Koli ta Nevada ta yanke hukunci a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2010 cewa Ashjian zai ci gaba da kasancewa a zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a watan Nuwamban 2010.  

A cikin hirarrakin manema labarai, Ashjian ya jaddada cewa dabi'unsa sun haɗa da raguwar ikon gwamnati, da kuma tsauraran fassarar Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka . Ya yi daidai da ra'ayoyin 'yan siyasa ciki har da Ronald Reagan, Sarah Palin, da Ron Paul . Yaƙin neman zaɓensa na siyasa an gudanar da shi ne a matsayin wani motsi na tushe, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan sadarwa nasa. Ya bayyana cewa shawararsa ta gudanar da kamfen mai sauƙi da araha ta fito ne daga sha'awar guje wa rashin jituwa tsakanin siyasa da mutanen da yake son wakilta. Ashjian ya yi ikirarin cewa yana da yakinin cewa kamfen ɗinsa zai doke abokan hamayya daga manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu, Democrat Harry Reid da Republican Sharron Angle . A watan Oktoban 2010, Ashjian ta fitar da faifan sauti ga kafofin watsa labarai na wata tattaunawa da aka yi rikodin da Angle, inda ta nemi ya janye takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka. Angle ta gaya masa cewa ba ta yarda za ta iya kayar da Shugaban Masu Rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka Harry Reid ba, idan Ashjian ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙuri'un. Ashjian ya ce zai ci gaba da tsayawa takara, kuma ya soki manyan jam'iyyun biyu a matsayin zaɓuɓɓuka marasa kyau a zaɓen da zai ƙara wa matsayin da ake ciki yanzu . Harry Reid ya lashe tseren 2010 kuma aka sake zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka.

== Rayuwar farko da iyali ==
An haifi Scott Ashjian a [[Fresno, California]] a shekarar 1964; shi ne babban ɗan'uwa cikin yara takwas.   Kakansa, John M. Ashjian, ya yi aiki a fannin tsaro kuma Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Bakersfield, California ta naɗa shi a matsayin Babban Jami'in Tsare-tsare. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt; Ashjian ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta South Lake Tahoe a shekarar 1982, inda ya kasance ɗan kokawa . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Choice&quot;&gt;{{cite news| last = Jordan| first = Kristi | title = Tea Party hopeful Ashjian gives voters third choice | work = [[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]  | publisher = www.lvrj.com | date = March 8, 2010 | url =http://www.lvrj.com/news/tea-party-hopeful-ashjian-gives-voters-third-choice-86816842.html  | accessdate = 2010-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;split&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt; Tun yana matashi, Ashjian ya sami gogewa a harkokin kasuwanci.  Ashjian ya fara kamfanin kera motoci a Bakersfield, California a shekarar 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt; Ya haɓaka wannan kasuwancin don ya haɗa da wurare a Fresno, Bakersfield da Visalia, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt; Ashjian ɗan Mormon ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Choice&quot; /&gt; Ya yi aiki a [[Argentina]] daga 1986 zuwa 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;Choice&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt; Bayan kammala aikinsa a Argentina, Ashjian ya koma California ya auri matarsa, Bonnie. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt; Ashjian ya ƙaura daga [[California]] zuwa [[Nevada]] a shekarar 1995.  Ashjian da matarsa suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;thirdchoice&quot; /&gt; Ɗansa Brogan ya yi aiki a shekarar 2010 a wani aikin ibada a [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]], [[Kanada]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;thirdchoice&quot; /&gt; 'Yar Ashjian Bostyn tana shiga gasar rawa; ɗansa Bronson yana kokawa a makarantar sakandare. &lt;ref name=&quot;thirdchoice&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2010, Ashjian ya zauna a Las Vegas,  inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa kuma mai kwangilar shimfida bututun ruwa.   Ashjian mai saka hannun jari ne a harkar gidaje, kuma shi ne mamallakin wani kamfanin kwalta, A&amp;A Asphalt. &lt;ref name=&quot;thirdchoice&quot; /&gt;  Yana da hannu a harkokin [[noma]] da ke [[California]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;thirdchoice&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Kafin burinsa na siyasa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, Ashjian memba ne na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], kuma ya kaɗa ƙuri'a ga takarar shugaban ƙasa na Ronald Reagan, [[George W. Bush]] da [[John McCain]] .  Ashjian ya shigar da takararsa a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2010, kuma ya zama ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar Tea Party of Nevada don Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a babban zaɓen Nevada na 2010.  A farkon zaɓen, a makon da Ashjian ya shigar da takararsa, ya nuna masa goyon baya mai lambobi biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nevada Secretary of State |author-link=Nevada Secretary of State |title=2010 Filed Candidates |url=http://nvsos.gov/index.aspx?page=337 |access-date=2010-10-14 |website=Election Center |publisher=www.nvsos.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takarar Ashjian ita ce kaɗai da ta bayyana a matsayin &quot;Jam'iyyar Tea&quot; a zaɓen Nuwamba 2010.  Wannan ita ce shiga ta farko a zaɓen neman mukami na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;notleaving&quot; /&gt; Jam'iyyar Tea Party of Nevada ta cancanci zama ƙaramar jam'iyyar siyasa tare da Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Nevada a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nevada Secretary of State |author-link=Nevada Secretary of State |title=Qualified Political Parties |url=http://www.nvsos.gov/index.aspx?page=114 |access-date=2010-10-14 |website=Election Center |publisher=www.nvsos.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magoya bayan Ashjian sun ƙirƙiri jam'iyyar, ta hanyar samun nasarar shigar da sa hannu sama da 250 da ake buƙata.  Manufofin Jam'iyyar Tea Party of Nevada da aka bayyana sun haɗa da ƙoƙarin &quot;haɓaka ƙa'idodin kafa wannan ƙasa na 'yanci, 'yanci da kuma ƙaramar gwamnati mai wakiltar jama'a.&quot;  Jam'iyyar ta bayyana a cikin gabatarwarta cewa manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu ne ke da alhakin &quot;bashin ƙasa mai yawa&quot; a Amurka, kuma &quot;babban rinjayen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Amurka&quot; bai kamata ya yi imani da cewa 'yan Democrat da Republican za su goyi bayan ra'ayoyinsu ba. 

A watan Afrilun 2010, Ashjian ya fuskanci ƙalubalen shari'a wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin cire sunansa daga ƙuri'ar, domin ya kasance ɗan [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] mai rijista jim kaɗan kafin ya gabatar da takararsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;remainonballot&quot; /&gt; Alkalin gundumar Carson City, Nevada, James Todd Russell ya ji muhawara kan ko Ashjian zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙuri'ar tun daga ranar 14 ga Afrilu. &lt;ref name=&quot;remainonballot&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe Alkali Russell ya yanke hukuncin cewa Ashjian ya bi ƙa'idar doka kuma zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙuri'ar.  Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Kai ta Amurka, wacce ta shigar da ƙarar a kan Ashjian, &lt;ref name=&quot;remainonballot&quot; /&gt; ta shigar da ƙarar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Nevada .   Ashjian ya yi tsokaci kan yunƙurin cire shi daga ƙuri'ar, &quot;Suna yin tayin ga Jam'iyyar Republican. Ya kamata su yi maraba da ikon ƙananan jam'iyyu na tsayar da 'yan takara lokacin da manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu suka gaza mana sosai.&quot;  A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2010, Kotun Koli ta Nevada ta yanke hukunci mai ƙarfi cewa takarar Ashjian za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙuri'ar Nuwamba 2010.  
 
Da yake bayyana ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa, Ashjian ya shaida wa ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'' cewa yana goyon bayan ra'ayoyin Jam'iyyar Tea Party, ciki har da takaita rawar da gwamnati ke takawa, da kuma tsauraran fassarar Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka .  Ashjian ya daidaita kansa da ra'ayoyin 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya Ronald Reagan, Ron Paul da Sarah Palin .  Ya ce a watan Afrilun 2010 cewa &quot;yana da tabbacin kashi 100 cikin 100&quot; zai lashe zaben kuma ya kayar da abokan hamayyarsa Harry Reid da Sharron Angle a babban zaben Nuwamba 2010, &quot;da babban rinjaye&quot;.  Ya bayyana cewa ya shigar da kara don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, saboda mutanen da ke Nevada wadanda suka amince da dabi'un Jam'iyyar Tea Party &quot;jam'iyyar Republican ta yaudare su&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;vogelruling&quot; /&gt; Ashjian ya lura, &quot;Jam'iyyar Republican tana kokarin hada kai da Jam'iyyar Tea Party. Wannan shine daya daga cikin dalilan da yasa na yi abin da na yi. Ban ga bambanci tsakanin 'yan Democrat da Republican ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vogelruling&quot; /&gt; Ashjian ya bayyana cewa bai yi tunanin Sharron Angle zai iya lashe zaben Majalisar Dattawan Amurka da Harry Reid ba, kuma ya ce &quot;kwamitocin kai hari na Republican suna gudanar da shirin (na ƙasa) na Tea Party.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vogelruling&quot; /&gt; A watan Mayu na 2010, Ashjian ya shaida wa ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'' cewa, &quot;Zan sami babban kaso na kuri'u daga ɓangarorin biyu (Republican da Democrat) da kuma waɗanda ke tsakiya.&quot; 

An tsara yakin neman zaben Ashjian a matsayin wani yunkuri na tushe .  Dan takarar ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan sadarwa nasa, kuma ya dogara ga iyalansa da abokansa don neman taimako. &lt;ref name=&quot;thirdchoice&quot; /&gt; Shafin yanar gizon yakin neman zabensa ya ƙunshi sanarwar, &quot;Ina takara ne saboda ina son ƙasata kuma Harry Reid, Nancy Pelosi da Barack Obama suna lalata ta. Lokaci ya yi da za mu mayar da ƙasarmu kuma ina roƙon ku da ku haɗu da ni a wannan yaƙin.&quot; 

Ashjian ya bayyana a wata hira da Las Vegas Review-Journal, &quot;Ni mai kishin ƙasa ne mai takaici. Ni ba ɗan siyasa ba ne. Ba ni da ƙwarewa a rediyo da talabijin. Amma ina ganin zan iya yin sauyi, kuma shi ne abin da nake nan don haka. Ina nan ne don in bai wa mutane zaɓi na uku.&quot; Lokacin da aka nemi ya kwatanta Jam'iyyar Tea Party of Nevada, Ashjian ya amsa, &quot;Ba mu 'yan Republican ko Democrat ba ne. Ba za mu shiga jam'iyya ɗaya ko ɗayan ba. Mu jam'iyya ce mai biyan haraji wadda za ta iya kawo canji kuma jam'iyyar mutane na yau da kullun waɗanda ke son canji. Gwamnati mafi girma da ƙarin haraji ba sa aiki. A yanzu muna kan wata hanya ta gaske don yin sauyi, kuma a taƙaice dai babu wani abin ƙyama ga 'yan siyasa.&quot; Ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ya zaɓi gudanar da kamfen mai sauƙi, &quot;Tsarin siyasa na masu kuɗi ne. Me yasa ('yan siyasa) za su so su kashe miliyoyin daloli a kan kamfen? Dole ne ya zama don samun riba ta siyasa. Wannan rashin haɗin kai shine dalilin da ya sa nake neman mukami.&quot; Ashjian ya yi ikirarin cewa sakamakon masu jefa ƙuri'a zai yi kama da na manyan 'yan takarar jam'iyya biyu, maimakon na uku, &quot;Ina nan ne don in ce akwai zaɓi. Idan kuna son ku tsaya kan matsayin da ake ciki, ku zaɓi 'yan Republican ko 'yan Democrat, amma kada ku yi gunaguni. Babu wanda zai iya yin aiki mafi kyau fiye da ni.&quot; Dangane da roƙon da Jam'iyyar Republican ta yi na neman Ashjian ya amince da tsarin jam'iyyu biyu, Ashjian ya ce, &quot;Ta hanyar faɗin cewa ya kamata in faɗi a layi cin mutunci ne. Ba ina neman gayyata ba ne. Ina ganin ya kamata su goyi bayana, kada su faɗi a layi kamar tumaki. Suna da tsoro sosai, yana sa ni tunanin suna da 'yan takara masu rauni kuma suna jin tsoro. Da zarar sun kai hari, da yawa suna nuna hannunsu, kuma ina nufin hakan a duk faɗin jam'iyya. Ba siyasa ba ce kamar yadda aka saba. Muna gudanar da wani kamfen daban, kuma suna jin tsoron mutuwa.&quot;

A watan Oktoban 2010, Ashjian ta fitar da wani faifan bidiyo ga kafofin watsa labarai na wata tattaunawa da aka yi rikodin da ya yi da Sharron Angle inda ta nemi ya janye daga takarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;toeplitz&quot; /&gt; A cikin faifan, Angle ta ce ba za ta iya kayar da Harry Reid tare da Ashjian a kan kuri'ar ba.  Ashjian ta yi tsokaci game da taron, a cikin wata hira da ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', &quot;Ta nemi in goyi bayanta, na ce, 'Me yasa zan je in yi hakan?'&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;notleaving&quot; /&gt; Ya bayyana cewa ba zai taɓa yarda da ra'ayin ficewa daga takarar ba, &quot;Ta ce, 'Ba zan iya cin nasara ba tare da kun fita daga takarar ba.' Amma na ce ba zan iya ba. Zan doke Harry Reid.&quot;  Ya jaddada cewa ba zai janye daga takarar ba, &quot;Na yi iya bakin kokarina. ... Na yi gwagwarmaya sosai don in kasance a kan kuri'ar don in sauka.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;notleaving&quot; /&gt; Ashjian ya yi tsokaci game da matsin lambar da ke tattare da tsayawa takara, &quot;Na fuskanci barazana a kaina da iyalina. An danna wayata, kuma an bi diddigina.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;notleaving&quot; /&gt; Ya yi tsokaci cewa Angle ta yi kusanci da Jam'iyyar Republican sosai, don haka ba ɗan takara na gaskiya ba ne.  Ashjian ya aika wa Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Nevada Ross Miller wasiƙa a watan Oktoban 2010, yana roƙon a cire gajerun bayanan jam'iyya a kan kuri'un. 

A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2010, wani hukunci na biyu da Kotun Koli ta Nevada ta yanke ya sake tabbatar da ikon Ashjian na tsayawa takara a zaben Nevada na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2010.  A cikin shari'ar, ofishin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Nevada ya yi ikirarin cewa kokarin daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Nevada bai yi daidai ba, saboda masu jefa kuri'a sun riga sun sami kuri'un da ba su halarci ba kuma cire shigar dan takarar zai yi tasiri wajen hana masu jefa kuri'a 'yancin yin zabe.  A cikin hukuncin da ta yanke na bai daya, Kotun Koli ta Nevada ta yanke hukunci, &quot;Jinkirin da (mai kara) ya yi ba tare da wani dalili ba wajen gurfanar da wannan daukaka kara ya hana kawo cikas ga tsarin zaben, wanda tuni ake kan gudanarwa.&quot;  Kwana daya kafin zaben Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, Ashjian ya sami kashi uku cikin dari a wani bincike daga Jama'a Policy Polling .  Harry Reid ya lashe zaben, kuma aka sake zabensa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka. 

== Duba kuma ==
 

* Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a game da zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2010, Nevada
* Shayin Bikin Gaggawa
* Motsin Jam'iyyar Shayi
* Ƙasar Bikin Shayi
* Masu Kishin Tea Party
* Zanga-zangar Jam'iyyar Shayi
* Zaɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a Nevada, 2010

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ronald S. Baron</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Ron Baron&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | An haife ni
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 1943 (shekaru&amp;nbsp;82 &amp;#x2013; 83)
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ilimi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[Bucknell University|Jami'ar Bucknell]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[George Washington University|Jami'ar George Washington]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sana'o'i
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | Wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Baron Capital Management
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Mata
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | Judy Bernard
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Yara
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 2
|}
'''Ronald Stephen Baron''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943)  manajan asusun haɗin gwiwa ne na Amurka, kuma wanda ya kafa Baron Capital, wani kamfanin kula da saka hannun jari na [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] wanda ke kula da Asusun Baron,  kuma yana da kadarori kusan dala biliyan 45 a ƙarƙashin gudanarwa (AUM).

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2026, Baron yana da kimanin darajar dala biliyan 6.5 na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/business/why-are-mutual-fund-fees-so-high-this-billionaire-knows.html Why Are Mutual Fund Fees So High? This Billionaire Knows Landon Thomas Jr. Dec. 30, 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
Baron ya girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/business/why-are-mutual-fund-fees-so-high-this-billionaire-knows.html Why Are Mutual Fund Fees So High? This Billionaire Knows Landon Thomas Jr. Dec. 30, 2017]&lt;/ref&gt; a Asbury Park, [[New Jersey]], ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Morton Baron, injiniya, da matarsa Marian. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYSunOldFashioned&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2006-03-20 |title=An Old-Fashioned Success Story |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/old-fashioned-success-story/29400/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208174845/http://www.nysun.com/new-york/old-fashioned-success-story/29400/ |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=Nysun.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baron ya zuba jarin dala 1,000, an adana shi daga yin dusar ƙanƙara, teburin jira, aiki a matsayin mai tsaron rai, da sayar da ice cream, kuma ya mayar da shi dala 4,000 ta hanyar saka hannun jari a hannun jari, wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyoyi suka kira shi &quot;Count&quot;, wani laƙabi wanda har yanzu yana nan. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYSunOldFashioned&quot; /&gt; Ya yi karatun sinadarai a Jami'ar Bucknell kuma ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar George Washington da daddare a kan tallafin karatu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;an buƙata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Aikinsa na farko a wajen makaranta shine tare da Ofishin Haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka .

== Sana'a ==
Baron ya yi aiki a kamfanonin dillalai da dama daga 1970 zuwa 1982. A wannan lokacin, ya sami suna wajen saka hannun jari a ƙananan kamfanoni. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/business/why-are-mutual-fund-fees-so-high-this-billionaire-knows.html Why Are Mutual Fund Fees So High? This Billionaire Knows Landon Thomas Jr. Dec. 30, 2017]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanar da Babban Birnin Baron ===
Ya kafa Baron Capital Management a shekarar 1982. Baron Capital an san shi da dabarunsa na dogon lokaci a fannin saka hannun jari a fannin ci gaban hannun jari. Kamfanin zai kasance yana da hannun jari na tsawon shekaru 4-5, wani lokacin shekaru 10-15. Kamfanin ya fi son saka hannun jari a manyan al'amura da suka samo asali daga al'umma da kuma yanayin al'umma, gami da buƙatun jarirai na kiwon lafiya - yanayin da ake sa ran buƙata za ta kasance mai dorewa tsawon shekaru, ko ma shekaru da dama.  Kamfanin yana neman saka hannun jari a kamfanonin da ke da ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa masu ƙarfi, suna saka hannun jari a cikin mutane ba kadarori ba. Suna neman kamfanonin da ke da damar ci gaba mai ƙarfi, waɗanda aka ba su kuɗaɗen da suka dace, suna da fa'idodi masu gasa, kuma jagora ne a fanninsu. Baron Capital ya mayar da hankali na musamman kan ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa na kamfanonin da suke saka hannun jari a ciki, suna neman jagoranci mai inganci, abin dogaro, da aminci. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/business/why-are-mutual-fund-fees-so-high-this-billionaire-knows.html Why Are Mutual Fund Fees So High? This Billionaire Knows Landon Thomas Jr. Dec. 30, 2017]&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2011, Baron Capital yana da kadarori kusan dala biliyan 19.5 a ƙarƙashin gudanarwa. A ƙoƙarin gode wa masu zuba jari, Baron yana shirya taron masu hannun jari na shekara-shekara wanda yawanci yana nuna ayyukan dutse kamar [[Elton John]], Beach Boys, da Lionel Richie . &lt;ref name=&quot;investmentnews1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=David |date=2005-12-19 |title=With Ron Baron of Baron Capital Group Inc |url=http://www.investmentnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051219/SUB/512190717/-1/INIssueAlert04 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=Investmentnews.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2023]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, Baron Capital ta sayi kashi 24 cikin 100 na hannun jarin [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United Football Club]] wanda iyalan Glazer suka bayar a kasuwar hannayen jari ta New York . Jarin Baron ya kai kashi 5.8 cikin 100 na hannun jarin ƙungiyar yayin da kashi 10 cikin 100 na hannun jarin ƙungiyar suka yi taho mu gama. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/business/why-are-mutual-fund-fees-so-high-this-billionaire-knows.html Why Are Mutual Fund Fees So High? This Billionaire Knows Landon Thomas Jr. Dec. 30, 2017]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/business/why-are-mutual-fund-fees-so-high-this-billionaire-knows.html Why Are Mutual Fund Fees So High? This Billionaire Knows Landon Thomas Jr. Dec. 30, 2017]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na 2014, Baron Capital ta ƙara hannun jarinta a ƙungiyar zuwa kashi 9.2% na dukkan ƙungiyar (daidai da kashi 37.8% na dukkan hannun jarin da ake da su a NYSE ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baron Capital Management upped its stake to 38% of Manchester United's public float |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/10/07/heres-why-this-billionaire-fund-manager-is-betting.aspxl}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2014, asusun ya zuba jarin dala miliyan 380 a hannun jarin Tesla a matsakaicin farashi na kowanne hannun jari na dala 14.3566 ($TSLA Split 3:1 a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2022, kamfanin ya aiwatar da rabon uku-da-daya).

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A shekarar 1978, Baron ya auri Judy Bernard a wani bikin Yahudawa a Harmonie Club .  A shekarar 2007, ya biya dala miliyan 103 don wani gida a East Hampton, New York, wanda shine mafi tsadar gida a wancan lokacin, daga Adelaide de Menil, magajiyar Schlumberger . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/business/why-are-mutual-fund-fees-so-high-this-billionaire-knows.html Why Are Mutual Fund Fees So High? This Billionaire Knows Landon Thomas Jr. Dec. 30, 2017]&lt;/ref&gt; An gina gidan De Menil ta hanyar haɗa gine-ginen tarihi na East Hampton waɗanda ta ƙaura zuwa gidan don kare su daga rushewa. Kafin ƙarshen cinikin, de Menil ta karya gine-ginen ta kuma mayar da su wurare daban-daban a cikin garin don kariya, gami da shida waɗanda aka ƙaura mil ɗaya zuwa arewa zuwa inda za su kafa sabon harabar gwamnatin East Hampton Town.  Baron ya gina sabon gida {{Convert|28000|sqft|m2}}   gida, wanda Hart Howerton, wani kamfanin gine-gine na New York tare da wasu ayyuka da dama a Hamptons, wanda ya ƙware a fannin amfani da filaye masu yawa. An haɗa gidan a cikin wani labarin Vanity Fair na 2008. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin Taron Nishaɗi na Ron Baron Investment

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Koyon Sabis</title>
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[[Fayil:Service_Learning_at_Batam.jpg|thumb|Aikin Koyar da Sabis a Butam wanda MaxPac Travel ya shirya wa ɗaliban Kwalejin Katolika. Janairu 15, 2009. Tay Yong Seng.]]
'''Koyon aiki-aiki''' hanya ce ta ilimi da ke amfani da hidimar al'umma don biyan buƙatun koyon aji da kuma buƙatun al'umma. An yi amfani da ita ga ɗalibai na kowane mataki da matakai. An tsara ayyukan da aka gina a cikin al'ummomi don amfani da koyarwar aji don ƙirƙirar canji mai kyau a cikin al'umma kuma galibi suna haɗa ƙungiyoyin al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Timothy D. |last2=Bradley J. Fisher |year=2010 |title=The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–224 |doi=10.5193/JEE33.3.208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koyon hidima ya haɗa da [[Koyon gogewa|ilmantarwa ta gogewa]] da kuma hidimar al'umma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Timothy D. |last2=Bradley J. Fisher |year=2010 |title=The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–224 |doi=10.5193/JEE33.3.208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anoni ==
A cewar Andrew Furco, '''koyon hidima''' &quot;yana faruwa ne lokacin da akwai daidaito tsakanin manufofin koyo da sakamakon hidima.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Furco&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Furco |first=Andrew |date=October 2011 |title='Service-Learning': A Balanced Approach to Experiential Education |url=http://educacio-cp89.webjoomla.es/wp-content/uploads/03-Furco-1-English.pdf |journal=The International Journal for Global and Development Education Research |pages=71–76 |access-date=4 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran marubuta, ciki har da Majalisar Jagorancin Matasa ta Ƙasa, sun jaddada daidaiton iri ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Timothy D. |last2=Bradley J. Fisher |year=2010 |title=The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–224 |doi=10.5193/JEE33.3.208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Robert Sigmon ya yi tunanin nau'ikan ayyukan koyo na hidima da ake samu a harabar jami'o'i dangane da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin wannan daidaiton: watau ko manufofin koyo ko manufofin hidima na farko ne, na biyu, na daidai wa daida, ko kuma daban-daban gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sigmon 1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite report|last1=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma sa ran ɗalibi ya koya ta hanyar yin aiki a duniya da kuma yin tunani kan sakamakon aikinsu. [1] [undefined] A matsayin tsarin ilmantarwa, wannan yana da tushe na ka'idoji da na gwaji da aka daɗe ana amfani da su. Saboda haka, a cewar Barbara Jacoby, koyon hidima &quot;ya dogara ne akan aikin masu bincike da masu nazari kan ilmantarwa, ciki har da John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Kurt Lewin, Donald Schon, da David Kolb, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa mutane suna koyo ta hanyar haɗakar aiki da tunani.&quot; [undefined] Fagagen da suka shafi aikin ilimi, kamar Binciken Aiki da Ayyukan Tunani, suna jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin mai koyo da al'umma, ko mai bincike da bincike, [3] [2] da nufin ƙirƙirar canji bayan makaranta, maimakon ƙirƙirar ilimi kawai.

== Tarihi ==
Kalmar &quot;ilimin hidima&quot; ta samo asali ne daga Amurka kuma ta bazu daga gare ta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Timothy D. |last2=Bradley J. Fisher |year=2010 |title=The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–224 |doi=10.5193/JEE33.3.208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ana yawan tattauna ta a cikin mahallin kwalejoji da makarantu na Amurka. Saboda haka, yawancin tarihinta na Amurka ne.

=== A fannin ilimin Amurka ===
A wani labari na farko, a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Hukumar Ilimi ta Yankin Kudu ta yi amfani da kuɗaɗen tarayya don tsarin horon koyon hidima. A shekarar 1979, marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ana amfani da &quot;koyon hidima&quot; don bayyana ayyukan sa kai daban-daban da shirye-shiryen ilimin gogewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sigmon1979&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sigmon |first=Robert |date=Spring 1979 |title=Service-Learning: Three Principles |url=http://critical.tamucc.edu/~wiki/uploads/AWebb/sl3p.pdf |journal=Synergist |language=en |pages=9–11 |access-date=November 5, 2016 |archive-date=March 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330020400/https://critical.tamucc.edu/~wiki/uploads/AWebb/sl3p.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 1995 zuwa 1997, jami'o'i 458 sun sami tallafi daga Hukumar Ba da Hidima ta Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tsarin ''Ilimi Mai Girma na Koyi da Bauta'' (duba Learn and Serve America ), wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin darussa na koyon hidima 3,000 tare da matsakaicin ɗalibai sama da 60 a kowane kwas.  A shekarar 1992, Maryland da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da buƙatun koyon hidima a duk faɗin jihar don kammala karatun sakandare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Timothy D. |last2=Bradley J. Fisher |year=2010 |title=The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–224 |doi=10.5193/JEE33.3.208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Timothy D. |last2=Bradley J. Fisher |year=2010 |title=The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–224 |doi=10.5193/JEE33.3.208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2014 Cibiyar Koyo da Haɗakar Jama'a ta Ƙasa ta yi bincike kan dukkan jihohi don manufofin koyon hidima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Timothy D. |last2=Bradley J. Fisher |year=2010 |title=The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–224 |doi=10.5193/JEE33.3.208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yayin da aka kafa ilimin hidima sosai a manyan makarantun Amurka nan da shekarar 2008, an same shi a ƙasa da kashi 30% na makarantun K-12 a cewar Furco da Root. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Timothy D. |last2=Bradley J. Fisher |year=2010 |title=The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=208–224 |doi=10.5193/JEE33.3.208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
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    <title>Mustapha Khaznadar</title>
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'''Mustapha Khaznadar''' (Arabic: مصطفى خزندار; 1817–1878), born as '''Georgios Halkias Stravelakis''' (Greek: Γεώργιος Χαλκιάς Στραβελάκης) was a Tunisian politician who served as Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1855 to 1873.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fage 173&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Fage|1982}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rowley|Weis|1986}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Singh|2000}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He was one of the most influential people in modern Tunisian history.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ziadeh 11&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ziadeh|1962}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
An haifi Mustapha Khaznadar a ƙauyen Kardamyla a tsibirin Girka na Chios[1][2][3][4][5] a matsayin Georgios Halkias Stravelakis[3][5] a cikin 1817.[6][7][8][9] A watan Janairun 1822, 'yan tawaye daga tsibirin Samos da ke makwabtaka sun isa Chios kuma sun ayyana' yancin kansu daga Daular Ottoman, sultan Ottoman nan da nan ya aika da sojoji kusan 40,000 zuwa tsibirin Chios, inda aka kashe kimanin mazauna Girka 52,000 kuma an kai dubban mata da yara bautar.[10][11] A lokacin kisan kiyashi na Chios, an kashe mahaifin Georgios, Mai jirgin ruwa Stephanis Halkias Stravelakis, yayin da aka kama Georgios tare da ɗan'uwansa Yannis kuma Ottomans suka sayar da su cikin bautar.[8] Daga nan aka kai shi Smyrna sannan Constantinople, inda aka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa ga wakilin Daular Husainid.

=== Juyowa na addini da aikin siyasa === 

Mustafa Khaznadar ya riƙe tunanin asalinsa na Girka &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rowley|Weis|1986}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Singh|2000}}.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma lokacin da ya gudanar, ya tuntubi sauran iyalinsa kuma ya taimaka wajen biyan kuɗin ilimin 'yan uwansa biyu (Girkanci). &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tūnisī|Brown|1967}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Khaznadar ya mutu a shekara ta 1878 kuma an binne shi a cikin mausoleum na Tourbet el Bey, a cikin zuciyar [[Madinar Tunis|Madina na Tunis]] .

== A cikin Al'adu ==
2018: ''Tej El Hadhra'', jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Sami Fehri: [[Ahmed Landolsi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rowley|Weis|1986}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Singh|2000}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karramawa ==

* Jami'in Order of the Blood (Nichan Dam) na Tunisia (1856) [[Fayil:Order_of_the_Blood_(Tunisia).gif|50x50px]]
* Jami'in Order of Glory (Nichan Iftikhar) na Tunisia[[Fayil:Ordre_du_Nichan_Iftikhar_Chevalier_ribbon_(Tunisia).svg|50x50px]]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kisan kiyashi na Chios
* Musulmai na Girka
* Firayim Minista na Tunisia
* Tashin hankali na Mejba
* Mahmoud Ben Ayed

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1817]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Panagiotis Adraktas</title>
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Panagiotis Adraktas (Girkanci: Παναγιώτης Αδράκτας, an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1948) ɗan siyasan Girka ne. An haife shi a Kardamas a arewa maso yammacin Elis . Shi likita ne kuma ya sami digiri a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Athens . An zabe shi a Mazabar Athens ta biyu a watan Yunin 1989, Nuwamba 1989 da 1990. Ya koma Ilia kuma ya yi takara a matsayin dan siyasa a 2000, 2004 da 2007 a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar New Democracy . Ya kasance mai ba da shawara a cikin gari a Chaidari tsakanin 1980 da 1986 da Peristeri a cikin 1990.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

* ''An fassara sigar farko ta [[:el:Παναγιώτης Αδράκτας|labarin]] kuma ta samo asali ne daga labarin a Wikipedia na Girkanci (el:Main Page) ''

== A cikin 'yan tawaye ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916165657/http://www.adraktas.gr/ Babban shafi na Panagiotis Adraktas] (a Helenanci) 

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]</text>
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Panagiotis Adraktas (Girkanci: Παναγιώτης Αδράκτας, an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1948) ɗan siyasan Girka ne. An haife shi a Kardamas a arewa maso yammacin Elis . Shi likita ne kuma ya sami digiri a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Athens . An zabe shi a Mazabar Athens ta biyu a watan Yunin 1989, Nuwamba 1989 da 1990. Ya koma Ilia kuma ya yi takara a matsayin dan siyasa a 2000, 2004 da 2007 a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar New Democracy . Ya kasance mai ba da shawara a cikin gari a Chaidari tsakanin 1980 da 1986 da Peristeri a cikin 1990.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916165657/http://www.adraktas.gr/ Babban shafi na Panagiotis Adraktas] (a Helenanci) 

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
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  <page>
    <title>Ioanna Kondouli</title>
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'''Ioanna Kondouli''' 'yar siyasar Girka ce kuma injiniya ce mai zane-zane wacce ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar Ecologist Greens . 

An haifi Kondouli a Athens a shekarar 1960. Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandaren mata ta Campus B, inda har yanzu take zaune a yau. Daga nan sai ta yi karatun Injiniya a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens kuma ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a &quot;Environment &amp; Development&quot;. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Athens game da fassarar hoto da kuma nesa, kuma tun daga shekara ta 2002 tana aiki a cikin Sashin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Gudanarwa ta Tsarin Taimako na Al'umma. Ita ce mahaifiyar yara maza biyu. Tana da hannu sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen zamantakewa kamar kwamitin tsakanin gari don ceton Hymettus da &quot;Movement of Citizens' for the Rescue of the villa Campus&quot; da kuma kare shirye-shirye na haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar &quot;Ship to Gaza&quot;.

Ta shiga kungiyar Ecologists Greens a farkon matakan jam'iyyar a shekara ta 2003 kuma ta yi aiki a jerin mukamai masu alhakin. A cikin zaɓen majalisa na 2007 ya kasance memba na kwamitin edita na shirin zaɓe kuma dan takarar B a Athens. A cikin zaɓen 2009 ta shiga cikin kuri'un ta kai wakilcin ra'ayoyin kore a karo na farko a matakin majalisa. A cikin zaɓen majalisa na wannan shekarar ta kasance synepikefalis a yakin neman zabe na jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 2010 ta kasance wakilin Green Ecologists a cikin muhawara ta kasa game da ilimi. A cikin zaben da aka yi kwanan nan an zabi Green Party Conference a matsayin shugaban yakin neman zabe. Koyaya, ta musanta fa'idodin babban haɗin zaɓe kuma ta yanke shawarar neman kuri'un mazabar Athens ta biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=ANT1 ONLine / News / Δεν αποκλείει συνεργασία με τον ΣΥΡΙΖΑ η Ι. Κοντούλη |url=http://www.ant1online.gr/Politics/Parties/Pages/20126/110351f7-5a1f-498a-b4bd-c6e25c3e2f8d.aspx |access-date=2012-06-09 |publisher=Ant1online.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
== Haɗin waje ==

* Shugabannin masu ilimin muhalli (a Helenanci)
 
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Kostas Zouraris</title>
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'''Konstantinos (Kostas) Zouraris''' (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1940 a Thessaloniki) ɗan Girka ne, daga yankin Makidoniya na Girka, masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma marubuci. Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Hellenic na Thessaloniki A tun daga 25 ga Janairun 2015

Ya yi karatun shari'a a Thessaloniki da [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a [[Faris|Paris]], inda ya shiga cikin motsi na Mayu 1968 .[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163517/http://www.apopsi.com.cy/2008/05/144/] Ya koyar da kimiyyar siyasa a jami'ar Vincennes-Paris tun 1969. Har ila yau, ɗan siyasa ne, tsohon memba na jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta Girka mai goyon bayan Soviet da kuma jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci na Yuro (KKE Interior), kuma tsohon editan jaridar ''Makidoniya'' .

Kostas Zouraris sanannen mai magana ne game da matsayin Girkanci a cikin rikicin suna na Makidoniya, akai-akai yana magana a madadin waɗanda ke adawa da duk wani sasantawa don sunan makwabciyar Jamhuriyar Arewacin Makidoniya. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 tare da Stelios Papathemelis ya kafa hadin gwiwar Panhellenic Macedonian Front don yin takara a zaben majalisar dokokin Turai. Jam'iyyar ta hada da kungiyoyin Girka na Makidoniya a cikin tsarinta. [1]

Ya kasance dan takarar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai tare da ANEL, a zaben na 25 ga Mayu 2014. An zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisa tare da ANEL a Zaben majalisa na Janairu 2015 kuma a Zaben majalisa na Satumba 2015. An sake zabarsa a [[July 2019 Greek legislative election|Zaben majalisar dokokin Girka na Yuli 2019]] tare da kuri'u 15,370.

== Littattafai (zaɓin) ==

* Alpha a cikin (1987) 
* ''Gelas Hellas Apophras: Stoicheia Kai Stoicheya Sten Romeeke Anchivasien'' (Γελάς Ελλάς Απο Dawnς) (1990; sake bugawa 1999) 
* ''Athlia Athla Themethla'' (''Άθλια άθλα θέμεθλα'') (1997) 
* ''L.O.K. Logoi Ovrimon Katadromon'' (Λ.Ο.Κ. Λόγοι οβρίμων καταδρομών) (1998) 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]]
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  <page>
    <title>Georgios Petrakis</title>
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[[File:Georgios_Petrakis_(Petrakogiorgis)_in_1944.jpg|right|thumb|185x185px|Georgios Petrakis a cikin 1944]]
Georgios Petrakis (Girkanci: ; 1890 - 1972), wanda aka fi sani da Petrakogiorgis (wanda aka fassara shi da Petrakoyiorgis, Petrakoyeorgis, Girkanci: ), ɗan kasuwa ne na Girka, mai fafutuka, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance jagora a cikin juriya ta Crete na shekarun 1941 - 1944 a kan Sojojin mamayewa na Axis, ana girmama shi sosai saboda kishin kasa, ƙarfin hali, gaskiya, fahimta da rashin son kai.[1]Greek-language_text&quot; id=&quot;mwDQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:PageProp/Category&quot;/&gt;

An haifi Petrakogiorgis a ƙauyen [[Magarikari]], Mesara Plain, tsibirin Crete, wanda a lokacin yana cikin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]. Iyayensa sune Emmanuel Petrakis da Antiope Papastefanaki . Petrakogiorgis ya yi yaƙi a matsayin jami'i a cikin Kamfen ɗin Asia Minor, bayan ƙarshen abin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai siyar da kayan aikin gona kuma ya mallaki ma'aikatar man zaitun da masana'antar [[sabulu]].

== Ayyukan adawa ==
Ya kai kimanin shekaru 50 lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓarke, Petrakogiorgis ya tsufa sosai don a kira shi. Duk da haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin yankin da John Pendlebury ya dauka a kokarinsa na shirya tsarin tsaro kafin mamayar Jamus a tsibirin Krita. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tsibirin Crete ya fadi ga Jamusawa a ƙarshen Mayu 1941, an kafa ƙungiyoyin adawa da yawa a duk faɗin tsibirin. Petrakogiorgis, wanda ya riga ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin tsibirin Crete kuma ya rasa ɗansa na fari Manolis a lokacin da yake gudana, ya rantse a cikin mutanensa na farko a watan Yunin 1941, kusa da Kamares. Bayan ya kwashe sauran iyalinsa zuwa tsaron [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], ya ba da kansa da zuciya ɗaya ga gwagwarmayar 'yanci. Da yake yana goyon bayan Burtaniya, Petrakogiorgis yana da alaƙa ta kusa da EOK da SOE. Yana da sunan lambar '''Selfridge''' saboda, a cikin kalmomin Beevor, &quot;ma'aunin zaitun shine kusanci mafi kusa da Crete ga babban kasuwanci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor&quot; /&gt;

Kungiyar Petrakogiorgis, mai suna ''&quot;Psiloritis&quot;'', tana aiki a yankunan Mt. Ida, Mesara Plain, Mt. Kedros, da Kwarin Amari, kuma galibi tana cikin gwagwarmaya tare da sojojin mamayewa. Shi da mutanensa sun yi yaƙi a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani a yankin, kamar su a Papa zuwa Perama (Παπά το Πέραμα), Kouroupitos (Κουρουπητός), Koutsounares (Κουτ рейάρες), Poros Stavrou (Πόρος Σταυρού), Trahili (Τραχήλι) da Madari (Μαδαρή &lt;ref&gt;Κάββος, Γεώργιος. ''Γερμανοΐταλική Κατοχή και Αντίσταση Κρήτης 1941-1945'', έκδοση 1991, Ηράκλειο.&lt;/ref&gt;). Sun kuma gudanar da ayyukan sabuntawa da yawa, sun shigo da mutane da kayan aiki, kuma sun shiga cikin sace Janar Heinrich Kreipe. Wadannan ayyukan sun ba Petrakogiorgis damar nuna jagorancinsa da ƙwarewar soja, inda ya sami laƙabi ''&quot;gwargwadon Psiloritis&quot;''. Duk da haka sun kuma haifar da ramuwar gayya ta Jamus: kashe fararen hula, kwace dukiyar Petrakogiorgis, da lalata ƙauyuka (Magarikari, Kamares, Lochria). Mafi munin waɗannan shine lalacewar [[:el:Βορίζια Ηρακλείου| (el) Vorizia]] ta hanyar bama-bamai masu nauyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Η προσωπικότητα και η δράση του καπετάν Πετρακογιώργη |url=http://www.patris.gr/articles/141157 |access-date=30 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa bayan yakin ==
A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1944, ranar da aka 'yantar da Heraklion, Petrakogiorgis ya shiga birnin da nasara. An nada shi kwamandan garrison kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa farkon 1945. Daga baya ya shiga siyasa kuma an zabe shi memba na Majalisar Girka tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal, karkashin jagorancin [[Sofoklis Venizelos]], a zaben 1946, 1950, 1951, da 1952. Petrakogiorgis ya yi wa ado sau da yawa daga Allies kuma ya wakilci Girka a cikin tarurrukan mayakan adawa da yawa.

Petrakogiorgis ya mutu a Heraklion a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1972. A shekara ta 2009, an kafa wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla a kusa da Magarikari don girmama shi.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scott Fox (marubuci)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>877815</id>
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        <username>BnHamid</username>
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      <text bytes="3150" sha1="69jdrog5vqa5oqepjook70yhoj0t5f8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Scott Fox''' marubuci ne na harkokin kuɗi da taimakon kai na Amurka, ƙwararre a fannin kasuwanci da shawarwari kan kamfanonin farawa. Shi ɗan kasuwa ne na intanet mai tsari, mai ba da shawara kan farawa, mai tsara kafofin watsa labarai, kuma mai saka hannun jari a fannin mala'iku. Wanda ya kafa OC Startup Council, da Click Millionaire's MasterMinds Forum a ClickMillionaires.com, da RadioGuestList.com da sauran manyan kasuwancin yanar gizo, Fox ya fi shahara saboda littattafansa waɗanda aka fassara zuwa harsuna da yawa a duk duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''Intanet Riches: The Simple Money-making Secrets of Online Millionaires'', ''E-Riches 2.0'', da ''Click Millionaires: Work Less, Live More with an Internet Business You Love'' .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Fox ya girma a tsakiyar birnin Detroit  inda ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cass Technical . Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Michigan kafin JP Morgan &amp; Company ta ɗauke shi aiki zuwa New York. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ma'aikacin banki a Wall Street . Daga nan ya koma makaranta, inda ya sami digirin Doctor na Juris daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Stanford kuma ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Digiri na Stanford a shekarun 1990.  Ya shafe wani lokaci a matsayin lauya da Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa a masana'antar nishaɗi, wasu kuma suna aiki a kan kamfanoni masu tasowa a [[Silicon Valley]]  kafin ya fara kamfanoninsa. A yau yana aiki a matsayin mai shirya al'umma don yanayin muhalli na kamfanoni masu tasowa ta yanar gizo da kuma a Kudancin California a matsayin Shugaba na Majalisar Startup ta Orange County, da kuma mai zuba jari a fannin mala'iku ta hanyar Tech Coast Angels da kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci na farko a duk duniya.

== Rubutu ==
Scott Fox shine marubucin littattafai uku da suka fi sayarwa: Internet Riches, E-Riches 2.0, da Click Millionaires. [1] An rubuta kowanne daga cikin waɗannan littattafai ne don taimakawa sabbin 'yan kasuwa su yi amfani da software, kayan aikin tallan intanet, da kuma kasuwancin e-commerce don fara kasuwancin kan layi.

* ''Arzikin Intanet: Sirrin Samun Kuɗi Mai Sauƙi na Masu Arzikin Intanet'' (2008) 
* ''E-Riches 2.0: Dabarun Talla ta Yanar Gizo na Gaba'' (2009)
* ''Click Millionaires: Yi Aiki Kadan, Ka Yi Rayuwa Da Ƙari Tare Da Kasuwancin Salon Rayuwa Na Intanet Da Kake So'' (2012)

== Sauran harkokin kasuwanci ==
Baya ga kasancewarsa marubuci, Fox mai ba da shawara ne kuma mai saka hannun jari a kamfanonin farawa, ɗan kasuwa mai tasowa a jere, babban jami'i, da kuma mai tallata shirye-shiryen podcast . Ya gina kasuwancin e-commerce na miliyoyin daloli tun daga manyan kamfanoni na kan layi, zuwa kamfanoni masu jarin jari [[Silicon Valley|na Silicon Valley]] da kuma shafukan yanar gizo na kamfanoni na Fortune 500, zuwa shafuka na shahararrun mutane kamar Bill O'Reilly da Larry King . 

== Dalilan sadaka ==
Ribar da aka samu daga littattafan Fox ana bayar da ita ne ga agaji. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A halin yanzu Fox yana zaune a California tare da iyalinsa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chickenhead (magana ta jima'i)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>878021</id>
      <parentid>780965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T19:34:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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'''''Chickenhead''''' kalma ce ta harshen Ingilishi ta Amurka wadda galibi ake amfani da ita wajen wulaƙanta mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar tana yin ba'a ga motsin kai yayin yin jima'i ta baki ga namiji, amma tana ɗauke da halaye na zamantakewa da kuma mahimmancin al'adu, kuma ana yawan jin ta a cikin shahararrun waƙoƙin hip hop .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hunter |first=Margaret |last2=Soto |first2=Kathleen |date=2009 |title=Women of Color in Hip Hop: The Pornographic Gaze |journal=Race, Gender &amp; Class |volume=16 |issue=1/2 |pages=170–191 |jstor=41658866}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da kalmar na baya-bayan nan ya sa masu rajin kare hakkin mata da masu nishadantarwa na hip hop suka ɗauke ta a matsayin alamar jima'i da iko. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &quot;Chickenhead&quot; kuma kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a safarar jima'i a ƙasashen waje ga mutanen da ke sauƙaƙe da kuma sa ido kan sauye-sauyen mutum zuwa aikin jima'i. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chin |first=K |last2=Finckenauer |first2=J |date=2009 |title=Chickenheads, Agents, Mommies and Jockies: The Social Organization of Transnational Commercial Sex |journal=Crime, Law and Social Change |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=463–484 |doi=10.1007/s10611-011-9329-y |s2cid=143344140}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar, babban kalmar magana ta Amurka, yawanci ana rubuta &quot;kan kaji&quot; ko &quot;kaza-kai&quot;, bisa ga ƙamus na Oxford English Dictionary, wanda ke da 1903 don amfani da farko da aka yi rikodin ma'anar &quot;wawa ko wawa&quot;. Ya ambaci John Steinbeck 's Gabas na Adnin (1952) don amfani da shi na farko a matsayin &quot;magana [ga] karuwai&quot;. Ma'ana ta biyu, wacce aka fara rubutawa a cikin shekarar 1988, ita ce &quot;baƙar magana ta Amurka (esp. a cikin Amfani da Ba'amurke)&quot;, ana amfani da ita don nufin &quot;mace mai lalata&quot; ko kuma mace gaba ɗaya. [1]

Kaza a cikin cinikin jima'i na ƙasashen waje yawanci yana da alhakin sauƙaƙe sufuri, samun masauki na ɗan lokaci, da kuma sa ido kan ayyukan sabuwar ma'aikaciyar karuwanci, kamar ayyukan 'yan mata masu lalata . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chin |first=K |last2=Finckenauer |first2=J |date=2009 |title=Chickenheads, Agents, Mommies and Jockies: The Social Organization of Transnational Commercial Sex |journal=Crime, Law and Social Change |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=463–484 |doi=10.1007/s10611-011-9329-y |s2cid=143344140}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChinFinckenauer2009&quot;&gt;Chin, K; Finckenauer, J (2009). &quot;Chickenheads, Agents, Mommies and Jockies: The Social Organization of Transnational Commercial Sex&quot;. ''Crime, Law and Social Change''. '''56''' (5): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;463–&lt;/span&gt;484. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10611-011-9329-y|10.1007/s10611-011-9329-y]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143344140 143344140].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Eugenics</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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      <text bytes="6811" sha1="e88c103g8avdmzwi3mt2ijxk7jqn73n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox} {{Gyara mukala}}} 
[[Fayil:Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_(1930s)._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg|thumb|Nunin da ƙungiyar Eugenics ta yi a shekarun 1930. Wasu daga cikin alamun sun haɗa da &quot;Iyalai Masu Lafiya da Marasa Lafiya&quot;, &quot; [[Ga do|Gado]] a Matsayin Tushen Inganci&quot;, da kuma &quot;Yi Aure da Hikima&quot;.]]
'''Eugenics''' {{Efn|({{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|n|ᵻ|k|s}} {{respell|yoo|JEN|iks}}; {{etymology|grc|''[[wikt:εὐ̃|εύ̃]]'' (eû)|good, well||''[[wikt:-γενής|-γενής]]'' (genḗs)|born, come into being, growing/grown}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Galton |first=Francis |url=https://galton.org/books/human-faculty/text/galton-1883-human-faculty-v4.pdf |title=Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development |date=2002 |editor-last1=Tredoux |editor-first1=Gavan |pages=17, 30 |quote=what is termed in Greek, ''eugenes'' namely, good in stock, hereditarily endowed with noble qualities. This, and the allied words, ''eugeneia'', etc., are equally applicable to men, brutes, and plants. We greatly want a brief word to express the science of improving stock, which is by no means confined to questions of judicious mating, but which, especially in the case of man, takes cognisance of all influences that tend in however remote a degree to give to the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable than they otherwise would have had. The word ''eugenics'' would sufficiently express the idea; it is at least a neater word and a more generalized one than ''viriculture'' which I once ventured to use.... The investigation of human eugenics – that is, of the conditions under which men of a high type are produced – is at present extremely hampered by the want of full family histories, both medical and general, extending over three or four generations. |access-date=21 July 2023 |via=Online Galton Archives |orig-year=1883}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} wani tsari ne na imani da ayyuka da aka ƙi amincewa da su waɗanda ke da nufin inganta ingancin [[Genetics|kwayoyin halittar]] ɗan adam . {{Sfn|Black|2003}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;Galton 1904&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Galton |first=Francis |date=1904 |title=Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims |url=http://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm |url-status=live |journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=X |issue=1 |pages=82 |bibcode=1904Natur..70...82. |doi=10.1038/070082a0 |issn=0028-0836 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301165243/http://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=1 January 2020 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, masu ilimin halittar ɗan adam sun yi ƙoƙarin canza yawan nau'ikan halittu daban-daban na ɗan adam ta hanyar hana haihuwa ga waɗanda ake ɗauka marasa kyau, ko kuma haɓaka na waɗanda ake ɗauka mafi kyau. 

Tarihin zamani na eugenics ya fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, lokacin da wata ƙungiyar eugenics ta shahara ta bayyana a Burtaniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Randall |last2=King |first2=Desmond |date=1 January 2001 |title=Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests and Policy Variance Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and U.S |journal=World Politics |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=237–263 |doi=10.1353/wp.2001.0003 |jstor=25054146 |pmid=18193564 |s2cid=19634871}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ta bazu zuwa ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGregor |first=Russell |date=2002 |title='Breed out the colour' or the importance of being white |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10314610208596220 |url-status=live |journal=Australian Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=120 |pages=286–302 |doi=10.1080/10314610208596220 |s2cid=143863018 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225154624/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10314610208596220 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; da yawancin ƙasashen Turai (misali, Sweden da Jamus ).

A tarihi, ana amfani da ra'ayin ''eugenics'' don yin jayayya game da ayyuka daban-daban, tun daga kula da mata masu juna biyu da ake ganin suna da sha'awar kwayoyin halitta zuwa tilasta musu haihuwa da kuma kashe waɗanda ake ganin ba su da kyau.  Ga masana kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, kalmar ta haɗa da guje wa haihuwa ba tare da canza mitoci na allele ba; misali, masanin kimiyyar Birtaniya-Indiya JBS Haldane ya rubuta a cikin 1940 cewa &quot;bas ɗin motar, ta hanyar raba al'ummomin ƙauyukan da aka haifa, ya kasance wakili mai ƙarfi na eugenic.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Randall |last2=King |first2=Desmond |date=1 January 2001 |title=Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests and Policy Variance Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and U.S |journal=World Politics |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=237–263 |doi=10.1353/wp.2001.0003 |jstor=25054146 |pmid=18193564 |s2cid=19634871}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muhawara kan abin da ya cancanci eugenics ya ci gaba a yau. 

Wani ci gaba na zamantakewa da ke haɓaka ilimin eugenics ya samo asali ne a ƙarni na 19, [1] [2] [3] tare da tallafi daban-daban, amma a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kalmar tana da alaƙa da wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya da tilastawa kama-karya. Tare da ilimin kwayoyin halitta na zamani, gwajin kwayoyin halitta da ba da shawara sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma sabbin ko masu sassaucin ra'ayi na eugenics suna ƙin shirye-shiryen tilastawa don fifita zaɓin iyaye ɗaya.

== Bambancin gama gari ==
[[Fayil:ЛестерФВорд.jpeg|thumb|Lester Frank Ward ya rubuta takardar farko: &quot;Eugenics, Euthenics and Eudemics&quot;, yana ƙara bambance-bambance. ]]
Shirye-shiryen Eugenic sun haɗa da matakai ''masu kyau'' guda biyu, kamar ƙarfafa mutane da ake ganin sun &quot;cancanta&quot; su haihu, da kuma matakai ''marasa kyau'', kamar [[Marriage prohibition|hana aure]] da tilasta wa mutanen da ake ganin ba su dace da haihuwa ba. {{R|Buchanan 2000}}

Tsarin eugenics mai kyau yana da nufin ƙarfafa haihuwa tsakanin waɗanda suka ci gajiyar kwayoyin halitta, misali, masu hankali, masu lafiya, da kuma waɗanda suka yi nasara. Hanyoyin da za a iya bi sun haɗa da abubuwan da ke motsa kuɗi da siyasa, nazarin alƙaluma da aka yi niyya, hadi ''a cikin vitro'', dashen ƙwai, da kuma cloning. &lt;ref name=&quot;glad2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=John Glad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin eugenics mara kyau da aka yi niyya don kawar da, ta hanyar tsarkakewa ko warewa, waɗanda ake ganin ba su da kyau a jiki, a hankali, ko a ɗabi'a. Wannan ya haɗa da zubar da ciki, tsarkakewa, da sauran hanyoyin tsara iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;glad2008&quot; /&gt; Tsarin eugenics mai kyau da mara kyau na iya zama tilas; a Jamus ta Nazi, misali, zubar da ciki haramun ne ga mata waɗanda gwamnati ta ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyau. 

==Manazarta== 
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      <id>878030</id>
      <parentid>878029</parentid>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
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[[Fayil:Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_(1930s)._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg|thumb|Nunin da ƙungiyar Eugenics ta yi a shekarun 1930. Wasu daga cikin alamun sun haɗa da &quot;Iyalai Masu Lafiya da Marasa Lafiya&quot;, &quot; [[Ga do|Gado]] a Matsayin Tushen Inganci&quot;, da kuma &quot;Yi Aure da Hikima&quot;.]]
'''Eugenics''' {{Efn|({{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|n|ᵻ|k|s}} {{respell|yoo|JEN|iks}}; {{etymology|grc|''[[wikt:εὐ̃|εύ̃]]'' (eû)|good, well||''[[wikt:-γενής|-γενής]]'' (genḗs)|born, come into being, growing/grown}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Galton |first=Francis |url=https://galton.org/books/human-faculty/text/galton-1883-human-faculty-v4.pdf |title=Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development |date=2002 |editor-last1=Tredoux |editor-first1=Gavan |pages=17, 30 |quote=what is termed in Greek, ''eugenes'' namely, good in stock, hereditarily endowed with noble qualities. This, and the allied words, ''eugeneia'', etc., are equally applicable to men, brutes, and plants. We greatly want a brief word to express the science of improving stock, which is by no means confined to questions of judicious mating, but which, especially in the case of man, takes cognisance of all influences that tend in however remote a degree to give to the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable than they otherwise would have had. The word ''eugenics'' would sufficiently express the idea; it is at least a neater word and a more generalized one than ''viriculture'' which I once ventured to use.... The investigation of human eugenics – that is, of the conditions under which men of a high type are produced – is at present extremely hampered by the want of full family histories, both medical and general, extending over three or four generations. |access-date=21 July 2023 |via=Online Galton Archives |orig-year=1883}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} wani tsari ne na imani da ayyuka da aka ƙi amincewa da su waɗanda ke da nufin inganta ingancin [[Genetics|kwayoyin halittar]] ɗan adam . {{Sfn|Black|2003}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;Galton 1904&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Galton |first=Francis |date=1904 |title=Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims |url=http://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm |url-status=live |journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=X |issue=1 |pages=82 |bibcode=1904Natur..70...82. |doi=10.1038/070082a0 |issn=0028-0836 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301165243/http://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=1 January 2020 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, masu ilimin halittar ɗan adam sun yi ƙoƙarin canza yawan nau'ikan halittu daban-daban na ɗan adam ta hanyar hana haihuwa ga waɗanda ake ɗauka marasa kyau, ko kuma haɓaka na waɗanda ake ɗauka mafi kyau. 

Tarihin zamani na eugenics ya fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, lokacin da wata ƙungiyar eugenics ta shahara ta bayyana a Burtaniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Randall |last2=King |first2=Desmond |date=1 January 2001 |title=Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests and Policy Variance Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and U.S |journal=World Politics |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=237–263 |doi=10.1353/wp.2001.0003 |jstor=25054146 |pmid=18193564 |s2cid=19634871}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ta bazu zuwa ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGregor |first=Russell |date=2002 |title='Breed out the colour' or the importance of being white |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10314610208596220 |url-status=live |journal=Australian Historical Studies |volume=33 |issue=120 |pages=286–302 |doi=10.1080/10314610208596220 |s2cid=143863018 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225154624/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10314610208596220 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; da yawancin ƙasashen Turai (misali, Sweden da Jamus ).

A tarihi, ana amfani da ra'ayin ''eugenics'' don yin jayayya game da ayyuka daban-daban, tun daga kula da mata masu juna biyu da ake ganin suna da sha'awar kwayoyin halitta zuwa tilasta musu haihuwa da kuma kashe waɗanda ake ganin ba su da kyau.  Ga masana kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, kalmar ta haɗa da guje wa haihuwa ba tare da canza mitoci na allele ba; misali, masanin kimiyyar Birtaniya-Indiya JBS Haldane ya rubuta a cikin 1940 cewa &quot;bas ɗin motar, ta hanyar raba al'ummomin ƙauyukan da aka haifa, ya kasance wakili mai ƙarfi na eugenic.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Randall |last2=King |first2=Desmond |date=1 January 2001 |title=Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests and Policy Variance Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and U.S |journal=World Politics |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=237–263 |doi=10.1353/wp.2001.0003 |jstor=25054146 |pmid=18193564 |s2cid=19634871}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muhawara kan abin da ya cancanci eugenics ya ci gaba a yau. 

Wani ci gaba na zamantakewa da ke haɓaka ilimin eugenics ya samo asali ne a ƙarni na 19, [1] [2] [3] tare da tallafi daban-daban, amma a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kalmar tana da alaƙa da wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya da tilastawa kama-karya. Tare da ilimin kwayoyin halitta na zamani, gwajin kwayoyin halitta da ba da shawara sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma sabbin ko masu sassaucin ra'ayi na eugenics suna ƙin shirye-shiryen tilastawa don fifita zaɓin iyaye ɗaya.

== Bambancin gama gari ==
[[Fayil:ЛестерФВорд.jpeg|thumb|Lester Frank Ward ya rubuta takardar farko: &quot;Eugenics, Euthenics and Eudemics&quot;, yana ƙara bambance-bambance. ]]
Shirye-shiryen Eugenic sun haɗa da matakai ''masu kyau'' guda biyu, kamar ƙarfafa mutane da ake ganin sun &quot;cancanta&quot; su haihu, da kuma matakai ''marasa kyau'', kamar [[Marriage prohibition|hana aure]] da tilasta wa mutanen da ake ganin ba su dace da haihuwa ba. {{R|Buchanan 2000}}

Tsarin eugenics mai kyau yana da nufin ƙarfafa haihuwa tsakanin waɗanda suka ci gajiyar kwayoyin halitta, misali, masu hankali, masu lafiya, da kuma waɗanda suka yi nasara. Hanyoyin da za a iya bi sun haɗa da abubuwan da ke motsa kuɗi da siyasa, nazarin alƙaluma da aka yi niyya, hadi ''a cikin vitro'', dashen ƙwai, da kuma cloning. &lt;ref name=&quot;glad2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=John Glad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin eugenics mara kyau da aka yi niyya don kawar da, ta hanyar tsarkakewa ko warewa, waɗanda ake ganin ba su da kyau a jiki, a hankali, ko a ɗabi'a. Wannan ya haɗa da zubar da ciki, tsarkakewa, da sauran hanyoyin tsara iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;glad2008&quot; /&gt; Tsarin eugenics mai kyau da mara kyau na iya zama tilas; a Jamus ta Nazi, misali, zubar da ciki haramun ne ga mata waɗanda gwamnati ta ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyau. 

==Manazarta== 
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  <page>
    <title>Dimitrios Indares</title>
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'''Dimitrios''' ko '''Dimitrakis Indares''' (Girkanci: ) ya kasance mayaƙan Yakin Independence na Girka .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Indares a Leivartzi, ƙauye a Achaea, a kusa da shekara ta 1777, ga dangin da suka yi hijira daga Mystras. Sunan danginsa shine Papadopoulos, amma an ba shi lakabi 'Indares' daga {{Transl|tr|idare}} na Turkiyya (= gudanarwa, shugabanci, gudanarwa), Indares (= kwamandan, shugaban rundunar soja).  Har zuwa karɓar wannan sunan, ya sanya hannu a matsayin Spiliopoulos ('ɗan Spilios').

Yayinda yake saurayi ya tafi Zakynthos, inda ya shiga Sojojin Burtaniya na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A can ne aka fara shi a cikin Filiki Eteria sannan ya fara fara ƙauyuka 33 na yankin Leivarzi-Kappel .  A ranar 16 ga Maris, 1821, ya shirya harin da aka kai wa Turks na Mostenitsa kuma ya ƙone hasumiyar mai mallakar ƙasar Musulmi Albaniya daga Lalas, Elmaz Agha, inda ya sami makamai masu yawa, wani ɓangare na abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga kewaye da hasumiyoyin Kalavryta. Wannan gaskiyar ita ce mai yiwuwa hari na farko a farkon juyin juya halin a kan wani yanki mai zaman kansa, tun lokacin da aka kai hari kan birnin Kalavryta da Kalamata daga baya.

Harin da aka kai a hasumiyar Elmaz Agha ya kasance a wani bangare ne saboda fansa a kan Elmaz saboda sace dan uwansa Eleni, 'yar mai girma na yankin Christodoulos Papadopoulos .  Soyayya tsakanin Musulmi Elmaz Agha da Kirista Eleni a kusa da shekara ta 1800, babban abin da ya faru a cikin gida kuma ya zama labari, wanda ya tsira a matsayin waƙar gargajiya tare da bambance-bambance daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;Bitas 1976, p. 208.&lt;/ref&gt;

A yakin Pyrgos, a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 1821, a matsayin shugaban wata kungiya daga Kalavryta ya yi hanzari don karfafa tsaron 'yan tawaye a karkashin Charalambos Vilaetis daga harin da 'yan Albania da yawa na Lala suka kai.

Duk da yake Lalaians sun riga sun shiga birnin suna fashi da lalatawa, kuma rikici na jiki da jiki yanzu yana tasowa a yankin Agios Charalambos (Kanoulia), isowar 'yan tawayen Kalavryta ya ba Turks mamaki. An kai musu hari a bayansu, an tilasta musu janyewa.[1]

Indares ya ba da sabis mai girma a yaƙin Lalas, a Pousi, inda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya ba da kayan aikin da 'yan tawayen Girka suka yi amfani da su don kafa kansu. Ya nuna himma mai yawa yayin da ya tafi shi kaɗai daga sansanin soja zuwa sansanin soja, yana tsammanin hari na dare daga Turks.

Ya yi yaƙi a yaƙin Agios Vlasis (Yuli 1827), a matsayin shugaban runduna daga yankin gidansa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙoƙarin Theodoros Kolokotronis, don dawo da ƙauyukan Achaea waɗanda suka miƙa wuya ga Ottomans. Kimanin Helenawa 1,100, karkashin jagorancin Vassilios Petimezas, Dagres daga Argos da Indares, Turks 6,000 ne suka kai musu hari a karkashin Deli Ahmed da kuma Girkawa 2,000 a karkashin D. Nenekos. Indares ya ji mummunan rauni.[1]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Waƙar Mallard</title>
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'''Waƙar Mallard''' tsohuwar [[al'ada]] ce ta Kwalejin All Souls, Oxford . Ana rera shi a kowace shekara a Bursar's Dinner a watan Maris da kuma kwalejin Gaudy a watan Nuwamba kuma ana rera shi a wani bikin na musamman sau ɗaya a ƙarni.

== Bikin ==
A cikin bikin, Fellows suna yawo a kusa da kwalejin tare da fitilu masu cin wuta, karkashin jagorancin &quot;Lord Mallard&quot; wanda aka ɗauke shi a cikin kujera, yana neman babban mallard wanda ake zaton ya tashi daga harsashin kwalejin lokacin da ake gina shi a 1437. Mutumin da ke ɗauke da duck - asalin ya mutu, yanzu itace ne kawai - an ɗaure shi zuwa ƙarshen sanda mai tsaye. An gudanar da bikin ne na karshe a shekara ta 2001, tare da Martin Litchfield West a matsayin Ubangiji Mallard . Wanda ya riga shi a matsayin Ubangiji Mallard shi ne Cosmo Lang, wanda ya jagoranci bikin cika shekaru dari a shekara ta 1901.[1][2][3]

== Waƙar ==
Kalmomin waƙar sune kamar haka:

: Griffine, Bustard, Turkiyya da Capon
: Bari sauran masu fama da yunwa su sake
: Kuma a kan ƙasusuwa tare da Stomacks suna fada da wuya,
: Amma bari All Souls' Men su sami Mallard.

: ''KARU'':
: ''Har sai Sarki Edward ya yi murmushi,''
: ''Ta hanyar Sarki Edward,''
: ''Yana da musayar, musayar mallard!''

: Wasu labaran ban mamaki an gaya musu I trow
: Daga Baker, Holinshead &amp; Stow
: Daga Cocks &amp; Bulls, &amp; sauran abubuwa masu ban sha'awa
: Wannan ya faru ne a cikin sarakunan sarakuna.

: ''KARU''

: Romawa sun taɓa sha'awar wani gander
: Fiye da yadda suka yi kwamandan mafi kyau,
: Domin ya cece, idan wasu ba su yi mana wa laifi ba,
: Wurin da aka kira daga ku Scull na Tolus.

Waƙar gargajiya (Roud 1517) da aka samo a kudancin Ingila waƙa ce mai tarawa game da jikin mallard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=MacLeod |first1=Donald |date=12 January 2001 |title=Oxford Dons Go Quackers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jan/12/highereducation.donaldmacleod |accessdate=26 April 2011 |newspaper=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shirin Zaɓin Fasaha (Singapore)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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Makarantun da ke [[Singafora|Singapore]] waɗanda suka sami izini daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ne ke bayar da '''Shirin Zaɓen Fasaha (AEP)'''. Wannan shirin kuma ana kiransa da Babban Fasaha kuma ana iya bayar da shi a matsayin [[Singafora|darasi]] na Takaddun Shaidar Ilimi na Babban Jami'ar Cambridge ( matakin O-level).

Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da darussa ga AEP a cikin aji daban, wani lokacin bayan azuzuwan yau da kullun. Makarantun da ke ba da AEP a matsayin darasi yawanci suna da ɗakin zane-zane, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kafofin watsa labarai da kayan aiki don adanawa da amfani da kayan fasaha. A cikin AEP, ɗalibai suna koyon yadda ake tsara ko aiki tare da shirye-shiryen fasaha na dijital kamar Adobe Illustrator. Ana koyar da dabarun da ke da kayan aiki na asali kamar fensir, alkalami, da fenti.

Darussan sun haɗa da Nazarin Fasahar Kayayyaki (SOVA), inda ake koya wa ɗalibai nazarin ayyukan da shahararrun masu fasaha ke yi.

== Tarihi ==
Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta sanar da AEP a shekarar 1983. An tsara shi a matsayin shirin ingantawa ga ɗalibai masu fasaha. An fara shi a watan Janairun 1984 ta Makarantar Sakandare ta China da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Nanyang. 

An tsara AEP ne don bai wa ɗaliban da ke da ƙwarewar fasaha damar gudanar da shirin fasaha mai wadata. Manhajar AEP tana da nufin haɓaka tunanin ɗalibai da kerawa na tunani da nazari. Ana iya samun samfuran manhajar AEP da hanyoyin ƙirƙira da ayyukan fasaha na ɗalibai a cikin kundin da aka buga don baje kolin AEP.

== Ayyuka ==
Kowace shekara, ɗalibai suna ƙirƙirar aƙalla ayyuka biyu a cikin fannoni na fasaha da ƙira, kamar ɗaukar hoto ko tsara tambari. Ana ɗaukar ayyuka da muhimmanci a cikin jimillar maki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 August 1983 |title=Two schools to start flair for art programme |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19830825-1.2.61.aspx |access-date=10 April 2016 |page=14 |via=NewspaperSG |newspaper=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Juanita Broaddrick</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Juanita Broaddrick''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1942) tsohuwar mai kula da gidajen kula da tsofaffi ce 'yar Amurka. Ta yi zargin cewa Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] ya yi mata fyade a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1978, lokacin da yake Babban Lauyan Arkansas . Lauyan Clinton, David E. Kendall, ya ce hakan &quot;bai taɓa faruwa ba&quot; a madadin wanda yake karewa, kuma Clinton ta ƙi yin ƙarin bayani game da batun.

An yi rikodin wannan a cikin wata wasiƙa da wani abokin hamayyar Clinton na jam'iyyar Republican ya shirya a kusan 1992, amma Broaddrick ya ƙi yin magana da kafofin watsa labarai har zuwa 1999. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka rantse a 1997 mai suna &quot;Jane Doe #5&quot;,  Broaddrick ya shigar da takardar rantsuwa ga lauyoyin Paula Jones yana mai cewa akwai jita-jita da labarai marasa tushe da ke yawo &quot;cewa Mr. Clinton ya yi min lalata da ba a so a ƙarshen shekarun 70. ... Waɗannan zarge-zargen ba gaskiya ba ne&quot;.  Daga nan ta karyata wannan bayanin ga masu bincike kan yiwuwar aikata ba daidai ba ta Clinton ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kenneth Starr, yayin da ta dage a lokacin cewa Clinton ba ta matsa mata ko ta ba ta cin hanci ta kowace hanya ba. Starr ta ƙi ƙara bincika batun, kuma ta ambaci hakan ne kawai a cikin ƙaramin bayanin rahotonsa na ƙarshe .

Hasashe ya ci gaba da cewa Broaddrick yana da ƙarin bayani game da lamarin, kuma a cikin wata hira da ''Dateline NBC'' wanda aka watsa a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1999, Broaddrick ya tattauna batun a bainar jama'a a karon farko, a wannan karon yana cewa Clinton ta yi mata fyade,  wanda lauyan Clinton ya musanta cewa gaskiya ne. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;deny&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Franken |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Franken |date=February 20, 1999 |title=White House denies allegations of 1978 sexual assault by Clinton |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/02/20/assault.allegation/ |access-date=April 21, 2019 |website=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iƙirarin Broaddrick ya dawo hankalin jama'a dangane da yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na Hillary Clinton na 2016 da kuma ƙungiyar Me Too ta 2017. Ta rubuta wani tarihin rayuwa tana maimaita zargin a 2018.

== Bayani ==
Broaddrick ta fito ne daga Van Buren, Arkansas, wani gari a arewa maso yammacin jihar.  An haifi ta Juanita Smith ga iyayenta Buster Smith da Mary Elizabeth Smith. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;mesobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ockerputmanfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/609508/Smith-Mary/obituary.php?Printable=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061542/https://www.ockerputmanfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/609508/Smith-Mary/obituary.php?Printable=true |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |access-date=December 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da 'yar'uwa babba. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;memoir&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta ne ke da gidan Smith Cleaners. Iyalin na Cocin Episcopal ne . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;mesobit&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, ta ce mahaifiyarta ta yi mata cin zarafi ta jiki da ta motsin rai. 

Juanita Smith ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Van Buren a shekarar 1960. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1960 Van Buren High School Yearbook |url=http://www.classmates.com/yearbooks/Van-Buren-High-School/232615 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |website=www.classmates.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci makarantar koyon aikin jinya a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jinya ta Sparks daga 1960 zuwa 1963.  Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista a gidajen kula da tsofaffi da dama. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;rabin&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShadowGov – Clinton Rapist / Dateline NBC Transcript |url=http://shadowgov.com/Clinton/DNBCJuanitaTranscript.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1974, ta sayi gidan kula da tsofaffi a Van Buren.  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShadowGov – Clinton Rapist / Dateline NBC Transcript |url=http://shadowgov.com/Clinton/DNBCJuanitaTranscript.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://shadowgov.com/Clinton/DNBCJuanitaTranscript.html &quot;ShadowGov – Clinton Rapist / Dateline NBC Transcript&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An san wurin da Brownwood Manor Nursing Home. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;wsaudit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2000 |title=The Auditing of Juanita Broaddrick |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/the-auditing-of-juanita-broaddrick/article/12132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616080419/https://www.weeklystandard.com/the-auditing-of-juanita-broaddrick/article/12132 |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |website=Weekly Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai mallakar wani ɓangare na gidan. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;mesobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ockerputmanfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/609508/Smith-Mary/obituary.php?Printable=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061542/https://www.ockerputmanfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/609508/Smith-Mary/obituary.php?Printable=true |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |access-date=December 8, 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061542/https://www.ockerputmanfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/609508/Smith-Mary/obituary.php?Printable=true &quot;Archived copy&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.ockerputmanfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/609508/Smith-Mary/obituary.php?Printable=true the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061542/https://www.ockerputmanfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/609508/Smith-Mary/obituary.php?Printable=true |date=2021-02-25 }} on February 25, 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([[:Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara auren Juanita da Gary Hickey, kuma auren ya faru ne kafin ta bar makarantar koyon aikin jinya.  Sun haifi ɗa, wanda aka haifa a kusa da shekarar 1969.

== Zarge-zargen da ake yi wa Bill Clinton ==

=== 1978: Labarinta ===
Broaddrick, wanda aka fi sani da Juanita Hickey a lokacin, ya fara haɗuwa da Clinton ne lokacin da ya ziyarci gidan kula da tsofaffi a lokacin yakin neman zaɓensa na gwamna a shekarar 1978. Clinton ita ce Babban Lauyan Arkansas a lokacin. Broaddrick yana son yin aikin sa kai don kamfen ɗin, kuma ya ce Clinton ta gayyace ta ta ziyarci ofishin kamfen ɗin da ke Little Rock .  Ta ce ta tuntuɓi ofishin 'yan makonni bayan haka yayin da take yankin don wani taron gidajen kula da tsofaffi kuma Clinton ya ce ba zai kasance a ofishin kamfen ɗin a wannan ranar ba kuma ta ba da shawarar su haɗu a shagon kofi a Camelot Hotel (wanda yanzu shine otal ɗin DoubleTree ) da ke birnin. Amma bayan isowarsa, ana zargin ya nemi su ci kofi a ɗakinta don guje wa taron 'yan jarida a falon kuma Broaddrick ya amince. 

Broaddrick ta ce su biyun sun yi magana a ɗan lokaci a ɗakinta, inda Clinton ta bayyana shirin da ya kamata ya gyara gidan yari da ke bayyane daga tagarta idan ya zama gwamna. Sai kuma, a cewar Broaddrick, Clinton ta sumbace ta ba zato ba tsammani. Broaddrick ta ce ta tura Clinton ta gaya masa tana da aure kuma ba ta da sha'awar hakan, amma ya dage. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a hirar NBC: 
 
Da aka tambaye shi ko akwai wata hanya da Clinton zai iya tunanin cewa an amince da shi, Broaddrick ya ce &quot;A'a, ba da abin da na gaya masa ba da kuma yadda na yi ƙoƙarin ture shi. Ba a yarda da shi ba.&quot; 

Broaddrick ta raba ɗakin otal ɗin da kawarta kuma ma'aikaciyarta Norma Rogers. Rogers ya halarci wani taron karawa juna sani a safiyar ranar, kuma ta ce ta koma ɗakinsu ta tarar da Broaddrick a kan gado &quot;cikin firgici&quot;, da jakar hannunta ta yage a cikin kugunta kuma lebenta ya kumbura kamar an buge shi. Rogers ya ce Broaddrick ya gaya mata cewa Clinton ta &quot;tilasta mata&quot;.  Rogers ya taimaka wa Broaddrick ya yi mata kankara, sannan matan suka bar Little Rock. Rogers ya ce Broaddrick ta yi matukar damuwa a kan hanyarta ta komawa gida kuma ta zargi kanta da barin Clinton ta shiga ɗakin.  Broaddrick ta ce ba ta gaya wa mijinta, Gary Hickey, game da lamarin ba, kuma ta gaya masa cewa ta ji wa lebenta rauni ba da gangan ba. Ya shaida wa NBC cewa bai tuna da raunin ko bayaninta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;NBCinterview&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Katie |date=2016-08-14 |title=Juanita Broaddrick Wants To Be Believed |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katiejmbaker/juanita-broaddrick-wants-to-be-believed |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, David Broaddrick ya ce ya lura da leben da ya ji rauni, kuma ta gaya masa cewa Clinton ta yi mata fyade lokacin da ya tambaye shi game da hakan. Wasu abokai uku sun tabbatar da cewa Broaddrick ya gaya musu game da lamarin a lokacin: Susan Lewis; Louis Ma; da kuma Jean Darden, 'yar'uwar Norma Rogers. &lt;ref name=&quot;NBCinterview&quot; /&gt; Broaddrick bai tuna ranar da aka yi zargin faruwar lamarin ba, amma ya ce bazara ce ta 1978 kuma ta zauna a Otal ɗin Camelot. Bayanai sun nuna cewa Broaddrick ya halarci taron kula da tsofaffi a Otal ɗin Camelot da ke Little Rock a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;NBCinterview&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Fadar White House ta Clinton ba ta amsa buƙatun Clinton na jadawalin ranar ba,  amma rahotannin labarai sun nuna cewa yana Little Rock a wannan ranar, ba tare da wani alƙawarin hukuma ba da safe. &lt;ref name=&quot;NBCinterview&quot; /&gt;

Makonni uku bayan zargin cin zarafin, Broaddrick ya shiga wani ƙaramin shirin tara kuɗi na Clinton a gidan likitan haƙori na yankin. Broaddrick ta ce ta &quot;ƙaryata&quot; kuma ta ji laifi, tana tunanin cewa ta ba Clinton ra'ayin da bai dace ba ta hanyar barin shi ya shiga ɗakinta.  Lokacin da ta isa wurin taron, ta ce, ƙawarta wacce ta ɗauki Clintons daga filin jirgin sama ta gaya mata cewa [[Hillary Clinton]] ta tambaya ko za ta halarci taron. Broaddrick ta ce Bill Clinton bai yi mata magana a wurin taron ba, amma Hillary Clinton ta kusance ta, ta kama hannunta, ta ce &quot;Ina so ki san irin godiyar da Bill da ni ke yi masa.&quot; Lokacin da Broaddrick ta motsa hannunta, ta ce, Hillary Clinton ta riƙe ta ta ce, &quot;Kin fahimta? Duk abin da kike yi.&quot; Broaddrick ta ce ta ji tashin zuciya kuma ta bar taron. Broaddrick ta ce ta fassara lamarin ne a matsayin Hillary Clinton tana gode mata da ta yi shiru. &lt;ref name=&quot;vox&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |date=November 14, 2017 |title=The rape allegation against Bill Clinton, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/1/6/10722580/bill-clinton-juanita-broaddrick |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abramson |first=Jill |date=October 11, 2016 |title=Did Hillary Clinton intimidate Bill's accusers? Let's look at the evidence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/11/hillary-clinton-bill-accusers-jones-willey-broaddrick}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Abubuwan da suka biyo baya ===
Juanita Hickey ta saki Gary Hickey a kusa da shekarar 1979 kuma ta auri David Broaddrick a kusa da shekarar 1981. 

Broaddrick ya buɗe wani cibiya ta biyu, don samar da ayyuka ga yara masu nakasa ta hankali a Fort Smith, Arkansas .  

A shekarar 1984, an yi wa cibiyar kula da tsofaffi ta Broaddrick lakabi da mafi kyau a jihar, wanda ya kawo wasiƙar taya murna daga gwamnan. A ƙasa akwai wata takarda da aka rubuta da hannu daga Clinton, tana cewa, &quot;Ina yaba maka sosai.&quot; 

Broaddrick ta ce a shekarar 1991, Clinton ta kira ta daga taron ma'aikatan jinya na jihar don neman afuwa: &quot;'Juanita, na yi nadama da abin da na yi. Ba ni ne mutumin da na kasance a da ba, za ki iya yafe min? Me zan iya yi don in gyara miki wannan?' Kuma ina tsaye a wurin cikin firgici. Kuma na gaya masa ya je jahannama, sai na tafi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShadowGov – Clinton Rapist / Dateline NBC Transcript |url=http://shadowgov.com/Clinton/DNBCJuanitaTranscript.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://shadowgov.com/Clinton/DNBCJuanitaTranscript.html &quot;ShadowGov – Clinton Rapist / Dateline NBC Transcript&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Jean Darden, wacce Broaddrick ya bayyana mata lamarin a cikinta, ita ma ta halarci taron kuma ta ce ta ga Broaddrick yana magana da Clinton a cikin zauren.  Clinton ta sanar da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 1992 jim kadan bayan wannan tattaunawar da ake zargin ta yi.

=== 1992–1998 ===
Duk da cewa Broaddrick ta ƙi yin magana da manema labarai, jita-jita game da labarinta ta fara yaɗuwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan takarar Clinton a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a 1992. Broaddrick ta ɓoye labarin ga Phillip Yoakum, wanda ta sani daga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci kuma a lokacin ta ɗauki abokiyar ta a matsayin abokiya. Lokacin da Clinton ta lashe zaɓen 'yan Democrat, Yoakum, wacce aka fi sani da jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]],  ta tuntuɓi Sheffield Nelson, abokin hamayyar Clinton a takarar gwamna na 1990. Yoakum ta shirya wani taro tsakanin Nelson da Broaddrick, wanda ya ƙi amincewa da buƙatar Yoakum da Nelson na ta bayyana a bainar jama'a.  Yoakum ta yi rikodin tattaunawar a ɓoye kuma ta rubuta wasiƙa da ke taƙaita zarge-zargen, wanda ya fara yaɗuwa a cikin da'irar Republican. Labarin ya isa ga ''[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]'' da ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' a watan Oktoban 1992, amma jaridun sun watsar da labarin bayan da Broaddrick ya ƙi yin magana da 'yan jarida kuma Yoakum ya ƙi sakin rikodin. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt;

A kaka ta 1997, masu binciken sirri na Paula Jones sun yi ƙoƙarin yin magana da Broaddrick a gidanta, sannan suka yi rikodin tattaunawar a ɓoye.  Broaddrick ta ƙi tattauna lamarin, tana cewa &quot;abu ne mai ban tsoro kawai,&quot; kuma &quot;ba za ta sake tunawa da shi ba don komai.&quot; Masu binciken sun gaya mata cewa za a iya sa mata kira idan ba ta yi magana da su ba. Broaddrick ta ce za ta musanta komai, tana cewa &quot;ba za ka iya zuwa wurinsa ba, kuma ba zan ɓata sunana na ba don yin hakan ... babu wata hanyar da kowa zai iya isa gare shi, kawai mugunta ne.&quot;  An sa wa Broaddrick kira a cikin ƙarar Jones jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma ta gabatar da takardar rantsuwa da ke musanta cewa Clinton ta yi &quot;duk wani buƙatar jima'i&quot;.   An fallasa rikodin tattaunawar Broaddrick da masu binciken ga manema labarai, amma Broaddrick ya ci gaba da ƙin yin magana da manema labarai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Observer&quot; /&gt;

Duk da musantawar da Broaddrick ta yi a cikin takardar shaidarta, lauyoyin Jones sun haɗa da wasiƙar Yoakum da sunan Broaddrick a cikin takardar shaidar da aka shigar a shekarar 1998.  Wasiƙar ta nuna cewa Clintons sun sayi shiru na Broaddrick, tana kwatanta kiran waya inda mijin Broaddrick ya nemi Yoakum ya ce lamarin bai taɓa faruwa ba kuma ya ce yana da niyyar neman Clinton &quot;don wasu manyan alheri&quot;.  Wannan, tare da rashin jituwa tsakanin wasiƙar da takardar shaidar Broaddrick, ya jawo hankalin lauya mai zaman kansa Kenneth Starr, wanda ke binciken Clinton don hana adalci. Bayan FBI ta tuntube ta, Broaddrick ta tuntuɓi ɗanta, lauya, wanda ya gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya yi wa masu bincike na tarayya ƙarya ba.  Bayan Starr ta ba ta kariya, don haka ta tabbatar da cewa ba za a gurfanar da ita a gaban kuliya ba saboda rantsuwar ƙarya game da takardar shaidarta a shari'ar Jones, Broaddrick ta musanta takardar shaidar.  Duk da haka, ta dage cewa Clinton bai matsa mata ko ya ba ta cin hanci ta kowace hanya ba, don haka Starr ta kammala da cewa labarin bai dace da bincikensa ba kuma rahotonsa ya ambaci sake rubutawa ne kawai a cikin ƙaramin rubutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost&quot; /&gt;

=== 1999 ===
Rumors continued to circulate in tabloids and on talk radio, now with Broaddrick's name attached. Broaddrick was upset by a tabloid report that she had been paid to keep quiet, and decided to agree to an interview with NBC's Lisa Myers. Myers interviewed her on December 20, 1998, the day after Clinton was impeached. The interview only aired on February 24, 1999, 66 days later and after Clinton had been acquitted on February 12. NBC was accused of intentionally sitting on the story and invoking unusually demanding standards of corroboration until the impeachment process ended. Broaddrick and another source said NBC gathered the key corroborating evidence within 10 days of the interview, NBC assistant producer Chris Giglio said it may have taken him 14 days—in either case, while the impeachment process was ongoing. Though the story was unaired, at least one Republican senator reportedly invoked it to convince undecided Republicans to vote for impeachment.

Yayin da NBC ke jiran a watsa hirar, Dorothy Rabinowitz, wacce ta rubuta wa shafin edita na ''Wall Street Journal'', ta tuntubi Broaddrick. Cikin takaici da jinkirin da NBC ta yi, Broaddrick ya amince ya yi magana da Rabinowitz, kuma labarin ya fara bayyana a shafin edita ''na Wall Street Journal'' a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu  NBC ta watsa hirar Myers jim kaɗan bayan haka.

=== Martanin Clinton kan zarge-zargen ===
A daren Juma'a, 19 ga Fabrairu, 1999, lauyan Clinton, David Kendall, ya musanta zargin a madadin Clinton. Kendall ya ce: &quot;Duk wani zargi da ake yi cewa shugaban kasar ya kai wa Mrs. Broaddrick hari fiye da shekaru 20 da suka gabata karya ne. Bayan haka, ba za mu yi magana ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;deny&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Franken |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Franken |date=February 20, 1999 |title=White House denies allegations of 1978 sexual assault by Clinton |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/02/20/assault.allegation/ |access-date=April 21, 2019 |website=[[CNN]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFranken1999&quot;&gt;[[Bob Franken|Franken, Bob]] (February 20, 1999). [http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/02/20/assault.allegation/ &quot;White House denies allegations of 1978 sexual assault by Clinton&quot;]. ''[[CNN]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 21,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Da aka tambaye shi game da ikirarin Broaddrick a wani taron manema labarai a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1999, Clinton ya ce: &quot;To, lauyana ya yi bayani game da ... batun, kuma babu abin da zan ƙara masa.&quot;  Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2020, bai sake yin wani bayani a bainar jama'a kan lamarin ba, kuma ba a gurfanar da shi ko a tuhume shi da wani laifi da ya shafi zargin Broaddrick ba.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Martanin jama'a da na manema labarai ===
Saboda akwai ƙarancin shaidu masu tabbatar da zargin Broaddrick kuma a baya ta shigar da wata sanarwa da ta rantse tana cewa babu wani hari, zarginta ba a yi imani da shi ba.  Kamar yadda ''jaridar New York Times'' ta taƙaita a 1999, &quot;Babu wata shaida ta zahiri da za ta tabbatar da hakan. Babu wani kuma da ya kasance a wurin a lokacin da ake zargin ganawar a ɗakin otal ɗin Little Rock kusan shekaru 21 da suka gabata. Tun daga lokacin an rufe otal ɗin. Kuma Mrs. Broaddrick ta musanta ganawar a cikin wata takardar rantsuwa a watan Janairun 1998 a shari'ar Paula Jones, wacce aka san ta da 'Jane Doe No. 5' kawai. A duk waɗannan shekarun, ta ƙi fitowa fili. Lokacin da lauyoyin Jones suka matsa mata lamba, ta musanta zargin. Kuma yanzu, ta ƙi amincewa da wannan musantawar.&quot; 

A watan Maris na shekarar 1999, mujallar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAWQ&quot;&gt;Slate&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ta wallafa wani labari da aka ambata a baya.  wani labarin mai suna &quot;Shin Juanita Broaddrick Tana Faɗin Gaskiya?&quot;, wanda ya ba da dalilai masu yiwuwa da ya kamata a yarda da Broaddrick, ko kuma kada a yarda da shi, game da kowanne daga cikin muhimman batutuwa. A ɓangaren rashin yarda, an yi nuni da cewa mutane biyar da suka ce Broaddrick ya amince da su jim kaɗan bayan lamarin na iya zama ƙarya. Wannan hujja ta nuna cewa Rogers da Darden sun ƙi amincewa da Clinton; a shekarar 1980 a matsayin gwamna, ya rage hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai na Guy Lavern Kuehn, mutumin da ya kashe mahaifinsu a shekarar 1971. Masu shakka sun kuma lura cewa ko da waɗannan mutanen suna faɗin gaskiya, Broaddrick zai iya yi musu ƙarya a lokacin da abubuwan da suka faru na asali suka faru. 

Wasu bayanai da ke cikin labarin Broaddrick sun yi daidai da zarge-zargen wasu mata. A wata hira da ta fito bayan zarge-zargen Broaddrick, Elizabeth Gracen ta ce Clinton ta cije lebenta a lokacin wata ganawa da aka yi da ita wadda ta zama mai wahala. 

Broaddrick ya ce bayan harin, Clinton ta gaya mata kada ta damu da daukar ciki domin ciwon mara ya sa shi ba shi da haihuwa.  Da aka tuntube ta game da batun, Gennifer Flowers, wacce Clinton daga baya ta amince da yin jima'i da ita, ta kuma ce Clinton ta yi tunanin ba zai iya haihuwa ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1999-02-20 |title=A Case of the Mumps? |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/a-case-of-the-mumps |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=The Weekly Standard |language=en-US |via=&quot;Washington Examiner&quot;, whose parent company bought Weekly Standard in 2009 and subsumed its content in 2019.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clinton za ta haifi ɗa ɗaya, Chelsea Clinton, wacce aka haifa a shekarar 1980.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1999, jim kaɗan bayan an watsa zarge-zargen a bainar jama'a, kashi 56% na Amurkawa sun yi imanin cewa zarge-zargen ƙarya ne, yayin da kashi na uku ya yi imanin cewa zarge-zargen Broaddrick na fyaɗe aƙalla gaskiya ne. Hakazalika, kashi 66% na jama'a sun ji cewa ya kamata kafofin watsa labarai su daina bin diddigin labarin, yayin da kashi 29% suka ji cewa ya kamata 'yan jarida su ci gaba da binciken zarge-zargen. 

Jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai sun sami &quot;gajiyawar badakala&quot; daga zarge-zargen lalata da ake yi wa Clinton akai-akai, kuma bayan tsige shi da kuma wanke shi daga tuhuma, mutane da yawa sun ji cewa babu inda za su je. 'Yan jarida da yawa sun ci karo da labarin yayin da masu fafutukar Republican ke yada shi kuma sun ji sun riga sun duba shi. Jack Nelson, shugaban ofishin Washington na Los Angeles Times, ya ce &quot;Wannan labari ne da aka rushe shi kuma aka yi watsi da shi sau da yawa ... [Kowa] ya ɗauki ɗan yanki na shi, kuma bayan ya duba shi, kowa ya rushe shi. Matar ta canza labarinta game da ko ya faru. Kawai ba gaskiya ba ne.&quot; Julia Malone, 'yar jaridar Cox Communications, ta fusata da abin da ta fahimta a matsayin sakacin kafofin watsa labarai game da labarin kuma ta yi zaman kwamitin National Press Club kan batun mai taken &quot;Zafi sosai ga Sabbin Kafafen Yada Labarai na 'Tsegumi da Bazata' da za a Iya Magance su?&quot; Sam Donaldson na ABC News ya ce ya ji takaicin rashin amincewar abokan aikinsa na 'yan jarida na matsa wa Clinton lamba don ya mayar da martani ga zarge-zargen: Clinton ta ƙi yin tsokaci lokacin da Donaldson ya yi tambaya game da zarge-zargen, kuma babu wanda zai matsa lamba kan batun.

Hukuncin da aka yanke kan batun Broaddrick ya bambanta tsakanin hanyoyin da aka bi wajen magance matsalolin shekarun Bill Clinton. Yayin da littafin Christopher Hitchens na 1999, ''No One Left to Lie To'', ya yi jayayya cewa ikirarin Broaddrick abin dogaro ne kuma yana nuna kamanceceniya da zargin cin zarafin mata da Paula Jones ta yi daga baya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Charles |date=June 7, 1999 |title=The (un)friendly witness of Christopher Hitchens |url=http://www.salon.com/1999/06/07/hitchens/ |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; littafin Michael Isikoff, ''Uncovering Clinton'', ya ce lauyoyin Clinton sun yi tunanin cewa wataƙila ya yi jima'i da Broaddrick ba tare da aure ba, amma ba su yi imani da cewa zai tilasta mata ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;vox&quot;/&gt; da kuma littafin Joe Conason da Gene Lyons na 2004 '', The Hunting of the President,'' sun yi jayayya cewa ikirarin Broaddrick ba gaskiya ba ne, suna lura cewa FBI ta sami shaidar zargin da ba ta kammala ba.

== Bayan haka ==
Broaddrick ta shigar da ƙara a kan Clinton a watan Disamba na 1999 domin samun takardu da Fadar [[White House]] ta tattara game da ita, tana mai da'awar kin amincewa da buƙatarta na irin waɗannan takardu ya saɓa wa Dokar Sirri ta 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;lawsuit&quot; /&gt; Lauyanta ɗan ra'ayin mazan jiya ne mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a Larry Klayman, shugaban ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Judicial Watch . &lt;ref name=&quot;lawsuit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 20, 1999 |title=Juanita Broaddrick sues Clinton Administration over alleged 'smear campaign' |url=http://www.cnn.com/1999/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/20/broaddrick.suit/index.html?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alkali Henry H. Kennedy Jr. na Kotun Gundumar Amurka ya yi watsi da ƙarar a watan Maris na 2001. Alkalin ya yanke hukuncin cewa Dokar Sirri ba ta yi aiki a wannan shari'ar ba kuma Broaddrick ya gaza nuna shaidar cewa Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta fitar da takardu game da ita ba daidai ba. 

A lokacin, hukumar IRS ta duba harkokin Broaddrick, wanda ta yi iƙirarin cewa ramuwar gayya ce: &quot;Ban yi imani wannan abu ne mai kama da haka ba,&quot; in ji Broaddrick, &quot;Ban yi tsammanin adadinmu ya bayyana ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;''Their Lives: The Women Targeted by the Clinton Machine''. World Ahead Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|9780974670133}} p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da yakin neman zaben Hillary Clinton a zaben Majalisar Dattawan Amurka na 2000 a New York ke ci gaba da gudana, Broaddrick ta buga wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa a gare ta, tana mai Allah wadai da rawar da ta taka wajen kare kanta daga zargin kai hari da mijinta ya yi mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Broaddrick |first=Juanita |date=2000-10-15 |title=An Open Letter to Hillary Clinton by Juanita Broaddrick |url=http://www.apfn.org/apfn/Juanita.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106165837/http://www.apfn.org/apfn/Juanita.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=2018-06-15 |website=www.apfn.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Broaddricks sun rabu a shekara ta 2004. David Broaddrick ya yi adawa da ta bayyana labarin fyaden da ta yi a bainar jama'a a shekara ta 1999. Juanita Broaddrick ta ce ta kuma fara jin tsoron wuraren da aka killace sakamakon abin da ya faru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 2008, Broaddrick ta sayar da kasuwancinta na kula da tsofaffi ta kuma yi ritaya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hensch |first=Mark |last2=Easley |first2=Jonathan |date=2016-01-06 |title=Bill Clinton rape accuser: Hillary 'tried to silence' me |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/264988-bill-clinton-rape-accuser-hillary-tried-to-silence-me |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan ta yi aiki mai kyau a matsayin 'yar kasuwa. Ta ci gaba da zama a Van Buren, a wani gona mai fadin eka 23. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== An sabunta hankali a lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban Amurka na 2016 ==
Broaddrick ta sake tayar da ikirari na fyaɗe a shafinta na Twitter a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Amurka na 2016, yayin da Hillary Clinton ta kasance 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a matsayin shugabar ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

A wannan mahallin, shari'ar Broaddrick sau da yawa ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi daga mutanen da galibi ke goyon bayan Clintons. A cikin wani bita na shari'ar da aka yi a watan Oktoban 2016, Dylan Matthews na Vox ya ce: &quot;Amsar a takaice ita ce wasu daga cikin ikirari [akan Bill Clinton] sun fi sauran inganci. Akwai manyan masu tuhuma guda uku [sauran su ne Jones da Willey], waɗanda da alama sun fi inganci - bisa ga shaidar da jama'a ke da ita - Broaddrick ne.&quot; Matthews ya ci gaba da cewa: &quot;Idan aka yi la'akari da ra'ayin da ke tsakanin masu ci gaba da yawa - ciki har da Hillary Clinton - cewa ya kamata mutum ya yarda da masu zargin fyaɗe, zargin Broaddrick yana haifar da matsala.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vox&quot;/&gt; Michelle Goldberg ta ''Slate'' ta rubuta a cikin wani rubutu da ta yi a ƙarshen 2015, &quot;ƙa'idojinmu na magana game da cin zarafin mata sun canza tun daga shekarun 1990, lokacin da waɗannan matan suka kasance a cikin labarai na ƙarshe. A yau, masu ra'ayin mata sun yi ta maimaitawa kuma sun tabbatar da cewa lokacin da mata suka ce an yi musu cin zarafin mata, ya kamata mu ɗauka cewa suna faɗin gaskiya ne. Musamman idan ana maganar Broaddrick, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba a daidaita hujjojin da aka gabatar game da yarda da ita tare da mafi girman ra'ayi kan amincewa da waɗanda abin ya shafa. Wannan tashin hankali ne da mutanen da ke hannun dama ke sha'awar amfani da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;slate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Michelle |author-link=Michelle Goldberg |date=December 30, 2015 |title=Why Bill's past could still hurt Hillary |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2015/12/bill_clinton_s_sexual_past_can_still_hurt_hillary.html |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu sharhi da yawa waɗanda galibi suna da shakku game da ikirarin cin zarafin mata ba tare da wata hujja mai ƙarfi ba, sun ga zargin Broaddrick abin gaskatawa ne. Kamar yadda Katie JM Baker ta BuzzFeed News ta yi kuka, &quot;A ka'ida, bai kamata siyasa ta jam'iyya ta taka rawa wajen tantance ko wanda ake zargi da fyade ya cancanci a saurare shi ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Robby Soave na mujallar ''Reason'' ya yi irin wannan lura. &lt;ref name=&quot;reason&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soave |first=Robby |date=2019-08-17 |title=On Rape, Liberals Don't 'Believe the Victim' If It's Juanita Broaddrick |url=http://reason.com/blog/2016/08/17/on-rape-liberals-dont-believe-the-victim |website=Reason |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakiliyar NBC mai ritaya wadda yanzu ta watsa labarinta, Lisa Myers, ta ce: &quot;Babu wanda zai iya duba labarin Juanita da idon basira ba tare da damuwa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke sa ta zama abin dogaro shine ko wacece—a bayyane take, a bayyane take, kuma kamar ba ta da laifi.&quot;

A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, a lokacin wani taron jama'a a lokacin yakin neman zabenta na shugaban ƙasa, an tambayi Hillary Clinton game da zargin, sai ta amsa da cewa: &quot;To, zan ce ya kamata a yi imani da kowa da farko har sai an kafirta shi bisa ga shaida.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A watan Janairun 2016, Broaddrick ta raba a shafin sada zumunta [[Twitter|na Twitter]], &quot;Ina da shekaru 35 lokacin da Bill Clinton, Babban Lauyan Ark. suka yi min fyade kuma Hillary ta yi kokarin yin shiru da ni. Yanzu ina da shekaru 73. ... ba ta taba shudewa ba.&quot; Broaddrick ta ce ba 'yar Democrat ba ce kuma ba 'yar Republican ba ce, amma ta goyi bayan yakin neman zaben Donald Trump na 2016 : &quot;Yana faɗin abubuwan da nake son ji.&quot; Ta amince da yadda Trump ya yi amfani da ayyukan lalata da aka amince da su da kuma zargin da ake yi wa Bill Clinton a yakin neman zaben. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Duk da cewa ta zabi [[George W. Bush]] a zaben 2000 da 2004, a zaben shugaban kasa na 2008 ta zabi [[Barack Obama]] kuma ta ba shi dala $3,000 ga yakin neman zabensa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FitzSimons |first=Amanda |date=2019-09-10 |title=She Doesn't Believe All Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/10/she-doesnt-believe-all-women/596632/ |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US |quote=She voted for George W. Bush twice but threw in with Barack Obama in 2008, and even gave $3,000 to his campaign, she said.}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda yana takara da Hillary Clinton . Yayin da zaben ke ci gaba, ta kara daidaita kanta da ayyuka da ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Katie |date=2019-08-14 |title=Juanita Broaddrick Wants To Be Believed |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katiejmbaker/juanita-broaddrick-wants-to-be-believed |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en-US |quote=But even if Broaddrick doesn’t want to admit it, she’s become increasingly cozy with conservatives as election day draws nearer. [...] these days, her feeds are filled with outlandish Clinton conspiracy theories and angry posts about Benghazi.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2016, bayan takaddama kan faifan Donald Trump &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAic&quot;&gt;Access Hollywood&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, Trump ya sake wallafa sakonnin Twitter na Broaddrick inda ta kira Bill Clinton &quot;mai fyade&quot; kuma ta kira ayyukan Hillary Clinton &quot;abin ban tsoro&quot;.   A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Broaddrick ya bayyana a wani taro tare da Trump, Paula Jones, da Kathleen Willey (mace ta huɗu a kwamitin, Kathy Shelton, tana da korafi mara alaƙa da Hillary Clinton) awa ɗaya kafin muhawara ta biyu tsakanin Trump da Clinton a ɓangaren zaɓe na gaba ɗaya na muhawarar zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka, 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2016 |title=Trump hosts surprise panel with Bill Clinton's accusers |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/donald-trump-bill-clinton-accusers-229441?lo=ap_a2 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt; Broaddrick da sauran su ma suna cikin masu sauraro yayin muhawarar, haka nan Bill Clinton, kodayake masu shirya muhawarar sun ajiye su a wurare daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2016 |title=Trump wanted Bill Clinton's sex accusers to sit with family at debate |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-presidential-debates/trump-planned-debate-stunt-invited-bill-clinton-accusers-rattle-hillary-n663481 |website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfen ɗin Trump ya ce ya biya kuɗin tafiyar Broaddrick zuwa muhawarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2016 |title=Donald Trump ally 'paid Clinton sexual assault critic' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-elections/donald-trump-ally-paid-clinton-sexual-assault-critic-a7353326.html |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== #MeToo da ƙarin sharhi a cikin 2017–2018 ==
A shekarar 2017, bayan zarge-zargen cin zarafin mata da Harvey Weinstein ta yi, Broaddrick ta soki tsohuwar budurwar Bill Clinton ta shekarun 1990, Monica Lewinsky, saboda ta haɗa kanta da ƙungiyar #MeToo, tana cewa, &quot;Na daɗe ina baƙin ciki da ke, amma ina kike lokacin da muke buƙatar ki?&quot; Broaddrick ya ƙara da cewa, &quot;Na daɗe ina jin kamar an zalunce ta. Ina fata dai ta yi magana a shekarar 1999 lokacin da nake fuskantar tsanantawa sosai bayan hirar da na yi da ita a NBC Dateline .&quot;

Wasu tattaunawa kan zarge-zargen da ake yi wa Clinton sun bayyana, ciki har da waɗanda suka fito daga Broaddrick. &lt;ref name=&quot;atl-17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flanagan |first=Caitlin |author-link=Caitlin Flanagan |date=November 13, 2017 |title=Bill Clinton: A Reckoning |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/11/reckoning-with-bill-clintons-sex-crimes/545729/ |access-date=June 15, 2018 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFlanagan2017&quot;&gt;[[Caitlin Flanagan|Flanagan, Caitlin]] (November 13, 2017). [https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/11/reckoning-with-bill-clintons-sex-crimes/545729/ &quot;Bill Clinton: A Reckoning&quot;]. ''[[The Atlantic]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 15,&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matthews ya rubuta cewa &quot;Ci gaba da la'akari da cin zarafin mata da cin zarafin mata da Amurka ke yi a ƙasa da ƙasa daga manyan mutane yanzu ya sa 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yan Democrat ke sake tunani game da gadon ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiga-jigan jam'iyyar a cikin kwata na ƙarni da ya gabata: Shugaba Bill Clinton.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;vox&quot;/&gt;

Caitlin Flanagan na ''jaridar The Atlantic'' ta rubuta &quot;Duk da haka kada mu manta da laifukan jima'i da aka zarge Bill Clinton da su a shekarun 1990. Juanita Broaddrick ta ruwaito hakan ...&quot; kafin ta sake duba shari'ar. &lt;ref name=&quot;atl-17&quot;/&gt; A lokacin wata hira da NPR, Flanagan ya ce, &quot;Don haka akwai jerin mata a duk tsawon lokacin shugabancinsa wadanda suka fito da labaran abubuwan da suka ce ya yi musu wanda hakan ya yi daidai da irin abubuwan da muke kallo a yanzu a cikin mafi munin shari'o'in. Juanita Broaddrick, mafi shahara, ta ce ya yi mata fyade da karfi ta hanyar da ta yi kama da zargin Harvey Weinstein dangane da dakin otal da kuma ba zato ba tsammani da kuma mummunan tsoro na duka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rethinking Bill Clinton Amid Sexual Harassment Debates |url=http://wfae.org/post/rethinking-bill-clinton-amid-sexual-harassment-debates |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616053316/http://wfae.org/post/rethinking-bill-clinton-amid-sexual-harassment-debates |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |publisher=WFAE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Michelle Goldberg ta rubuta wani rubutu a ''jaridar The New York Times'' mai taken &quot;Na Yi Imani da Juanita&quot;, inda ta ce, &quot;A wannan lokacin #MeToo, lokacin da muke sake duba shekaru da dama na rashin da'a na maza da kuma mayar da sirrin da ba a bayyana ba zuwa fallasa, ya kamata mu duba a sarari shaidar da ke nuna cewa Juanita Broaddrick ta faɗi gaskiya lokacin da ta zargi Clinton da yi mata fyade. Amma sake duba badakalar Clinton dangane da siyasar yau yana da rikitarwa kuma yana da zafi.&quot; 

Bayan zarge-zargen cin zarafin mata da aka yi wa ɗan takarar Majalisar Dattawa na Alabama Roy Moore, Broaddrick ya ce, &quot;Duk waɗanda abin ya shafa suna da muhimmanci. Ko kai ɗan Democrat ne ko ɗan Republican ne ... Duk muna da 'yancin a yarda da mu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juanita Broaddrick on Roy Moore: 'I Hope Clintons Get What's Due to Them' Too |url=http://insider.foxnews.com/amp/article/58987 |access-date=November 17, 2017 |website=[[Fox News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]


== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Alexander John Ellis''' FRS (14 Yuni 1814 - 28 Oktoba 1890) masanin lissafi ne na Ingilishi, masanin ilimin harshe kuma masanin ilimin sauti na farko wanda kuma ya rinjayi fagen ilimin kiɗa. Ya canza sunansa daga sunan mahaifinsa, Sharpe, zuwa sunan mahaifiyarsa, Ellis, a cikin 1825 a matsayin yanayin samun tallafin kuɗi mai mahimmanci daga dangi a gefen mahaifiyarsa. An binne shi a Kabari na Kensal Green, London .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi '''Alexander John Sharpe''' a [[Hoxton, Middlesex]], ga dangin masu arziki. Mahaifinsa, James Birch Sharpe, sanannen mai zane ne kuma likita wanda daga baya aka nada shi Esquire na [[Windlesham]] . Mahaifiyarsa, Ann Ellis, ta fito ne daga matsayi mai daraja, amma ba a san yadda iyalinta suka yi arziki ba. Ɗan'uwan Alexander James Birch Sharpe ƙarami ya mutu a [[Battle of Inkerman|Yaƙin Inkerman]] a lokacin [[Crimean War|Yaƙin Crimea]] . Wani ɗan'uwansa, William Henry Sharpe, ya yi aiki tare da Lancashire Fusiliers bayan ya koma arewa tare da iyalinsa zuwa [[Cumberland]], saboda aikin soja.

Alexander ya yi karatu a Makarantar Shrewsbury, Kwalejin Eton da Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge (BA 1837). Da farko an horar da shi a cikin lissafi da na gargajiya, ya zama sanannen masanin sauti na lokacinsa kuma ya rubuta labarin kan phonetics don ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' a 1887. Ta hanyar aikinsa a cikin phonetics, ya kuma zama mai sha'awar murya kuma, ta hanyar fadadawa, a cikin kiɗa, da magana da waƙa.

== Harshen haruffa ==
[[Fayil:Alexander_John_Ellis,_Kensal_Green_Cemetery_01.JPG|thumb|Abin tunawa, Kabari na Kensal Green]]
Ellis ya kirkiro haruffa guda biyu, haruffa na Turanci (tare da Isaac Pitman),  wanda ya yi amfani da sabbin haruffa da yawa, da haruffa Palaeotype, wanda ya maye gurbin yawancin waɗannan da haruffi masu juyawa (kamar su, su), ƙananan kawuna (kamar haka), da italics. Wadannan haruffa, da kuma biyu daga cikin abubuwan da ya kirkira, an ba da su ga haruffa na Romic na Henry Sweet kuma daga can zuwa Haruffa na Duniya.

== Manazarta ==

* 1845, ''Harshen Halitta''
* 1848, ''Rubuce-rubuce don Magana: ko, Bukatar Gyaran Orthographic''
* 1869, A kan Farkon Turanci Pronunciation, London: N. Trübner / sake bugawa ta Greenwood Press: New York (1968).
* 1885, &quot;A kan Scale na Musical na Al'ummai daban-daban&quot;[[scores:On_the_Musical_Scales_of_Various_Nations_(Ellis,_Alexander_John)|&quot;A kan Scales na Musical na Al'ummai daban-daban&quot;]]
* 1889, A farkon furcin Ingilishi: tare da ambaton Shakspere da Chaucer na musamman, wanda ke dauke da bincike game da takaddar rubutu tare da magana a Ingila daga zamanin Anglosaxon zuwa yau ...[[iarchive:onearlyenglishpr00elliuoft|''A farkon furcin Ingilishi: tare da ambaton Shakspere da Chaucer, wanda ke dauke da bincike game da takaddar rubutu tare da magana a Ingila daga zamanin Anglosaxon zuwa yau ... '']]
* 1890, ''Harsunan Ingilishi - Sauti da Gidajensu''

[[Category:Mutuwan 1890]]</text>
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    <title>Karilyn Crockett</title>
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'''Karilyn Crockett''' (an haife ta a watan Yuni 1973) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi ce, malamar makaranta, kuma mai tsara al'umma, wacce ke mai da hankali kan ci gaban birane, daidaiton launin fata, da kuma tunawa da al'umma. Crockett, wacce take zaune a [[Boston]], Massachusetts, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara manufofin birane na gida da kuma hulɗar jama'a ta hanyar aikinta na ilimi da kuma rawar da take takawa a gwamnatin birni. An fi saninta da littafinta na ''People Before Highways: Boston Activists, Urban Planners and a New Movement for City Making,'' wanda ke binciko juriyar gine-ginen manyan hanyoyi a Boston a shekarun 1960 da kuma jagorantar Hacking the Archive, wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'umma don amfani da kayan tarihi da na tarihi don tsara ayyukan adalci. A shekarar 2024, mujallar Boston ta naɗa ta ɗaya daga cikin 150 mafi tasiri a Bostonians. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=The 150 Most Influential Bostonians in 2024 |url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/boston-power-list-2024/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Boston Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Crockett a watan Yunin 1973 kuma ta girma a unguwar Dorchester da ke Boston, Massachusetts. Bayan kammala karatunta na farko, Crockett ta sami digirin farko a fannin Al'adu da Dan Adam daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1995. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a ƙasashen waje, inda ta sami digirin Master of Science a fannin Geography daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London . Daga baya ta koma Yale, inda ta sami digirin Master of Arts a fannin Addini da Ɗabi'a daga Makarantar Yale Divinity, da kuma digirin Ph.D. a fannin Nazarin Amirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In the news: Karilyn Crockett – The Bay State Banner |url=https://baystatebanner.com/2018/08/03/in-the-news-karilyn-crockett/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=baystatebanner.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1995, Crockett ta haɗu ta kafa MYTOWN, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mytown: Youth, Change and History in Boston |url=https://www.thepolisblog.org/2010/06/mytown-youth-change-and-history-in.html |access-date=2025-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Boston wadda ke jan hankalin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a tarihin jama'a . Ta hanyar MYTOWN, ɗalibai sun gudanar da bincike na tarihi kuma sun jagoranci yawon shakatawa a unguwanninsu, suna nuna tarihin baƙar fata da baƙi da aka saba watsi da su a birnin. An yaba wa MYTOWN wajen samar da ayyuka ga matasa sama da 300 a Boston kuma an sanya mata suna &quot;Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Bil Adama na Matasa goma a Amurka&quot; ta National Endowment for the Humanities . &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Dr. Karilyn Crockett appointed as Chief of Equity for the City of Boston {{!}} Boston.gov |url=https://www.boston.gov/news/dr-karilyn-crockett-appointed-chief-equity-city-boston |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.boston.gov |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Crockett ta bayyana MYTOWN a matsayin &quot;aikinta na farko da ta yi daga kwaleji&quot; kuma wani ɓangare na aikinta na ƙwararru. 

== Sana'a ==
Crockett mataimakiyar farfesa ce a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a Sashen Nazarin Birane da Tsare-tsare. Aikinta na ilimi ya binciko mahadar launin fata, yanayin ƙasa, da manufofin jama'a, yana mai da hankali kan yadda tunawa da tarihi zai iya taimaka wa ayyukan tsare-tsare na zamani.

Kafin ta zama farfesa a MIT, Crockett ta riƙe manyan mukamai da dama a gwamnatin birnin Boston, ciki har da Daraktan Manufofin Tattalin Arziki da Bincike da kuma Daraktan Ci gaban Ƙananan Kasuwanci. A shekarar 2020, magajin garin Boston Martin J. Walsh ya naɗa Crockett a matsayin Shugaban Daidaito na farko, wani matsayi na matakin majalisar ministoci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Dr. Karilyn Crockett appointed as Chief of Equity for the City of Boston {{!}} Boston.gov |url=https://www.boston.gov/news/dr-karilyn-crockett-appointed-chief-equity-city-boston |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.boston.gov |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319223816/https://www.boston.gov/news/dr-karilyn-crockett-appointed-chief-equity-city-boston |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.boston.gov/news/dr-karilyn-crockett-appointed-chief-equity-city-boston &quot;Dr. Karilyn Crockett appointed as Chief of Equity for the City of Boston | Boston.gov&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214075244/https://www.boston.gov/news/dr-karilyn-crockett-appointed-chief-equity-city-boston |date=2025-12-14 }}. ''www.boston.gov''. 2020-06-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-05-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na Babban Jami'in Daidaito na farko a Boston, Crockett ta mayar da hankali kan haɗa adalci da adalci a cikin ayyukan birni da tsare-tsare. Aikinta ya ta'allaka ne kan gina tsare-tsaren manufofi na dogon lokaci waɗanda ke magance rashin daidaito na tsarin. Ta yi murabus daga muƙamin bayan ƙasa da shekara guda, inda wasu ke hasashen cewa za ta tsaya takarar magajin gari don maye gurbin Walsh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=Boston Equity Chief Karilyn Crockett Resigns |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2021-03-03/boston-equity-chief-karilyn-crockett-resigns |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=GBH |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, Crockett ta buga littafin ''People Before Highways: Boston Activist, Urban Planners, and a New Movement for City Making'' tare da Jami'ar Massachusetts Press . Littafin ya ba da labarin adawar jama'a ga shirin fadada manyan hanyoyi a Boston a shekarun 1960. Yana nuna kokarin masu fafutukar unguwa, Crockett ya yi bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda talakawa 'yan kasa ke kalubalantar shirye-shiryen sabunta birane daga sama zuwa sama da kuma sake fasalin muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi ci gaban birnin. Laburaren Jama'a na Boston ya sanya wa littafin suna daya daga cikin &quot;Littattafai Goma Mafi Kyau Game da Boston na shekarun 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Boston Books of the 2010s |url=https://bpl.bibliocommons.com/v2/list/display/587282867/1534376779 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Boston Public Library |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
An ba Crockett kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama saboda kyawunta a fannin bincike da tsara al'umma. Kyaututtukanta sun haɗa da:

* Kyautar Paul Gray don Ayyukan Jama'a, Cibiyar Hidima ta Jama'a ta MIT Priscilla King Gray, 2025 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=🎉Congratulations to Dr. Karilyn Crockett, the recipient of the Paul Gray… {{!}} MIT Priscilla King Gray Public Service Center (PKG Center) {{!}} 37 comments |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/pkg-psc_congratulations-to-dr-karilyn-crockett-activity-7326621991887675393-SXkR |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mata Baƙaƙe Masu Jagoranci, Babban Titina Babban Shirin Mata Baƙaƙe Masu Jagoranci, 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Women Lead |url=https://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Greater Grove Hall Main Streets |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516191601/https://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar William Sloane Coffin '56 don Zaman Lafiya da Adalci, Makarantar Allahntaka ta Yale, 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Karilyn Crockett '95 B.A. '06 M.A.R. '13 Ph.D. {{!}} Yale Divinity School |url=https://divinity.yale.edu/alumni/alumni-awards/award-recipients/prof-karilyn-crockett-95-ba-06-mar-13-phd |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=divinity.yale.edu |archive-date=2025-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326140719/https://divinity.yale.edu/alumni/alumni-awards/award-recipients/prof-karilyn-crockett-95-ba-06-mar-13-phd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'in Gwamnati na Addini da Rayuwar Jama'a, Makarantar Allahntaka ta Harvard, 2021-2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Government Fellow 2021-22 {{!}} Religion and Public Life |url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/news/2022/04/government-fellow-2021-22 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=rpl.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Takalmin Zinare na Walk Massachusetts, Walk Massachusetts, 2003

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]</text>
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    <title>Cécile Rouleau</title>
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'''Cécile Rouleau''' (Afrilu 5, 1905 &amp;#x2013; Janairu 3, 1999) ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaniyar zamantakewa ce kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin gudanarwa a gwamnatin Quebec. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a [[Kebek (birni)|Birnin Quebec]] kuma ta sami difloma a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Laval a shekara ta 1943. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar Syndicat des malamai da malamai na Quebec, da Fédération des malamais et malamai du Québec da kuma Kungiyar Kanada ta Ilimi na Faransanci , yana aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar ta ƙarshe na shekaru 25. Ta kafa mujallar La Montée kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta.[1]

A cikin 1950, an kira Rouleau Chevalier a cikin Société du parler français au Canada kuma, a cikin 1967, jami'in {{Interlanguage link|Ordre du Conseil de la vie française en Amérique|fr}} . A shekara ta 1979, an ba ta suna jami'a a cikin Compagnie des Cent-Associés francophones . &lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta suna jami'a a cikin National Order of Quebec a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ya buga fiye da labarai 470 da sauran wallafe-wallafe.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta mutu a birnin Quebec a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php &quot;Madame Cécile Rouleau&quot;] (in French). Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française. 12 March 2021. Archived from [http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php the original] on 14 July 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya wa Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau suna don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6923" sha1="e5xpw49qc30q9b2x1348rb6bhmlp257" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Cécile Rouleau''' (Afrilu 5, 1905 &amp;#x2013; Janairu 3, 1999) ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaniyar zamantakewa ce kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin gudanarwa a gwamnatin Quebec. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a [[Kebek (birni)|Birnin Quebec]] kuma ta sami difloma a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Laval a shekara ta 1943.&lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar Syndicat des malamai da malamai na Quebec, da Fédération des malamais et malamai du Québec da kuma Kungiyar Kanada ta Ilimi na Faransanci , yana aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar ta ƙarshe na shekaru 25. Ta kafa mujallar La Montée kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta.[1]

A cikin 1950, an kira Rouleau Chevalier a cikin Société du parler français au Canada kuma, a cikin 1967, jami'in {{Interlanguage link|Ordre du Conseil de la vie française en Amérique|fr}} . A shekara ta 1979, an ba ta suna jami'a a cikin Compagnie des Cent-Associés francophones . &lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta suna jami'a a cikin National Order of Quebec a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ya buga fiye da labarai 470 da sauran wallafe-wallafe.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta mutu a birnin Quebec a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php &quot;Madame Cécile Rouleau&quot;] (in French). Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française. 12 March 2021. Archived from [http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php the original] on 14 July 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya wa Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau suna don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]]</text>
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      <id>878394</id>
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'''Cécile Rouleau''' (Afrilu 5, 1905 &amp;#x2013; Janairu 3, 1999) ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaniyar zamantakewa ce kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin gudanarwa a gwamnatin Quebec. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a [[Kebek (birni)|Birnin Quebec]] kuma ta sami difloma a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Laval a shekara ta 1943.&lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar Syndicat des malamai da malamai na Quebec, da Fédération des malamais et malamai du Québec da kuma Kungiyar Kanada ta Ilimi na Faransanci , yana aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar ta ƙarshe na shekaru 25. Ta kafa mujallar La Montée kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta.

A cikin 1950, an kira Rouleau Chevalier a cikin Société du parler français au Canada kuma, a cikin 1967, jami'in {{Interlanguage link|Ordre du Conseil de la vie française en Amérique|fr}} . A shekara ta 1979, an ba ta suna jami'a a cikin Compagnie des Cent-Associés francophones.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta suna jami'a a cikin National Order of Quebec a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ya buga fiye da labarai 470 da sauran wallafe-wallafe.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta mutu a birnin Quebec a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php &quot;Madame Cécile Rouleau&quot;] (in French). Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française. 12 March 2021. Archived from [http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php the original] on 14 July 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya wa Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau suna don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]]</text>
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      <id>878395</id>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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'''Cécile Rouleau''' (Afrilu 5, 1905 &amp;#x2013; Janairu 3, 1999) ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaniyar zamantakewa ce kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin gudanarwa a gwamnatin Quebec. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a [[Kebek (birni)|Birnin Quebec]] kuma ta sami difloma a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Laval a shekara ta 1943.&lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar Syndicat des malamai da malamai na Quebec, da Fédération des malamais et malamai du Québec da kuma Kungiyar Kanada ta Ilimi na Faransanci , yana aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar ta ƙarshe na shekaru 25. Ta kafa mujallar La Montée kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta.

A cikin 1950, an kira Rouleau Chevalier a cikin Société du parler français au Canada kuma, a cikin 1967, jami'in {{Interlanguage link|Ordre du Conseil de la vie française en Amérique|fr}} . A shekara ta 1979, an ba ta suna jami'a a cikin Compagnie des Cent-Associés francophones.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta suna jami'a a cikin National Order of Quebec a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ya buga fiye da labarai 470 da sauran wallafe-wallafe.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta mutu a birnin Quebec a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php &quot;Madame Cécile Rouleau&quot;] (in French). Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française. 12 March 2021. Archived from [http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php the original] on 14 July 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya wa Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau suna don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]]</text>
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      <id>878396</id>
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      <text bytes="6915" sha1="teceqy2fyzryvtnaoefedc6wv5z6qyp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Cécile Rouleau''' (Afrilu 5, 1905 &amp;#x2013; Janairu 3, 1999) ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaniyar zamantakewa ce kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin gudanarwa a gwamnatin Quebec.&lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a [[Kebek (birni)|Birnin Quebec]] kuma ta sami difloma a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Laval a shekara ta 1943.&lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar Syndicat des malamai da malamai na Quebec, da Fédération des malamais et malamai du Québec da kuma Kungiyar Kanada ta Ilimi na Faransanci , yana aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar ta ƙarshe na shekaru 25. Ta kafa mujallar La Montée kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta.

A cikin 1950, an kira Rouleau Chevalier a cikin Société du parler français au Canada kuma, a cikin 1967, jami'in {{Interlanguage link|Ordre du Conseil de la vie française en Amérique|fr}} . A shekara ta 1979, an ba ta suna jami'a a cikin Compagnie des Cent-Associés francophones.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta suna jami'a a cikin National Order of Quebec a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;onq&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999) |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |website=Ordre national du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151435/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 &quot;Cécile Rouleau (1905 – 1999)&quot;]. ''Ordre national du Québec'' (in French). Archived from [https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=151 the original] on 2016-08-09.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Rouleau ya buga fiye da labarai 470 da sauran wallafe-wallafe.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta mutu a birnin Quebec a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;acelf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Madame Cécile Rouleau |url=http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=25 June 2016 |publisher=Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213943/http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php &quot;Madame Cécile Rouleau&quot;] (in French). Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française. 12 March 2021. Archived from [http://www.acelf.ca/apropos/membres-honoraires/crouleau.php the original] on 14 July 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya wa Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau suna don girmama ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2016-06-25 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809152754/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf &quot;Bibliothèque Cécile-Rouleau&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from [http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/pdf/cecilerouleau.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2016-08-09&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Evelyn Irons</title>
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'''Evelyn Graham Irons''' (17 Yuni 1900 - 3 Afrilu 2000) &lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis, Paul |date=30 April 2000 |title=Obituaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99 |publisher=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kasance 'yar jaridar Scotland, mace ta farko da ta yi wa ado da Croix de Guerre na Faransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2000 |title=Obituaries |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/obituaries-evelyn-graham-irons-99-war-correspondent-1.287278 |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=Evelyn Graham Irons, 99, War Correspondent |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Irons a Govan, Glasgow ga Joseph Jones Irons, mai sayar da kayayyaki, da Edith Mary Latta ko Irons . &lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh Gazette&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 November 1929 |title=Edinburgh Gazette |url=http://www.edinburgh-gazette.co.uk/issues/14603/pages/1483/page.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306065110/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=Joseph Jones Irons |publisher=Edinburgh Gazette |pages=1483}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford . &lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis, Paul |date=30 April 2000 |title=Obituaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99 |publisher=New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis,_Paul2000&quot;&gt;Lewis, Paul (30 April 2000). [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html &quot;Obituaries&quot;]. ''Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99''. New York Times&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 January&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Irons a aikin jarida ya fara ne a Daily Mail, inda editan ya sanya ta a shafin kyakkyawa duk da cewa ita kanta ba ta taɓa sanya kayan shafa ba. Daga karshe an kore ta saboda &quot;kamar yadda ba ta da kyau&quot;. A Evening Standard ta shirya shafukan &quot;sha'awar mata&quot;, amma lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] ya ɓarke ta sanar da editan labarai &quot;Daga yanzu ina aiki a gare ku. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot; /&gt; Ko da yake Janar Montgomery ya ki amincewa da mata 'yan jarida a fagen fama, ta sami goyon bayan Janar Jean de Lattre de Tassigny na Faransa kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jaridar farko da suka isa Paris da aka 'yantar. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta kai ga Hitler's Eagle's Nest bayan kama ta; bayan ta hau can ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara ta taimaka wa kanta zuwa kwalban &quot;kyakkyawan ruwan inabi na Rhine&quot; na Hitler.

Irons ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a 1952 don rufe zaben shugaban kasa kuma ya ci gaba da zama bayan haka, ya zauna kusa da Brewster, New York. A shekara ta 1954 ta karya takunkumin labarai game da hambarar da shugaban Guatemala Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán ta hanyar hayar jaki don kai ta Chiquimula yayin da wasu 'yan jarida, waɗanda aka haramta su haye iyaka, suka jira a wani mashaya a Honduras. Ta zama mai ba da rahoto na farko da ya isa hedkwatar Gwamnatin wucin gadi; wani mai ba da labarai ga wata takarda mai hamayya ya karɓi sakon waya daga editansa yana umurni ya &quot;yi amfani da jaki&quot;.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Dangantakar Irons da marubucin Vita Sackville-West sananne ne - watanni kafin mutuwarta, wani taken Evening Standard ya bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;mai ba da labari na yaki wanda ya karya zuciyar Vita&quot; - amma soyayya ta kasance takaice.

A cewar mai ba da labari Victoria Glendinning, a cikin 1931 Irons ya tafi a matsayin edita na Shafin mata na Daily Mail don yin hira da Sackville-West a Sissinghurst inda take tsarawa da kuma tsara shahararrun lambuna. Sackville-West ta auri Harold Nicolson (kuma ta riga ta sami al'amuran aure da yawa, gami da Violet Trefusis), yayin da Irons ke da hannu tare da Olive Rinder . &lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis, Paul |date=30 April 2000 |title=Obituaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99 |publisher=New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis,_Paul2000&quot;&gt;Lewis, Paul (30 April 2000). [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html &quot;Obituaries&quot;]. ''Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99''. New York Times&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 January&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar dai wannan ba shi da rikitarwa, Rinder ya kuma zama mai son Sackville-West, ya kafa maza-a-uku a cikin 1932 wanda ya ƙare lokacin da Irons ya sadu da ɗan jarida, Joy McSweeney . &lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot; /&gt;

=== Farin Ciki McSweeney ===
Joy McSweeney (1885-1988) 'yar jaridar Ingila ce. McSweeney ya yi aure kuma ya sake shi sau biyu kafin ya sadu da Irons a wani biki a watan Yulin shekara ta 1931. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=2000 |title=Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irons ya bar Vita Sackville-West don ya zauna tare da McSweeney;  A cewar Sue Fox, mai ba da labari na Irons, &quot;Ƙaunar ce da gani na farko. [...] Tun daga farko, ana nufin su kasance tare.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Telegraph 2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Inside story: a woman of no little importance |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/advice/propertymarket/3290232/Inside-story-a-woman-of-no-little-importance.html |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McSweeney da Irons sun sayi Lodge Hill Cottage, wani gida na karni na 16 da aka jera a Medmenham, Buckinghamshire. McSweeney ya sami gidan a cikin 1935 kuma ya tura Irons don fara hayar sannan ya sayi shi. Lokacin da McSweeney da Irons suka koma Brewster, New York, a 1952, sun yi hayar gidan ga masu haya da yawa, gami da marubucin littafin dafa abinci na Amurka Sylvia Vaughn Thompson . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Telegraph 2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Inside story: a woman of no little importance |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/advice/propertymarket/3290232/Inside-story-a-woman-of-no-little-importance.html |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/advice/propertymarket/3290232/Inside-story-a-woman-of-no-little-importance.html &quot;Inside story: a woman of no little importance&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 2001&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 January&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

McSweeney ya mutu a shekara ta 1988, &lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=2000 |title=Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis2000&quot;&gt;Lewis, Paul (2000). [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html &quot;Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 January&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ko da yake wani tushe ya ba da rahoton 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;horowitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Evelyn Irons archive |url=http://www.glennhorowitz.com/dobkin/archive_evelyn_irons_archive._5_large_slipcases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062757/http://www.glennhorowitz.com/dobkin/archive_evelyn_irons_archive._5_large_slipcases |archive-date=8 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Dobkin Family Collection of Feminism |publisher=Glenn Horowitz Bookseller |quote=... until Joy's death in 1988}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Telegraph 2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Inside story: a woman of no little importance |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/advice/propertymarket/3290232/Inside-story-a-woman-of-no-little-importance.html |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/advice/propertymarket/3290232/Inside-story-a-woman-of-no-little-importance.html &quot;Inside story: a woman of no little importance&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 2001&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 January&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Sackville-West ta 1931 waƙoƙin soyayya an yi wa Irons, kodayake ba a taɓa buga &quot;mafi yawan lalata&quot; ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis, Paul |date=30 April 2000 |title=Obituaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99 |publisher=New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis,_Paul2000&quot;&gt;Lewis, Paul (30 April 2000). [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html &quot;Obituaries&quot;]. ''Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99''. New York Times&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 January&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Irons da Sackville-West sun kasance abokai na dindindin waɗanda &quot;sun yi rubutu da kyau&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1935, Irons ya lashe lambar yabo ta zinare ta Royal Humane Society ta Stanhope &quot;don aikin jaruntaka na 1935&quot;. Ta &quot;ceto wata mace daga nutsewa a cikin yanayi mai ƙarfin zuciya a Tres Faith Beach, Cardiganshire&quot;. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka ba da lambar yabo ga mace.[1] Ta sami lambar yabo daga Yarima George, Duke na York a gidansa, 145 Piccadilly, a watan Yunin 1936. [2]

Irons da McSweeney sun zauna tare har zuwa mutuwar McSweaney a shekara ta 1978.  Irons ta mutu a Brewster, New York, a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2000, tana da shekaru 99, watanni biyu kafin ranar haihuwarta ta 100.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis, Paul |date=30 April 2000 |title=Obituaries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99 |publisher=New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis,_Paul2000&quot;&gt;Lewis, Paul (30 April 2000). [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/nyregion/evelyn-irons-war-reporter-is-dead-at-99.html &quot;Obituaries&quot;]. ''Evelyn Irons, War Reporter, Is Dead at 99''. New York Times&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 January&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* Mai girma, Victoria. Vita: Rayuwar V. Sackville-West . Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 1983.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Bernardine Evaristo</title>
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Bernardine Anne Mobolaji Evaristo (an haife ta ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu shekara ta 1959) marubuciya ce ta ƙasar Ingilishi kuma Farfesa a fannin rubuce-rubuce a Jami'ar Brunel ta ƙasar London wato Birtaniya. Littafinta Girl, Woman, Other tare ya lashe Kyautar Booker a shekarar 2019 tare da Margaret Atwood's The Testaments, wanda ya sa ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta lashe Booker. [lower-alpha 1] Littafin ya lashe wasu kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da kyaututtaka biyu na Littafin Burtaniya (aka &quot;Nibbies&quot;). A cikin 2025, an zaɓi Evaristo daga cikin duk waɗanda suka lashe kyautar mata ta baya don Fiction da waɗanda aka zaba a matsayin mai karɓar Kyautar Mata ta Kyauta, girmamawa ta wallafe-wallafen sau ɗaya don bikin cika shekaru 30 na Kyautar Mata don Fiction.[1][2][3] Ita Farfesa ce ta Rubuce-rubuce a Jami'ar Brunel ta London (BUL) kuma ta yi aiki na shekaru hudu a matsayin Shugabar Royal Society of Literature, mace ta biyu kuma baƙar fata ta farko da ta rike mukamin tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1820.

Evaristo mai ba da shawara ne na dogon lokaci don haɗa marubuta da masu zane-zane. Ta kafa kamfanin ci gaban marubucin Spread the Word tare da Ruth Borthwick [1] (1995-yanzu) da kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na mata baƙar fata na farko na Burtaniya (1982-1988), gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Black Women . [2] Evaristo ya shirya babban taron gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na baƙar fata na Burtaniya, Tarihin Makomar, don Black Theatre Forum (1995), a Royal Festival Hall, da kuma babban taron farko na Burtaniya game da rubutun baƙar fata, Tracing Paper (1997), a Gidan Tarihi na London.[3] Evaristo ta kafa lambar yabo ta Brunel International African Poetry Prize, 2012-2022, wanda a cikin 2023 ya zama lambar yabo ta Evaristo African Poetary tare da Asusun Littafin Waƙoƙin Afirka, kuma ta fara shirin Jagoran Ayyuka na Cikakken don mawaƙa masu launi, 2007-2017. [4][5] A cikin 2024, ta kafa RSL Scriptorium Awards, tana ba da marubutan Burtaniya masu gwagwarmaya &quot;wurin rubutu&quot; a bakin tekun Kent har zuwa wata ɗaya kowannensu, tare da haɗin gwiwar Royal Society of Literature (RSL). [6] A cikin 2025, ta kafa RSL Pioneer Prize, wanda za a ba da kyautar ga wata marubuciya mace daban-daban mai shekaru sama da 60 a kowace shekara na tsawon shekaru goma, wanda ya lashe gasar shine Maureen Duffy. [7][8] Kyautar Pioneer ta samo asali ne daga gudummawar Evaristo na £ 100,000 da kanta ta lashe daga Kyautar Mata ta Kyauta. [9]

Evaristo ta sami girmamawa sama da 90, kyaututtuka, zumunci, gabatarwa da sauran alamun sanarwa, kuma littattafanta sun kasance Littafin Shekara sama da sau 60. Ita ce mai girmamawa na rayuwa na [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]&quot; id=&quot;mwVg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;St Anne's College, Oxford&quot;&gt;Kwalejin St Anne, Oxford, kuma memba mai girmamawa ta duniya ta Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2021, ta gaji Richard Eyre a matsayin Shugaba na Kwalejin Rose Bruford, ta kammala aikinta na shekaru hudu a cikin 2024 kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo Ray Fearon ya gaje ta. Evaristo ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar RSL kuma a shekarar 2020 ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar, kafin a sanar da ita a matsayin shugabar RSL a shekarar 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSL President&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 |title=Bernardine Evaristo Announced as New President of the RSL |url=https://rsliterature.org/bernardine-evaristo-announced-as-new-president-of-the-rsl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426023152/https://rsliterature.org/bernardine-evaristo-announced-as-new-president-of-the-rsl/ |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=The Royal Society of Literature}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen wa'adin Evaristo na shekaru huɗu, an kira Elif Shafak a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025 a matsayin sabon shugaban RSL.

An nada Evaristo a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta 2009, kuma Jami'in Order of the Birtaniya Empire (OBE) a matsayin girmamawar ranar haihuwa ta Sarauniya ta 2020, duka lambobin yabo don hidimomi ga adabi.

== Rayuwa ta farko da aiki ==
An haifi Evaristo a shekara ta 1959 a Eltham, kudu maso gabashin [[Landan]],  kuma an yi masa baftisma Bernardine Anne Mobolaji Evaristo.  An haife ta ne a Woolwich, ta huɗu cikin yara takwas da aka haifa wa mahaifiyar Ingila, Jacqueline M. Brinkworth, da kuma mahaifin Najeriya, Julius Taiwo Bayomi Evaristo (1927-2001), wanda aka fi sani da Danny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://bevaristo.com/biography/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227023951/https://bevaristo.com/biography/ |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Bernandine Evaristo Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brinkworth malamin makaranta ne na al'adun Ingilishi, Irish da Jamusanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brinkworth&quot; /&gt; An haifi Danny Evaristo a [[Birtaniya Kamaru|Kamaru ta Burtaniya]] kuma ya girma [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]; ya yi ƙaura zuwa Burtaniya a 1949 kuma ya zama mai walda kuma ɗan majalisa na farko a cikin Borough of Greenwich, na Jam'iyyar Labour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official website&quot; /&gt; Kakan mahaifinta, Gregorio Bankole Evaristo (ya mutu a shekara ta 1927), [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] [[Yan Brazil a Najeriya|Aguda]] ne wanda ya tashi daga [[Brazil]] zuwa Najeriya. Ya kasance jami'in kwastam. Kakar mahaifinta, Zenobia Evaristo, née Sowemima (d. 1967), ta fito ne daga [[Abeokuta]] a Najeriya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fadumiye |first=AdeOla |title=Social: Bernadine Evaristo... on the crossroads of culture |url=http://www.genevieveng.com/bernadine-evaristo-on-the-crossroads-of-culture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911003701/http://www.genevieveng.com/bernadine-evaristo-on-the-crossroads-of-culture/ |archive-date=11 September 2014 |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=Genevieve}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristo ta yi karatu a makarantar Eltham Hill Grammar School for Girls daga 1970 zuwa 1977, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni Author Bernadine Evaristo Holds Q&amp;A at Eltham Hill |url=https://www.elthamhill.com/132/case-studies/case-study/2/alumni-author-bernadine-evaristo-holds-qa-at-eltham-hill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004114945/https://www.elthamhill.com/132/case-studies/case-study/2/alumni-author-bernadine-evaristo-holds-qa-at-eltham-hill |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Eltham Hill School}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a 1972 ta shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Greenwich Young People (yanzu Tramshed, a Woolwich), game da abin da ta ce: &quot;Ina da shekaru goma sha biyu kuma hakan shine yin yarinta kuma ya haifar da aikin rayuwa da aka yi a cikin zane-zane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Team |url=https://tramshed.org/about-us/meet-the-team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004114942/https://tramshed.org/about-us/meet-the-team |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Tramshed}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da halartar Kwalejin Rose Bruford na Magana da Wasan kwaikwayo, ta kammala a 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernardine Evaristo (OBE) |url=https://www.bruford.ac.uk/graduate/graduate-profiles/bernardine-evaristo-obe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004114941/https://www.bruford.ac.uk/graduate/graduate-profiles/bernardine-evaristo-obe/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Rose Bruford College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarun 1980s, tare da Paulette Randall da Patricia Hilaire, ta kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Black Women,  kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Burtaniya na irin wannan. A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta shirya taron farko na baƙar fata na Burtaniya, wanda aka gudanar a Gidan Tarihi na London, da kuma taron farko na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya na baƙarƙashiya, wanda aka gudana a Royal Festival Hall. A shekara ta 1995 ta kafa kuma ta ba da umarnin Spread the Word, hukumar ci gaban marubuta ta London.

Evaristo ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Goldsmiths, Jami'ar London, inda ta sami digirin digirin digirinta a rubuce-rubuce a shekarar 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernardine Evaristo |url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/our-people/profile-hub/english-and-creative-writing/pg/other/bernardine-evaristo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004114947/https://www.gold.ac.uk/our-people/profile-hub/english-and-creative-writing/pg/other/bernardine-evaristo/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=gold.ac.uk |publisher=Goldsmiths University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, an nada ta Woolwich Laureate ta Greenwich da Docklands International Festival, ta sake haɗawa da rubutu game da garin da ta bar lokacin da take da shekaru 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=7 September 2019 |title=Bernardine Evaristo on Woolwich: 'We weren't allowed to play outside' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/07/bernardine-evaristo-made-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014213821/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/07/bernardine-evaristo-made-in-woolwich |archive-date=14 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022, an ba ta kyautar &quot;Freedom of the Borough of the Royal Borough of Greenwich&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greenwich |first=Royal Borough of |title=Freedom of the Borough |url=https://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/200164/about_the_royal_borough/320/freedom_of_the_borough |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160505/https://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/200164/about_the_royal_borough/320/freedom_of_the_borough |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
[[Fayil:Bernardine_Evaristo_Speaking_at_event.jpg|alt=Bernardine Evaristo seated in a chair speaking at an event|thumb|Evaristo yana magana a wani taron.]]
Littafin farko na Evaristo da za a buga shi ne tarin waƙoƙi na 1994 da ake kira Island of Abraham (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press).  Ta ci gaba da zama marubuciyar littattafai guda biyu da ba na almara ba, da littattafai takwas na almara da almara waɗanda ke bincika fannoni na Afirka. Tana gwaji tare da tsari da hangen nesa,  sau da yawa tana haɗuwa da baya tare da yanzu, fiction tare da shayari, gaskiyar tare da hasashe, da kuma gaskiyar tare da wasu gaskiyar (kamar yadda a cikin littafinta na 2008 Blonde Roots). &lt;ref name=&quot;Brunel&quot; /&gt; Littafin litattafansa mai suna The Emperor's Babe (Penguin, 2001) game da yarinya baƙar fata ce, iyayenta daga Nubia ne, suna zuwa shekaru a Roman London kusan shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Arts Council Writers' Award 2000, lambar yabo ta NESTA Fellowship a shekara ta 2003, kuma The Times ta ci gaba da zabarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin 100 Mafi Kyawun Littattafai na Shekaru goma a shekara ta 2010,  kuma an daidaita shi cikin wasan BBC Radio 4 a shekara ta 2013.  Littafin Evaristo na huɗu, Soul Tourists (Penguin, 2005), littafi ne na gwaji game da ma'aurata da ba su dace ba suna tuki a Turai zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ke nuna fatalwowi na ainihin adadi na launi daga tarihin Turai.

Littafinta Blonde Roots (Penguin, 2008) wani satire ne wanda ya canza tarihin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] kuma ya maye gurbinsa da sararin samaniya inda 'yan Afirka suka bautar da Turawa. Blonde Roots ta lashe lambar yabo ta Orange Youth Panel  da Big Red Read Award,  kuma an zabi ta don lambar yabo ta wallafe-wallafen Dublin ta Duniya, lambar yabo ta orange da lambar yabo ta Arthur C. Clarke. &lt;ref name=&quot;Diaspora&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-27 |title=Bernardine Evaristo |url=http://www.bbawriting.com/bernardine-evaristo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427023247/http://www.bbawriting.com/bernardine-evaristo/ |archive-date=2016-04-27 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Diaspora Writers UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristo's other books include the verse novel ''Lara'' (Bloodaxe Books, 2009, with an earlier version published in 1997), which fictionalised the multiple cultural strands of her family history going back over 150 years as well as her London childhood in a mixed-race family. ''Lara'' won the EMMA Best Novel Award in 1998. Evaristo's novella ''Hello Mum'' (Penguin, 2010) was chosen as &quot;The Big Read&quot; for the County of Suffolk and was adapted into a BBC Radio 4 play in 2012.

Littafinta Mr Loverman (Penguin UK, 2013/Akashic Books USA, 2014) game da wani dan Caribbean mai shekaru saba'in, ɗan luwaɗi mai la'akari da zaɓinsa bayan auren shekaru 50 da matarsa.  Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Triangle Ferro-Grumley don LGBT Fiction (Amurka) da Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize .  A cikin 2015, ta rubuta kuma ta gabatar da wani shirin BBC Radio 4 mai kashi biyu, Fiery Inspiration - game da Amiri Baraka, a BBC Radio 4. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baraka&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fiery Inspiration: Amiri Baraka And The Black Arts Movement |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/proginfo/2022/12/firey-inspiration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907082333/https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/proginfo/2022/12/firey-inspiration |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=BBC Media Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littafin Evaristo Girl, Woman, Other (Mayu 2019, Hamish Hamilton / Penguin UK) wani labari ne mai ban sha'awa &quot;fusion fiction&quot;  game da mata 12 da farko baƙar fata na Burtaniya. Shekaru 19 zuwa 93 kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adun al'adu, yanayin jima'i, azuzuwan da yanayin ƙasa, kuma littafin ya nuna fatan su, gwagwarmaya da rayuwarsu. A watan Yulin 2019, an zaɓi littafin don jerin sunayen Booker Prize,  sannan ya sanya gajeren jerin sunayen, wanda aka sanar a ranar 3 ga Satumba 2019, tare da littattafan Margaret Atwood, Lucy Ellmann, [[Chigozie Obioma]], [[Salman Rushdi|Salman Rushdie]] da Elif Shafak.  A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, Girl, Woman, Other ta lashe Kyautar Booker tare da Atwood's The Testaments .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=Margaret Atwood and Bernardine Evaristo: Winners of The 2019 Booker Prize announced |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/margaret-atwood-and-bernardine-evaristo-winners-2019-booker-prize-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402211802/https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/margaret-atwood-and-bernardine-evaristo-winners-2019-booker-prize-announced |archive-date=2 April 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=The Booker Prizes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nasarar ta sanya Evaristo mace baƙar fata ta farko kuma marubucin baƙar fata na Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe kyautar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flood&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 1959 |title=Bernardine Evaristo |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/bernadine-evaristo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928230027/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/bernadine-evaristo |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=The Booker Prizes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women of the World Festival 2022 {{!}} Bernardine Evaristo - Black Britain: Writing Back |url=https://thewowfoundation.com/events/bernardine-evaristo-black-britain-writing-back |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004185953/https://thewowfoundation.com/events/bernardine-evaristo-black-britain-writing-back |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Women of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girl, Woman, Other na ɗaya daga cikin Littattafan 19 da [[Barack Obama]] ya fi so na 2019 da kuma Littafin da Roxane Gay ya fi so a 2019.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gay |first=Roxane |date=6 February 2020 |title=A Year in the Life: 2019 |url=https://gay.medium.com/a-year-in-the-life-2019-ee72896c58e8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109235944/https://gay.medium.com/a-year-in-the-life-2019-ee72896c58e8 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=Medium |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Segal |first=Corinne |date=6 February 2020 |title=Roxane Gay's favorite book of 2019 was Girl, Woman, Other |url=https://lithub.com/roxane-gays-favorite-book-of-2019-was-girl-woman-other/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426023207/https://lithub.com/roxane-gays-favorite-book-of-2019-was-girl-woman-other/ |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=LitHub}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma sanya littafin a cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Mata ta 2020 don Fiction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-22 |title=Women's Prize for Fiction shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/04/22/149500/womens-prize-for-fiction-shortlist-announced-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516021106/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/04/22/149500/womens-prize-for-fiction-shortlist-announced-2/ |archive-date=16 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-05 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, Evaristo ya lashe lambar yabo ta British Book Awards: Fiction Book of the Year da Author of the Year,  lambar yabo ta Indie Book for Fiction. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Indie Book Award 2020 winners announced |url=https://www.writers-online.co.uk/news/indie-book-award-2020-winners-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004140646/https://www.writers-online.co.uk/news/indie-book-award-2020-winners-announced/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Writers Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2020, Evaristo ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko kuma marubucin baƙar fata na Burtaniya na farko da ya kai lamba ɗaya a cikin labaran almara na Burtaniya,  inda ta rike matsayi na farko na makonni biyar kuma ta kwashe makonni 44 a cikin Top 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernardine Evaristo |url=https://nationalcentreforwriting.org.uk/elif-shafaks-10-women-writers/bernardine-evaristo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004124644/https://nationalcentreforwriting.org.uk/elif-shafaks-10-women-writers/bernardine-evaristo/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=[[National Centre for Writing]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haɗa Evaristo a cikin Black Powerlist 100 na tsawon shekaru huɗu tun daga 2020, wanda ya amince da mutanen da suka fi tasiri a Burtaniya na al'adun Afirka ko Afirka ta Caribbean. A cikin 2020, an haɗa ta cikin jerin 100 Great Black Britons . 

A cikin 2022, Girl, Woman, Other an haɗa su a cikin jerin littattafai 70 da marubuta na [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] suka zaba don bikin Platinum Jubilee na [[Elizabeth II]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606154853/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rubutun Evaristo ya hada da gajeren fiction, wasan kwaikwayo, shayari, rubutun, sukar adabi, da ayyukan ''Mata'' da rediyo. Biyu daga cikin littattafanta, The Emperor's Babe (2001) da Hello Mum (2010), an daidaita su cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Radio 4. Littafinta na tara, Manifesto: On Never Giving Up,  Penguin UK (Oktoba 2021) da Grove Atlantic USA (2022) ne suka buga shi. Littafinta na goma, Feminism (Nuwamba 2021), wani bangare ne na jerin &quot;Look Again&quot; na Tate Britain (Tate Publishing). Tana ba da bincike na sirri game da wakiltar fasahar matan Burtaniya masu launi a cikin mahallin babban sake fasalin gallery mai zuwa. A cikin 2020 Evaristo ya haɗu da mai tsara kayan ado Valentino a kan tarin su na Collezione Milano, rubuta rubutun waka don tafiya tare da hotunan tarin ta mai daukar hoto Liz Johnson Artur, wanda aka buga a matsayin littafin teburin kofi (Rizzoli, 2021). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liz Johnson Artur / Bernardine Evaristo: Valentino: Collezione Milano |url=https://bookshop.thephotographersgallery.org.uk/products/liz-johnson-artur-bernardine-evaristo-valentino-collezione-milano |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727114147/https://bookshop.thephotographersgallery.org.uk/products/liz-johnson-artur-bernardine-evaristo-valentino-collezione-milano |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=TPG Bookshop}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristo ya rubuta labarai da yawa, litattafai, fiction da sake dubawa na littattafai ciki har da: The Times, Vanity Fair, ''[[The Guardian]]'',  The Observer, The Independent, ''Vogue'', ''Harper's Bazaar UK'', The Times Literary Supplement, Condé Nast Traveler, ''Wasafiri'', da New Statesman.  Ta ba da gudummawa ga New Daughters of Africa (Myriad Editions, 2019), wanda [[Margaret Busby]] ta shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrittlePaper&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=4 January 2020 |title=I Long Ago Chose to Take My Community with Me on My Creative Journey |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2020/01/i-long-ago-chose-to-take-my-community-with-me-on-my-creative-journey-bernardine-evaristo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111103024/https://brittlepaper.com/2020/01/i-long-ago-chose-to-take-my-community-with-me-on-my-creative-journey-bernardine-evaristo/ |archive-date=11 January 2020 |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=[[Brittle Paper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Le Gendre |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Le Gendre |date=29 May 2019 |title=Daughters Of Africa |url=https://echoesmagazine.co.uk/2019/04/29/daughters-of-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232058/https://echoesmagazine.co.uk/2019/04/29/daughters-of-africa/ |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=2 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan gyarawa da kulawa ==
Evaristo ya shirya mujallar The Sunday Times Style (UK) a watan Yulin 2020 tare da karɓar baƙar fata / xn, wanda ke nuna jerin matasa masu fasaha, masu gwagwarmaya da masu canzawa. Shekaru kadan da suka gabata, ta kasance editan baƙo na fitowar Satumba 2014 na mujallar ''Mslexia'',  kungiyar Poetry Society of Great Britain ta fitowar hunturu mai shekaru ɗari The Poetry Review (2012), mai taken &quot;Offending Frequencies&quot;; fitowar musamman ta mujallar ''Wasafiri'' da ake kira Black Britain: Beyond Definition (Routledge, 2010), tare da mawaki Karen McCarthy Woolf; G, &lt;ref&gt;[https://mslexia.co.uk/products/single-issues/print-issues/issue-63/#tab-description ''Mslexia'']{{Dead link|date=October 2023}}, Issue 63, Sep/Oct/Nov 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wani tarihin Black da mawaƙa na Asiya, tare da mawallafin Daljit Nagra (Bloodaxe Books, 2010), ''Goma'' a cikin 2007, ta hada da New Writing Council / British Anthology). Evaristo kuma ya kasance edita na mujallar FrontSeat a cikin shekarun 1990,  kuma ɗaya daga cikin editocin Black Women Talk Poetry anthology (wanda aka buga a 1987 ta Black Womantalk Poetry collective wanda Evaristo ya kasance wani ɓangare),  na farko na Burtaniya irin wannan tarihin, wanda ke nunawa daga cikin mawaƙanta 20 Jackie Kay, Dorothea Smartt da Adjoa Andoh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diaspora&quot;/&gt;

A watan Oktoba 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Evaristo yana tsara sabon jerin littattafai tare da Hamish Hamilton a masu wallafa Penguin Random House, &quot;Black Britain: Writing Back&quot;, wanda ya haɗa da dawo da littattafan bugawa da rarrabawa daga baya. Littattafai shida na farko, litattafai, an buga su a watan Fabrairun 2021, ciki har da ''Minty Alley'' (1936) na [[C. L. R. James]] da The Dancing Face (1997) na Mike Phillips.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Bernardine Evaristo rediscovers six novels by Black writers for Black Britain: Writing Back series |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/2020/october/black-britain-writing-back-bernardine-evaristo-hamish-hamilton-series.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104100846/https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/2020/october/black-britain-writing-back-bernardine-evaristo-hamish-hamilton-series.html |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020 |publisher=Penguin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai ==
Evaristo ya kasance batun manyan shirye-shiryen talabijin guda biyu: The South Bank Show, tare da Melvyn Bragg (Sky Arts, Autumn 2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Joel |date=28 October 2020 |title=The South Bank Show: Gillian Anderson, Bernardine Evaristo, Benjamin Zephaniah and Simon Armitage |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/whats-on/2020/10/28/the-south-bank-show-gillian-anderson-bernardine-evaristo-benjamin-zephaniah-and-simon-armitage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424134508/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/whats-on/2020/10/28/the-south-bank-show-gillian-anderson-bernardine-evaristo-benjamin-zephaniah-and-simon-armitage/ |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Gillian Anderson, Bernardine Evaristo, Benjamin Zephaniah &amp; Simon Armitage featured in new South Bank Show season |url=https://www.seenit.co.uk/gillian-anderson-bernardine-evaristo-benjamin-zephaniah-simon-armitage-featured-in-new-south-bank-show-season/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122214909/https://www.seenit.co.uk/gillian-anderson-bernardine-evaristo-benjamin-zephaniah-simon-armitage-featured-in-new-south-bank-show-season/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=seenit.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Imagine, tare da [[Alan Yentob]] (&quot;Bernardine Evaristo: Never Give Up&quot;, BBC One, Satumba 2021).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibeh |first=Chukwuebuka |date=31 August 2021 |title=BBC Documentary Explores the Life and Work of Bernardine Evaristo {{!}} Airs on Sept. 2 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2021/08/bbc-documentary-explores-the-life-and-work-of-bernardine-evaristo-airs-on-sept-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902225618/https://brittlepaper.com/2021/08/bbc-documentary-explores-the-life-and-work-of-bernardine-evaristo-airs-on-sept-2/ |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=Bernardine Evaristo: Never Give Up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000z9bj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902225619/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000z9bj |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=imagine... |publisher=BBC One}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da wasu tambayoyin da yawa, ciki har da HARDtalk, tare da Stephen Shakur (BBC World, 2020) da This Cultural Life, tare da John Wilson (BBC4, Nuwamba 2021). Ta kuma kasance batun ''Bayani'' (BBC Radio 4, 2019) da Desert Island Discs a BBC Radio 4, wanda Lauren Laverne ta yi hira da shi, a cikin 2020.   A cikin 2015, Evaristo ya rubuta kuma ya gabatar da wani shirin BBC Radio 4 mai kashi biyu mai suna Fiery Inspiration: Amiri Baraka da Black Arts Movement . &lt;ref name=&quot;Baraka&quot;/&gt;

Yawancin bayyanarta na kwasfan fayiloli a Burtaniya sun haɗa da tambayoyin da Adwoa Aboah, [[Samira Ahmed]], Elizabeth Day, Grace Dent, Annie MacManus, Graham Norton, James O'Brien, [[Natalie Portman]], Jay Rayner, Simon Savidge, Pandora Sykes da Jeremy Vine suka gudanar.

A cikin watanni biyu bayan nasarar da ta samu na Booker Prize, Evaristo ta rubuta cewa ta sami gayyata da yawa don ba da tambayoyi fiye da dukan aikinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrittlePaper&quot;/&gt;

== Koyarwa da yawon shakatawa ==
Evaristo ya koyar da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa tun 1994. Har ila yau, an ba ta lambar yabo da yawa ta rubuce-rubuce da mazauna ciki har da Montgomery Fellowship a Kwalejin Dartmouth a Hanover, [[New Hampshire]] a cikin 2015; don Majalisar Burtaniya a Jami'ar Georgetown, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]; Kwalejin Barnard / Jami'ar Columbia, New York; Jami'ar Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu; bikin Virginia Arts (Virginia, Amurka), da Writing Fellow a Jami'in East Anglia, Burtaniya. Ta koyar da darasi na Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia-Guardian &quot;Yadda za a ba da labarin&quot; na tsawon shekaru hudu a London har zuwa 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 July 2014 |title=#PotW Literary London annual lecture 23 July: Bernardine Evaristo: 'London, Londinium, Londolo: The Endless Possibilities of Re-Imagining London' |url=https://talkinghumanities.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2014/07/21/potw-literacy-london-annual-lecture-23-july/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012134330/http://talkinghumanities.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2014/07/21/potw-literacy-london-annual-lecture-23-july/ |archive-date=12 October 2015 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=Talking Humanities |publisher=School of Advanced Study, University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Evaristo Farfesa ne na Rubuce-rubuce a Jami'ar Brunel ta London, bayan ya koyar a jami'ar tun shekara ta 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrittlePaper&quot;/&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 1997, ta karɓi gayyata ta ƙasa da ƙasa sama da 130 a matsayin marubuciya. Wadannan sun hada da mazaunan marubuta da ziyarar zumunci, yawon shakatawa na Majalisar Burtaniya, yawon bude ido na littattafai, koyar da darussan rubuce-rubuce da bita da kuma maɓalli, jawabai da bangarori a tarurruka da yawa da bukukuwan adabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official website&quot;/&gt; Ta jagoranci taron 32 da 33 na Majalisar Burtaniya ta Berlin Literature Seminar a cikin 2017 da 2018. Ta gabatar da lacca na New Statesman / Goldsmiths Prize a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2020 . A watan Oktoba 2020, ta ba da jawabin buɗewa a taron Frankfurt Book Fair's Publishing Insights, inda ta yi kira ga masu bugawa da su hayar karin mutane da ke wakiltar al'ummomi da yawa: &quot;Dole ne mu sami mutane da ke aiki a masana'antar daga dukkan waɗannan al'ummomin da ke neman wani abu fiye da al'ada da al'adu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Hannah |date=14 October 2020 |title=Bernardine Evaristo to UK Publishing: Hire More Diverse People |url=https://publishingperspectives.com/2020/10/bernardine-evaristo-to-uk-publishing-hire-more-diverse-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410193546/https://publishingperspectives.com/2020/10/bernardine-evaristo-to-uk-publishing-hire-more-diverse-people/ |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Publishing Perspectives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristo shine mai ba da shawara ga wallafe-wallafen Rolex Mentor &amp; Protege Arts Initiative na 2023-2024 yana ba da shawara kan marubucin littafin Ghana [[Ayesha Harruna Attah]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current Pairs - The Rolex Mentor &amp; Protégé Arts Initiative |url=https://www.rolex.org/rolex-mentor-protege/current-pairs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621064058/https://www.rolex.org/rolex-mentor-protege/current-pairs |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=rolex.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu ba da shawara na zane-zane na baya tun lokacin da shirin ya fara a 2002 sun haɗa da Margaret Atwood, Gilberto Gil, Philip Glass, Sir Peter Hall, David Hockney, Sir Anish Kapoor, William Kentridge, Spike Lee, Phyllida Lloyd, Lin Manuel Miranda, [[Toni Morrison]], Jessye Norman, Yousou N'Dour, Michael Ondaatje, [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Wole Soyinka]], Julie Taymor da Mario Vargas Llosa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rolex.org - Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative |url=https://www.rolex.org/rolex-mentor-protege |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428193932/http://www.rolexmentorprotege.com/pairing/2006-2007/pinchas_zukerman_and_david_aaron_carpenter |archive-date=28 April 2018 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=rolex.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cikakken Ayyuka ===
A shekara ta 2006, Evaristo ya fara wani rahoto da aka ba da tallafin Majalisar Fasaha wanda hukumar ci gaban marubucin Spread the Word ta bayar game da dalilin da ya sa baƙar fata &lt;ref&gt;{{In lang|it}} Caponi, Paolo. &lt;/ref&gt; da mawaƙa na Asiya ba a buga su a Burtaniya ba, wanda ya nuna cewa kasa da kashi 1 cikin 100 na duk waƙoƙin da aka buga na mawaƙa ne masu launi. 

Lokacin da aka buga rahoton, sai ta fara shirin ba da shawara na The Complete Works, tare da Nathalie Teitler da Spread the Word . &lt;ref name=&quot;TCW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Complete Works |url=https://thecompleteworkspoetry.wordpress.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417081024/https://thecompleteworkspoetry.wordpress.com/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan shirin ci gaban kasa, an jagoranci mawaƙa 30, kowannensu a cikin shekara ɗaya ko biyu, kuma da yawa sun ci gaba da buga littattafai, sun sami kyaututtuka kuma sun sami karbuwa mai tsanani don shayinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bird |first=Julia |date=2 December 2015 |title=The Complete Works Poetry – call for submissions |url=https://poetryschool.com/our-news/complete-works-poetry-call-submissions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023151421/https://poetryschool.com/our-news/complete-works-poetry-call-submissions/ |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=The Poetry School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyukan ==
Baya ga kafa RSL Scriptorium Awards da Brunel International African Poetry Prize, &lt;ref name=&quot;Official website&quot;/&gt; ta yi hukunci da kyaututtuka da yawa. A shekara ta 2012 ta kasance shugabar juriya don Kyautar Caine don Rubuce-rubucen Afirka  da Kyautar Takaitaccen Labari ta Commonwealth . &lt;ref&gt;Evaristo, Bernardine, [http://www.o.org/what-makes-a-good-short-story-by-bernardine-evaristo/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{&quot;'}}There is no magic formula{{'&quot;}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023}} (Chair of the 2012 Commonwealth Short Story Prize on what makes a good short story) Commonwealth Writers.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2021, ta kasance Shugabar Kyautar Mata don Kwamitin Alƙalai na Fiction . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=Announcing our 2021 Judging Panel |url=https://womensprizeforfiction.co.uk/features/features/news/announcing-our-womens-prize-for-fiction2021-judges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907082335/https://womensprizeforfiction.co.uk/features/features/news/announcing-our-womens-prize-for-fiction2021-judges |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |publisher=Women's Prize for Fiction}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2023, ta jagoranci kyautar littafin Forward Poetry . A shekara ta 2024, ta jagoranci lambar yabo ta Nero Gold na Nero Book Awards da kuma lambar yabo ta Global Black Women for Non-Fiction wanda Cassava Republic Press ta kafa.

Evaristo ya kuma yi aiki a majalisun da yawa da kwamitocin ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi daban-daban ciki har da Majalisar Royal Society of Literature (RSL) tun daga 2017, Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila, Hukumar Fasaha ta London, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Littattafan Burtaniya, Society of Authors, Society of Poetry (Chair) da mujallar wallafe-wallafen ''Wasafiri'' ta duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official website&quot;/&gt;

Hoton Evaristo (2002) na mai daukar hoto Sal Idriss yana cikin tarin National Portrait Gallery, London.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPG person page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernardine Evaristo - Person - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp67652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814115341/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp67652 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=National Portrait Gallery, London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Royal Society of Literature ===
Evaristo was elected as President of the Royal Society of Literature from the end of 2021 (following the retirement of Dame Marina Warner), becoming the first writer of colour and only the second woman to hold the position in the Society's 200-year history. She stated at the time of the announcement: &quot;Literature is not a luxury, but essential to our civilisation. I am so proud, therefore, to be the figurehead of such an august and robust literature organisation that is so actively and urgently committed to being inclusive.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;RSL President&quot;/&gt; In 2022, she commented in a profile piece on her in the ''New Yorker'' on the subject of the RSL &quot;40 under 40&quot; scheme and RSL Open initiative to bring in outstanding younger and more diverse writers to the RSL: &quot;It's like you've got two hundred years of history to counterbalance ... So are you going to wait another two hundred years, or are you going to just speed the process up a bit?&quot; The RSL Open scheme was set up because at that time there were more RSL Fellows over 100 (three) than under 40. In her role as President of the RSL, she has brought three philanthropic projects to the charity that she has not managed or administrated because her role is that of figurehead. As a Sky Arts Ambassador, Evaristo spearheaded the Sky Arts RSL Writers Awards, providing mentoring for under-represented writers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Sky Arts joins forces with five world-leading artists to nurture the next generation |url=https://www.skygroup.sky/en-gb/article/sky-arts-joins-forces-with-five-world-leading-artists-to-nurture-the-next-generation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907082331/https://www.skygroup.sky/en-gb/article/sky-arts-joins-forces-with-five-world-leading-artists-to-nurture-the-next-generation |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=Sky Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, she founded the RSL Scriptorium Awards, offering her cottage on the Kent coast for free to ten writers a year who struggle to find the time and space to write. Each writer will have the entire cottage to themselves for a month&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Ailinn |date=2024-10-25 |title=RSL Scriptorium Awards Launch: 'A place for writing' - Royal Society of Literature |url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-scriptorium-awards-launch-a-place-for-writing/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128111839/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-scriptorium-awards-launch-a-place-for-writing/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, Evaristo founded the RSL Pioneer Prize, dedicated to honouring women writers over 60 years of age who laid the ground for future generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2025 |title=RSL Pioneer Prize |url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-pioneer-prize/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |publisher=Royal Society of Literature}}&lt;/ref&gt; The role of President is that of the organisation's figurehead and Evaristo is not involved in the management of the charity. However, from 2023, the RSL received criticism over the new diversity of fellowship, the emphasis on younger fellows, and for not taking a strong enough stance about the stabbing of Salman Rushdie&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leith |first=Sam |author-link=Sam Leith |date=17 February 2024 |title=The feud tearing apart the Royal Society of Literature |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-feuding-tearing-apart-the-royal-society-of-literature/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[The Spectator]] |quote=a motion in Council to speak out in support of Salman Rushdie ... was squashed. The reasoning, according to Evaristo, is that the RSL should remain 'impartial' in political matters.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the cancellation of Kate Clanchy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanderson |first=David |date=2 February 2024 |title=Inside the row tearing the Royal Society of Literature apart |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/inside-the-row-tearing-the-royal-society-of-literature-apart-d3z2zr7cl |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en |quote=they would not make a stand about the attacks on Clanchy, some sort of defence for all writers facing these social media attacks.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2024,  Evaristo defended the RSL in ''The Guardian'' against &quot;all attacks&quot;, and stated in an article that the RSL &quot;cannot take sides in writers' controversies and issues, but must remain impartial.&quot; The Royal Society of Literature later stated that Evaristo was neither a trustee of the RSL nor a &quot;decision maker or manager&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Royal Society |first=of Literature |date=2024-02-21 |title=Statement from the Trustees of the RSL |url=https://rsliterature.org/statement-from-the-trustees-of-the-rsl/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |language=en-GB |quote=She is not a decision maker or manager, nor does she have any responsibility for running the RSL |archive-date=2025-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108142129/https://rsliterature.org/statement-from-the-trustees-of-the-rsl/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marnham |first=Patrick |date=January–February 2025 |title=How the Royal Society of Literature lost the plot |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/culture/68696/how-the-royal-society-of-literature-lost-the-plot |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.prospectmagazine.co.uk |language=en |quote=as president, she was merely a figurehead and had nothing to do with the implementation of policy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ta auri marubucin David Shannon, wanda ta sadu da shi a shekara ta 2006,  kuma an ƙaddamar da littafinsa na farko a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Angeline |date=2 April 2021 |title=Bernardine Evaristo's Husband Publishes Debut Novel |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2021/04/bernardine-evaristos-husband-publishes-debut-novel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172105/https://brittlepaper.com/2021/04/bernardine-evaristos-husband-publishes-debut-novel/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==

=== Fellowships da sauran girmamawa na mutum ===

* 2002: UEA Writing Fellow, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia 
* 2003: Kyautar Kyautar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Fasaha ta Kasa (NESTA) &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Evaristo, Bernardine 1959- |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/evaristo-bernardine-1959 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017094140/https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/evaristo-bernardine-1959 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2004: An zabe shi Fellow, Royal Society of Literature (est.1820) 
* 2006: Fellow na Majalisar Burtaniya, Jami'ar Georgetown, Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia&quot; /&gt;
* 2006: An zabe shi Fellow, Royal Society of Arts (est.1754) &lt;ref name=&quot;Diaspora&quot;/&gt;
* 2009: An ba shi lambar yabo ta [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na ranar haihuwar Sarauniya don hidimomi ga wallafe-wallafen 
* 2015: The Montgomery Fellow, Kwalejin Dartmouth, Amurka 
* 2017: An zabe shi Fellow mai daraja, Ƙungiyar Ingilishi  (est.1906) 
* 2018: An zabe shi Fellow na Kwalejin Rose Bruford na Wasanni da Ayyuka 
* 2019: Financial Times: jerin mata 14 masu canza wasanni  
* 2019: Jerin ikon ''Mai sayar da Littattafai'' 150 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE BOOKSELLER 150 - 2019 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/bookseller-150-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203173437/https://www.thebookseller.com/bookseller-150-2019 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=5 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: An ba shi lambar yabo ta [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta 2020 don hidimomi ga adabi 
* 2020: Kyautar Littafin Burtaniya: Mawallafin Shekara  &lt;ref name=&quot;BBA Penguin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=Bernardine Evaristo named Author of the Year at the British Book Awards |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/company-article/bernardine-evaristo-named-author-of-the-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111173143/https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/company-article/bernardine-evaristo-named-author-of-the-year |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=penguin.co.uk |publisher=Penguin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-06-30 |title=Awards: British Book, RSL Encore Winners |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3771 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329131950/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3771 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Elle 50 - jerin masu canza wasan Burtaniya 
* 2020: Medal na Zinare na Gudanar da Daraja (est. 1683), Kwalejin Trinity DublinKwalejin Trinity ta Dublin
* 2020: GG2 Woman of the Year Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2022 |title=Winners 2020 |url=https://gg2leadershipawards.co.uk/winners/winners-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824072042/https://gg2leadershipawards.co.uk/winners/winners-2020/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=GG2 Leadership &amp; Diversity Awards |publisher=Asian Media Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: ''Vogue'' 25 na 2020 - jerin mata 25 mafi tasiri a Burtaniya
* 2020: An zabe shi daya daga cikin ''100 Great Black Britons'' 
* 2020: Jerin ikon ''Mai sayar da Littattafai'' 150 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE BOOKSELLER 150 - 2020 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/bookseller-150-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204140927/https://www.thebookseller.com/bookseller-150-2020 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=5 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Mujallar Glamour Mata na Shekara, Kyautar Mawallafin Gamechanging 
* 2021: Mai girmamawa na kasa da kasa, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (a shekara ta 1780) 
* 2021: Shugaban Kwalejin Rose Bruford na Wasanni da Ayyuka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2020 |title=Professor Bernardine Evaristo OBE is appointed President of Rose Bruford College |url=https://www.bruford.ac.uk/professor-bernardine-evaristo-obe-is-appointed-president-of-rose-bruford-college/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |publisher=Rose Bruford College}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: The UK Black Powerlist 100 (1st shekara) 
* 2021: Kyautar mujallar Vanity Fair Challenger
* 2021: Jerin ikon ''Mai sayar da Littattafai'' 150  
* 2022: An nada shi shugaban kasa, Royal Society of Literature (2022-2026) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=St Anne's Honorary Fellow, Bernardine Evaristo, elected President of the Royal Society of Literature |url=https://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/st-annes-honorary-fellow-bernardine-evaristo-elected-president-of-the-royal-society-of-literature/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004160309/https://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/st-annes-honorary-fellow-bernardine-evaristo-elected-president-of-the-royal-society-of-literature/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=St Anne's College, University of Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: ''Forbes'' &quot;50 sama da 50&quot; wanda aka girmama don yankin Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2022 |title=50 Over 50: EMEA 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2022/01/18/50-over-50-emea-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805210728/http://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2022/01/18/50-over-50-emea-2022/ |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: Dokta mai daraja na Arts da Letters, Kwalejin Sarki ta London
* 2022: Dokta mai daraja na Harafi, Jami'ar Sarauniya Maryamu ta London &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=Bernardine Evaristo receives honorary Queen Mary degree |url=https://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/2022/pr/bernardine-evaristo-receives-honorary-queen-mary-degree.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004202307/https://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/2022/pr/bernardine-evaristo-receives-honorary-queen-mary-degree.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Queen Mary University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: Dokta mai daraja na Harafi, Jami'ar Glasgow Caledonian &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Honoraries implore graduates to savour the moment |url=https://www.gcu.ac.uk/aboutgcu/universitynews/honoraries-implore-graduates-to-savour-the-moment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824072045/https://www.gcu.ac.uk/aboutgcu/universitynews/honoraries-implore-graduates-to-savour-the-moment |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Glasgow Caledonian University}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022: Dokta mai daraja na Harafi, Jami'ar Greenwich
* 2022: Mai girmamawa, Goldsmiths, Jami'ar London 2022: Mai daraja Doctor of Arts, Jami'an Bankin Kudu na LondonJami'ar Bankin Kudancin London
* 2022: Mai girmamawa, CILIP, The Library and Information Association
* 2022: Sky Arts: Masu zane-zane 50 mafi tasiri na Burtaniya na shekaru 50 da suka gabata (No. 26) 
* 2022: Soho House Awards: Mawallafi
* 2022: Mujallar Stylist Kyautar Mata Masu Kyau: Marubuciya ta Shekara 
* 2022: The UK Black Powerlist 100 (shekara ta biyu) 
* 2023: The UK Black Powerlist 100 (shekara ta 3) 
* 2023: Dokta mai daraja na Harafi, Jami'ar Exeter &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maddern |first=Kerra |date=14 July 2023 |title=Ukraine ambassador and acclaimed novelist Bernardine Evaristo to be honoured by the University of Exeter |url=https://news.exeter.ac.uk/alumni-news/ukraine-ambassador-and-acclaimed-novelist-bernardine-evaristo-to-be-honoured-by-the-university-of-exeter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824064340/https://news.exeter.ac.uk/alumni-news/ukraine-ambassador-and-acclaimed-novelist-bernardine-evaristo-to-be-honoured-by-the-university-of-exeter/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=University of Exeter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: Dokta mai daraja na Harafi, Jami'ar Sheffield &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Self Esteem singer Rebecca Lucy Taylor to be awarded honorary degree from University of Sheffield {{!}} Other graduands |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/self-esteem-singer-rebecca-lucy-taylor-be-awarded-honorary-degree-university-sheffield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925161332/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/self-esteem-singer-rebecca-lucy-taylor-be-awarded-honorary-degree-university-sheffield |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=University of Sheffield}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: Littafin Goodreads Top na shekaru goma da suka gabata (2013-2023) 
* 2023: Black Excellence Awards - Kyautattun Kyaututtuka ga Littattafai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=The London Chamber Black Excellence Awards 2023 {{!}} Outstanding Contribution to Literature |url=https://www.londonchamber.co.uk/business-groups/clubs-and-associations/lcci-black-business-association/london-chamber-black-excellence-awards-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111135857/https://www.londonchamber.co.uk/business-groups/clubs-and-associations/lcci-black-business-association/london-chamber-black-excellence-awards-2023/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=londonchamber.co.uk |publisher=London Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024: The UK Black Powerlist 100 (shekara ta 4) 
* 2024: [https://fairsaturday.org/en/fair-saturday-awards/ Kyautar Asabar mai kyau], Gidauniyar Asabar mai daraja, Bilbao, Spain
* 2024: Kyautar Elit ta Praeses, Kwalejin Trinity Dublin, Ireland
* 2025: Kyautar Kyautar Mata ta Kyauta, don yin bikin cika shekaru 30 na Kyautar Mata don Fiction &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=Announcing the Recipient for the Women's Prize Outstanding Contribution Award |url=https://womensprize.com/announcing-the-recipient-for-the-womens-prize-outstanding-contribution-award/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=womensprize.com |publisher=The Women's Prize Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2026: An zabe shi memba mai daraja na dindindin, National Liberal Club (est.1882) 
* 2026: An zabe shi Fellow, City Lit / City Literary Institute (est. 1919) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malcomson CBE |first=Mark |date=26 January 2026 |title=2026 City Lit Fellows |url=https://www.citylit.ac.uk/blog/2026-city-lit-fellows |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=citylit.ac.uk |publisher=City Lit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Lara'' (1997) ===

* 1999: EMMA Mafi Kyawun Littafin don ''Lara'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia&quot;/&gt;

=== The Emperor's Babe (2001) ===

* 2000: Kyautar Mawallafin Ingila ta Majalisar Ayyuka ta 2000, don The Emperor's Babe &lt;ref name=&quot;Diaspora&quot;/&gt;
* 2010: The Emperor's Babe, The Times (UK) &quot;100 Mafi Kyawun Littattafai na Shekara Goma&quot; 

=== ''Tushen Gishiri'' (2008) ===

* 2009: Kyautar Arthur C. Clarke (wanda aka zaba) &lt;ref name=&quot;Diaspora&quot;/&gt;
* 2009: Babban Kyautar Red Read, Fiction da Gabaɗaya (mai nasara) 
* 2009: Kyautar Littattafan Dublin ta Duniya (wanda aka zaba) 
* 2009: Kyautar Orange don Fiction (wanda aka zaba) &lt;ref name=&quot;Diaspora&quot; /&gt;
* 2009: Kyautar Matasa ta Orange Prize  
* 2010: Hurston / Wright Legacy Award, Amurka (mai zuwa karshe) 

=== ''Goma'' (2010) ===

* 2010: Kyautar Society Book don ''Goma'', tare da Daljit Nagra 

=== ''Mista Loverman'' (2013) ===

* 2014: Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize (mai nasara)  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-06-23 |title=Awards: Jerwood Fiction Uncovered |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=2280 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601051302/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=2280 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 2015: Kyautar Triangle Publishing: Kyautar Ferro-Grumley don Labarin LGBT, Amurka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-04-24 |title=Awards: Triangle; Thwaites Wainwright; CrimeFest |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=2493 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231717/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=2493 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Yarinya, Mace, Sauran'' (2019) ===

* 2019: Kyautar Zaɓin Goodread ta Kyau mafi Kyawu (mai zuwa karshe) &lt;ref name=&quot;Goodreads Choice Award 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 Goodreads Choice Award Best Fiction |url=https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-fiction-books-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229005146/https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-fiction-books-2019 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=Goodreads |publisher=Goodreads, Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: Kyautar Gordon Burn (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2019: Booker Prize (mai nasara)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=BBC apologises to Bernardine Evaristo for 'another author' ad lib |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-50658750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004202306/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-50658750 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: Shelf Awareness mafi kyawun fiction na 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-12-03 |title=Our Best Books of 2019 |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3632 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129084548/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3632 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Kyautar Masana'antar Littattafan Australiya (wanda aka jera) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Announcing the ABIAs 2020 Longlist |url=https://abiawards.com.au/abias-2020-longlist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028160636/https://abiawards.com.au/abias-2020-longlist/ |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=ABIA Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Kyautar Littafin Burtaniya: Littafin Fiction na Shekara &lt;ref name=&quot;BBA Penguin&quot;/&gt;
* 2020: Kyautar Ferro-Grumley ta Amurka (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2020: Kyautar Littafin Indie don Fiction  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Indie Book Awards 2020: winners announced |url=https://www.booksellers.org.uk/industryinfo/industryinfo/latestnews/Indie-Book-Awards-2020-winners-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609143723/https://www.booksellers.org.uk/industryinfo/industryinfo/latestnews/Indie-Book-Awards-2020-winners-announced |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Booksellers Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-06-29 |title=Awards: Indie Book Winners |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128225747/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3770 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Kyautar Millepages, Faransa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernardine Evaristo Wins Le Prix Millepages in France for Girl, Woman, Other |url=https://aitkenalexander.co.uk/bernardine-evaristo-wins-le-prix-millepages-in-france-for-girl-woman-other |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824073545/https://aitkenalexander.co.uk/bernardine-evaristo-wins-le-prix-millepages-in-france-for-girl-woman-other |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Aitken Alexander Associates}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Lifetime Honorary Fellow, Kwalejin St Anne, [[Jami'ar Oxford]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2020 |title=Writer and Academic, Bernardine Evaristo, elected Honorary Fellow of St Anne's |url=https://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/writer-and-academic-bernardine-evaristo-elected-honorary-fellow-of-st-annes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413144249/https://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/writer-and-academic-bernardine-evaristo-elected-honorary-fellow-of-st-annes/ |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=St Anne's College, University of Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Royal Society of Literature
* 2020: Kyautar Orwell (mai zuwa karshe) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-05-22 |title=Awards: Orwell Shortlists |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3745 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422044550/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3745 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Kyautar Karatu ta Mata &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reading Women Award {{!}} 2020 Winners |url=https://www.readingwomenpodcast.com/reading-women-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824072042/https://www.readingwomenpodcast.com/reading-women-award |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Reading Women Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Kyautar Glass Bell (mai zuwa karshe) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-05-12 |title=Awards: Goldsboro Books Glass Bell Shortlist |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3737 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127112527/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3737 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Kyautar Daraja ta hangen nesa (mai zuwa karshe)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arts |first=Visionary |date=19 February 2020 |title=Visionary Honours 2020 Shortlist Announcement |url=https://visionaryarts.org.uk/visionary-honours-2020-shortlist-announcement/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113121957/https://visionaryarts.org.uk/visionary-honours-2020-shortlist-announcement/ |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=Visionary Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Kyautar Mata don Fiction (mai zuwa karshe) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-04-22 |title=Awards: Women's Fiction; Wolff Translators |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3723 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202104436/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3723 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Turai, Holland (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2021: Kyautar 'Yanci na Borough, Royal Borough na Greenwich &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freedom of the Borough {{!}} People and organisations awarded the Freedom of the Royal Borough of Greenwich |url=https://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/200164/about_the_royal_borough/320/freedom_of_the_borough |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160505/https://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/200164/about_the_royal_borough/320/freedom_of_the_borough |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Royal Borough of Greenwich}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Kyautar Littattafan Dublin ta Duniya (mai cin nasara) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Comerford |first=Ruth |date=25 March 2021 |title=Evaristo, Whitehead and Vuong shortlisted for 'Ç¨100,000 Dublin Literary Award |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/evaristo-whitehead-and-vuong-shortlisted-100000-dublin-literary-award-1250196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104020739/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/evaristo-whitehead-and-vuong-shortlisted-100000-dublin-literary-award-1250196 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=The Bookseller}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-29 |title=Awards: Dublin Literary, Ben Franklin, Sheik Zayed Book Finalists |url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130083215/https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3952 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Nielsen Gold Bestseller Award 
* 2021: Mutum na Shekara - a matsayin mai girmamawa na 151 na The Bookseller's 150 Power List.
* 2021: Kyautar Gregor von Rezzori (Italiya) (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2021: Kyautar Lattes Grinzane (Italiya) (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2022: Kyautar Empiku mafi kyawun kantin sayar da kayayyaki (Poland) (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2022: Plebiscyt Ksiazka Roku 2021/ Literatura Piekna (Poland) (mai zuwa karshe) 

=== Manifesto (2022) ===

* 2022: Littafin girmamawa na hangen nesa na Shekara 2021 (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2023: Kyautar Littattafai ta Quebec, Kanada (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2023: Grand Prix des Lecteurs, Faransa (mai zuwa karshe) 
* 2024: Kyautar Praeses Elit, Kwalejin Trinity Dublin

== Darajar ilimi ==

* 2014: An nada shi mai magana da jama'a, Jami'ar Brunel ta London
* 2015: Kyautar CBASS don Kyau, Jami'ar Brunel ta London
* 2017: Kyautar Koyarwa ta Brunel, Jami'ar Brunel ta London
* 2020: Kyautar Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata, Jami'ar Brunel ta London
* 2022: CBASS Malami na Shekara, Jami'ar Brunel ta London &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Student Led Awards 2022 - Winners Announced |url=https://brunelstudents.com/news/article/6013/Student-Led-Awards-Winners-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004161253/https://brunelstudents.com/news/article/6013/Student-Led-Awards-Winners-announced/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Union of Brunel Students}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* 1994: ''Tsibirin Ibrahim'' (waƙoƙi, Peepal Tree Press;  ) {{ISBN|978-0948833601}}
* 1997: ''Lara'' (littafi, Angela Royal Publishing;  ) {{ISBN|9781899860456}}
* 2001: The Emperor's Babe (littafin litattafai, Hamish Hamilton / Penguin; Penguin USA, 2002;  ) {{ISBN|978-0140297812}}
* 2005: ''Masu yawon bude ido na Soul'' (littafi, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin;  ) {{ISBN|978-0140297829}}
* 2008: Blonde Roots (littafi, Hamish Hamilton / Penguin; Riverhead / Penguing USA, 2009;  ) {{ISBN|978-0141031521}}
* 2009: ''Lara'' (sabon, fadada bugu, (Bloodaxe Books;  ) {{ISBN|978-1852248314}}
* 2010: Hello Mum (novella, Penguin UK;  ) {{ISBN|978-0141044385}}
* 2013: Mr Loverman (littafi, Penguin UK; Akashic Books;  ) {{ISBN|978-1617752896}}
* 2019: ''Yarinya, Mace, Sauran'' (littafi, Hamish Hamilton/Penguin;  ) {{ISBN|978-0241364901}}
* 2021: Manifesto: A kan Never Giving Up (memoir, Hamish Hamilton / Penguin;  ) {{ISBN|978-0241534991}}
* 2021: ''Mata'' (Dubi Har ila yau, Tate Galleries Publishing;  ) {{ISBN|978-1849767163}}

== Wasanni ==

* 1982: Motsawa ta hanyar, waka mai ban mamaki, Talking Black Festival, Royal Court Theatre Upstairs
* 1982: Tiger Teeth Clenched Not to Bite, wani waka mai suna monologue. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na mata baƙi, Melkweg, Amsterdam
* 1983: Silhouette, wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji. Yawon shakatawa na Black Women. Mawallafi: Patricia St. Hilaire &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Silhouette {{!}} BPA |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/silhouette |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1984: ''Pyeyucca'', wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji. Yawon shakatawa na Black Women. Ƙarin kayan: Patricia St. Hilaire  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hilaire; Patricia St. {{!}} BPA |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/playwrights/hilaire-patricia-st |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804163503/https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/playwrights/hilaire-patricia-st |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Theatre of Black Women's Pyeyucca, featured in Outwrite newspaper (December, 1984) |url=https://www.unfinishedhistories.com/history/companies/theatre-of-black-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830003201/https://www.unfinishedhistories.com/history/companies/theatre-of-black-women/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |access-date=2020-12-22 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002: Medea - Taswirar Edge . Wasan kwaikwayo na aya. Kamfanin Wilson Wilson a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sheffield Crucible da BBC Radio Drama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wilson and Wilson – makers of site-specific theatre, installation and art. |url=http://www.wilsonandwilson.org.uk/default.asp-sectionIdentifier%3D200541_27726382%26pageIdentifier%3D2005314_812929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924101606/http://www.wilsonandwilson.org.uk/default.asp-sectionIdentifier%3D200541_27726382%26pageIdentifier%3D2005314_812929.html |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Wilson and Wilson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003: ''Madame Bitterfly da Stockwell Diva'' . Wasan kwaikwayo na aya. Wasan Jumma'a, BBC Radio 4, tare da Rudolph Walker, Clare Perkins, Dona Croll
* 2020: Na farko, Do No Harm, wani waka mai suna, Old Vic Theatre online, wanda Adrian Lester ya jagoranta kuma Lolita Chakrabarti ta samar da shi, tare da Sharon D. Clarke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Greatest Wealth 2020: First, Do No Harm |url=https://www.oldvictheatre.com/whats-on/2020/your-old-vic/the-greatest-wealth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128191749/https://www.oldvictheatre.com/whats-on/2020/your-old-vic/the-greatest-wealth |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=The Old Vic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Greatest Wealth {{!}} 2020s: First, Do No Harm - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKGHWwOp5qk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222060809/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKGHWwOp5qk |archive-date=22 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitaccen labari (zaɓaɓɓen) ==

* 1994: &quot;Haruffa daga London&quot; a cikin ''Miscegenation Blues: muryoyin mata masu launin fata'', wanda Carol Camper (Sister Vision Press) ya shirya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2011 |title=Miscegenation Blues: Voices of Mixed Race Women » Carol Camper |url=http://www.mixedracestudies.org/?tag=carol-camper |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022091321/http://www.mixedracestudies.org/?tag=carol-camper |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Mixed Race Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2005: ''A saman Duniya'' (BBC Radio 4) 
* 2006: &quot;Ohtakemehomelord.com&quot; a cikin ƙarin ɗan gajeren labari na shekara-shekara na ''[[The Guardian]]'' (Yuli) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=2005-06-24 |title=Short story: ohtakemehomelord.com by Bernardine Evaristo |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jun/25/originalwriting.fiction2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907103226/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jun/25/originalwriting.fiction2 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: &quot;A Matter of Timing&quot;, ''The Guardian'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=2008-10-20 |title=Short story: A Matter of Timing by Bernardine Evaristo |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/oct/17/bernadine-evaristo-short-story-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217092306/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/oct/17/bernadine-evaristo-short-story-china |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: &quot;A saman Duniya&quot;, The Mechanics Institute Review, Fitowa 7 (Birkbeck, Jami'ar London)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MIR Online – Read Write React |url=http://mironline.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130104827/http://mironline.org/ |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechanics Institute Review Issue 7 |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/32679068-mechanics-institute-review-issue-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424134500/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/20485362-mechanics-institute-review-issue-7 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Goodreads}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: &quot;Ina tsammanin Ina tafiya Slightly Mad&quot; a cikin One for the Trouble, The Book Slam Annual, wanda Patrick Neate (Book Slam Productions) ya shirya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One For The Trouble by Book Slam Production Ltd, Helen Oyeyemi {{!}} Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/one-for-the-trouble/book-slam-production-ltd/helen-oyeyemi/9781908615008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424200640/https://www.waterstones.com/book/one-for-the-trouble/book-slam-production-ltd/helen-oyeyemi/9781908615008 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=www.waterstones.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: &quot;Billymu, (ko ya kamata ya zama Betty?) &quot; a cikin ''Wasika ga Soja da ba a sani ba'', 14-18 NOW UK WW1 Centenary Art Commissions (William Collins / HarperCollins) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Letter to an Unknown Soldier |url=https://www.1418now.org.uk/letter/new-read/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121195611/https://www.1418now.org.uk/letter/new-read/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Letter to an Unknown Soldier |publisher=14–18 NOW |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: &quot;Yoruba Man Walking&quot; a cikin Closure: sabon tarihin tarihin baƙar fata na zamani na Burtaniya, wanda Jacob Ross (Peepal Tree Press) ya shirya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Closure |url=https://www.peepaltreepress.com/books/closure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216113726/https://www.peepaltreepress.com/books/closure |archive-date=16 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Peepal Tree Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: &quot;Duniya ta Dan Adam&quot; a cikin How Much the Heart Can Hold, wanda Emma Herdman (Hodder &amp; Stoughton)  ta shirya
* 2020: &quot;Star of the Season&quot;, British Vogue &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2020 |title=All The Highlights From Vogue Talks With Bernardine Evaristo |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/celebrity-photos/gallery/vogue-talks-bernardine-evaristo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128062220/https://www.vogue.co.uk/celebrity-photos/gallery/vogue-talks-bernardine-evaristo |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;The White Man's Liberation Front&quot;, New Statesman 

== Rubuce-rubuce ==

* 1992: &quot;Black Theatre&quot;, ''Artrage'' (Winter/Spring) &lt;ref name=&quot;Artrage&quot; /&gt;
* 1993: &quot;Black Women in Theatre&quot;, ''Wasanni shida na Black da Asian Women Writers'', wanda Kadjia George (Aurora Metro Press) ya shirya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Six Plays by Black and Asian Women Writers |url=https://www.aurorametro.com/product/six-plays-by-black-and-asian-women-writers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026120316/https://www.aurorametro.com/product/six-plays-by-black-and-asian-women-writers/ |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Aurora Metro Books |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996: &quot;Going it Alone&quot; - mutum daya ya nuna a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya, ''Artrage'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Artrage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Artrage – Inter-cultural arts magazine' |url=https://mrc-catalogue.warwick.ac.uk/records/MAA/1/4/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234045/https://mrc-catalogue.warwick.ac.uk/records/MAA/1/4/2 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=mrc-catalogue.warwick.ac.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1998: &quot;On Staying Power&quot; na Peter Fryer don BBC Windrush Education
* 2001: &quot;Roaring Zora&quot; a kan rayuwar da rubuce-rubucen [[Zora Neale Hurston]], ''Marie Claire''
* 2005: &quot;An gabatar da Waƙoƙin Burtaniya na zamani&quot;, Mujallar Littattafan Majalisar Burtaniya
* 2005: &quot;Matsayin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa: Rubuta Black a Burtaniya&quot;, a cikin Rubuta Duniya (Sabon Rubuta / Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia) 
* 2005: &quot;Tushen&quot;, Crossing Borders, Majalisar Burtaniya a kan layi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home - Crossing Borders |url=http://www.transculturalwriting.com/radiophonics/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116121159/http://www.transculturalwriting.com/radiophonics/index.html |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Transcultural writing}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2005: &quot;Hanyar da ba a yi tafiya ba&quot;, Necessary Journeys, wanda Melanie Keen da Eileen Daley suka shirya, Arts Council EnglandMajalisar Fasaha ta Ingila
* 2007: &quot;Rubuta da suka gabata: Hadisai, Gādon, Bincike&quot; a cikin Rubuta Duniya 1: Kasuwancin Norwich (Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia / Pen &amp; Inc Press) 
* 2008: &quot;CSI Turai: Abubuwan Alamar Afirka. Fragments. sake ginawa. Tarihin shari'a. Dalili. Mutum&quot;, ''Wasafiri'' (Taylor &amp; Francis) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=2008-12-01 |title=CSI Europe |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02690050802407722 |url-status=live |journal=Wasafiri |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=2–7 |doi=10.1080/02690050802407722 |issn=0269-0055 |s2cid=163408035 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424134504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690050802407722 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=23 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: Rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwa, ''Marubutan zamani'', Vol. 275 (Gale Publishing, Amurka) 
* 2009: Rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwa, &quot;Gidan Uba&quot; (Five Dials) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=2017-03-07 |title=My Father's House – Bernardine Evaristo |url=https://fivedials.com/reportage/my-fathers-house-bernardine-evaristo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125085109/https://fivedials.com/reportage/my-fathers-house-bernardine-evaristo/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Five Dials |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: Gabatarwa ga litattafan waka ''Goma'', &quot;Me ya sa wannan, Me ya sa Yanzu?&quot;, game da buƙatar The Complete Works don rarraba wallafe-wallafen waka na Burtaniya (Bloodaxe Books) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ten: new poets from Spread the Word {{!}} Bloodaxe Books |url=https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/product/ten-new-poets-from-spread-the-word-974 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123162927/https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/product/ten-new-poets-from-spread-the-word-974 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Bloodaxe Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: Gabatarwa ga Wasafiri Black Britain: Bayan Ma'anar, &quot;The Illusion of Inclusion&quot;, Fitowa ta 64, Winter 2010 (Routledge) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wasafiri Issue 64 |url=https://www.wasafiri.org/product/wasafiri-issue-64/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203130623/https://www.wasafiri.org/product/wasafiri-issue-64/ |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Wasafiri Magazine |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Illusion of Inclusion&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=1–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: &quot;Watan Satumba&quot;, a kan rubuce-rubuce da tsari, Volume 100:4, Winter 2010 Poetry Review &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Poet's Progress – Volume 100, No 4, Winter 2010, Poetry Review |url=https://poetrysociety.org.uk/publications/the-poets-progress-volume-100-no-4-winter-2010-poetry-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022214129/https://poetrysociety.org.uk/publications/the-poets-progress-volume-100-no-4-winter-2010-poetry-review/ |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=The Poetry Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: &quot;Myth, Motivation, Magic &amp; Mechanics&quot;, Jiki na Aiki: Shekaru 40 na Rubuce-rubuce a UEA (Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia), wanda Giles Foden (Full Circle Editions) ya shirya
* 2013: ''Littafin da ya canza ni'' Series: Rubuce-rubuce a kan 'yan mata masu launin fata waɗanda suka yi la'akari da kashe kansu lokacin da bakan gizo ya yi amfani da Ntozake Shange (BBC Radio 3) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Book that Changed Me |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zdh88 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234042/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zdh88 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=BBC Radio 3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: &quot;The Privilege of Being a Mixed Race Woman&quot;, Tangled Roots: Real Life Stories from Mixed Race Britain, Anthology Number 2, edited by Katy Massey (Tangled Roots) 
* 2019: &quot;Yaya Lokaci ne na zama (Black) (Birtaniya) (Womxn) Marubuci&quot;, a cikin Brave New Words, wanda Susheila Nasta (Myriad Editions) ya shirya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brave New Words |url=https://myriadeditions.com/creator/susheila-nasta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119143218/https://myriadeditions.com/creator/susheila-nasta/ |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Myriad Editions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Busby |first=Margaret |date=December 2021 |title=Mainstreaming and greater choice of books |url=https://writersmosaic.org.uk/content/mainstreaming-and-greater-choice-of-books-margaret-busby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907082328/https://writersmosaic.org.uk/content/mainstreaming-and-greater-choice-of-books-margaret-busby/ |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=Writers Mosaic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;Claiming Whiteness&quot;, Mujallar House, na (Houses of Parliament) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=2020-10-16 |title=Why we need to embrace the concept of Whiteness |url=https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/why-we-need-to-embrace-the-concept-of-whiteness |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204173919/https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/why-we-need-to-embrace-the-concept-of-whiteness |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Politics Home |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Gabatarwa ga Bedside Guardian, tarihin shekara-shekara na Guardian 
* 2020: Gabatarwa: &quot;Re:Tunanin: 'Diversity' a cikin Buga&quot;, na Dokta Anamik Saha da Dokta Sandra van Lente (Jami'ar Goldsmiths / Newgen Publishing UK) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Anamik |last2=Sandra van Lente |title=Re:Thinking: Diversity in Publishing |url=https://www.spreadtheword.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Rethinking_diversity_in-publishing_WEB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203151643/https://www.spreadtheword.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Rethinking_diversity_in-publishing_WEB.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2021 |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=Spread the Word}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;Jima'i a cikin Blender&quot;, don A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=9 August 2020 |title=Gender in the Blender |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000lh74 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208153623/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000lh74 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=24 December 2020 |website=A Point of View |publisher=BBC Radio 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Gabatarwa ga Loud Black Girls, wanda Yomi Adegoke da Elizabeth Uviebinené (HarperCollins) suka shirya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loud Black Girls: 20 Black Women Writers Ask: What's Next? |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/loud-black-girls-20-black-women-writers-ask-whats-next-yomi-adegokeelizabeth-uviebinen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115225742/https://www.harpercollins.com/products/loud-black-girls-20-black-women-writers-ask-whats-next-yomi-adegokeelizabeth-uviebinen |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=HarperCollins |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;Literature Can Foster Our Shared Humanity&quot;, British Vogue, 6 Yuni 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=6 June 2020 |title='Literature Can Foster And Express Our Shared Humanity': Bernardine Evaristo On The Importance Of Inclusive Publishing |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/bernardine-evaristo-publishing-diversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115201315/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/bernardine-evaristo-publishing-diversity |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;Loving the Body Fat-tastic&quot;, don A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=29 November 2020 |title=Loving the Body Fat-tastic |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000ptc9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129174635/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000ptc9 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=24 December 2020 |website=A Point of View |publisher=BBC Radio 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;A kan Mrs Dalloway&quot;, BBC Radio 4
* 2020: &quot;Spiritical Pick and Mix&quot;, don A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=27 December 2020 |title=Spiritual Pick and Mix |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qjg0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224080027/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qjg0 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |access-date=24 December 2020 |website=A Point of View |publisher=BBC Radio 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;The Longform Patriarchs and Su Accomplices&quot;, New Statesman &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=1 October 2020 |title=The longform patriarchs, and their accomplices |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2020/10/bernardine-evaristo-goldsmiths-lecture-longform-patriarchs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004084706/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2020/10/bernardine-evaristo-goldsmiths-lecture-longform-patriarchs |archive-date=4 October 2020 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=New Statesman |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;The Pro-Mask Movement&quot;, don A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=2 October 2020 |title=The Pro-Mask Movement |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=the+pro+mask+movement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234042/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=the+pro+mask+movement |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=24 December 2020 |website=A Point of View |publisher=BBC Radio 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: &quot;Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Black Women: Asusun Mutum&quot;, a cikin ''Littafin Palgrave na Tarihin Mata a kan Mataki,'' wanda Jan Sewell da Clare Smout (Palgrave Macmillan) suka shirya 
* 2020: &quot;Me ya sa Black Lives Matter&quot;, don A Point of View, BBC Radio 4 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evaristo |first=Bernardine |date=5 July 2020 |title=Why Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000khls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005023523/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000khls |archive-date=5 October 2020 |access-date=24 December 2020 |website=A Point of View |publisher=BBC Radio 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga ''ƙaunatacce'' [[Toni Morrison]] (Vintage) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beloved by Toni Morrison {{!}} Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/beloved/toni-morrison//9781784876432 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506204041/https://www.waterstones.com/book/beloved/toni-morrison//9781784876432 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Waterstones |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga Bernard da Cloth Monkey ta Judith Bryan (1998), jerin &quot;Black Britain: Writing Back&quot; (Hamish Hamilton / Penguin sake fitowa) 
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga ''Malamin Baƙar fata'' ta Beryl Gilroy (Faber da Faber) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Teacher by Beryl Gilroy {{!}} Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/black-teacher/beryl-gilroy/9780571367733 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101235545/https://www.waterstones.com/book/black-teacher/beryl-gilroy/9780571367733 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Waterstones |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga 'yan mata masu launin fata waɗanda suka yi la'akari da kashe kansu / Lokacin da bakan gizo ya cika ta Ntozake Shange (Orion) 
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga Incomparable World by S. I. Martin (1996), &quot;Black Britain: Writing Back&quot; jerin (Hamish Hamilton / Penguin reissue) 
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga ''Minty Alley'' ta [[C. L. R. James]] (1936), jerin &quot;Black Britain: Writing Back&quot; (Hamish Hamilton / Penguin sake fitowa) 
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga The Dancing Face by Mike Phillips (1997), &quot;Black Britain: Writing Back&quot; jerin (Hamish Hamilton / sake fitowa) 
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga Fat Lady Sings by Jacqueline Roy (2000), &quot;Black Britain: Writing Back&quot; jerin (Hamish Hamilton / Penguin sake fitowa) 
* 2021: Gabatarwa ga ''Ba tare da nuna bambanci ba'' ta Nicola Williams (1997), jerin &quot;Black Britain: Writing Back&quot; (Hamish Hamilton / sake fitar da Penguin) 
* 2022: &quot;The Artistic Triumph of Elder Black Women&quot;, ''The Guardian'' 

== Edita ==

* 1987: Edita, tare da Da Choong, Olivette Cole-Wilson, da Gabriela Pearse, Black Women Talk Poetry anthology &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Women Talk Poetry |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781870400008/Black-Women-Talk-Poetry-Choong-1870400003/plp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234048/https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781870400008/Black-Women-Talk-Poetry-Choong-1870400003/plp |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=AbeBooks |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1996-1997: Edita, FrontSeat mujallar wasan kwaikwayo ta al'adu (Black Theatre Forum) 
* 1998-2008: Mataimakin edita, mujallar wallafe-wallafen kasa da kasa ta ''Wasafiri'' (Jami'ar Sarauniya Mary ta London da Jami'ar Open) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Among the Contributors |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690055.2010.516085?journalCode=rwas20 |url-status=live |journal=Wasafiri |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis Online |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=103–105 |doi=10.1080/02690055.2010.516085 |s2cid=219610268 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004171813/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690055.2010.516085?journalCode=rwas20 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007: Edita, tare da Maggie Gee, NW15: Sabon Rubuce-rubuce, 15th shekara-shekara edition (British Council da ''Granta'') &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NW15: The Anthology of New Writing: v. 15 - Maggie Gee; Bernardine Evaristo; {{!}} Foyles Bookstore |url=https://www.foyles.co.uk/witem/fiction-poetry/nw15-the-anthology-of-new-writing,maggie-gee-bernardine-evaristo-9781862079328 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028124115/https://www.foyles.co.uk/witem/fiction-poetry/nw15-the-anthology-of-new-writing,maggie-gee-bernardine-evaristo-9781862079328 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Foyles |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NW15: v. 15 by Maggie Gee, Bernardine Evaristo {{!}} Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/nw15-v-15/maggie-gee/bernardine-evaristo/9781862079328 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101234042/https://www.waterstones.com/book/nw15-v-15/maggie-gee/bernardine-evaristo/9781862079328 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Waterstones |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: Edita, tare da Daljit Nagra, ''Goma: Sabbin Waƙoƙi'', gabatar da sabbin mawaƙa goma daga aikin Complete Works (Bloodaxe Books) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ten: new poets from Spread the Word {{!}} Bloodaxe Books |url=https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/product/ten-new-poets-from-spread-the-word-974 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123162927/https://www.bloodaxebooks.com/ecs/product/ten-new-poets-from-spread-the-word-974 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Bloodaxe Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: Editan baƙo, tare da Karen McCarthy Woolf, ''Wasafiri'', Black Britain: Beyond Definition, Special Winter Issue (Routledge)  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bernardine Evaristo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernardine Evaristo |url=https://www.wasafiri.org/person/bernardine-evaristo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022234346/https://www.wasafiri.org/person/bernardine-evaristo/ |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Wasafiri Magazine |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bernardine Evaristo |url=https://www.peepaltreepress.com/authors/bernardine-evaristo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313195936/https://www.peepaltreepress.com/authors/bernardine-evaristo |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Peepal Tree Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012: Editan Baƙo, ''Binciken Waƙoƙi'', Ƙarƙashin Sauye-sauye don Ƙungiyar Waƙoƙi ta Burtaniya, Musamman Centenary Winter Issue, Volume 102.4 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Offending Frequencies – Volume 102, No 4, Winter 2012 – The Poetry Society |url=https://poetrysociety.org.uk/publications/offending-frequencies-volume-102-no-4-winter-2012-poetry-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119124426/https://poetrysociety.org.uk/publications/offending-frequencies-volume-102-no-4-winter-2012-poetry-review/ |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=The Poetry Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: Editorial Selector, Commonwealth Writers Short Story Prize anthology, Bari mu gaya wa wannan labarin da kyau, edited by [[Ellah Wakatama Allfrey|Ellah Allfrey]] (Dundern Press, Canada) 
* 2014: Editan baƙo, mujallar ''Mslexia'' ta kwata-kwata na rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro, Fitowa Lamba 63 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Issue 63 |url=https://mslexia.co.uk/products/single-issues/print-issues/issue-63/ |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Mslexia |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014-2020, Mai farawa da kuma mai kula da edita na tarihin ɗalibai na shekara-shekara a Jami'ar Brunel London: The Voices Inside Our Heads, The Psyche Supermarket, The Imagination Project, ''Yana da rikitarwa'', ''Totem'', ''Pendulum'' da Wasika ga Matata 2019, Kintsugi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brunel Writer |date=2016-03-03 |title=The Imagination Project |url=https://brunelwriter.com/2016/03/03/the-imagination-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115033246/https://brunelwriter.com/2016/03/03/the-imagination-project/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Brunel Writer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014-ya fara. Editorial Board, Asusun Littafin Waƙoƙi na Afirka, tare da mujallar waƙoƙin Prairie Schooner a Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2013 |title=Prairie Schooner Announces Winner of the Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets |url=https://prairieschooner.unl.edu/digital-schooner/prairie-schooner-announces-winner-sillerman-first-book-prize-african-poets/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806004539/https://prairieschooner.unl.edu/news/prairie-schooner-announces-winner-sillerman-first-book-prize-african-poets |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Prairie Schooner}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: Editan baƙo, mujallar The Sunday Times Style 

== Masu ba da lambar yabo ta wallafe-wallafen ==

* 1997: Kyautar Ian St. James (Fiction) &lt;ref name=&quot;Literary prize juries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Literary prize juries |url=https://bevaristo.com/literary-prize-juries/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419154428/https://bevaristo.com/literary-prize-juries/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Bernardine Evaristo website}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2004: The Next Generation Top 20 List, wanda kungiyar Poetry Book Society (PBS) da Poetry Society suka shirya 
* 2006: Gasar Waƙoƙi ta Kasa &lt;ref name=&quot;Literary prize juries&quot; /&gt;
* 2007: Kyautar Marubutan Arewacin Rock (Fiction &amp; Poetry) &lt;ref name=&quot;Literary prize juries&quot; /&gt;
* 2008: Kyautar Decibel Penguin (Fiction) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2008 |title=decibel Penguin Prize 2008 seeks true stories on the experience of having a mixed heritage |url=https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/lfi/DNWA-7BRFSZ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127153615/https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/lfi/DNWA-7BRFSZ |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Wired Gov – Arts Council England}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: Kyautar Marubutan Musulmai tare da Masu Bugawa na Penguin (Fiction) 
* 2010: Kyautar Alfred Fagon - (Black plays) 
* 2010: Kyautar Orange don Sabbin Marubutan (Fassarar Mata) 
* 2010: Kyautar T. S. Eliot (Waƙoƙi) 
* 2011: Kyautar Waƙoƙin Peacock (Brighton Festival) 
* 2012: Shugaban: Kyautar Caine don Rubuce-rubucen Afirka
* 2012: Shugaban: Kyautar Takaitaccen Labari ta Commonwealth
* 2012: Wanda ya kafa &amp; Shugaban Jami'ar Brunel Kyautar Waƙoƙin AfirkaKyautar Waƙoƙin Afirka ta Jami'ar Brunel
* 2012: Gasar ''Labaran Waƙoƙi'' ta Ƙungiyar Waƙoƙoƙi
* 2013: Shugaban: Kyautar Brunel ta Duniya ta Afirka
* 2013: Kyautar Baobab ta Zinariya, Ghana (gajerun labarai ga yara na Afirka) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Golden Baobab Prize Judges |url=https://www.goldenbaobab.org/prizes/judges |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Golden Baobab |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112231430/https://www.goldenbaobab.org/prizes/judges |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013: Kyautar Littafin Sillerman na Farko ga Mawallafin Afirka (Amurka) 
* 2014: Shugaban: Kyautar Brunel ta Duniya ta Afirka
* 2014: Kyautar OCM Bocas don wallafe-wallafen Caribbean, Waƙoƙi (Trinidad) 
* 2014: Kyautar Littafin Sillerman na Farko ga Mawallafin Afirka, Amurka
* 2015: Shugaban: Kyautar Brunel ta Duniya ta Afirka
* 2015: Kyautar Costa Book Mafi Kyawun Labari &amp; Costa Book of the Year
* 2015: Gasar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa ta Tarihi ta Farko
* 2015: Kyautar Littafin Farko ta Prairie Schooner (Amurka) 
* 2016: Shugaban: Kyautar Brunel ta Duniya ta Afirka
* 2016: Kyautar Goldsmiths don sabon labari
* 2016: Guardian da 4th Estate BAME Short Story Prize
* 2016: Kyautar Littafin Sillerman na Farko ga Mawallafin Afirka (Amurka) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=6 November 2015 |title=Sillerman First Book Prize 2016 open for writers |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/sillerman-first-book-prize-2016-open-for-writers/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: Shugaban: Brunel International African Poetry PrizeKyautar Brunel ta Duniya ta Waƙoƙin Afirka
* 2018: Sabbin Fellows 40 a karkashin 40 Royal Society of Literature
* 2018: Shugaban: Brunel International African Poetry PrizeKyautar Brunel ta Duniya ta Waƙoƙin Afirka
* 2018: Kyautar Marubutan Geneva
* 2018: Gasar Rubuce-rubuce ta ''Mujallar Isis'', [[Jami'ar Oxford]]
* 2018: Gasar Sarauniya ta Commonwealth
* 2019: Anthony Burgess / Kyautar Jaridar mai lura don Jarida ta Arts
* 2019: Kyautar Glenna Luschei don Waƙoƙin Afirka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |date=2 June 2019 |title=Koleka Putuma's Collective Amnesia Wins the Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry, Nick Makoha &amp; Dami Ajayi Shortlisted |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2019/06/koleka-putumas-collective-amnesia-wins-2018-19-glenna-luschei-prize-for-african-poetry-nick-makoha-dami-ajayi-shortlisted/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226031258/https://brittlepaper.com/2019/06/koleka-putumas-collective-amnesia-wins-2018-19-glenna-luschei-prize-for-african-poetry-nick-makoha-dami-ajayi-shortlisted/ |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: Kyautar Takaitaccen Labarin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwCBg&quot;&gt;Harper's&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Literary prize juries&quot; /&gt;
* 2019: Kyautar Littafin Polari don fiction LGBTQ+ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=News and events {{!}} Poet wins inaugural Polari Prize for best LGBT writing |url=https://www.mmu.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/story/poet-wins-inaugural-polari-prize-best-lgbt-writing |access-date=6 November 2024 |publisher=[[Manchester Metropolitan University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Shugaban, Kyautar Mata don Fiction 
* 2021: Gasar Jarida ta Sunday Times &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2020 |title=Enter the Style X Black Writers' Guild Essay Competition |url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/article/enter-the-style-x-black-writers-guild-essay-competition-m7v2t3nkh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127020608/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/enter-the-style-x-black-writers-guild-essay-competition-m7v2t3nkh |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 Shugaban, Kyautar OCM Bocas don Littattafan Caribbean, Mafi Kyawun Littafin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2023 |title=T&amp;T's Ayanna Lloyd Banwo wins OCM Bocas Prize |url=https://www.bocaslitfest.com/2023/04/29/tts-ayanna-lloyd-banwo-wins-ocm-bocas-prize/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |publisher=Bocas Lit Fest}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* 2023 Chair, Forward Prize Mafi Kyawun Tarin &amp; Mafi Kyawun Farko&amp;nbsp;
* 2024 Chair, Nero Gold Prize for Book of the Year &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rufo |first=Yasmin |last2=Charlotte Gallagher |date=14 March 2024 |title=Paul Murray's The Bee Sting wins inaugural Nero Gold Prize book award |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68563918 |access-date=6 November 2024 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* 2024 Chair, Global Black Women's Non-Fiction Prize, Cassava Republic Press &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Kuhelika |date=4 December 2023 |title=Bernardine Evaristo is Judging Cassava Republic's First Nonfiction Manuscript Prize |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/12/bernardine-evaristo-is-judging-cassava-republics-first-nonfiction-manuscript-prize/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Black Women's Non-Fiction Prize |url=https://cassavarepublic.biz/black-womens-non-fiction-manuscript-prize/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |publisher=Cassava Republic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Shawarwarin sa kai ==

* Kwamitin daraktoci, Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Black Mime, 1990s
* Kwamitin ba da shawara: Wasafiri Literature Magazine, 2000-
* Babban Majalisar: The Poetry Society of Great Britain, 2001-2004
* Mai ba da shawara na musamman game da wallafe-wallafen: London Arts Board, 2001-2005
* Shugaban: The Poetry Society of Great Britain, 2003-2004
* Mai ba da shawara kan wallafe-wallafen: Majalisar Burtaniya, 2003-2006
* Kwamitin Ba da Shawara: Sabon Galleries, Gidan Tarihi na London, 2004-2008
* Kwamitin Ba da Shawara: MA Creative Writing, Jami'ar Birni, 2004-2009
* Wanda ya kafa: Free Verse &amp; The Complete Works tsare-tsaren, 2005-2017
* Kwamitin Gudanar da Society of Authors, 2008-2009
* Patron: Westminster Befriend a Family (WBAF), 2009-2011
* Kwamitin Edita: Jerin Littattafan Waƙoƙin Afirka, APBF, Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln, 2012-
* Patron: SI Leeds Literary Prize ga marubuta mata baƙar fata / Asiya da ba a buga ba, 2012-
* Kyautar Folio, memba na Kwalejin, 2013-
* Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila, memba na Majalisar Yankin Kudu maso Gabas, 2014-2015
* Hukumar Tabbatar da Inganci don Ilimi Mafi Girma Kwamitin Rubuce-rubuce, 2014-2015
* An zabe shi zuwa Majalisar, Royal Society of Literature, 2016-
* Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Royal Society of Literature, 2017-2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Morgan |date=2021-11-30 |title=Bernardine Evaristo Announced as New President of the RSL - Royal Society of Literature |url=https://rsliterature.org/bernardine-evaristo-announced-as-new-president-of-the-rsl/,%20https://rsliterature.org/bernardine-evaristo-announced-as-new-president-of-the-rsl/ |access-date=2025-11-30 |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shugaba, Royal Society of Literature, 2021-2025 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.bevaristo.com Shafin yanar gizon hukuma]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071003023003/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth179 &quot;Bernardine Evaristo&quot;], Marubutan zamani, Majalisar Burtaniya.
* Bernardine Evaristo a Diaspora Writers UK .
* Toh Hsien Min, &quot;Kada ku manta da Tushen - Bernardine Evaristo yana amfani da tarihi&quot; (tambaya), Quarterly Literary Review Singapore, Vol. 3, No. 2, Janairu 2004.
* Ginette Curry, &quot;Toubab La!&quot;: Bayanan wallafe-wallafen Halitta a cikin Afirka Diaspora, Newcastle, Ingila: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007.
* Rosanna Greenstreet, &quot;Bernardine Evaristo: 'Yaya sau da yawa nake yin jima'i? Sau takwas a rana'&quot;, The Q&amp;A, ''The Guardian'', 25 ga Yuli 2020.
* Benjamin Law, &quot;Mai cin nasara na Booker Bernardine Evaristo a kan al'umma inda muka ce, 'Ina da kyau ga shekaruna'&quot;, The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 ga Oktoba 2021.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Justina Lee Brown</title>
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'''Justina Ogunlolu''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Justina Lee Brown''', 'yar asalin Najeriya ce, mawakiya kuma mawakiya mai suna Funk, Soul, Blues, Rock da Jazz. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Justina Lee Brown's profile - Beyond Music |url=https://www.beyondmusic.org/artist/1412 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.beyondmusic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Adeayo |date=2024-04-11 |title=Inside Justina Lee Brown's colourful world of Funk &amp; Blues |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/justina-lee-brown-captures-the-nigerian-sensibility/0c02n5d |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Justina Lee Brown - Sierre Blues Festival |url=https://www.sierreblues.ch/en/artists/justina-lee-brown-331 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Justina Lee Brown – Sierre Blues Festival |language=en-EN |archive-date=2024-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801000105/https://www.sierreblues.ch/en/artists/justina-lee-brown-331 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pichler |first=Phillip |date=2024-01-02 |title=Kammgarn Kaiserslautern: Justina Lee Brown - SIMsKultur |url=https://simskultur.eu/en/kammgarn-kaiserslautern-justina-lee-brown/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=SIMsCulture |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce ta zo ta biyu a gasar waƙar gaskiya [[Nokia First Chance|ta Nokia First Chance]] a shekarar 2006.  Brown ta lashe [[Swiss Blues Challenge|gasar Swiss Blues Challenge]] a shekarar 2019, ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar International Blues Challenge a [[Memphis, Tennessee]] (US) a shekarar 2020, kuma ta lashe matsayi na biyu ga Switzerland a gasar [[European Blues Challenge]] a [[Malmö]], Sweden, a shekarar 2022. An zaɓe ta a gasar [[Swiss Blues Awards]] ta 2022 kuma ita ce ta fara wasan Zucchero &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=53rd International Jazz Week: Justina Lee Brown and D.K. Harrelli - City of Burghausen |url=https://www.burghausen.de/en/event/culture/jazz/53-international-jazz-week-justina-lee-brown-and-d-k-harrelli/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a bikin [[Sierre Blues Festival]] da aka yi a Sierre, Switzerland, a wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Justina Lee Brown - Sierre Blues Festival |url=https://www.sierreblues.ch/en/artists/justina-lee-brown-331 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Justina Lee Brown - Sierre Blues Festival |language=en-EN |archive-date=2024-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801000105/https://www.sierreblues.ch/en/artists/justina-lee-brown-331 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2024, ta lashe gasar Swiss Blues Awards, inda ta kafa tarihi a matsayin 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta yi hakan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egodo-Michael |first=Oghenovo |date=2024-05-03 |title=Justina Brown makes history with Swiss Blues Award |url=https://punchng.com/justina-brown-makes-history-with-swiss-blues-award/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blues Festival Basel – JUSTINA LEE BROWN IST DIE GEWINNERIN DES SWISS BLUES AWARD 2024 |url=https://www.bluesbasel.ch/news/justina-lee-brown-ist-die-gewinnerin-des-swiss-blues-award-2024 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.bluesbasel.ch |archive-date=2024-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812081434/https://www.bluesbasel.ch/news/justina-lee-brown-ist-die-gewinnerin-des-swiss-blues-award-2024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Justina Lee Brown a titunan unguwar [[Ajegunle]] da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]], ga uba [[Yarbawa|Bayarabe]] kuma uwa 'yar [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] . Mahaifiyarta tana da Justina tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, Justina kuma tana zaune tare da mahaifiyarta a titunan Legas inda mahaifiyarta ke sayar da jakunkunan ruwa a kasuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ouest-France |date=2024-05-12 |title=Jazz : Justina Lee Brown clôture le festival Ateliers jazz de Meslay-Grez |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/meslay-du-maine-53170/jazz-justina-lee-brown-cloture-le-festival-ateliers-jazz-de-meslay-grez-d19c3ee0-1053-11ef-a435-79689117e2c9 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Ouest-France.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara rayuwa cikin wahala kuma ta gano kiɗa sakamakon gajiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blues Festival Basel – JUSTINA LEE BROWN IST DIE GEWINNERIN DES SWISS BLUES AWARD 2024 |url=https://www.bluesbasel.ch/news/justina-lee-brown-ist-die-gewinnerin-des-swiss-blues-award-2024 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.bluesbasel.ch |archive-date=2024-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812081434/https://www.bluesbasel.ch/news/justina-lee-brown-ist-die-gewinnerin-des-swiss-blues-award-2024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Unity da ke Ajegunla. Yayin da take girma, Anita Baker, [[James Brown]], [[Lucky Dube]] da [[Miriam Makeba]] sun yi mata tasiri sosai. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Brown ta zo ta biyu a gasar wakokin Nokia First Chance a shekarar 2006. Daga nan ta fitar da wasu waƙoƙi kafin waƙarta ta farko mai suna &quot;Omo too Sexy&quot;, a shekarar 2008 da kuma bidiyon waƙar a farkon shekarar 2009.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=BandLab Singapore Pte |title=Justina Lee Brown with Morblus {{!}} Blues from Zürich, CH |url=https://www.reverbnation.com/justinaleebrown?popup_bio=true |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ReverbNation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2008-12-03 |title='Omo 2 Sexy' for Justine |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2008/12/omo-2-sexy-for-justine/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta biyo bayan waƙar da ta shahara da waƙoƙin waƙa, ciki har da &quot;The Morning After&quot;, &quot;Radio DJ&quot; da &quot;So Tempting&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Native |first=The |date=2017-03-07 |title=The Shuffle: Justina's &quot;Omo Too Sexy&quot; has aged like fine wine |url=https://thenativemag.com/ipod-shuffle-justinas-omo-sexy-aged-like-fine-wine/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2005, lokacin da ta ziyarci Switzerland, ta haɗu da wani Bajamushe mai suna Dean Zucchero wanda ya ji daɗin muryarta da kuma rawar da take takawa, kuma ya taimaka mata ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaka ta farko mai suna 'The United Nations' bayan ta rera waƙa kai tsaye tare da su a wani kulob. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anagor-Ewuzie |first=Amaka |date=2024-03-24 |title=Justina Lee Brown: Nigeria's singer makes waves in the European music scene |url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/justina-lee-brown-nigerias-singer-makes-waves-in-the-european-music-scene/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta fara jin daɗin shahararriyar waƙa a Najeriya, ta yi ƙaura zuwa Switzerland. An gabatar da ita ga fagen kiɗan Turai tana da shekaru 20, inda ta yi bincike a fannoni daban-daban kamar su blues, soul, jazz da [[afro funk]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Justina Lee Brown featured on CreativInn |url=https://creativinn.com/showroom/justina-lee-brown/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=creativinn.com/ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, shekaru goma bayan waƙarta ta farko a Najeriya, Brown ta dawo da wani sabon kundin waƙoƙi, mai suna Black and White Feeling, sannan ta biyo baya tare da Lost Child a shekarar 2023. [1] A cewarta, &quot;sabon kundin waƙoƙin yana nuna ko ita wacece, gaskiyarta, a matsayinta na mai nishadantarwa mai 'yanci da bayyana ra'ayi wadda ba ta da wani nau'i ko lakabi ɗaya.&quot; [2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Labarin tsoffin mata</title>
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&quot;'''Labarin tsoffin mata'''&quot; kalma ce ta magana da ke nufin da'awar ƙarya ko [[Superstition|camfi]]. Ana iya cewa wani lokaci wani nau'in labari ne na birni, wanda aka ce tsofaffin mata ne suka ba da shi ga ƙaramin ƙarni. Irin waɗannan labarun ana ɗaukar su camfi, [[Folklore|al'adun gargajiya]] ko da'awar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba tare da ƙarin bayani da / ko cikakkun bayanai. Labaran tsoffin mata galibi suna mai da hankali kan damuwar gargajiya na mata, kamar [[ciki]], [[balaga]], dangantakar zamantakewa, kiwon [[lafiya]], [[herbalism]] da [[Abinci mai gina jiki]].

== Asalin ==
A cikin wannan mahallin, kalmar ''matarsa'' tana nufin &quot;mace&quot; maimakon &quot;mace mai aure&quot;. Wannan amfani ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Turanci (&quot;mace&quot;) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[Jamusanci]] ''Weib'' (kuma ma'anar &quot;mace&quot;). Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan ma'anar kalmar a cikin Turanci na zamani a cikin gine-gine kamar mai juna biyu da mai kifi.

Sau da yawa ana kiran labaran tsoffin mata don hana wasu halaye, yawanci na yara, ko don raba ilimin [[Maganin gargajiya|warkar da mutane]] don cututtukan da suka fara daga ciwon haƙora zuwa dysentery.

Ma'anar labarun tsoffin mata sun wanzu tsawon ƙarni. A shekara ta 1611, an buga Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Sarki James tare da fassarar aya mai zuwa: &quot;Amma ka ƙi tatsuniyoyin tsoffin mata, kuma ka yi amfani da kanka ga allahntaka&quot; (1 Timothawus 4:7). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1 Timothy 4:7 (KJV) |url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=1Ti&amp;c=4&amp;v=7&amp;t=KJV#7 |access-date=14 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Labaran tsoffin mata sun samo asali ne daga al'adar baki na ba da labari. Mata marasa ilimi ne ke yada su, suna ba da labari ga juna ko yara. Labaran ba sa ƙoƙarin ɗabi'a, amma don koyar da darussan da kuma yin ra'ayoyi masu wahala kamar mutuwa ko tsufa da sauƙi ga yara su fahimta. Ana amfani da waɗannan labarun don tsoratar da yara don kada su yi abubuwa marasa kyau.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin ra'ayoyi marasa kyau
* Aphorism
* Falkwarewa
* Ƙarya ga yara
* Maxim (falsafa) 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ethan Wheatley</title>
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'''Ethan Joseph Wheatley''' (an haife shi 20 ga Janairu 2006) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''gaba (forward)''' a kulob ɗin [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] na gasar [[Premier League]].&lt;ref&gt;Manchester United Official Website. &quot;Ethan Wheatley Profile&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwar farko==
An haifi Wheatley a Stockport, ƙasar Ingila, kuma ya taso yana sha'awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Manchester United tun yana da shekaru 10 a duniya, inda ya fara nuna bajintarsa a matsayin ɗan gaba mai cin ƙwallaye.&lt;ref&gt;Manchester United Academy News. &quot;Academy Forward Ethan Wheatley Impresses&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin kulob==
===Manchester United===
Wheatley ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tawagar matasa ta Manchester United, musamman a gasar FA Youth Cup inda ya zura ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci.&lt;ref&gt;BBC Sport. &quot;Manchester United Youth Cup Performances&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  

A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2024, ya buga wasansa na farko a babbar tawagar Manchester United a wasan Premier League da aka fafata da [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]], inda ya maye gurbin wani ɗan wasa a karo na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;BBC Sport Match Report. &quot;Manchester United vs Sheffield United, April 2024&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan bayyanar tasa ta sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan da suka fara taka leda a babbar tawagar a kakar 2023–24.&lt;ref&gt;Sky Sports. &quot;Ten Hag Hands Debut to Academy Striker&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin ƙasa==
Wheatley ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 17 (U17), inda ya taka rawa a wasannin sada zumunta da kuma gasannin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;The FA Official Website. &quot;England U17 Squad List 2022&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Salon wasa==
Ana kallon Wheatley a matsayin ɗan gaba mai tsayi da ƙarfi, wanda ke da kwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo da kuma kammala hare-hare a cikin akwatin bugun fanareti. Hakanan yana da iya motsi da karfin jiki da ke ba shi damar yin gogayya da masu tsaron baya.&lt;ref&gt;Manchester United Academy Analysis. &quot;Player Profile: Ethan Wheatley&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English footballers]]
[[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:England youth international footballers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>João Burse</title>
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'''João Batista Donizete Dressler Burse''' (an haife shi 10 Yuni 1982) ƙwararren mai horar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|da ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Brazil kuma tsohon ɗan wasa.

Burse, [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya na tsakiya]], ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Brazil, da kuma na ɗan lokaci a Japan da Chile.

== Sana'ar wasa ==
An haife shi a Estiva Gerbi, São Paulo, Burse ya kammala karatunsa na matasa a Mogi Mirim . An ƙara masa matsayi zuwa ƙungiyar farko a shekarar 1999, ya buga wa ƙungiyar wasa har zuwa 2002, &lt;ref name=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2014 |title=Técnico deixa Sub-20 do Mogi para comandar o Vitória |trans-title=Manager leaves Mogi's under-20 to take over Vitória |url=https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/news/298495+Tecnico_deixa_Sub-20_do_Mogi_para_comandar_o_Vitoria |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Futebol Interior |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ya wakilci Nagoya Grampus, Corinthians Alagoano, União Barbarense da kuma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta Universidad Católica . Ya yi ritaya yana da shekara 24 saboda mummunan rauni da ya samu a gidan yari . &lt;ref name=&quot;UdF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2013 |title=João Burse, técnico do Mogi Mirim sub-20 |trans-title=João Burse, manager of Mogi's under-20s |url=https://universidadedofutebol.com.br/joao-burse-tecnico-do-mogi-mirim-sub-20/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224720/https://universidadedofutebol.com.br/joao-burse-tecnico-do-mogi-mirim-sub-20/ |archive-date=8 November 2018 |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Universidade do Futebol |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Bayan ya yi ritaya, Burse ya koma kulob dinsa na farko Mogi Mirim a matsayin kocin motsa jiki na 'yan kasa da shekara 15. Daga baya aka nada shi babban kocin rukuni, sannan daga baya ya jagoranci 'yan kasa da shekara 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;UdF&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2014, an nada Burse a matsayin kocin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta Vitória . &lt;ref name=&quot;FI&quot;/&gt; A ranar 17 ga Satumba na shekara mai zuwa, an nada shi a matsayin kocin kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta Palmeiras . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=João Burse é o novo treinador da equipe Sub-20 do Palmeiras |trans-title=João Burse is the new manager of the under-20 team of Palmeiras |url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/noticias/id/36454 |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=SE Palmeiras |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan da ''Verdão'' ya kore shi a ranar 16 ga Mayu 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Palmeiras demite João Burse, treinador da equipe sub-20 |trans-title=Palmeiras sack João Burse, manager of the under-20 team |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/palmeiras-demite-tecnico-joao-burse-da-equipe-sub-20.ghtml |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=[[Globo Esporte]] |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Burse ya koma Vitória a ranar 20 ga Satumba ya kuma karɓi ragamar ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=De volta à casa |trans-title=Back home |url=http://www.ecvitoria.com.br/de-volta-a-casa/ |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=EC Vitória |language=pt |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224705/http://www.ecvitoria.com.br/de-volta-a-casa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2018, shi ma yana kan gaba a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23.

A ranar 31 ga Yulin 2018, bayan korar Vágner Mancini, an nada Burse a matsayin kocin riƙo na babban ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=Confirmado como interino, João Burse quer mudar cara do Vitória na Série A |trans-title=Confirmed as interim, João Burse wants to change how Vitória look in the Série A |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/ba/futebol/times/vitoria/noticia/confirmado-como-interino-joao-burse-quer-mudar-cara-do-vitoria-na-serie-a.ghtml |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=Globo Esporte |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma matsayinsa na baya a ranar 14 ga Agusta, bayan naɗa Paulo César Carpegiani .

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2018, an sake nada Burse a matsayin wanda zai jagoranci sauran wasanni shida na kakar wasa, inda ya maye gurbin Carpegiani da aka kora. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2018 |title=Comunicado oficial |trans-title=Official announcement |url=http://www.ecvitoria.com.br/comunicado-oficial-17/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224724/http://www.ecvitoria.com.br/comunicado-oficial-17/ |archive-date=8 November 2018 |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=EC Vitória |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan da kungiyar ta fadi daga gasar, ya koma matsayinsa na baya.

A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2019, an nada Burse a matsayin babban kocin Cianorte a kakar wasa mai zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=João Burse deixa o comando do sub-23 do Vitória e vai treinar o Cianorte |trans-title=João Burse leaves the under-23 team of Vitória and will manage Cianorte |url=http://atarde.uol.com.br/esportes/vitoria/noticias/2101524-joao-burse-deixa-o-comando-do-sub23-e-vai-treinar-o-cianorte |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024224625/http://atarde.uol.com.br/esportes/vitoria/noticias/2101524-joao-burse-deixa-o-comando-do-sub23-e-vai-treinar-o-cianorte |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 |publisher=A Tarde |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bar ƙungiyar a ranar 22 ga Maris 2022, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Cianorte-PR anuncia saída de técnico após 2 anos e meio |trans-title=Cianorte-PR announce the departure of manager after two-and-a-half years |url=https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/tecnico-joao-burse-deixa-o-cianorte/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Futebol Interior |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ya koma Vitória a ranar 19 ga Yuni, wanda yanzu aka naɗa shi kocin ƙungiya ta farko a ƙungiyar a Série C. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |title=João Burse é o novo técnico do Vitória |trans-title=João Burse is the new manager of Vitória |url=https://www.correio24horas.com.br/noticia/nid/joao-burse-e-o-novo-tecnico-do-vitoria/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Correio 24 Horas |language=pt-BR |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701135752/https://www.correio24horas.com.br/noticia/nid/joao-burse-e-o-novo-tecnico-do-vitoria/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Burse ya jagoranci Vitória zuwa ga matsayi a gasar Série B ta 2022, amma an kore shi a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2023 bayan fara kakar wasa mara kyau. [1] A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2023, an nada shi a matsayin kocin Tombense shi ma a matakin rukuni na biyu, [2] amma an kore shi a ranar 21 ga Agusta. [3]

A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2023, an nada Burse a matsayin kocin Figueirense na kakar wasa mai zuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2023 |title=Ex-Vitória e Tombense, João Burse será o novo técnico do Figueirense |trans-title=Formerly of Vitória and Tombense, João Burse will be the new head coach of Figueirense |url=https://ge.globo.com/sc/futebol/times/figueirense/noticia/2023/11/28/ex-vitoria-e-tombense-joao-burse-sera-o-novo-tecnico-do-figueirense.ghtml |access-date=28 November 2023 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bar kulob din a ranar 30 ga Agusta na shekara mai zuwa, bayan an cire shi daga gasar Série C ta 2024, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=João Burse não é mais técnico do Figueirense |trans-title=João Burse is no longer head coach of Figueirense |url=https://ge.globo.com/sc/futebol/times/figueirense/noticia/2024/08/30/joao-burse-nao-e-mais-tecnico-do-figueirense.ghtml |access-date=21 October 2024 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya karbi ragamar kungiyar Botafogo-PB a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 November 2024 |title=Botafogo-PB anuncia João Burse como técnico do clube para 2025 |trans-title=Botafogo-PB announce João Burse as head coach of the club for 2025 |url=https://ge.globo.com/pb/futebol/times/botafogo-pb/noticia/2024/11/03/botafogo-pb-anuncia-joao-burse-como-tecnico-do-clube-para-2025.ghtml |access-date=4 November 2024 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Belo'' ya kori Burse a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2025, bayan ya rasa Campeonato Paraibano zuwa Sousa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=Botafogo-PB demite João Burse após o vice do Campeonato Paraibano 2025 |trans-title=Botafogo-PB sack João Burse after second place in the 2025 Campeonato Paraibano |url=https://ge.globo.com/pb/futebol/times/botafogo-pb/noticia/2025/04/02/botafogo-pb-demite-joao-burse-apos-o-vice-do-campeonato-paraibano-2025.ghtml |access-date=7 April 2025 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Em maio de 2025, o treinador acerta com o Porto Vitória para o resto da temporada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=Porto Vitória acerta com técnico João Burse, ex-Botafogo-PB e Vitória-BA |url=https://ge.globo.com/es/futebol/times/porto-vitoria/noticia/2025/05/20/porto-vitoria-acerta-com-tecnico-joao-burse-ex-botafogo-pb-e-vitoria-ba.ghtml |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mwalone Jangiya</title>
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'''Mwalone Jangiya''' 'yar siyasar Malawian ce wacce ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa daga 2009 zuwa 2014.

== Rayuwa ==
An zabi Jangiya a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a shekarar 2009. Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;bright&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=Ex-MP for Machinga-Likwenu endorses Msaka's candidacy |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/ex-mp-machinga-likwenu-endorses-msakas-candidacy/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2013 ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Jama'a . Tana da rikici na jama'a tare da Sitola na gargajiya na Machinga . Ya zarge ta da kula da kanta ba masu jefa kuri'a ba. Ya lura cewa ba a gyara gadoji a kan ruwa da ke cike da aladu ba kuma an kashe mutane. Ya shawarci mabiyansa da kada su zabe ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-07-13 |title=Machinga's T/A Sitola Tells Constituents Not To Vote For Incumbent PP MP Mwalone Jangiya In Her Presence |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2013/07/13/machingas-ta-sitola-tells-constituents-not-to-vote-for-incumbent-pp-mp-mwalone-jangiya-in-her-presence/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2014 ta ziyarci Asibitin Gundumar Machinga tare da wasu Musulmai suna murna da [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] . Sun rarraba abinci da kyauta ga marasa lafiya a can. Ba ita kadai ce mace musulma a majalisa ba - sauran su ne Halima Daud, Nasreen Pilan, [[Abida Mia]], Easter Majaza da Amina Lijala . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aisha Mambo Adams First Muslim Female Second Deputy Speaker {{!}} Insight Bulletin |url=https://insightbulletin.org/aisha-mambo-adams-first-muslim-female-second-deputy-speaker/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta tsaya a zaben 2018 a matsayin mai zaman kanta a mazabar Machinga Likwenu kuma kusan ta ci nasara da kuri'u sama da 4,000. Koyaya David Lally na jam'iyyar UDF yana da kusan halaye 50 fiye da ita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=2018 results by constituency |url=https://mec.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Parliament-results.pdf |access-date=16 Oct 2025 |website=Malawi Electoral Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019 ba ta tsaya takara ba amma ta goyi bayan Bright Msaka . &lt;ref name=&quot;bright&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=Ex-MP for Machinga-Likwenu endorses Msaka's candidacy |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/ex-mp-machinga-likwenu-endorses-msakas-candidacy/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sérgio Conceição</title>
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[[Fayil:Sérgio Conceição, Taça de Portugal 2023 (Agência Lusa) (cropped).png|thumb]]
'''Sérgio Conceição''' tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma koci daga ƙasar Portugal, wanda ya shahara a matsayin ɗan wasa mai taka leda a gefen fili (winger) sannan daga baya ya zama kocin ƙungiyar FC Porto. Ya kasance daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Portugal a shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon 2000s, kuma daga baya ya samu nasarori a matsayin koci a gasar cikin gida ta Portugal da Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;intro&quot;&gt;Sakamakon tarihin rayuwa da aikinsa a kwallon kafa na Turai.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
Sérgio Conceição an haife shi a Coimbra, Portugal, a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1974. Ya girma yana sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, inda ya fara taka leda a ƙananan kungiyoyi kafin ya shiga tsarin horon matasa na ƙungiyoyin Portugal. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen gina ƙwarewa a matsayin ɗan wasa mai sauri da fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;earlylife&quot;&gt;Bayanan tarihin rayuwa da ci gaban matasa a Portugal.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin wasa ==
Conceição ya fara aikinsa na kwararren ɗan wasa a kulob ɗin Penafiel kafin ya koma wasu manyan kulob a Portugal da Italiya. Ya taka leda a kulob-kulob irin su Lazio, Parma, da Inter Milan, inda ya samu suna saboda saurin sa, dribbling da kuma iya zura kwallo daga gefe.

A lokacin da yake Lazio, ya taimaka wajen lashe manyan kofuna ciki har da Serie A da Coppa Italia. Wannan ya sanya shi daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan wancan lokaci a Italiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;career&quot;&gt;Tarihin kulob-kulob da ya buga a Turai.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa (Portugal) ==
Conceição ya wakilci ƙasar Portugal a matakin ƙasa, inda ya taka leda a gasar EURO da wasu wasannin share fage na Duniya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen inganta darajar tawagar Portugal kafin zuwan zamanin Cristiano Ronaldo. &lt;ref name=&quot;nationalteam&quot;&gt;Bayanan tawagar ƙasar Portugal.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koci ==
Bayan ya gama taka leda, Conceição ya shiga aikin koci. Ya horar da wasu ƙananan kulob kafin daga bisani ya zama kocin FC Porto.

A matsayin koci, ya yi fice wajen salon wasa mai ƙarfi, tsauri a tsaro da kuma kai farmaki cikin sauri. Ya jagoranci Porto zuwa lashe kofunan gasar Portugal da dama (Primeira Liga), sannan ya yi rawar gani a gasar UEFA Champions League. &lt;ref name=&quot;manager&quot;&gt;Bayanan aikin koci a FC Porto da Portugal.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon horo ==
Salon horon Conceição ya dogara ne kan:

tsauraran matakan horo

gaggauta kai hari (counter attack)

ƙarfin jiki da tsarin tsaro

horar da ‘yan wasa su kasance masu jajircewa

Wannan ya sa kungiyoyinsa su kasance masu wahalar kayarwa a gasar cikin gida da Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;style&quot;&gt;Nazarin salon horon ƙwallo.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==
A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa da koci, ya samu:

Gasar Serie A (Italiya)

Coppa Italia

Primeira Liga (Portugal) a matsayin koci

Super Cup na Portugal

== Kammalawa ==
Sérgio Conceição yana daga cikin fitattun mutane a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na Portugal, saboda gudunmawarsa a matsayin ɗan wasa da kuma koci. Salon sa mai tsauri da jajircewa ya sa ya zama sananne a Turai.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Katie Alison McCabe''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1995) ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce 'yar ƙasar Ireland wadda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ingila Arsenal &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katie McCabe |url=https://www.arsenal.com/women/players/katie-mccabe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223142803/https://www.arsenal.com/women/players/katie-mccabe |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=www.arsenal.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Republic of Ireland . Galibi ' [[Mai buga baya|yar wasan baya ce ta hagu]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2023 |title=Arsenal vs. Manchester City |url=https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/02/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/manchester-city-lfc/3856408/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030756/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/02/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/manchester-city-lfc/3856408/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Women Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=United States vs. Republic of Ireland |url=https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/12/world/friendly-women/united-states/ireland-republic/4044124/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030756/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/12/world/friendly-women/united-states/ireland-republic/4044124/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Women Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana iya aiki a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Arsenal vs. Reading |url=https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/reading-wfc/3856396/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030800/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/reading-wfc/3856396/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Women Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na hagu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=China PR vs. Republic of Ireland |url=https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/22/world/friendly-women/china-pr/ireland-republic/4026271/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030757/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/22/world/friendly-women/china-pr/ireland-republic/4026271/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Women Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; McCabe ita ce mace ta huɗu 'yar ƙasar Ireland da ta lashe kofin gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA .

A lokacin da take matashiya, McCabe ta lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta Irish National League sau biyu da kuma gasar cin kofin mata ta FAI sau uku tare da Raheny United kafin ta sanya hannu da Arsenal a 2015. Tare da Arsenal, ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA a 2016, gasar WSL ta 2018–19, gasar League Cups uku, da kuma gasar zakarun Turai . An kuma sanya mata suna a cikin kungiyar PFA ta shekara ta 2021. A lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi aro a Glasgow City a 2017, ta kuma lashe gasar SWPL .

Bayan ta samu damar buga wa Ireland wasa a karon farko a shekarar 2015, an nada ta kyaftin a kasar a shekarar 2017, kyaftin mafi karancin shekaru a tarihin kungiyar, kuma an nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ta mata ta Ireland a shekarar 2021. A shekarar 2023 '', [[The Guardian|jaridar Guardian]]'' ta bayyana McCabe a matsayin &quot;fuskar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Ireland&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Downey |first=Sophie |date=19 July 2023 |title=Katie McCabe embraces support with Ireland poised for World Cup debut |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/19/katie-mccabe-republic-of-ireland-womens-world-cup-australia-football |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ''jaridar Irish Times'' ta nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan 'yan wasa ta shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foley |first=Cliona |date=22 December 2023 |title=Katie McCabe named Sportswoman of the Year |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41296174.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303041041/https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41296174.html |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kyautar kwallon duniya ta shekarar Ireland ta 2023 saboda kwallon da ta ci da Canada a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2023 &lt;ref name=&quot;Staff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Examiner |date=14 November 2024 |title=Ogbene, Brosnan and McCabe among the winners at FAI International Awards |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41517002.html#:~:text=Soccer-,Ogbene,%20Brosnan%20and%20McCabe%20among%20the%20winners%20at%20FAI%20International,for%20the%20second%20successive%20year. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116015518/https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41517002.html#:~:text=Soccer-,Ogbene,%20Brosnan%20and%20McCabe%20among%20the%20winners%20at%20FAI%20International,for%20the%20second%20successive%20year. |archive-date=16 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, McCabe ta kafa tarihi a matsayin mace ta farko 'yar Ireland da aka zaba don lashe kyautar Ballon d'Or ta mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Emma |date=30 October 2023 |title=Katie McCabe right at home among world's elite with Ballon d'Or recognition |url=https://www.the42.ie/katie-mccabe-ballon-dor-6210217-Oct2023/ |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=The 42 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce 'yar Ireland ta farko da aka zaba tun bayan zaben Roy Keane a shekarar 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dodge |first=John |date=28 October 2024 |title=These Are The Irish Footballers Who've Received Ballon D'Or Votes |url=https://www.balls.ie/football/these-are-the-irish-footballers-whove-received-ballon-dor-votes-455440 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Balls.ie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
[[Fayil:Katie_McCabe_20191016.jpg|left|thumb|McCabe tare da Arsenal a 2019]]

=== Aikin ƙuruciya ===
A lokacin da ta girma, McCabe ta buga wasa a ƙungiyar samari ta Kilnamanagh AFC da Crumlin United FC. A lokacin tana da shekaru 10, ta shiga ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Templeogue, tana bugawa ƙungiyar mata da kuma ƙungiyar maza har sai da ta kai shekaru 13. Ɗan wasan da ta fi so tun tana ƙarama shine Damien Duff . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Fionnuala |date=21 August 2019 |title=Katie McCabe went from asking Santa for Damien Duff's Ireland jersey to earning her own |url=https://evoke.ie/2019/08/21/inspire-women-in-business/katie-mccabe-soccer-star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150535/https://evoke.ie/2019/08/21/inspire-women-in-business/katie-mccabe-soccer-star |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin makarantar sakandare, ta kuma buga ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon kwando ta Gaelic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Emma |date=30 June 2021 |title=The rise of Katie McCabe, Ireland's youngest-ever captain and world-class Arsenal star |url=https://www.the42.ie/katie-mccabe-the42-read82-5475524-Jun2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140128/https://www.the42.ie/katie-mccabe-the42-read82-5475524-Jun2021/ |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=The42}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa: 2011–2015 ===
Lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasa (WNL) a shekarar 2011, McCabe ta sanya hannu da Raheny United . Ta taɓa yin atisaye da ƙungiyar, amma dokokin gasar sun hana ta sanya hannu kan kwangila har sai ta cika shekara 16. Ta wakilci ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta farko ta gasar . A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa ta lashe kofuna biyu na gasar da kuma kofunan FAI na mata uku a jere tare da &quot;The Pandas&quot;. Ta kuma wakilci ƙungiyar a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katie McCabe - Rep of Ireland Women |url=http://www.extratime.ie/player/11113155/katie_mccabe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128005050/http://www.extratime.ie/player/11113155/katie_mccabe/ |archive-date=28 January 2016 |access-date=29 December 2015 |website=Extratime.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rasa watanni huɗu na kakar wasa ta 2013-14 saboda karyewar ƙafa.  Duk da cewa ta shafe mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa ba tare da ta buga wasa ba saboda rauni, har yanzu ta lashe kyautar WNL Young Player of the Year . A wannan shekarar, Jami'ar Jihar Florida ta kuma ɗauke ta aiki don bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida State Seminoles a Amurka, amma matakin ya gaza saboda raunin da ta samu. 

A shekarar 2014–15 McCabe ta zura kwallaye 23 a ragar Raheny a gasar WNL, biyu bayan Áine O'Gorman, wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar UCD Waves .  A watan Nuwamba na 2014, ta zura kwallon farko ga Raheny a wasan karshe na cin kofin mata na FAI, daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na yadi 35, inda ta lashe kofin FAI na biyu tare da kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Gareth |date=2 November 2014 |title=Raheny retain FAI Continental Tyres Women's Cup |url=http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/raheny-retain-fai-continental-tyres-women%E2%80%99s-cup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307130821/http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/raheny-retain-fai-continental-tyres-women%E2%80%99s-cup |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=www.fai.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kofin gasar WNL na minti na karshe a gasar cin kofin WNL ta 2015 a karin lokaci, inda ta doke Peamount United da ci 3-2.  Kwarewar da ta nuna a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 ta sanya ta cikin jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar WNL a karon farko. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A kakar wasa ta 2015-16, McCabe ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyar a sabon salonta na Shelbourne Ladies . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Arsenal: 2015–2017 ===
[[Fayil:Arsenal_Ladies_Vs_Bayern_Munich_(24934067101).jpg|left|thumb|McCabe ta fara buga wa Arsenal wasa a watan Fabrairun 2016]]
A watan Disamba na 2015 ta sanya hannu a kulob din Arsenal na [[Landan]],  ta ki amincewa da tayin da Glasgow City, Chelsea, da Manchester City suka yi mata. 

=== Birnin Glasgow: 2017 (rance) ===
Bayan fama da raunuka da kuma yawan lokacin wasa a ƙungiyar farko a shekararta ta farko da Arsenal, ta koma Glasgow City a matsayin aro a watan Agusta na 2017, a rabin na biyu na kakar gasar Premier ta mata ta Scotland .  Za ta taimaka wa Glasgow City ta kai ga lashe gasar Scotland da kuma buga wasanni kaɗan a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roche |first=Cian |title='I wanted to fall back in love with football at Arsenal' &amp;#124; Katie McCabe |url=https://www.otbsports.com/soccer/katie-mccabe-arsenal-league-853842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140127/https://www.otbsports.com/soccer/katie-mccabe-arsenal-league-853842 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=Off The Ball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa Arsenal: 2017 - 2026 ===
Bayan dawowar ta Arsenal a ƙarshen aronta, sabon kocin Arsenal Joe Montemurro ya mayar da ita matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2024 |title=Katie McCabe &amp;#124; In my own words |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/katie-mccabe-my-own-words |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140126/https://www.arsenal.com/news/katie-mccabe-my-own-words |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=www.arsenal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta 2018-19, McCabe ta taimaka wa Arsenal wajen lashe gasar FA WSL, inda ta buga mafi yawan mintuna fiye da kowane ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stillman |first=Tim |date=6 May 2020 |title=Left-back but never left out: Arseblog exclusive with Katie McCabe &amp;#124; Arseblog News - the Arsenal news site |url=https://arseblog.news/2020/05/left-back-but-never-left-out-arseblog-exclusive-with-katie-mccabe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150536/https://arseblog.news/2020/05/left-back-but-never-left-out-arseblog-exclusive-with-katie-mccabe/ |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Maris 2019, ta sanya hannu kan tsawaita zamanta a Arsenal.  Bayan kwana biyar, a ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙarshe na shekara, ta zura kwallo mai mahimmanci a wasan da ta ci [[Birmingham]], wanda hakan ya sa Arsenal ta kasance a saman teburin gasar. 

McCabe ta zura kwallaye 5 kuma ta samu taimako 12 a kakar wasa ta FA WSL ta 2020-21 yayin da Arsenal ta kare a matsayi na uku. Ta yi kunnen doki a matsayi na farko a gasar saboda taimakawa, kuma an sanya ta a cikin Kungiyar PFA ta Shekara . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Katie McCabe's Stellar Season Rewarded With PFA WSL Team Of The Year Inclusion |url=https://hersport.ie/katie-mccabes-stellar-season-rewarded-with-pfa-wsl-team-of-the-year-inclusion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150537/https://hersport.ie/katie-mccabes-stellar-season-rewarded-with-pfa-wsl-team-of-the-year-inclusion/ |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na 2020, ta buga wasa na 100 ga Arsenal a wasan da suka doke Everton da ci 4-0, inda ta taimaka wa Jen Beattie ta zura kwallo daga kusurwa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stillman |first=Tim |date=14 December 2020 |title='I wanted to be one of those Irish Arsenal legends' Arseblog exclusive interview with Katie McCabe &amp;#124; Arseblog News - the Arsenal news site |url=https://arseblog.news/2020/12/i-wanted-to-be-one-of-those-irish-arsenal-legends-arseblog-exclusive-interview-with-katie-mccabe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140129/https://arseblog.news/2020/12/i-wanted-to-be-one-of-those-irish-arsenal-legends-arseblog-exclusive-interview-with-katie-mccabe/ |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan watan, McCabe ta shiga cikin takaddamar da ta shafi COVID-19 bayan ta saka hotonta a bakin teku a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] duk da haramcin tafiya ga mazauna Tier 4 a Landan. Ta bayyana cewa ta je Dubai don ganawa da wakilinta.  Ba ta sami wani takunkumin ladabtarwa daga FA ba saboda takaddamar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 January 2021 |title=FA will not discipline Arsenal Women trio for Dubai trip in tier 4 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jan/06/fa-will-not-discipline-arsenal-women-trio-for-dubai-trip-in-tier-4 |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marie José Sombo</title>
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'''Marie José Sombo''' (27 Disamba 1934 - 2014) ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance '[[ɗan jarida]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] kuma ta fara aikin jarida na mata a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Tana aiki a [[rediyo]] kuma daga baya a cikin manema labarai, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kara yawan bayyanar mata a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Kongo daga ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko da farkonta ===
An haife ta a [[Kinshasa|Léopoldville]] (yanzu [[Kinshasa]]) a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1934, Marie José Sombo ta girma a cikin dangin tsakiya na Kongo. An lura da ita tun tana matashiya saboda sautin muryarta, Magana, da muryar rediyo. Ta shiga Rediyon Léopoldville a cikin 1950 tana da shekaru 16, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata masu magana da baki na farko a kan rediyo na Kongo.

=== Ayyukan jarida ===
Bayan ta fara rediyo, Marie José Sombo ta shiga rubuce-rubucen manema labarai, ta zama mace ta farko a jaridar L'Avenir da ke Kinshasa. Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga kari na Actualités africaines tare da manyan mutane kamar Jean-Jacques Kande, Antoine-Roger Bolamba, Philippe Kanza, da André Genge . [1]

Elisio Da Silva, wanda ya kafa hukumar Publafric a Brazzaville ne ya horar da ita a aikin jarida. Halin da ta yi, ginshiƙanta na Lingala, da kuma matsayinta mai ƙarfi game da matsayin mata a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da al'ummar Kongo sun sami karbuwa sosai.

=== Gudanarwa da mata ===
A cikin shekarun 1950, Sombo ya yi tir da warewar mata a rayuwar siyasa ta Kongo. Ta yi Allah wadai da rashin halartar su daga wakilan hukuma, gami da wanda [[Patrice Lumumba]] ya jagoranta zuwa Brussels, kuma ta yi kira ga amincewa da su a tarihin kasa. Jaridar Afirka ta kira ta &quot;[[Hauwa'u|Black Eve]]&quot; saboda jaruntakarta ta farko.{{Blockquote|She reminded us that women have a role to play in building the nation – not just as companions but as full actors of History.|Patrick Ndungidi, journalist at ''African Shapers''&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricanShapers&quot; /&gt;}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kparobo Arierhi</title>
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'''Kaparaobo Arierhi''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Janairu 2007) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa Lillestrøm wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba .

== Aikin kulob ==
Arierhi ya shiga Lillestrøm SK a cikin 2025.  A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2025, an ba shi rance ga Mjøndalen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yemiblak |first=Adaramola |date=2025-07-18 |title=Young Nigerian forward Kparobo Arierhi joins Mjøndalen on loan from Lillestrøm |url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/young-nigerian-forward-kparobo-arierhi-joins-mj%C3%B8ndalen-on-loan-from-lillestr%C3%B8m |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Pan-Africa Football }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Areo |first=Samuel |date=2025-07-17 |title=Lillestrøm loan Kparobo Arierhi to Mjøndalen |url=https://www.aclsports.com/lillestrom-loan-kparobo-arierhi-to-mjondalen/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=ACLSports}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Arierhi ya buga wa Najeriya ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 2025 inda ya buga wasanni 6 kuma ya zira ƙwallo 1 inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kai matsayi na uku. Kuma a gasar WAFU B U20 ta 2025, Arierhi ya zira ƙwallaye 3, inda 2 suka zo a wasan ƙarshe da ya taimaka wa Najeriya ta yi nasara a kan Ghana . [1] Tsohon ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya Alex Iwobi ya yaba wa Arierhi, yana mai kiransa Victor Osimhen na gaba, [2] wanda a halin yanzu shi ne ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura ƙwallo a tarihin Najeriya. [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Kiwon lafiya a Senegal</title>
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      <text bytes="25802" sha1="luud5xtss5sfwh5vl6du3zhu58gj6hc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Dimboli_Health_Post.jpg|thumb|Dimboli Health Post ( yankin Kédougou, Satumba 2009]]
'''Kula da lafiya a [[Senegal]]''' babban batu ne da ake tattaunawa a kai wajen fahimtar walwala da kuzarin al'ummar [[Senegal]] . Tun daga shekarar 2008, akwai buƙatar inganta kayayyakin more rayuwa na Senegal don haɓaka muhalli mai kyau da lafiya ga 'yan Senegal. 

Bugu da ƙari, ƙasar na buƙatar ƙarin likitoci da ma'aikatan lafiya, musamman ma likitoci na yau da kullun, likitocin mata, likitocin haihuwa, likitocin yara, [[Cututtukan kirji|likitocin huhu]], da likitocin zuciya . A gaskiya ma, Senegal tana da likitoci bakwai ga kowace 'yan ƙasa 100,000, yayin da kashi 32% na 'yan ƙasa na karkara ba su da damar samun kulawar lafiya kwata-kwata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Physicians (per 1,000 people) - Senegal {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=SN |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;borgenmagazine.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-06-28 |title=A New Platform to Improve Health Care in Senegal |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/health-care-in-senegal/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, akwai buƙatar samun ƙarin waɗannan ma'aikata a yankunan karkara: a shekarar 2008, Senegal tana da asibitoci ashirin kacal cike da cikakken lafiya, bakwai daga cikinsu suna [[Dakar]] . 

Daga kimanin shekara ta 1905 zuwa yanzu, an sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a tsarin [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] na Senegal, tsarin tsarin, takamaiman cututtuka da ke da matsala a Senegal, da kuma matsalolin da ke shafar mata da yara da kuma samun damar samun kulawar lafiya a ƙasar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, akwai cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya 1,347, ciki har da manyan asibitoci 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2019 |title=A spatial database of health facilities managed by the public health sector in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.who.int/malaria/areas/surveillance/public-sector-health-facilities-ss-africa/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422034044/https://www.who.int/malaria/areas/surveillance/public-sector-health-facilities-ss-africa/en/ |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kamar yadda yake a sauran nahiyar Afirka, 'yan Senegal sun daɗe suna amfani da [[Maganin gargajiya|magungunan gargajiya]] kuma suna dogara ga masu warkarwa na gargajiya don cututtukansu. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, an canza tsarin kiwon lafiya sosai. A shekarar 1905, [[Faransa]] ta kafa harsashin manufofin kiwon lafiya a yankin, kodayake galibi don yi wa jami'an mulkin mallaka na Faransa hidima ba 'yan asalin ƙasar Senegal ba. Fitar da 'yan mulkin mallaka daga yankunan mulkin mallaka na Afirka yana nufin cewa an gina kayayyakin kiwon lafiya a manyan biranen bakin teku kamar Dakar.  An bar kayayyakin more rayuwa a yankunan karkara ba tare da an yi amfani da su ba. Daga baya a shekarar 1905, an ƙirƙiri Taimakon Lafiya ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. Ita ce ke da alhakin samar da kulawar lafiya kyauta da shawarwari kan lafiya ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, haɓaka rigakafi, da haɓaka lafiyar uwa da yara. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ra'ayoyin jama'a na ƙasashen duniya sun ƙara suka ga manufofin mulkin mallaka, kuma an kafa shirye-shirye masu ɗorewa don yaƙi da manyan cututtuka. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa, Senegal ta ƙara shiga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen ƙasa da ƙasa don ci gaba da lafiya. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi jayayya cewa sayar da kayayyaki da kuma tallata kiwon lafiya, daga zamanin mulkin mallaka zuwa bayan mulkin mallaka, ya rage kula da lafiya zuwa wani yanayi da masu arziki kawai ke samu, inda waɗanda ke cikin talauci mai tsanani galibi ba sa iya samun kulawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;keita&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon ci gaban kayayyakin kiwon lafiya a zamanin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa, samun damar shiga ya kasance ba daidai ba a yankuna da kuma tsakanin matakan samun kudin shiga.

== Tsarin tsarin kula da lafiya ==
[[Fayil:AOF-Dakar-Palais_du_Gouvernement.JPG|alt=Dakar Government Palace and Hospital, circa 1920|right|thumb|Fadar Gwamnati da Asibiti ta Dakar, kimanin 1920.]]
Tsarin kiwon lafiya na Senegal yana da siffar dala, tare da manyan sassa uku: matakin tsakiya, matakin yanki, da kuma matakin gefe. Matakin tsakiya ya ƙunshi ofishin minista, rassansa, da sauran ayyuka masu alaƙa. Matakin yanki ana kiransa da &quot;yankin likita&quot;, yanki ne na gudanarwa wanda ke kula da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a cikin wani yanki. Matakin gefe ana kiransa da &quot;yankin lafiya&quot;, tare da kowace gunduma tana da aƙalla cibiyar lafiya ɗaya da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta ƙananan cibiyoyi.

Tsarin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa ya kasu kashi uku: asibitoci na yanki, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na gundumomi, da wuraren kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;transportation&quot; /&gt; An raba kula da lafiyar karkara zuwa sassa uku: cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren kiwon lafiya, da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna kan gaba, tare da likitoci ɗaya zuwa biyu da mutane 15-20 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna ƙasa da waɗannan, tare da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya huɗu ko biyar. A matakin ƙasa akwai wuraren kiwon lafiya, waɗanda ke ɗauke da wakilai ɗaya ko biyu na kiwon lafiya da ungozoma.  Tsarin ya kasance abin suka sosai, musamman saboda ƙaruwar buƙatun riba da cin hanci da rashawa a wannan ɓangaren gwamnati kamar yadda yake a wasu fannoni na rayuwar jama'a.

=== Asibitoci ===
[[Fayil:Senegal,_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg|thumb|300x300px]]
A shekarar 2019, akwai cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya 1,347 a [[Senegal]], ciki har da asibitoci 13 na yankin, asibitoci 5 na ƙasa da asibitoci biyu na jami'o'i. Mafi yawan asibitoci suna yankin Dakar . &lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 2021, an kafa sabbin asibitoci huɗu a [[Touba]], [[Kaffrine]], Kédougou da Sédhiou .
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; summary=&quot;Hospitals in Senegal&quot;
|+Hospitals in Senegal
!Name
!Region
!Type Hospital
!Coordinates
!Ref
|-
|Abass Ndao University Hospital Center
|Dakar Region
|University hospital center
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.6849985|-17.454746399|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot;/&gt;
|-
|Albert Royer National Hospital Center
|Dakar Region
|National hospital center
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.6931815895173|-17.4650645256042|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Amadou Dieuguene Regional Hospital
|Thiès Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.7521|-16.9145|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Aristide Le Dantec Hospital Center
|Dakar Region
|National hospital center
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.65735|-17.43672|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USEmbassy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical Resources in Senegal and Guinea-Bissau |url=https://sn.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/209/Med-Senegal-GB-updated-fall-2020.pdf |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=US Embassy Senegal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|De Syllacounda Hospital
|Kédougou Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|12.721029114581958|-12.123975817554232|type:landmark}}
|
|-
|Elisabeth Diouf de Rufisque Hospital
|Dakar Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.715|-17.28|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Fann University Hospital Center
|Dakar Region
|University hospital center
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.6929|-17.46621|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USEmbassy&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Fatick Regional Hospital
|Fatick Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.3280309853688|-16.4041972160339|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Grand Yoff General Hospital
|Dakar Region
|General hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.731667|-17.444722|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Kaffrine Regional Hospital
|Kaffrine Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.099|-15.557|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Kaolack Regional Hospital
|Kaolack Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.1825|-16.2533|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Kolda Regional Hospital
|Kolda Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|12.8928091142872|-14.9407732486724|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|La Paix Hospital
|Ziguinchor Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|12.5686028|-16.2761|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Louga Regional Hospital
|Louga Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|15.62266|-16.22008|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Lubke Regional Hospital
|Diourbel Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.6434239|-16.232144|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Maguette Lo Hospital
|Louga Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|15.4370399|-15.21948079|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Matam Regional Hospital
|Matam Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|15.659878|-13.261768|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Matlaboul Fawzaïni Hospital Center
|Diourbel Region
|National hospital center
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.858285|-15.908856|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Military Hospital of Ouakum
|Dakar Region
|Military hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.716819224276515|-17.48296624743821|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Military&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of Senegal |url=https://military-medicine.com/almanac/108-senegal-republic-of.html |access-date=January 16, 2021 |website=Worldwide Military Medicine |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122003125/https://military-medicine.com/almanac/108-senegal-republic-of.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ndamatou Hospital
|Diourbel Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.8584398469|-15.8627434974|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Ndioum Regional Hospital
|Saint-Louis Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|16.5129|-14.6471|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Ouroussogui Hospital
|Matam Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|15.6036959|-13.3303938|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Pikine Centre National Hospital
|Dakar Region
|National hospital center
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.74873|-17.38874|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Principal Hospital
|Dakar Region
|National hospital center, Military hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.661344|-17.43477|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USEmbassy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Military&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Roi Baudoin Hospital
|Dakar Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.7737465|-17.38430859|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Saint-Louis Regional Hospital
|Saint-Louis Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|16.023023|-16.505927|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Sedhiou Regional Hospital
|Sédhiou Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|12.704604|-15.55623|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Tambacounda Regional Hospital
|Tambacounda Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|13.7788623|-13.6736359|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Tivaouane Hospital
|Thiès Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.949584|-16.813847|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Youssou Mbargane Diop Hospital
|Dakar Region
|Hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|14.7262171|-17.2597|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Ziguinchor Regional Hospital
|Ziguinchor Region
|Regional hospital
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|12.558208|-16.282158|type:landmark}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Data&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Kula da kuɗi ===
A shekarar 1999, kashi 53% na kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya sun fito ne daga gwamnati, kashi 11% daga mutane, kashi 6% daga al'ummomi, da kuma kashi 30% daga abokan hulɗa na ƙasashen waje. Daga cikin kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya na iyali, kashi 89% na kashe kuɗi ne daga aljihu yayin da kashi 11% kuma suna cikin nau'in gudummawar inshorar lafiya.  Bugu da ƙari, kashi 15.2% ne kawai na mutanen Senegal ke da inshorar lafiya, waɗanda yawancinsu ke aiki a fannin da aka saba. &lt;ref name=&quot;lep&quot; /&gt; A matsakaici, wani asibiti yana cajin dala $2.90 don kula da marasa lafiya na matsakaicin tsawon zama (kwana biyar), dala $0.43 ga manya, da dala $0.24 ga kula da yara na waje. Dangane da faɗaɗa inshorar lafiya, da alama manufofin da za su rage mummunan tasirin lokacin da ma'aikata ke ɓata don neman kulawa, ko manufofin da za su ƙara samun dama da ingancin kulawa, za su fi tasiri wajen ƙara yawan amfani da kula da lafiya fiye da gabatar da inshorar lafiya ga waɗanda ba su da shi tukuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;lep&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike da aka yi kan manufofin kiwon lafiya a Senegal ya kammala da cewa cibiyoyin gwamnati ya kamata su taka muhimmiyar rawa a &quot;dukkan matakai na tsarin manufofi&quot; kuma ya kamata su aiwatar da &quot;manufofi da aka ayyana&quot;; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mugwagwa |first=Julius |last2=Edwards |first2=Daniel |last3=de Haan |first3=Sylvia |date=2015-04-18 |title=Assessing the implementation and influence of policies that support research and innovation systems for health: the cases of Mozambique, Senegal, and Tanzania |journal=Health Research Policy and Systems |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.1186/s12961-015-0010-2 |issn=1478-4505 |pmc=4409982 |pmid=25928414 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; binciken ya ba da shawarar mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin aiwatar da manufofin da ake da su, maimakon kaɗa ƙuri'a kan sabbin dokoki ba tare da bin diddigin su ba.

== Canje-canje ga dabarun kiwon lafiya ==

=== Shirin Bamako ===
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi tasiri ga sauyin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Senegal a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 shine Shirin Bamako . Shirin Bamako ya fara ne a shekarar 1987, lokacin da ministocin lafiya daga ƙasashe ashirin da biyu na Afirka suka gana da wakilan [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] don tattauna ƙarancin nasarar dabarun kiwon lafiya a Afirka da kuma buƙatar shiga tsakani.  A taron, shugabannin sun amince da samar da mafi ƙarancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya tare da raguwar kasafin kuɗin ayyukan zamantakewa. Sakamakon taron, manyan canje-canje a tsarin kiwon lafiya na Senegal sun faru. Taron ya haifar da rarraba ɓangaren kiwon lafiya na Senegal, wanda wasu masu suka ke ganin ya haifar da rudani a gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi da gudanarwa a Senegal.

Shirin Bamako ya kuma haifar da kafa kwamitocin lafiya a Senegal a shekarar 1992. Kwamitocin suna ƙoƙarin cimma manyan manufofi guda uku: inganta lafiyar al'ummarsu, jawo hankalin al'umma game da ci gaban lafiya, da kuma inganta ingancin ayyukan da ake bayarwa a ofishinsu na kiwon lafiya, asibitin, ko asibiti.  A aikace, kwamitocin ba su da wakilci gaba ɗaya, kuma sun zama matsala ga ma'aikatan asibitin da ma'aikatan lafiya. Mata kusan ba sa zuwa zaɓen kwamitoci kuma ba kasafai ake zaɓen su a kwamitocin kwamitoci ba. Maimakon haka, maza ne ke riƙe da waɗannan kwamitocin waɗanda ba za su iya yin watsi da buƙatun mata, yara, da marasa galihu a cikin kwamitocinsu ba. Masu suka sun yi imanin cewa kwamitocin sun kasance suna da rashin shugabanci, rashin yarda, da rashin gaskiya. Duk da waɗannan matsalolin, an sami gagarumin riba daga Shirin Bamako da kwamitocin lafiya. Canje-canjen sun haifar da ingantaccen samar da magunguna, kuma sun rama ƙarancin ma'aikatan lafiya a lokuta da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;foley2001&quot; /&gt;

=== Rarraba Ƙasa ===
Rarraba iko ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, bayan shirin Bamako. Babban burin shine a sa jihar ta zama mai amsawa da daidaitawa ga buƙatun gida da na yanki, sabanin lokacin da aka fi mai da hankali kan iko da alhakin gudanarwa.  Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin riƙon amana da iko na gaske daga wani ɓangare na jami'an gida. Jihar tana ba da babban kaso na kasafin kuɗin kiwon lafiya na gida, amma ana ƙayyade manufofin kiwon lafiya, manufofi, da tsoma baki a matakin gida. Duk da haka, saboda yawancin jami'an gida ba su da horo kan yadda ya kamata a raba iko; akwai gurɓataccen tsari dangane da tsare-tsare da gudanarwa, kuma raunin ƙarfin cibiyoyi da ƙarancin albarkatun da za a raba tsakanin ƙaruwar nauyi sun ƙara ta'azzara al'amura. &lt;ref name=&quot;foley2001&quot; /&gt; Rarraba iko ya gaza ta hanyoyi biyu: shekaru uku na farko sun gaza sanya siyasa da gwamnatin ƙananan hukumomi su zama masu haɗin kai da kuma masu amsawa ga al'ummomin gida, kuma babu kulawa ga daidaito tsakanin jinsi da shiga. Rarraba iko ya nufin cewa hukumomi sun gaza wajen magance yanayi da damuwar mata gaba ɗaya. Akwai ƙarin matsaloli wajen haifar da rikici tsakanin jami'an birni da jami'an gundumar likitoci kan raba kuɗi ga ɓangaren lafiya. 

=== Sana'ar mallaka ===
Baya ga canje-canje da aka samu a shirin Bamako da kuma rarraba iko, kiwon lafiya na Senegal ya zama mallakar gwamnati. Tallafin masu zaman kansu a Senegal ya sa kudaden masu amfani da kuma sayar da magunguna su zama wani muhimmin bangare na fannin kiwon lafiya. [1] Jihar har yanzu tana ba da tallafin fanin lafiya ta hanyar biyan albashin ma'aikatan jihar da kuma bai wa kowace gunduma kasafin kudi na musamman kowace shekara da ta yanke shawara. Duk da haka, kudaden masu amfani da kuma sayar da magunguna su ne kawai sassan da suka fi bayyana a tsarin kiwon lafiya na masu zaman kansu a Senegal. Yanzu, marasa lafiya dole ne su sayi tikitin tsayawa a layi su sami kulawa a asibitin lafiya, wanda zai iya zama matsala musamman ga iyaye mata, tsofaffi, da kuma talakawa. Bugu da ƙari, asibitoci suna buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi. Illolin tallan kamfanoni na musamman suna da mata marasa galihu, saboda galibi suna kula da lafiyar iyali. Bugu da ƙari, mace-mace da yawa da za a iya hanawa sun faru ne sakamakon tallan kamfanoni na masu zaman kansu.

=== Dijitalization ===
A watan Yunin 2021, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta Senegal ta ƙaddamar da sunucmu.com (SunuCMU), wani gidan yanar gizo da hukumar ke fatan zai sauƙaƙa harkokin kiwon lafiya a ƙasar. Shafin yanar gizon wani ɓangare ne na shirin Ministan Jiha Mohammad Abdallah Dionne na dijital. Yana da niyyar sa tsarin kiwon lafiyar Senegal ya zama mai inganci kuma mai ɗorewa. Ta amfani da SunuCMU, Senegal na fatan cimma kashi 75 cikin ɗari na ɗaukar nauyin a cikin shekaru biyu na ƙaddamar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;borgenmagazine.com&quot;/&gt;

Shafin yanar gizon yana nuna shirye-shirye guda huɗu bayyanannu: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plateforme de la CMU |url=https://www.sunucmu.com/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.sunucmu.com |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183612/https://www.sunucmu.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Shirin Caesarean''' : Shirin Caesarean yana neman samar da ingantaccen kula da lafiya ga mata masu juna biyu da 'yan tayinsu da kuma jarirai.
* '''Tsarin Ridi''' : Tsarin Ridi yana neman samar da isasshen inshorar lafiya mai araha ga duk waɗanda suka kai shekaru 60 zuwa sama.
* '''Tsarin Maganin Ciwon Hanta''' : Tsarin Maganin Ciwon Hanta yana neman samar da inshorar lafiya ga duk waɗanda ke fama da matsalar koda (koda), ko ta ƙarshe ko kuma ta gaggawa.
* '''Tsarin Sifili zuwa 5''' : Tsarin Sifili zuwa Biyar yana neman samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan jarirai da ƙananan yara.

== Amfani da kula da lafiya ==
[[Fayil:Niodior2.jpg|thumb|Mata biyu da jariri ɗaya a wani sashen haihuwa da ke Tsibirin Niodior, Sine Saloum, Senegal (Janairu 2006).]]
Amfani da kula da lafiya a Senegal ya samo asali ne daga dalilai daban-daban. Mata suna da yuwuwar amfani da kulawa fiye da maza da kashi 1.4 cikin ɗari. A matakin mutum ɗaya, yuwuwar neman magani yana tasiri ne ta hanyar alaƙar da ke tsakanin shugaban iyali, matsayin aiki, jinsi, da shekaru. An gano cewa masu kuɗi suma suna da yuwuwar amfani da kulawa da kashi 8 cikin ɗari fiye da matalauta. Bugu da ƙari, ma'aikatan da ke cikin gidaje waɗanda ke buƙatar aikin gona mai yawa ba sa neman kulawa da kashi 7.5 cikin ɗari fiye da waɗanda ba ma'aikata ba ne a gidaje waɗanda ke da ƙarancin buƙatar aikin gona.

=== Bambance-bambance tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ===
Akwai manyan bambance-bambance a fannin samun kulawar lafiya ga waɗanda ke zaune a birane da yankunan karkara. Kimanin kashi 70% na likitoci da kuma kashi 80% na likitocin magunguna da likitocin hakora suna zaune a [[Dakar]], babban birnin ƙasar. Duk da haka, kashi 42% ne kawai na al'ummar Senegal ke zaune a birane, kamar Dakar, wanda ke nufin cewa likitoci kaɗan ne ke samuwa ga mazauna karkara.  Daga cikin kowace mata 10,000 da suka haihu, 24 za su mutu a birane, amma kusan 100 za su mutu a yankunan karkara.  Bugu da ƙari, akwai manyan bambance-bambance a fannin abinci mai gina jiki ga yara a birane da yankunan karkara, inda waɗanda ke yankunan karkara suka fi fuskantar ƙalubale.  Saboda haka, za a iya mai da hankali sosai kan rage gibin da ke tsakanin samun damar kula da lafiya a birane da yankunan karkara.

Rage gibin da ke tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ana yin sa ne ta hanyar horarwa da jawo hankalin kwararrun likitoci zuwa yankunan da ke nesa. Likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da ungozoma suna buƙatar horo na musamman kan yadda za su yi aiki da marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su taɓa yin hulɗa da maganin zamani ba kuma ba su koyi halayen neman lafiya na zamani ba. Ma'aikatan lafiya za su jure mafi kyau kuma na tsawon lokaci a yankunan da ke nesa da ƙasar idan aka ba su kwangiloli na dindindin da ingantattun kayan aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Honda |first=Ayako |last2=Krucien |first2=Nicolas |last3=Ryan |first3=Mandy |last4=Diouf |first4=Ibrahima Ska Ndella |last5=Salla |first5=Malick |last6=Nagai |first6=Mari |last7=Fujita |first7=Noriko |date=2019-04-25 |title=For more than money: willingness of health professionals to stay in remote Senegal |journal=Human Resources for Health |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/s12960-019-0363-7 |issn=1478-4491 |pmc=6485088 |pmid=31023372 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da aikin &quot;Plan Cobra&quot; a shekarar 2006, kuma ƙoƙari ne na gwamnati don jawo hankalin ƙwararrun likitoci zuwa yankunan da ba su da isasshen kulawa ta hanyar ɗaukar su aiki a ƙarƙashin kwangilolin gwamnati na shekara-shekara waɗanda ke ba su ƙarin kwanciyar hankali. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa kwangilolin shekara-shekara ba za su yi tasiri sosai a cikin dogon lokaci ba, saboda ma'aikata ba sa zama a waɗannan yankuna bayan ƙarshen kwangilarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Ambulance_de_Agnam-Goly.JPG|alt=alt text|left|thumb|Ambulance a Agnam-Goly, 2006]]
[[Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_09_-_Ziguinchor,_Senegal_-_First_hospital_ambulance_with_driver_-_1973.tiff|thumb|Motar asibiti ta farko ta gida tare da direba, Ziguinchor, 1973]]
Sau da yawa, nisan da ke tsakanin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, tituna masu tsauri, da hanyoyin sufuri marasa kyau suna takaita hanyoyin samun lafiya a Senegal. Ga kashi 80.5% na gidaje, wurin kiwon lafiya mara kayan aiki shine kawai wurin kiwon lafiya da ake iya samu a matsakaicin nisan kilomita 4.3.  Mafi kusa da babban mai bada sabis (watau asibiti) yana, a matsakaici, kilomita 20 da ƙauyen gidan. Inganta hanyoyin samun lafiya ta hanyar ingantaccen hanya da ingantattun hanyoyin sufuri zai yi tasiri mai kyau ga amfani da kiwon lafiya.  Saboda matsanancin nisa da yanayin muhalli, kamar hanyoyin laka, kashi 32% ne kawai na gidajen karkara ke samun damar zuwa cibiyar lafiya akai-akai don haka samun damar zuwa ga likita. &lt;ref name=&quot;transportation&quot; /&gt; Akwai hanyoyi marasa shimfidawa sau biyu a Senegal fiye da hanyoyin da aka shimfida.  Sau da yawa, akwai matsala da sufuri da ababen hawa a cikin cewa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ba za su iya samun isassun jiragen ruwa ba, ko kuma motocin ba su dace da hanyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;transportation&quot; /&gt; Wasu cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna da motocin asibiti, amma babu wani shiri na gyara da maye gurbin ababen hawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai matsaloli game da jigilar mata marasa lafiya da masu juna biyu; idan babu motocin asibiti, tirelolin da ke jan dawaki suma suna iya yin tasiri. Hanya mafi inganci ita ce inganta zirga-zirgar masu samar da lafiya maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan inganta zirga-zirgar mazauna karkara, wanda ke buƙatar tallafin tsari da kuɗi kaɗan fiye da samar da sufuri ga kowane gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;transportation&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Kogi United FC</title>
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      <text bytes="4318" sha1="igrpbdjk1tow5dfo4yzub48r269doho" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname      = Kogi United F.C.
| fullname      = Kogi United Football Club
| nickname      = Confluence Boys
| founded       = 1990s
| ground        = Confluence Stadium, Lokoja
| capacity      = 25,000
| chairman       = Abdulmalik Isah
| manager       = Folabi Ojekunle
| league        = Nigeria National League
| season        = 2023–24
| position      = Nigeria National League
| website       = http://www.kogiunitedfc.com/
}}

'''Kogi United F.C.''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya da ke da hedikwata a birnin Lokoja, jihar Kogi. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a gasar ''Nigeria National League (NNL)'', wacce ita ce mataki na biyu a tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Kogi United na buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na ''Confluence Stadium'' mai ɗaukar mutane kusan 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_United_F.C.|title=Kogi United F.C.|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An san ƙungiyar da rawar da take takawa wajen bunƙasa matasan ‘yan wasa a jihar Kogi da ma Arewacin Najeriya baki ɗaya. Kogi United ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka dade suna taka rawa a gasar mataki na biyu a Najeriya, inda ta samar da dama ga matasa masu hazaka domin nuna ƙwarewarsu a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_United_F.C.|title=Kogi United F.C.|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar tana amfani da ''Confluence Stadium'' da ke Lokoja a matsayin filin wasanta na gida. Filin wasan yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa a yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya kuma yana karɓar dubban magoya baya yayin manyan wasanni. Sunan “Confluence Boys” ya samo asali ne daga jihar Kogi, wacce aka fi sani da wurin haɗuwar kogunan Niger da Benue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_State|title=Kogi State|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2017, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci hukunci daga hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan rikicin magoya baya a wasan gasar ''Federation Cup'' tsakaninta da Rangers International. Bayan mamayar filin wasa da magoya baya suka yi, an dakatar da Kogi United daga shiga gasar kofin Najeriya har na tsawon shekaru biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_United_F.C.|title=Kogi United F.C.|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogi United ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke fafutukar samun gurbin hawa zuwa babbar gasar Najeriya wato ''Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL)''. Duk da ƙalubalen kuɗi da gudanarwa da ƙungiyoyi da dama a Najeriya ke fuskanta, Kogi United na ci gaba da kasancewa muhimmiyar ƙungiya a ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/2023-kogi-fa-cup-kogi-united-fc-are-champions|title=2023 Kogi FA Cup: Kogi United FC are Champions|website=Africa Sport Network|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Kogi United domin wakiltar jihar Kogi a manyan gasa na ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Tun bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta kasance tana taka rawa a gasoshin ƙasa daban-daban, musamman a matakin ''Nigeria National League''. Ta yi suna wajen bai wa matasa damar taka leda da kuma haɓaka harkokin wasanni a jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_United_F.C.|title=Kogi United F.C.|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filin wasa ==
Kogi United tana amfani da '''Confluence Stadium''' da ke Lokoja. Filin wasan yana da kujeru kimanin 25,000 kuma ana amfani da shi wajen wasannin lig da sauran manyan wasanni a jihar Kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_United_F.C.|title=Kogi United F.C.|website=Wikipedia|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==
* '''Kogi State FA Cup'''
** Zakara: 2022, 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/2023-kogi-fa-cup-kogi-united-fc-are-champions|title=2023 Kogi FA Cup: Kogi United FC are Champions|website=Africa Sport Network|access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria National League]]
* [[Kogi State]]
* [[Confluence Stadium]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [http://www.kogiunitedfc.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611221056/http://www.kogiunitedfc.com/ |date=2017-06-11 }} Officia</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jos International Stadium</title>
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| stadium_name = Jos International Stadium
| image = 
| image_size = 
| caption = Jos International Stadium
| location = Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| coordinates = 
| opened = 1999
| owner = Plateau State Government
| operator = Plateau State Government
| surface = Grass
| seating_capacity = 40,000
| tenants = Plateau United F.C.
}}

'''Jos International Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke cikin birnin [[Jos]], a jihar [[Plateau State]], Najeriya. Filin wasan yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasanni a arewacin Najeriya, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, bukukuwan gwamnati, da sauran manyan taruka. Filin wasan na da kujerun zama masu ɗaukar dubban masu kallo kuma yana karɓar wasannin gida na ƙungiyar [[Plateau United F.C.]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Plateau United Stadium Information |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/nigeria/plateau-united-fc/16544/venue/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An buɗe Jos International Stadium ne domin bunƙasa harkokin wasanni a jihar Plateau da Najeriya baki ɗaya. Tun bayan kammala ginin filin wasan, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin wasanni da ake amfani da su wajen shirya manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar. Filin wasan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awar wasanni tsakanin matasa da kuma samar da dama ga ’yan wasa masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Stadiums in Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml |website=World Stadiums |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin wasan yana da ciyawa ta musamman domin gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na zamani, tare da filayen motsa jiki da sauran kayan more rayuwa da suka dace da manyan gasanni. Haka kuma, filin yana da wuraren zama na ’yan jarida, ɗakunan sauya kaya, da tsarin tsaro domin tabbatar da gudanar da wasa cikin kwanciyar hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jos International Stadium Details |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/plateau-united/stadion/verein/24689 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar [[Plateau United F.C.]] ce ke amfani da Jos International Stadium a matsayin filin wasanninta na gida. Ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da filin wajen buga wasannin gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] da kuma wasu gasannin nahiyar Afirka. Filin wasan ya sha karɓar dubban magoya baya yayin manyan wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Plateau United FC |url=https://www.flashscore.com/team/plateau-united/ |website=Flashscore |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, ana amfani da Jos International Stadium wajen shirya tarukan siyasa, bukukuwan al’adu, da sauran manyan abubuwan gwamnati a jihar Plateau. Wannan ya sanya filin wasan ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar taruwar jama'a a yankin arewa ta tsakiya na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nigeria Stadium Guide |url=https://www.footballgroundmap.com/ground/jos-international-stadium/plateau-united |website=Football Ground Map |access-date=17 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Duba kuma==
* [[Plateau United F.C.]]
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
* [[Jos]]
* [[Plateau State]]

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football venues in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Plateau State]]
[[Category:Jos]]</text>
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'''Kogin Nyabugogo''' kogi ne a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Afirka]] kuma yana magudanar ruwa ga [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] . Tushen kogin shine [[Tafkin Muhazi]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa yamma, yana samar da iyaka ta arewa tsakanin Lardunan Arewa da [[Kigali]] na Rwanda, a yankin kudancin Tafkin Nilu . Yana kwarara zuwa ƙananan [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] a matsayin magudanar ruwa kusa da birnin [[Kigali]], babban birnin Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hakizimana |first=Narcisse |last2=Ishimwe |first2=Grace |last3=Ndagijimana |first3=Modeste |last4=Ntwali |first4=Didier |last5=Mupenzi |first5=Christophe |date=2023 |title=Land susceptibility to the stormwater runoff in Nyabugogo river catchment area, Rwanda |url=https://archive.conscientiabeam.com/index.php/112/article/download/3356/7546 |journal=International Journal of Climate Research |volume=7 |pages=11-12 |doi=10.18488/112.v7i1.3356 |access-date=3 June 2025 |via=Conscientia Beam}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana da jimillar tsawon {{Convert|59|km}} da kuma yankin magudanar ruwa mai fadin {{Convert|1650|sqkm}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;nwsej-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nzabonantumaa |first=Leonard |last2=Munyanezaa |first2=Omar |last3=Uwurukundo |first3=Eric |date=2015 |title=Morphodynamic Study of A River to Attenuate Flood Waves, Case Study of Nyabugogo River in Rwanda |url=https://www.nilebasin-journal.com/pdf_ReadDownload.php?type=read&amp;file=494_28093219.pdf |journal=Nile Water Science &amp; Engineering Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |access-date=3 June 2025 |archive-date=11 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211090944/https://www.nilebasin-journal.com/pdf_ReadDownload.php?type=read&amp;file=494_28093219.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2018 da 2024, an ƙirƙiro wani shiri na Matakai don inganta kogin. Ya haɗa da [[Agroforestry|noma]], dasa bishiyoyi, da kuma filayen noma, duk a ƙoƙarin rage yawan zaizayar ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nyabugogo Catchment Area Plan 2018-2024) by the Rwandan Ministry of Environment |url=https://www.waterportal.rwb.rw/sites/default/files/2019-04/Nyabugogo%20Catchment%20Plan_0.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar Ruwa ==
A shekarar 2013, kogin ya cika da ruwa a [[Kigali]], wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar miliyoyin kuɗi, da kuma mutuwar mutane huɗu a cikin mota. &lt;ref name=&quot;nwsej-2015&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Junior Lokosa</title>
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'''Junior Sewanu Lokosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1993) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke bugawa Sporting Lagos FC wasa.

== Sana'a ==
Lokosa ya buga wa [[First Bank F.C.|First Bank]] wasa kafin ya koma [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Kano Pillars]] a watan Mayun 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=Kano Pillars sign Nwagua Nyima, Lokosa |url=http://sportinglens.blogspot.bg/2017/05/kano-pillars-sign-nwagua-nyima-lokosa.html |website=Sportinglens.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallaye biyar a wasanni 14 na gasar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dudu |first=Dammy |date=6 September 2017 |title=Lokosa Junior thrilled to form a formidable strike force with Nyima for Pillars |url=http://sportlens360.com/2017/09/06/lokosa-junior-thrilled-to-form-a-formidable-strike-force-with-nyima-for-pillars/ |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Sportlens360 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043619/http://sportlens360.com/2017/09/06/lokosa-junior-thrilled-to-form-a-formidable-strike-force-with-nyima-for-pillars/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar kakar wasa ta 2018, Lokosa ya zira kwallaye 14 a wasanni 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=Junior Lokosa: What's the secret behind the NPFL hitman's scoring streak? |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/can-the-npfl-get-enough-of-junior-lokosa/1po5arm9932ao15wqwrylrfmsj |website=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na 2018, ya shiga gwaji tare da kulob din Ludogorets na Bulgaria, kuma ya yi gwaji a kulob din Brann na Norway.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2018 |title=Junior Lokosa returns to Kano Pillars after failed Norway trails |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/junior-lokosa-returns-to-kano-pillars-after-failed-norway/s75qva36kltz17u22mhc2z1uv |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karshen kakar wasa, ya sami kyautar [[Eunisell]] Boot Award bayan kwallaye 19 da ya zira sun sanya shi a saman jadawalin NPFL, wanda hakan ya ba shi Naira miliyan 3.8 (N200,000 ga kowane kwallo). 

Bayan gwaji a China, [1] ya koma Espérance Sportive de Tunis a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2019, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2020, zakaran Tunisia Espérance Sportive de Tunis ya sanar da barin Lokosa a shafinsu na Twitter na hukuma kuma ya yanke kwantiraginsa . [2]

A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2022, Lokosa ya koma ƙungiyar Al-Rayyan ta rukuni na biyu ta Saudiyya. 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Lokosa ya fara bugawa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar 28 ga Mayu 2018 a wasan sada zumunta da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|DR Congo]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|71201}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kyakkyawan aikin da ya yi a Kano Pillars, an sanya Lokosa a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 30 na wucin gadi da za su fafata a [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018]] a Rasha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2018 |title=Junior Lokosa IN, Brown Ideye OUT as Nigeria announce World Cup preliminary squad |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/junior-lokosa-in-brown-ideye-out-as-nigeria-announce-world/ziiwlaktlm1t1nr9g530cu9x9 |website=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bai shiga zagaye na karshe na 'yan wasa 23 ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samuel Ahmadu |date=3 June 2018 |title=Junior Lokosa has no regrets despite Nigeria's World Cup squad eviction |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/no-regrets-over-world-cup-snub-says-junior-lokosa/17z202nst6hul1jtf6e4gpjkx2 |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|8 November 2018}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Wasan kulob
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nahiyar Nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wani
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Kulob
! Gasar League
! Kakar wasa
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | [[Kano Pillars F.C.|Kano Pillars]]
| Gasar Najeriya
| 2017 &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|71201|accessdate=15 January 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/71201.html &quot;Junior Lokosa&quot;]. ''National Football Teams''. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 January&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
| 14
| 5
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 14
| 5
|-
| Gasar Najeriya
| 2018  
| 21
| 19
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 21
| 19
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ƙididdigar aiki
! 35
! 23
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 35
! 23
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kada City Stadium</title>
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      <text bytes="3211" sha1="kp8wf6ii1hg88art2p6in3v6n5g5zyy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox stadium
| name                = Kada City Stadium
| image               = 
| image_size          = 
| caption             = Kada City Stadium a jihar Kaduna, Najeriya
| fullname            = Kada City Stadium
| former_names        = 
| location            = Kaduna, [[Najeriya]]
| coordinates         = 
| broke_ground        = 
| built               = 
| opened              = 2018
| renovated           = 
| expanded            = 
| owner               = Kada City Football Club
| operator            = Kada City Football Club
| surface             = Ciyawa
| construction_cost   = 
| architect           = 
| tenants             = [[Kada City F.C.]]
| capacity            = Kimanin mutum 16,000
}}

'''Kada City Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke cikin birnin Kaduna a jihar Kaduna, [[Najeriya]]. An fi amfani da filin domin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya kasance gida ga ƙungiyar [[Kada City F.C.]]. Filin ya samu karɓuwa bayan kafa ƙungiyar Kada City a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya, inda aka fara amfani da shi domin karɓar wasannin gida da kuma horo. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kada City FC Profile |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/nigeria/kada-city-fc/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An buɗe filin wasan ne a shekarar 2018 domin taimaka wa ci gaban wasanni a jihar Kaduna da kuma samar da ingantaccen wuri ga matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa. Filin yana ɗauke da kujerun ‘yan kallo masu yawa tare da filin ciyawa da ya dace da wasannin ƙwararru. Haka kuma yana da dakunan canza kaya da wuraren gudanar da taruka na wasanni. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kada City Stadium Details |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/kada-city-fc/stadion/verein/60162 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kada City Stadium ya karɓi wasannin gasar '''Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL)''' lokacin da Kada City F.C. ke buga gasar ajin farko ta Najeriya. Filin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da magoya baya a Kaduna ke taruwa domin kallon wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a lokacin da ƙungiyar ke fafatawa da manyan ƙungiyoyi daga sassan Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NPFL: Kada City to play home matches in Kaduna |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/npfl-kada-city-to-play-home-matches-in-kaduna/ |work=Goal.com |access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga wasannin lig, ana amfani da Kada City Stadium wajen shirya gasannin matasa, horo, da sauran ayyukan wasanni a jihar Kaduna. Filin ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa harkokin wasanni da gano sababbin hazikan ‘yan wasa a arewacin Najeriya. Haka kuma yana daga cikin filayen da ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin cikin gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Football development in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/04/14/football-development-in-northern-nigeria/ |website=ThisDay Live |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Kada City F.C.]]
* [[Jerin filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Jihar Kaduna]]
[[Category:Gine-ginen wasanni a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CAF Women's Champions League</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fayil:FC Masar vs Edo Queens 1.jpg|thumb]]
'''CAF Women's Champions League''' wata gasa ce ta ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata wadda hukumar [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF) ke shirya ta. An ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 2021 domin bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a nahiyar Afirka da kuma bai wa ƙungiyoyi damar fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin nahiyar. Gasa ce mafi girma ga ƙungiyoyin mata a Afirka kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin kwatankwacin [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] a Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/ |title=CAF Women’s Champions League |publisher=CAF Official Website |access-date=19 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Football stadium women's match.jpg|thumb|right|Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a filin wasa (misali na gasa irin ta CAF Women's Champions League)]]

== Tarihi ==
CAF ta ƙaddamar da gasar ne a shekarar 2021 bayan ƙaruwa da sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Afirka. An fara gasar ne da tsarin cancanta ta yankuna daban-daban kafin a kai matakin ƙarshe na ƙungiyoyi 8. Wannan tsarin yana tabbatar da cewa kowace yanki a Afirka tana da wakilci a gasar ƙarshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59000000 |title=CAF launches Women’s Champions League |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin gasar ==
Gasar tana da matakai biyu:
* Matakin cancanta na yanki (regional qualifiers)
* Matakin ƙarshe (final tournament) wanda ƙungiyoyi 8 ke fafatawa

Ƙungiyoyin da suka yi nasara a yankunansu ne ke samun tikitin shiga matakin ƙarshe. A matakin ƙarshe, ana raba ƙungiyoyi zuwa rukuni biyu kafin a kai zagayen knockout (semi-final da final).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/caf-womens-champions-league-format-explained/ |title=CAF Women’s Champions League format explained |publisher=CAF Official Website |access-date=19 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ==
CAF Women's Champions League tana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen:
* Inganta ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Afirka
* Samar da damar kasuwanci da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin mata
* Ƙara ƙwarewar 'yan wasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa
* Taimakawa wajen gano sabbin hazikai a ƙwallon ƙafa

Gasar ta kuma taimaka wajen haɓaka martabar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a nahiyar Afirka a idon duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2022/11/15/caf-womens-champions-league-growth-africa |title=How CAF Women’s Champions League is growing women’s football in Africa |publisher=Al Jazeera Sports |access-date=19 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zakaru ==
Wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka yi nasara sun haɗa da:
* [[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.]]
* AS FAR (Morocco)
* Hasaacas Ladies (Ghana)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Duba kuma ==
* [[CAF]]
* [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]
* [[FIFA Women's World Cup]]

[[Category:CAF competitions]]
[[Category:Women's football competitions]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Africa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umuago Paul Akpome</title>
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'''Umuago Paul Akpome''' alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Najeriya]] wanda ya shahara a fagen gudanar da wasannin ''futsal'' na ƙasa da ƙasa. An saka sunansa cikin jerin alkalan wasa na Najeriya da [[FIFA]] ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa na shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FIFA places 11 Nigerian referees, 11 assistant referees on 2024 international lists |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/athletics/fifa-places-11-nigerian-referees-11-assistant-referees-on-2024-international-lists |website=Africa Sport Network |date=14 Disamba 2023 |access-date=19 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
A shekarar 2024, hukumar kula da ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya wato [[FIFA]] ta sanya Umuago Paul Akpome cikin jerin alkalan wasan ''futsal'' guda huɗu daga Najeriya da aka amince su gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan amincewa ta fito ne ta hannun [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) bayan tantancewar FIFA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FIFA picks 11 Nigerian referees, 11 assistants for 2024 games |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/fifa-picks-11-nigerian-referees-11-assistants-for-2024-games/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 Disamba 2023 |access-date=19 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana sunan Akpome tare da sauran alkalan wasan ''futsal'' na Najeriya da suka haɗa da Ukah Ndubuisi Odigomma, Musa Dung Davou da Bello Zuru Alhassan a cikin sanarwar FIFA ta shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FIFA Places 11 Nigerian Referees, 11 Assistant Referees On 2024 International Lists |url=https://www.completesports.com/fifa-places-11-nigerian-referees-11-assistant-referees-on-2024-international-lists/ |website=Complete Sports Nigeria |date=14 Disamba 2023 |access-date=19 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[FIFA]]
* [[Nigeria Football Federation]]
* [[Futsal]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akpome, Umuago Paul}}
[[Category:Alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen da suke raye]]
[[Category:Futsal a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kungiyar Masana'antar ATM</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Kungiyar Masana'antar ATM''' ('''ATMIA'''), asalin Kungiyar Masu Gidan ATM, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekara ta 1997 a Amurka a matsayin Ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta duniya mai zaman kanta don ba da sabis ga masana'antar da ta gina a kusa da ci gaban ATM na duniya.

== Tarihi ==
'Sassauta kasuwannin bankunan dillalai a Amurka a shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, ya haifar da asarar ikon mallakar na'urorin ATM yayin da aka ba wa masu amfani da na'urorin ATM masu zaman kansu damar yin gasa wajen samar da damar samun kuɗi bayan sa'o'i. Ci gaban wannan kasuwa ya sa Tom Harper da Alan Fryrear suka kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da na'urorin ATM (ATMOA) a ƙarshen 1997 ba tare da ma'aikata ba (sai Harper), babu kasafin kuɗi, kuma kaɗan ne daga cikin membobi. Taron farko na shirye-shiryen ATMOA ya gudana a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1998, a ƙarshen taron Faulkner &amp; Gray Advanced ATM a San Diego, California.[3] Ƙungiyar ta zaɓi Lyle Elias a matsayin sabon shugaba, ta amince da kudirin canza sunansu zuwa Ƙungiyar Masana'antar ATM,[4] ta kafa kwamitoci da dama kuma ta ɗauki matakai don ƙaddamar da taron masana'antar tasu.

A shekara ta 2000, Michael Lee ya shiga ATMIA a matsayin babban darakta na Turai kuma a shekara ta 2004, an nada shi babban jami'in zartarwa da memba na kwamitin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2004 |title=Mike Lee named CEO of ATMIA |url=https://www.kioskmarketplace.com/top-100/mike-lee-named-ceo-of-atmia-2/ |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ci gaban da ke kawo mahalarta masana'antu tare ya haifar da [[New York Times]] ta gano ATMIA a matsayin &quot;babban ƙungiyar kasuwanci&quot; a cikin masana'antar rarraba kuɗi ta duniya a shekara ta 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2003 |title=STEALING THE CODE: Con Men and Cash Machines; Criminals Focus on A.T.M.'s, Weak Link in Banking System |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/03/us/stealing-code-con-men-cash-machines-criminals-focus-atm-s-weak-link-banking.html |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, ATMIA tana da mambobi sama da 8,000 a cikin ƙasashe 66.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Membership Composition |url=https://www.atmia.com/about-us/membership-composition/ |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tushen membobin sun haɗa da bankunan da sauran cibiyoyin ajiya, IADs, kamfanonin [[katin biyan kuɗi]], kamfanonin cibiyar sadarwa, kamfanonin ƙirar ATM da masana'antu, da sauran masu ba da sabis masu alaƙa.

== Tasirin ==
[[Fayil:ATMworldwide.png|thumb|Hoton hukuma na Duniya don ATM, 2001 (an yi rajista a matsayin alamar jama'a ta duniya a 2008) ]]
ATMIA tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa don batutuwan da suka shafi tsakanin membobin. Wadannan sun hada da batutuwan fasaha kamar daidaita tallafin duniya na tsarin aiki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2015 |title=The ATM Industry Association is skipping Windows 8 for Windows 10 |url=https://mspoweruser.com/the-atm-industry-association-is-skipping-to-windows-10/ |publisher=Microsoft News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2015 |title=ATMIA recommends migration to Windows 10 as the new ATM OS |url=http://news.thewindowsclub.com/atmia-recommends-migration-windows-10-new-atm-os-78527/ |publisher=TWCN Tech News}}&lt;/ref&gt; inganta takamaiman kayan aikin sadarwar masana'antu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2016 |title=ATM Association Promotes Networking with Online Tool |url=http://associationsnow.com/2016/03/atm-association-promotes-networking-online-tool/ |publisher=Association News}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba da shawara kan tsaro na ma'amaloli, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2016 |title=Malware and skimmers, explosions and hammers: How attackers go after ATMs |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2016/02/malware-and-skimmers-explosions-and-hammers-how-attackers-go-after-atms/ |publisher=ARS Technica}}&lt;/ref&gt; saita ka'idoji na yau da kullun don ba da dama ga mutanen da ke da nakasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2014 |title=ATMIA publishes new ATM interface recommendations |url=http://www.paymenteye.com/2014/08/14/atmia-publishes-new-atm-interface-recommendations/ |publisher=PaymentEye |access-date=May 20, 2026 |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202090251/https://www.paymenteye.com/2014/08/14/atmia-publishes-new-atm-interface-recommendations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma makomar ATM. [4]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2012 |title=European ATM Conference &amp; the Cashless Society |url=https://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2012/06/12/european-atm-conference-the-cashless-society/ |publisher=Light Blue Touch Paper (Security Research, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, ya inganta ma'auni na duniya don tsaro na ATM &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2013 |title=Security Standards Council PIN Transaction Point Interaction |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/pdfs/PCI_ATM_Security_Guidelines_Info_Supplement.pdf |publisher=Security Standard Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da haɗin gwiwar Accenture, sabis na ATM na duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2011 |title=ATMIA Software Governance Checklist now available in Russian |url=http://www.safensoft.com/security.phtml?c=772&amp;id=1723 |publisher=SafenSoft |access-date=May 20, 2026 |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202090246/http://www.safensoft.com/security.phtml?c=772&amp;id=1723 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Value Partners |date=November 5, 2014 |title=ATM Benchmarking Study 2014 and Industry Report |url=http://www.slideshare.net/ValuePartners/atm-benchmarking-study-2014-and-industry-report |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PDF |url=https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-10/Accenture-Banking-ATM-Benchmarking-2016.pdf |publisher= |access-date=2026-05-20 |archive-date=2021-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318091120/https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-10/Accenture-Banking-ATM-Benchmarking-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alhakin tsara alamar &quot;ATM a nan&quot; a duniya, bisa ga gasar kasa da kasa da Andy Kitt ya lashe, tsohon Kamfanin NCR. &quot;Official Global Pictogram for the ATM&quot;,  an yi rajista a matsayin alamar jama'a ta duniya a 2008 (ISO 7001:PI CF 005). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global ATM Pictogram - NSA - Field Service Solutions |url=http://www.nsa.bz/atm_pictogram.php |publisher= |access-date=2026-05-20 |archive-date=2020-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223171448/http://www.nsa.bz/atm_pictogram.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ISO 7001 |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:grs:7001:PI_CF_005 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=iso.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi aiki tare da James Shepherd-Barron &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=James Shepherd-Barron - Disaster Risk Management - Coordination and Information Management |url=https://james.shepherd-barron.com/ |website=james.shepherd-barron.com |access-date=2026-05-20 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106141519/https://james.shepherd-barron.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a kokarin jin kai don sauƙaƙe samar da tsabar kudi da kuma fadada amfani da ATMs na hannu ga wadanda ke fama da bala'o'i da rikice-rikicen siyasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2016 |title=ATMIA initiative aims to ensure cash access for disaster victims |url=https://www.atmmarketplace.com/blogs/atmia-initiative-aims-to-ensure-cash-access-for-disaster-victims/ |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Membobin ATMIA da daraktoci suna aiki tare don magance batutuwan damuwa na duniya kamar Hare-haren ATM a Ostiraliya a cikin 2010, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2012 |title=ATM Ram-Raiders Thwarted with Raminator |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/atm-ramraiders-thwarted-with-raminator |access-date=December 22, 2016 |publisher=Radio Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cikin 2012 game da ka'idojin karkatar da kuɗi, gami da tsarin ATMs marasa banki a Kanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Prenzler |first=Tim |date=2009 |title=Strike Force Piccadilly: a public‐private partnership to stop ATM ram raids |journal=Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &amp; Management |publisher=Emerald |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=210, 215 and 216 |doi=10.1108/13639510910958145 |s2cid=154483609 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2016 |title=Banking, Issue 24, Evidence - October 17, 2012 |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/411%5CBANC/24EV-49731-e.HTM |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ATMIA tana wakiltar membobinta a gaban hukumomin kudi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2014 |title=The Future Of Cash With Mike Lee, ATMIA CEO |url=https://www.yourcash.com/the-future-of-the-atm-industry-with-mike-lee-atmia-ceo/ |publisher=www.yourcash.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2014 |title=In face of mobile money onslaught, Atmia makes pro-cash rallying cry |url=https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/26627/in-face-of-mobile-money-onslaught-atmia-makes-pro-cash-rallying-cry |publisher=Finextra}}&lt;/ref&gt; da masu tsarawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Cash is still king but &quot;uneasy lies the head that wears a crown! |url=http://www.bankingtech.com/455552/cash-is-still-king-but-uneasy-lies-the-head-that-wears-a-crown/ |publisher=Banking Technology |access-date=May 20, 2026 |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901160544/http://www.bankingtech.com/455552/cash-is-still-king-but-uneasy-lies-the-head-that-wears-a-crown/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2016 |title=Central bank calls for access to cash to be a legal right in Sweden • NFC World |url=https://www.nfcworld.com/2016/03/21/343432/central-bank-calls-access-cash-legal-right-sweden/ |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana kusantar 'yan majalisa kai tsaye   Wannan ya haɗa da samar da sabis na kuɗi ga waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan kuɗin shiga da sauran masu amfani masu rauni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2016 |title=ATM Operators Win Supreme Court Ruling |url=http://www.vendingtimes.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=EB79A487112B48A296B38C81345C8C7F&amp;nm=Vending+Features&amp;type=Publishing&amp;mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&amp;mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&amp;tier=4&amp;id=EE3B99B9038D4AF9B7CDD2C39B121205 |publisher=Vending Times }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2014 |title=ATM Industry Association calls for changes to Reg II |url=https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/56939/atm-industry-association-calls-for-changes-to-reg-ii |publisher=finextra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2016 |title=Swedish central bank calls halt on moves to a cashless economy |url=https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/28635/swedish-central-bank-calls-halt-on-moves-to-a-cashless-economy/ |publisher=Finextra}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da karatu kan amfani da takardun banki da tsabar kudi a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2015 |title=Global cash demand outstrips economic growth |url=https://www.atmmarketplace.com/news/global-cash-demand-outstrips-economic-growth-study-shows/ |publisher=ATMmarketplace.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
  

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Infobox person
| name         = Kabenda Beauty
| fullname     = Terah Kabenda Beauty
| nationality  = [[Nigeria]]
| occupation   = Mai riƙe tuta / Assistant Referee
| league1      = [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
| role1        = Assistant referee
| internationalyears1 = 2021–
| confederation1 = [[FIFA]]
| internationalrole1 = Assistant referee
}}

'''Terah Kabenda Beauty''' ɗaya ce daga cikin fitattun mata masu aikin alƙalancin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya, wadda ta shahara a matsayin mai riƙe tuta (assistant referee ko lineswoman). Ta kasance mai alamar [[FIFA]] tun daga shekarar 2021, kuma tana gudanar da wasa a gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL). An san ta da ƙoƙarinta wajen bunƙasa ilimin dokokin wasa da kuma wakiltar Najeriya a gasannin ƙasa da na duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The rise of female referees in Nigerian football |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-rise-of-female-referees-in-nigerian-football/ |work=Daily Trust |date=2025 |access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da Sana'a ==
Kabenda Beauty ta fito daga [[Federal Capital Territory]], Najeriya. Ta fara samun karɓuwa ne bayan ta shiga jerin alkalan wasa mata da ke samun damar gudanar da manyan wasanni a Najeriya. Haka kuma ta kasance cikin sabbin mata da suka taimaka wajen ƙara yawan mata masu shiga harkar alƙalancin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The rise of female referees in Nigerian football |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-rise-of-female-referees-in-nigerian-football/ |work=Daily Trust |date=2025 |access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021 ne FIFA ta ba ta lambar duniya (FIFA badge), wanda ya ba ta damar gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin assistant referee. Tun daga lokacin take ci gaba da wakiltar Najeriya a wasannin da [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] da FIFA ke shiryawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Not The Time For Make-Up”: Beauty Kabenda Focuses On Excellence At FIFA MA Course For Elite Referees |url=https://www.sports247.ng/not-the-time-for-make-up-beauty-kabenda-focuses-on-excellence-at-fifa-ma-course-for-elite-referees/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2024-07-14 |access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan Duniya ==
A shekarar 2023, Hukumar [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] ta naɗa Kabenda Beauty a matsayin assistant referee 2 a wasan neman matsayi na uku na gasar mata ta WAFU B U20 tsakanin Burkina Faso da Benin Republic a Kumasi, Ghana. Wannan na daga cikin manyan wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa da ta jagoranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=WAFU U20 Women Tourney: Ivorien official, Natacha Konan, to take charge of Ghana, Nigeria |url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2023/06/02/wafu-u20-women-tourney-ivorien-official-natacha-konan-to-take-charge-of-ghana-nigeria/ |work=Sports Village Square |date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2026-05-23 |archive-date=2025-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115184509/https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2023/06/02/wafu-u20-women-tourney-ivorien-official-natacha-konan-to-take-charge-of-ghana-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2024, FIFA ta sake sanya sunanta cikin jerin alkalan wasa 30 daga Najeriya da aka amince su gudanar da wasannin duniya. Ta kasance cikin alkalan mata 11 masu riƙe tuta da Najeriya ta miƙa wa FIFA domin ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=FIFA approves 30 Nigerian referees for international duties in 2024 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/fifa-approves-30-nigerian-referees-for-international-duties-in-2024/ |work=TheCable |date=2023-12-14 |access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Horaswa da Cigaba ==
Kabenda Beauty ta shiga shirin horaswa na ''FIFA MA Course for Elite Referees'' da aka gudanar a Abuja a shekarar 2024. A yayin horon, ta bayyana cewa mayar da hankali ga ƙwarewa da fahimtar sabbin dokokin wasa shi ne babban abin da ya fi muhimmanci a gare ta. Masu horaswa na FIFA da CAF sun yaba da jajircewarta da ƙoƙarinta wajen inganta aikinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Not The Time For Make-Up”: Beauty Kabenda Focuses On Excellence At FIFA MA Course For Elite Referees |url=https://www.sports247.ng/not-the-time-for-make-up-beauty-kabenda-focuses-on-excellence-at-fifa-ma-course-for-elite-referees/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2024-07-14 |access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Kabenda Beauty tana daga cikin sabbin mata masu tasiri a harkar alƙalancin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Ci gabanta ya nuna yadda mata ke ƙara samun gurbi a manyan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na maza da mata a Najeriya da Afrika baki ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The rise of female referees in Nigerian football |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-rise-of-female-referees-in-nigerian-football/ |work=Daily Trust |date=2025 |access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Alƙalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]]
[[Category:Matan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masu aikin FIFA]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="372" sha1="1hli5dflly6cj7v2jnc0yjo8xy9mctx" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="821" sha1="n0byx7vbexzufxhljeso9po9glgsxpr" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau.</text>
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        <id>38014</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="834" sha1="tbpocyv5k16ca8qelwjwrmjcohxjaw0" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau.</text>
      <sha1>tbpocyv5k16ca8qelwjwrmjcohxjaw0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877956</id>
      <parentid>877954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:35:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1451" sha1="j7xtfg48is6olyw0cfro2jr5h5tm74y" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh</text>
      <sha1>j7xtfg48is6olyw0cfro2jr5h5tm74y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877957</id>
      <parentid>877956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:35:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1479" sha1="9wyhtwcr04a6nwzdld428w98jxlcnz5" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh</text>
      <sha1>9wyhtwcr04a6nwzdld428w98jxlcnz5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877958</id>
      <parentid>877957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:36:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1501" sha1="jn5jjd61g0ksohbuvsb4i9ngvucy7my" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==</text>
      <sha1>jn5jjd61g0ksohbuvsb4i9ngvucy7my</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877960</id>
      <parentid>877958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:36:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1835" sha1="hdtn9gqobscikcrbr0mnjbnkfbj03x0" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==
An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin.</text>
      <sha1>hdtn9gqobscikcrbr0mnjbnkfbj03x0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877961</id>
      <parentid>877960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:37:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1874" sha1="2rp8s9er1zreprwjjwigplg2rexgpnu" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==
An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin. 

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==</text>
      <sha1>2rp8s9er1zreprwjjwigplg2rexgpnu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877962</id>
      <parentid>877961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2980" sha1="2zk4kd37v5wvog4g4dop27t4aiffais" xml:space="preserve">'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==
An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin. 

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Mai karɓa
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | 2022
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Fitacciyar Jaruma Mai Tallafawa
| Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |   
|-
| Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa
| Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Daraktan Zane-zane
| Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Tufafi
| Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Hasken Haske
| Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti
| Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Sauti
| Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kwalliya
| Dagogo Diminas And Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Marubuci
| Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Daukar Fina-finai
| Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka
| Oke Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Jimillar
| Izu Ojukwu And Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Darakta
| Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}}
|}</text>
      <sha1>2zk4kd37v5wvog4g4dop27t4aiffais</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877963</id>
      <parentid>877962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:38:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2993" sha1="od2mcbx61x3oj8vmtb60cxuo4jtrbhc" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==
An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin. 

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Mai karɓa
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | 2022
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Fitacciyar Jaruma Mai Tallafawa
| Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |   
|-
| Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa
| Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Daraktan Zane-zane
| Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Tufafi
| Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Hasken Haske
| Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti
| Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Sauti
| Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kwalliya
| Dagogo Diminas And Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Marubuci
| Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Daukar Fina-finai
| Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka
| Oke Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Jimillar
| Izu Ojukwu And Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Darakta
| Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}}
|}</text>
      <sha1>od2mcbx61x3oj8vmtb60cxuo4jtrbhc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877965</id>
      <parentid>877963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:38:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umar Rabiuu</username>
        <id>38014</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3007" sha1="b2pb21pot0d5zq98sw2awlss8akjxn7" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==
An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin. 

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Mai karɓa
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | 2022
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Fitacciyar Jaruma Mai Tallafawa
| Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |   
|-
| Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa
| Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Daraktan Zane-zane
| Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Tufafi
| Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Hasken Haske
| Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti
| Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Sauti
| Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kwalliya
| Dagogo Diminas And Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Marubuci
| Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Daukar Fina-finai
| Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka
| Oke Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Jimillar
| Izu Ojukwu And Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Darakta
| Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}}
|}


==Manazarta</text>
      <sha1>b2pb21pot0d5zq98sw2awlss8akjxn7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877968</id>
      <parentid>877965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3309" sha1="n4gz1stj8ydqjupglp39k1ohshpmb1z" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (2021-11-04). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amina-izu-ojukwu-reveals-okey-ogunjiofor-wrote-new-netflix-movie/cf7l3fb &quot;''Amina'': Izu Ojukwu showers ''Living In Bondage'' writer Okey Ogunjiofor with accolades]&quot;. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Retrieved 2022-06-24.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==
An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin. 

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Mai karɓa
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | 2022
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Fitacciyar Jaruma Mai Tallafawa
| Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |   
|-
| Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa
| Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Daraktan Zane-zane
| Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Tufafi
| Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Hasken Haske
| Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti
| Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Sauti
| Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kwalliya
| Dagogo Diminas And Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Marubuci
| Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Daukar Fina-finai
| Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka
| Oke Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Jimillar
| Izu Ojukwu And Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Darakta
| Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}}
|}


==Manazarta</text>
      <sha1>n4gz1stj8ydqjupglp39k1ohshpmb1z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877969</id>
      <parentid>877968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:42:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3312" sha1="crpbjm4y6vqvrdmggfriaho3qg5rsc1" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (2021-11-04). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amina-izu-ojukwu-reveals-okey-ogunjiofor-wrote-new-netflix-movie/cf7l3fb &quot;''Amina'': Izu Ojukwu showers ''Living In Bondage'' writer Okey Ogunjiofor with accolades]&quot;. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Retrieved 2022-06-24.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau. 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==
An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin. 

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Mai karɓa
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | 2022
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Fitacciyar Jaruma Mai Tallafawa
| Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |   
|-
| Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa
| Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Daraktan Zane-zane
| Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Tufafi
| Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Hasken Haske
| Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti
| Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Sauti
| Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kwalliya
| Dagogo Diminas And Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Marubuci
| Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Daukar Fina-finai
| Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka
| Oke Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Jimillar
| Izu Ojukwu And Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Darakta
| Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}}
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>crpbjm4y6vqvrdmggfriaho3qg5rsc1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877971</id>
      <parentid>877969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T16:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3583" sha1="h7faxq3dymjtdfl8acad9pekk8mwnnj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumar daular [[Zazzau]] ta ƙarni na 16, [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan zaɓe a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (2021-11-04). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amina-izu-ojukwu-reveals-okey-ogunjiofor-wrote-new-netflix-movie/cf7l3fb &quot;''Amina'': Izu Ojukwu showers ''Living In Bondage'' writer Okey Ogunjiofor with accolades]&quot;. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Retrieved 2022-06-24.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Labari ==
Fim ɗin ya fara ne da fafatawa tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma. Bayan ganin faɗan, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana son zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo ne da turjiya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Wannan makircin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga hawan Amina kan karagar mulkin Zazzau.&lt;ref&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (2021-10-14). [https://www.pulse.ng/story/amina-twitter-critics-call-out-izu-ojukwu-over-language-choice-2024081900314155863 &quot;Twitter critics react to ''Amina'' trailer over language choice&quot;. ''Pulse Nigeria''.] Retrieved 2022-06-24.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina
* [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma
* [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] as Zumbura
* Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa
* Okonkwo David Chibuzor as Ogaga
* Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Gimbiya Igala
* Usman Tijjani Abubakar as Ibrahim
* Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero
* Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima
* Sani Danja a matsayin Soja
* Lawndi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma
* Debua Alheri a matsayin Firist na Igala
* Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki
* Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki
* Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zariya
* Asabe Madaki as Aladi Ameh

== Liyafar maraba ==
An soki fim ɗin saboda kasancewarsa cikin harshen Hausa kuma babban jaruminsa ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki fim ɗin saboda ya ƙunshi kurakurai da dama na tarihi. Ojukwu ya mayar da martani cewa rashin isassun bayanai da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya yi wuya a shirya fim ɗin. 

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Mai karɓa
! Sakamako
! Bayani
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | 2022
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | [[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic]]
| Fitacciyar Jaruma Mai Tallafawa
| Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |   
|-
| Fitaccen Jarumin Tallafawa
| Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Daraktan Zane-zane
| Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Tufafi
| Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Zane Hasken Haske
| Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti
| Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Sauti
| Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kwalliya
| Dagogo Diminas And Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi Kyawun Marubuci
| Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Mai Daukar Fina-finai
| Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim a Yammacin Afirka
| Oke Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Jimillar
| Izu Ojukwu And Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}}
|-
| Mafi kyawun Darakta
| Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}}
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>h7faxq3dymjtdfl8acad9pekk8mwnnj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Biodun Jeyifo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877829</id>
      <parentid>840151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>877829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5880" sha1="50n3ab5f81n9v554d6yhagg76upoof3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Biodun Jeyifo''' (5 ga Janairu, 1946 – 11 ga Fabrairu, 2026) fitaccen malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya, masanin adabin Afirka, mai sharhin al’adu da kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu nazarin ayyukan marubucin Najeriya kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel, [[Wole Soyinka]]. Ya yi suna sosai wajen bincike kan adabin Afirka, postcolonial studies, da kuma Marxist literary criticism. Haka kuma ya kasance farkon shugaban ƙungiyar [[Academic Staff Union of Universities]] (ASUU) a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=African studies institute mourns scholar, pioneer ASUU president Biodun Jeyifo |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/856203-african-studies-institute-mourns-scholar-pioneer-asuu-president-biodun-jeyifo.html |work=Premium Times |date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Biodun Jeyifo a garin Ibadan da ke Najeriya a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1946. Ya yi dukkan karatunsa na farko da na gaba da sakandare a Ibadan kafin ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], inda ya kammala digiri na farko a fannin Turanci da sakamako mai daraja ta farko a shekarar 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Renowned academic Biodun Jeyifo dies after brief illness |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/renowned-academic-biodun-jeyifo-dies-after-brief-illness/ |work=Western Post |date=2026-02-11 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya tafi Amurka inda ya samu digirin MA da kuma PhD daga [[New York University]] a shekarun 1973 da 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biodun Jeyifo |url=https://english.cornell.edu/biodun-jeyifo |website=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Jeyifo ya fara koyarwa a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1977, sannan ya koma [[Jami'ar Ife]] (wacce yanzu ake kira Obafemi Awolowo University) inda ya koyar daga 1977 zuwa 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Literary critic Biodun Jeyifo dies at 80 |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2026/02/literary-critic-biodun-jeyifo-dies-80 |work=Cornell Chronicle |date=2026-02-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1987 ya koma Oberlin College a jihar Ohio ta Amurka kafin daga bisani ya shiga [[Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1989 a matsayin farfesa a fannin Turanci da adabi. Daga shekarar 2006 kuma ya koma [[Jami'ar Harvard]] inda ya koyar a sashen African and African American Studies da Comparative Literature har zuwa ritayarsa a shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Renowned authority on African drama comes to FAS |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2006/03/renowned-authority-on-african-drama-comes-to-fas/ |work=Harvard Gazette |date=2006-03-23 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ga ilimi ==
Biodun Jeyifo ya shahara wajen nazarin ayyukan [[Wole Soyinka]] da kuma adabin Afirka gaba ɗaya. Littafinsa mai suna ''Wole Soyinka: Politics, Poetics and Postcolonialism'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci littattafan da aka rubuta kan Soyinka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biodun Jeyifo |url=https://english.cornell.edu/biodun-jeyifo |website=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, ya yi rubuce-rubuce masu yawa kan [[Chinua Achebe]], wasan kwaikwayon Yoruba travelling theatre, da kuma postcolonial theory. Ayyukansa sun taimaka wajen sauya yadda ake koyar da adabin Afirka a jami'o'i da dama a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Communist as teacher: Example of Biodun Jeyifo (1) |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/communist-as-teacher-example-of-biodun-jeyifo-1/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2016-02-17 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ASUU da gwagwarmaya ==
Jeyifo ya kasance shugaban farko na ƙungiyar ASUU, inda ya taka rawa wajen fafutukar neman ‘yancin jami’o’i da inganta walwalar malamai da bincike a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biodun Jeyifo, &quot;Generative Afropessimism, Nollywood, and the Postmodernity of Corruption and Dispossession” |url=https://icm.as.cornell.edu/news/biodun-jeyifo-generative-afropessimism-nollywood-and-postmodernity-corruption-and |website=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ra’ayin Marxism a harkar ilimi da al’adu a Najeriya, inda ya riƙa rubuce-rubuce a jaridun Najeriya kamar ''The Guardian'' da ''The Nation''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jeyifo dies at 80 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/jeyifo-dies-at-80/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Literature (D.Litt) saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi da nazarin al’adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=OAU honours Biodun Jeyifo for astounding intellectual work, radical humanism |url=https://guardian.ng/art/oau-honours-biodun-jeyifo-for-astounding-intellectual-work-radical-humanism/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2018-12-30 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rasuwarsa ==
Biodun Jeyifo ya rasu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2026 a Ibadan bayan fama da rashin lafiya. Rasuwarsa ta jawo jimami daga masana ilimi, marubuta da jami’o’i a faɗin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Tinubu, Soyinka lead tributes to literary giant Jeyifo |url=https://punchng.com/tinubu-soyinka-lead-final-tributes-to-literary-giant-jeyifo/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2026-03-05 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==

[https://english.cornell.edu/biodun-jeyifo Biodun Jeyifo a Cornell University]
[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2006/03/renowned-authority-on-african-drama-comes-to-fas/ Biodun Jeyifo a Harvard Gazette]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeyifo, Biodun}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Yan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masana adabin Afirka]]
[[Category:Academic Staff Union of Universities]]
[[Category:Jami'ar Harvard]]
[[Category:Jami'ar Cornell]]</text>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zainab Aisar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zainab Aisar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 26 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Gyara da gargadi ==

Barka da aiki @[[User:Zainab Aisar|Zainab Aisar]] naga kina yin gyara, hakan nada kyau. Saidai duka gyararrakin basu da muhimmanci da nagarta kasancewar kina goge space kuma ki meda shi. Hakan kuskure ne a tsarin gyara na Wikipedia. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 16:05, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zainab Aisar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zainab Aisar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 26 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Gyara da gargadi ==

Barka da aiki @[[User:Zainab Aisar|Zainab Aisar]] naga kina yin gyara, hakan nada kyau. Saidai duka gyararrakin basu da muhimmanci da nagarta kasancewar kina goge space kuma ki meda shi. Hakan kuskure ne a tsarin gyara na Wikipedia. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 16:05, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

:ok to inshallah zan gyara
:Amaida ni Dan Allah [[User:Zainab Aisar|Zainab Aisar]] ([[User talk:Zainab Aisar|talk]]) 11:05, 7 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zainab Aisar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zainab Aisar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 26 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Gyara da gargadi ==

Barka da aiki @[[User:Zainab Aisar|Zainab Aisar]] naga kina yin gyara, hakan nada kyau. Saidai duka gyararrakin basu da muhimmanci da nagarta kasancewar kina goge space kuma ki meda shi. Hakan kuskure ne a tsarin gyara na Wikipedia. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 16:05, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

:ok to inshallah zan gyara
:Amaida ni Dan Allah [[User:Zainab Aisar|Zainab Aisar]] ([[User talk:Zainab Aisar|talk]]) 11:05, 7 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Zainab Aisar|Zainab Aisar]] akwai bukatar ki san ƙa'idojin Wikipedia kafin fara gyararraki.  [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 11:08, 7 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rangers International F.C.</title>
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      <text bytes="4402" sha1="hfvt7kd5njruc2rfwhal2jtrldmp1ig" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| clubname = Rangers International F.C.
| image = Rangers International FC logo.png
| fullname = Rangers International Football Club
| nickname = Flying Antelopes
| founded = 1970
| ground = Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, Enugu
| capacity = 22,000
| chairman = Amobi Ezeaku
| manager = Fidelis Ilechukwu
| league = Nigeria Premier Football League
| season = 2025–26
| position = 1st
}}

'''Rangers International Football Club''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Enugu Rangers''', ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Najeriya da ke birnin Enugu a jihar Enugu. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1970 bayan yaƙin basasar Najeriya, kuma tana daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa mafi shahara a Najeriya. Rangers tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na [[Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_International_F.C. |title=Rangers International F.C. |website=Wikipedia |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar Rangers tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Najeriya da ba su taɓa faɗuwa daga babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya ba. A shekarun 1970 da 1980, ƙungiyar ta yi fice sosai inda ta lashe kofunan lig da dama tare da cin kofin FA na Najeriya sau da yawa. An san ƙungiyar da laƙabin '''Flying Antelopes''' saboda salon wasanta mai sauri da kayatarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_International_F.C. |title=History of Rangers International FC |website=Wikipedia |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rangers ta samu gagarumar nasara a nahiyar Afirka bayan da ta kai wasan ƙarshe na '''African Cup of Champions Clubs''' a shekarar 1975. A shekarar 1977 kuma ta lashe '''African Cup Winners' Cup''' bayan doke Canon Yaoundé daga Kamaru a wasan ƙarshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_International_F.C. |title=Rangers International Continental Achievements |website=Wikipedia |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin gida, Rangers ta lashe gasar lig ta Najeriya sau da dama ciki har da nasarorin shekarun 1974, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1984, 2016 da kuma 2024. A shekarar 2026, kungiyar ta sake kafa tarihi bayan lashe kofin NPFL karo na tara bayan doke Ikorodu City da ci 2–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://telegraph.ng/news/2026/05/24/enugu-rangers-beat-ikorodu-city-2-1-to-clinch-historic-9th-npfl-title/ |title=Enugu Rangers beat Ikorodu City to clinch historic 9th NPFL title |publisher=The Telegraph Nigeria |date=24 May 2026 |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rangers tana da babbar hamayya da kungiyar [[Enyimba F.C.]] daga Aba, wanda ake kira '''Oriental Derby'''. Wasannin da ke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu na daga cikin manyan wasannin da ake kallo a Najeriya saboda tarihin nasarorin da suka samu da kuma goyon bayan magoya baya masu yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_International_F.C. |title=Rivalries of Rangers International FC |website=Wikipedia |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan da suka taba bugawa Rangers sun haɗa da Christian Chukwu, Emmanuel Okala, Jay-Jay Okocha, John Utaka da Adokiye Amiesimaka. Wadannan ‘yan wasa sun taimaka wajen ɗaga martabar ƙungiyar a Najeriya da ma nahiyar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_International_F.C. |title=Notable Players of Rangers International FC |website=Wikipedia |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan Kofuna ==

=== Gasar Najeriya ===
* Nigeria Premier League
** Zakara (9): 1974, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1984, 2016, 2024, 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/05/breaking-enugu-rangers-crowned-champions-of-npfl-for-record-ninth-time/ |title=Enugu Rangers crowned champions of NPFL for record ninth time |publisher=Vanguard News |date=24 May 2026 |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nigerian FA Cup ===
* Winners (6): 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1983, 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_International_F.C. |title=Rangers Honours |website=Wikipedia |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nahiyar Afirka ===
* African Cup Winners' Cup
** Winners (1): 1977&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_International_F.C. |title=CAF Achievements of Rangers International |website=Wikipedia |access-date=26 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filin Wasa ==

Kungiyar tana amfani da '''Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium''' da ke Enugu a matsayin filin was

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Mupfure</title>
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'''Kogin Mupfure''' wani kogi ne a [[Zimbabwe]] tare da asalinsa a Lardin Mashonaland na Gabas kuma yana ƙetare zuwa lardin Mashonaleand na Yamma. Ya haɗu da kogin Sanyati wanda ke gudana zuwa arewa kuma ya shiga cikin [[Kogin Zambezi]]. Kogin wani shafin ne na hakar zinariya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-12 |title=Alluvial gold miners cause massive environmental damage along major rivers; Province escalates fight against plunder |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/alluvial-gold-miners-cause-massive-environmental-damage-along-major-rivers-province-escalates-fight-against-plunder/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Mupfure ya kasance wurin haɗari da yawa da nutsewa. A watan Agustan 2022, motoci biyu da ke tafiya a kan babbar hanyar Harare-Masvingo sun shiga hatsari kuma sun fadi cikin kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Police Retrieve Mupfure River Accident Victims |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/08/03/police-retrieve-mupfure-river-accident-victims/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=ZimEye |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane biyar a cikin motocin sun nitse bayan sun fada cikin kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Machaya |first=Prince |date=2022-07-31 |title=5 drown after haulage truck, excavator collide on bridge and plunge into river |url=https://www.zimlive.com/5-drown-after-haulage-truck-excavator-collide-on-bridge-and-plunge-into-river/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Zimbabwe News Now |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, wani mutum da ke tserewa daga 'yan sanda ya yi tsalle zuwa kogi don tserewa. Daga baya mazauna yankin suka same shi ya nutsar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zibowa |first=Theresa |date=2024-04-16 |title=Harare man drowns while escaping arrest » |url=https://masvingomirror.com/harare-man-drowns-while-escaping-arrest/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Masvingo Mirror |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219210559/https://masvingomirror.com/harare-man-drowns-while-escaping-arrest/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Mali''' suna da ƙalubale da yawa. Mali ƙasa ce mai ƙarancin kuɗi a arewa maso yammacin Afirka: Ya zuwa 2025, tana cikin matsayi na 188 a kan Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (daga cikin ƙasashe 193).  Saurin karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɗe da iyakantaccen ababen more rayuwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙuntataccen ruwa mai tsabta da tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aikins |first=Enoch |date=August 14, 2025 |title=Mali: current Path |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ML&amp;topic=02-current-path |journal=ISS African Future}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirye-shiryen da gwamnati, USAID da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi sun inganta damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin daidaito tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ya ci gaba da ci gaba: Kimanin kashi 68% na yawan mutanen karkara a Mali suna da damar samun sabis na ruwan sha na asali, yayin da kashi 27% na yawan mutanen ƙauyuka ke amfani da albarkatun ruwa marasa kariya don ruwan sha ko amfani da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water / Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali/water#:~:text=With%20its%20population%20of,is%20not%20operational%20%5B1%5D. |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa mara kyau yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da ke cikin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu haɗari. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da cututtukan cututtukani ko cututtuken zawo kamar kwalara, [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], da dysentery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ruwan sama shine kogin Nijar da [[Senegal]] da kuma yankunansu. Ruwan sama na yau da kullun da raguwar ruwan sama yana shafar wadatar albarkatun ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsaron abinci a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Ci gaban Mali a fadada ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsaftacewa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar canjin manufofi da haɓaka ilimin al'umma, da kuma albarkatun don aiwatar da ababen hawa sun dogara sosai ga kudade na waje da manufofin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Matsayin yanzu na samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa a Mali an tsara shi ne ta hanyar tarihin kasar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Mali ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. Babban kashi na yawan jama'arta yana cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, kuma tun daga 2023, kashi 33% na GDP ya fito ne daga bangaren da na al'umma ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali - ISS African Futures |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=futures.issafrica.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri: Yawan jama'a ya ninka sau huɗu daga miliyan 5 a cikin 1960 zuwa sama da miliyan 21 a cikin 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;/&gt; Mali ta fuskanci fari na shekaru goma daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 har zuwa shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahel Drought and Famine, 1968–1985 |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/sahel-drought-and-famine-1968-1985 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Environment &amp; Society Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rikicin ya karkatar da hankalin manufofi ga samar da ruwa na gaggawa Ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ba ne aka kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwa ta farko a yankunan karkara ta hanyar mai saka hannun jari na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four-year effort kicks off in rural Mali to bring clean water to a growing population |url=https://www.niras.com/news/four-year-effort-kicks-off-in-rural-mali-to-bring-clean-water-to-a-growing-population/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Niras |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mali tana fuskantar matsalolin kudi a ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da raunin tattalin arziki bayan 2012 sun hana ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sahel-adaptive-social-protection-program-trust-fund/country-work/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi, gami da hamada, fari, mamayewar fari, da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} Interactive Country Fiches |url=https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=dicf.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, tsaro, zamantakewa, da siyasa na 2020 sun haifar da karuwar kashewa da ci gaban yawan talauci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Don haka, Mali ta dogara da kudade na waje don fadada ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa: USAID ta goyi bayan ayyukan ci gaban noma a Mali tun 1961, kuma ta kara ayyukan ci gabanta a Kudancin kasar tare da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtatawa na karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=USAID Mali: Agriculture and Economic Growth Program Overview (July 2023) - Mali {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/usaid-mali-agriculture-and-economic-growth-program-overview-july-2023 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Bankin Duniya sun ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan shekaru da yawa a Mali, gami da rigakafin makantar kogi, taimakon fari, ci gaban karkara, taimakon bashi da ayyukan sake gina ruwa da ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Bold Vision to Defeat River Blindness |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits/A-Bold-Vision-to-Defeat-River-Blindness |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - Archives Country Historical Profiles |url=https://countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org/home?year=2024 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank {{!}} International Development Association - World Bank |url=https://ida.worldbank.org/en/country/mali |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=ida.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da Canjin Yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Mali_map_of_Köppen_climate_classification.svg|thumb|Yanayin yanayi, Mali]]
Canjin yanayi yana ƙara tasiri ga samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Mali. Rashin yanayin zafi, fari mai yawa, ruwan sama mara kyau da raguwar sake caji na ruwa na ƙasa sun rage yawan ruwan sama da ruwan ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasar. Mali ta dogara sosai da rijiyoyi da aquifers don samar da ruwa. Rage wadatar ruwa kai tsaye yana tasiri ga ruwan sha, ayyukan noma da tsaro na abinci. Bugu da ƙari, rashin kwanciyar hankali na ruwa wanda ya haifar da yanayi na iya kara tsananta gasar albarkatu, musamman a yankunan karkara, yana ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankali na zamantakewa da rashin tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank: the importance of groundwater on climate resilience in the Sahel |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/10/05/afw-world-bank-the-importance-of-groundwater-on-climate-resilience-in-the-sahel |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin Sashe ==

=== Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban 6 ===
[[Fayil:ISS-66_Niger_River,_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kogin Neja a Mali]]
Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba sun haɗa da SDG 6, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana a matsayin tabbatar da wadata da kuma gudanar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ga kowa da kowa nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=Goal 6: Water and Sanitation |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da ci gaba tare da SDG 6, yawan mutanen da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan shan giya na asali sun inganta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=Sustainable Development Report |title=SDG Progress in Mali |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/mali/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yawan jama'a da ke amfani da akalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun tsaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Infrastructure na fasaha ===
Wells yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga al'ummomi da yawa a Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birhanu |first=Birhanu Zemadim |last2=Tabo |first2=Ramadjita |date=2016-04-30 |title=Shallow wells, the untapped resource with a potential to improve agriculture and food security in southern Mali |journal=Agriculture &amp; Food Security |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5 |bibcode=2016AgFS....5....5B |doi=10.1186/s40066-016-0054-8 |issn=2048-7010 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudin rijiyoyi da famfo, tare da kula da su, sau da yawa yana da yawa kuma sabili da haka yana haifar da ayyukan tsabtace jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Water Initiative: Mali |url=https://www.iied.org/global-water-initiative-mali |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.iied.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yawan haƙa rijiyoyin da hannu, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da karuwar matakan rushewa wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga turɓaya da tarkace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin ruwa mai tsayawa wanda ke samar da wurin haifuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta da [[sauro]] waɗanda ke haifar da batun wurin haifuwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dao |first=A. |last2=Yaro |first2=A. S. |last3=Diallo |first3=M. |last4=Timbiné |first4=S. |last5=Huestis |first5=D. L. |last6=Kassogué |first6=Y. |last7=Traoré |first7=A. I. |last8=Sanogo |first8=Z. L. |last9=Samaké |first9=D. |last10=Lehmann |first10=T. |date=2014-12-18 |title=Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7531 |pages=387–390 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..387D |doi=10.1038/nature13987 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4306333 |pmid=25470038}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana barin rijiyoyin ba a rufe su ba kuma ba a kula da su ba, saboda ana ɗaukar magani a matsayin mai tsada ko wanda ba a iya isa ba. Wannan yana gabatar da haɗari ga batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ta hanyar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashin Ruwa ===
Sanya farashin ruwa batu ne mai matukar rudarwa: A garin Kayes na ƙasar Mali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a farkon shekarun 2000 ya gano cewa gidaje suna kashe matsakaicin kashi 23% na kuɗan shigarsu na wata-wata wajen siyan ruwa. Farashin lita 1,000 na ruwa ya kasance tsakanin $1.50 USD zuwa $2 USD a cikin samfuran da aka ɗauka, wanda hakan babban farashi ne idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kuɗin shigar mazauna yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaught |first=Christopher |year=2003 |title=Water Treatment and Supply in Kayes, Mali, West Africa: Treatment Processes, Operations, and Economics |url=https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/learn/whyvol/masters/theses/Engineering/VaughtChristopherAbstract.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Peace Corps |publisher=Peace Corps / Michigan Technological University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, sayar da ruwa dalla-dalla shi ne babban hanyar samun ruwa ga matalautan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su haɗa da babban layin rarraba ruwa na gwamnati ba. Ana sayar da ruwan rijiya, kuma farashinsa ya kan bambanta dangane da nisan da ke tsakanin mutum da rijiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Champetier |first=S |year=2008 |title=Potable water production in Mali is mainly supplied by the mixed-economy company (EDM) |url=https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/202.6-00INBA-18941.pdf |access-date=2025-11-19 |publisher=IRC International Water &amp; Sanitation Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingancin Ruwa a Cibiyoyin Gwamnati ===
Tsaftar ruwa da ingancinsa su ma manyan matsaloli ne a asibitocin ƙasar Mali. A asibitoci, mata da ke shirin haihuwa suna fuskantar babban haɗari na matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin ƙarfin cibiyoyin lafiya wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban. Yawancinsu kan tilastu su yi baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin rukunonin gidajen wanka na jama'a. Kashi 20% ne kawai na cibiyoyin lafiya a Mali aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna da tsaftataccen ruwa. Irin wannan yanayi yana faruwa idan aka zo batun makarantun Mali. Kashi 57% ne kawai na makarantu ke samar da wani nau'i na wuraren tsafta, kuma mafi ƙanƙantar kaso na wannan adadin ne ke samar wa ɗalibai bandakuna daban-daban tsakanin maza da mata. Don magance wannan matsala, wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai suna BECEYA ta yi aiki don inganta samar da ruwa, dakunan kewayawa, da kayan aikin tsafta a cibiyoyin lafiya na Mali. A cewar ma'aikata da masu amfani da cibiyoyin, inganta tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) a cibiyoyin lafiya ya inganta ingancin kulawa, ya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka, sannan ya samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na lafiya ga marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da ma al'umma baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ngangue |first1=Patrice |last2=Robert |first2=Katherine |last3=Ly |first3=Birama Apho |last4=Traoré |first4=Fatoumata |last5=Philibert |first5=Leonel |last6=Vezina |first6=Maude |last7=Bationo |first7=Nestor |date=2023-03-17 |title=Evaluating the effects of an intervention to improve the health environment for mothers and children in health centres (BECEYA) in Mali: a qualitative study |url=https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/44/138/full |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |language=English |volume=44 |issue=138 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2023.44.138.36736 |issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake a cikin shekarar 2022, cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Mali sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin ruwa da tsafta (WASH) sun lakume kiyasin kuɗi dala miliyan 73 USD, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 0.4% na jimillar arzikin ƙasar (GDP). Waɗannan cututtuka sun kuma yi sanadin mace-macen mutane kusan 5,300 na gaba da kiyasi a waccan shekarar, lamarin da ke nuna irin tasirin kai-tsaye da ƙarancin ruwa ko rashin tsafta a cibiyoyin gwamnati ke da shi a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |year=2024 |title=Costs of healthcare-acquired infections due to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities in Mali |url=https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/2024-04/Costs-healthcare-acquired-infections-Mali.pdf |access-date=2025-11-20 |publisher=WaterAid}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin Samun Ruwa ==
=== Noma ===
[[File:Mali ricefarmers.jpg|thumb|Manoman shinkafa a ƙasar Mali]]
Noma shi ne babban fannin tattalin arziki na farko a ƙasar Mali. Ana ɗaukar Mali a matsayin 'kwandon abinci' na yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Fiye da kadada 200,000 (2000&amp;nbsp;km^2) na fili ne a halin yanzu aka bayar da hayarsa don amfani da shi wajen shashen amfanin gona da ke buƙatar ruwa mai yawa kamar shinkafa da rake, wanda hakan ke haifar da buƙata ta gaggawa ta inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwa. Yawancin 'yan ƙasar Mali mazauna yankunan karkara matalauta ne masu harkar noman da na fita na daji, waɗanda suka dogara kacokan ga albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna fuskantar barazana daga matsalolin muhalli da rashin samun ruwa mai sauƙi. Rashin ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa ruwa ya haifar da almubazzaranci da rashin ingancin amfani da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, lalacewar muhalli, da matsalolin samun ruwa ga wasu mutanen. Sakamakon karuwar birane da haɓakar masana'antu, tare da raguwar samun ruwan sama saboda canjin yanayi, ƙarancin kayan aiki da iyakokin samun ruwa sun fito fili sosai. An kafa hukumar Office du Niger (ON) don gudanarwa da haɓaka filaye da kafofin ruwa a yankin. Hukumar ON ba ta kai-tsaye take kula da kariyar muhalli ba amma tana iya shiga tsakani idan matsalolin muhalli suka shafi tsarin sarrafa ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Sidibé, Y., &amp; Williams, T. O. (2016). Agricultural land investments and water 
management in the office du niger, mali: Options for improved water pricing. Water International, 41(5), 738-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1178900&lt;/ref&gt;

Noma a ƙasar Mali mafi yawancinsa ya gudanar ne ta hanyar noman dogaro da ruwan sama, wanda hakan ke sa manoma fuskantar babban haɗari idan aka sami ƙarancin ruwa kuma ya sa sun dogara kacokan ga yanayi. Mafi yawancin ƙasashe masu kyau don noma a Mali sun dogara ne ga ruwan sama, ba ban ruwa ba, wanda hakan ke rage yawan amfanin gona baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Mabhaudhi |first1=Tafadzwanashe |title=A Systematic Review of Irrigation Development and Agricultural Water Management in Mali |date=2025 |work=Enhancing Water and Food Security Through Improved Agricultural Water Productivity: New Knowledge, Innovations and Applications |pages=299–340 |editor-last=Mabhaudhi |editor-first=Tafadzwanashe  |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-96-1848-4_14 |isbn=978-981-96-1848-4 |last2=Dirwai |first2=T. L. |last3=Taguta |first3=C. |last4=Kanda |first4=E. K. |last5=Nhamo |first5=L. |last6=Cofie |first6=O. |editor2-last=Chimonyo |editor2-first=Vimbayi G. P. |editor3-last=Senzanje |editor3-first=Aidan |editor4-last=Chivenge |editor4-first=Pauline P.|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai babbar damar gudanar da tsarin ban ruwa a Mali, amma ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na kusan kadada 566,000 na yankin da ya cancanta ake ban-ruwa a halin yanzu ta hanyar amfani da famfo, tsarin dogaro da magudanar ruwa na gravity, ko ma tsarin ban-ruwa da hannu. Ƙananan gonaki da yawa sun dogara ne akan sauƙaƙan dabarun amfani da famfo, igiya, da guga saboda ba su da damar samun sabbin fasahohi masu inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfanon ruwa a harkar noma kuma yana faruwa ne saboda canjin yanayi da fari. Farra a yankunan karkara na Mali yana da ikon iyakance wadatar ruwa ga amfanin gona da kuma damar samun ruwan sha ga mutane. Musamman ma, wadatar ruwa a wasu sassan ƙasar Mali galibi tana dogara ne akan sauye-sauyen yanayi na lokuta. Wannan yana nufin a lokutan rani ko kuma a yankuna masu nisa da manyan koramu, ruwa yakan yi ƙaranci ga amfanin gona da kuma mutanen da ke noman su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/drought-portal/preparedness/vulnerability-and-impact-assessment/national-case-studies/mali/en |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=drought-portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sauyin yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Duk da samun gagarumin albarkatun ruwa a matakin ƙasa a Mali, rashin daidaiton rarraba wannan ruwan da kuma raunin tsarin sarrafa ruwa yana iyakance damar manoma da yawa da amfanin gona, kuma galibi ba sa samun nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |year=2024 |title=Mali — Water Resource Challenges and Landscape Restoration |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010225144542712/pdf/BOSIB11ae327ab049180221182b6ac50ed1.pdf |access-date=2025-11-21 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Men and children withdrawing water for irrigation in the Dogon plateau (Mali) during a sandstorm day.jpg|thumb|Gibar ruwa don ban-ruwa a Dogon Plateau, Mali]]

=== Tsarin Ban-ruwa na Ƙananan Ma'asuni ===
Sakamakon rashin kyawun rarraba ruwa a fadin ƙasa a Mali, manoma ba sa iya gudanar da daidaitaccen tsarin noma da samun nasarar girbi don ciyar da al'ummominsu. An ɗauki tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita ga wannan matsala. Buƙatar ruwan ban-ruwa ga manoman Mali na da wuyar gaske kuma ta wuce adadin da ake da shi, don haka al'ummomi da yawa suna buƙatar sabbin madatsun ruwa na micro-dams ko wuraren tara ruwa, duk da haka ikon ginawa da kula da su zai kasance mai tsada kuma mai iyakancewa. An kuma inganta famfo masu amfani da hasken rana, amma neman gina kasuwa mai dorewa kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi ga waɗannan famfuna tsakanin manoma ya kasance mai wahala kuma ya tsayar da ci gaba. An bayyana tsarin ban-ruwa na ƙananan ma'asuni a matsayin mafita, amma tare da fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, kamar rashin rance, raunin tsarin kasuwannin gida na kayan aikin ban-ruwa, da iyakantaccen ƙarfin fasaha tsakanin manoma, ba cikakkiyar mafita ba ce baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://ilssi.tamu.edu/countries/mali/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Innovation Lab For Small Scale Irrigation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lafiya ==

=== WASH ===
WASH yana nufin Ruwa, Tsaftar Muhalli, da Tsaftar Jiki (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) kuma wani shiri ne da ke gudana a duk faɗin duniya da ke da nufin inganta wadatar ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da dabarun tsaftar jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda mafi kyawun ƙididdiga na Hukumar Asusun Tallafin Yara ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya nuna, a ƙasar Mali, kashi 51% na makarantu ne kawai a yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ke da damar samun ruwa, kuma kashi 45% ke da isassun wuraren tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 20% na makarantu ke da bandakuna daban na maza da mata masu aiki yadda ya kamata. Haka kuma, kusan kashi 80% na 'yan ƙasar Mali sun ba da rahoton samun damar yin amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwan sha, amma idan aka je yankunan karkara, wannan adadin yana sauka zuwa kusan kashi 70%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen WASH a Mali don inganta waɗannan adadi da kuma ƙara damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi irin su UNICEF, World Vision, da CARE suna haɗuwa tare da tallafawa WASH don faɗaɗa tasirin ayyukansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;/&gt;

=== Cututtuka Masu Alƙaba da Ruwa ===
Cututtuka masu alƙaba da ruwa suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar shan ko haɗuwa da gurbataccen ruwa. Rashin ingantacciyar tsaftar ruwa yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka sosai, inda ya zama babban barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wurare kamar Mali da ke fama da rashin albarkatun tsafta. Cututtuka irin su kwalara, taifot (typhoid), da zawayi na dundee (dysentery) yawanci suna yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar ruwa kuma duk suna da alamomi kamar [[amai]], ciwon ciki, murɗawar tsoka, da matsanancin zawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt; Rashin isasshen damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantacciyar tsafta a Mali bugu da ƙari yana kawo haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan parasitic na ruwa. Cryptosporidium da Giardia wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne (parasites) guda biyu na gama-gari da ke yaɗuwa ta ruwa a Mali da sauran sassan duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=M. Jahangir |last2=Powell |first2=Helen |last3=Sow |first3=Samba O. |last4=Omore |first4=Richard |last5=Roose |first5=Anna |last6=Jones |first6=Joquina Chiquita M. |last7=Zaman |first7=Syed M. A. |last8=Badji |first8=Henry |last9=Sarwar |first9=Golam |last10=Kasumba |first10=Irene N. |last11=Onwuchekwa |first11=Uma |last12=Doh |first12=Sanogo |last13=Awuor |first13=Alex O. |last14=Ochieng |first14=John B. |last15=Verani |first15=Jennifer R. |date=2023-04-19 |title=Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrheal Disease Among Young Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=76 |issue=76 Suppl1 |pages=S97–S105 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciad044 |issn=1537-6591 |pmc=10116562 |pmid=37074443}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fofana |first1=Hassan K. M. |last2=Schwarzkopf |first2=Maren |last3=Doumbia |first3=Mama N. |last4=Saye |first4=Rénion |last5=Nimmesgern |first5=Anna |last6=Landouré |first6=Aly |last7=Traoré |first7=Mamadou S. |last8=Mertens |first8=Pascal |last9=Utzinger |first9=Jürg |last10=Sacko |first10=Moussa |last11=Becker |first11=Sören L. |date=2019-05-23 |title=Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis Infection in Schistosomiasis-Endemic Areas in South-Central Mali |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=86 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4020086 |doi-access=free |issn=2414-6366 |pmc=6630589 |pmid=31126163}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shigar waɗannan parasites cikin jiki na kai tsaye ga alamomi iri ɗaya da suka haɗa da zawo, ciwon ciki, da amai.

Cututtuka da cututtukan parasitic irin waɗannan na iya zama masu kaza-kaza muddin babu ingantaccen magani. Matsanancin zawo da yawancin cututtukan ruwa na gama-gari ke haifarwa na iya janyo matsananciyar tamowa ([[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]]) da rashin ruwa a jiki (dehydration) wanda ke kai ga ramewa da yuwuwar mutuwa idan ba a yi jiyya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Cryptosporidiosis |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806024040/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cryptosporidiosis |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-11-19 |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mali na fama da ƙarancin isassun albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa don yi wa mutanen da ke nuna waɗannan alamun magani. Suna kuma fuskantar matsanancin matakin talauci da ke sa mutane kasa sayen iyakataccen magungunan da ake da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/mali/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana barin mutane cikin haɗari ga illolin waɗannan alamun kuma ba sa iya samun damar yin jiyya. Saboda wannan dalili, cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa mutuwa a ƙasar Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reports |first=Staff |date=2016-10-14 |title=Top Diseases in Mali: The Impact &amp; Possible Solutions |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/impact-solutions-top-diseases-in-mali/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yara sun fi kowa saurin kamuwa da cututtuka da kuma fuskantar illar alamunsu. Zawo a tsakanin yara shi ne babban dalilin mutuwa a cikin rukunin yara na ƙasar Mali. An gudanar da bincike da yawa da nufin rage wannan matsala, amma adadin yaran da ke mutuwa daga cututtukan ruwa a Mali ya ƙaru. An ambaci zawo a matsayin dalili na biyu mafi girma na rashin lafiya da mace-mace tsakanin yara a duk duniya, inda yake taimakawa wajen kashi 90% na mutuwar yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5 a ƙasashe masu ƙaramin ƙarfi zuwa tsaka-tsaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Merid |first1=Mehari Woldemariam |last2=Alem |first2=Adugnaw Zeleke |last3=Chilot |first3=Dagmawi |last4=Belay |first4=Daniel Gashaneh |last5=Kibret |first5=Anteneh Ayelign |last6=Asratie |first6=Melaku Hunie |last7=Shibabaw |first7=Yadelew Yimer |last8=Aragaw |first8=Fantu Mamo |date=2023-06-15 |title=Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Health |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=36 |doi=10.1186/s41182-023-00525-9 |doi-access=free |issn=1348-8945 |pmc=10268525 |pmid=37322559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙaruwar zawo a tsakanin yara tana da alaƙa ta kusa da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da tsaftar jiki, wanda galibi ake gajartawa da &quot;WASH&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Masset |first1=Edoardo |last2=Sharma Waddington |first2=Hugh |date=September 2025 |title=Effectiveness of stand-alone and multi-component water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce mortality in childhood: a network meta-analysis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00484-x |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1070–1079 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00484-x |bibcode=2025NatWa...3.1070M |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Damar samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsafta ya nuna gagarumar alaƙa da raguwar cututtukan zawo baki ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

=== Ƙazantar Rijiyoyin Gidaje ===
Ƙazantar rijiyoyi da bandakunan rami (pit latrines) a yankunan karkara na Mali babban ƙalubale ne na yau da kullum ga inganta tsafta da ingancin ruwa. A cikin shekarar 2017, an gudanar da wani bincike akan rijiyoyin gidaje masu hakar ruwan ƙasa da kuma bandakunan rami a wani ƙauyen karkara a kudancin Mali. Sakamakon haka ya nuna cewa akwai gurɓataccen najasa a cikin rijiyoyin kuma gurɓataccen yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da yawa da kuma kusancin bandakunan. Yawan jama'a, yawan rijiyoyi, da yawan bandakuna duk sun kasance alamomin ƙididdiga na haɗarin gurɓatawa. Gidaje da yawa suna ƙoƙarin magance ruwansu na rijiyoyi ta amfani da abubuwa kamar bleach, sai dai, dabarun jiyyar tasu galibi ba su da tasiri kuma ba sa kawar da gurɓataccen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Santos |first1=P. |last2=Martín-Loeches |first2=M. |last3=García-Castro |first3=N. |last4=Solera |first4=D. |last5=Díaz-Alcaide |first5=S. |last6=Montero |first6=E. |last7=García-Rincón |first7=J. |date=October 2017 |title=A survey of domestic wells and pit latrines in rural settlements of Mali: Implications of on-site sanitation on the quality of water supplies |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=220 |issue=7 |pages=1179–1189 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.001 |issn=1618-131X |pmid=28807472 |bibcode=2017IJHEH.220.1179M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Baƙar Buƙata a Waje ===
Yin baƙar buƙata a fili (waje) abu ne da ke faruwa akai-akai a Mali musamman a yankunan karkara. Fiye da mutane miliyan 1 a Mali har yanzu suna gudanar da baƙar buƙata a waje saboda rashin ingantaccen wuraren tsafta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Fiye da rabin al'ummar karkara ba su da damar yin amfani da ingantattun dabarun tsaftar ruwa, wanda ke sa wannan ya zama matsala ta gurɓatawa. Cututtuka suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar bayan gida (feces) da ke gurɓata kafofin ruwa, musamman ruwan ƙasa. Ana amfani da gurbataccen ruwa ba tare da sani ba don sha da kuma ayyukan yau da kullum, wanda ke daɗa tsananta yaɗuwar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa.

== Kamfen da Shiga Tsakani ==

=== Ƙara Wanke Hannu ===
A cibiyoyin lafiya na ƙasashen Burkina Faso da Mali, an nuna cewa rashin tsaftar hannu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, mafi yawanci saboda rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH, ya nuna yana ƙara cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da tsaftar hannu ta ƙaru, an sami raguwa mai yawa na haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan asibiti (nosocomial infections) a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Mali. Don ƙara tsaftar hannu a waɗannan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Mali, ana buƙatar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Galli |first1=Anaïs |last2=Winkler |first2=Mirko S. |last3=Hattendorf |first3=Jan |last4=Friedrich |first4=Max N. D. |last5=Bagayogo |first5=Issa |last6=Ballo |first6=Aboubacar |last7=Bänziger |first7=Carola |last8=Dembélé |first8=Hassane |last9=Keita |first9=Mamadou Sory |last10=Peter |first10=Maryna |last11=Tall |first11=Alimata Ousséni |last12=Utzinger |first12=Jürg |last13=Owen |first13=Branwen Nia |date=2025 |title=Baseline Characteristics of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Targeting Hand Hygiene in Primary Healthcare in Burkina Faso and Mali |journal=International Journal of Public Health |volume=70 |article-number=1608406 |doi=10.3389/ijph.2025.1608406 |doi-access=free |issn=1661-8564 |pmc=12133522 |pmid=40470067}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyawawan ababen more rayuwa na WASH sun haifar da mafi girman kariya da sarrafa cututtuka baki ɗaya a Mali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Ingantattun Tsafta ===
Bincike ya nuna cewa ingantacciyar tsafta tana da tasiri wajen rage yawan mace-mace, wanda a wasu lokutan ya kai kashi 45%. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa ingantacciyar tsafta tana da tasiri sau biyu wajen rage cututtukan ruwa fiye da ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwan sha, waɗanda ba su yi nasira ba saboda sake gurɓatawa. Sake gurɓatawa, a waɗannan lokutan, yawanci yana faruwa ne a cikin gidaje sakamakon rashin kyawun kula da adana ruwa. An aiwatar da shirye-shiryen rashin isasshen ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, da tsaftar jiki (WASH) don inganta damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa gami da inganta dabarun tsafta don rage gurɓataccen ruwa. Inganta WASH a makarantu ya nuna yana rage cututtukan zawo, cututtukan numfashi na gaggawa, cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa ta ƙasa, da rashin zuwa makaranta tsakanin ɗalibai, kodayake sakamakon ba ɗaya ba ne tsakanin bincike daban-daban. Wannan ya faru ne saboda abubuwa da yawa: raunin tsarin shirin, ƙarancin amincin shirin, iyakantaccen riko, raunin kimanta sakamako, da kuma sakamakon da ɗalibai suka bayar da rahoton kansu. Misali, a ƙasar Mali, fiye da rubu'in makarantu sun ba da rahoton zubar da shararsu a cikin harabar makarantar, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rashin kyawun tsafta, kuma kusan makaranta 1 cikin 10 a Mali ba su da tsari ko ababen more rayuwa na sarrafa shararsu kwata-kwata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>I. N. C. Aniebo</title>
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'''Ifeanyichukwu Ndubuisi Chikezie Aniebo''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''I. N. C. Aniebo''', an haife shi 31 ga Janairu 1939) marubucin littattafan labari ne kuma gajerun labarai daga Najeriya. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan da suka rubuta kan yakin basasar Najeriya da kuma batun cin zarafin iko a cikin al’umma. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}  

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Aniebo ya yi karatu a Government College, Umuahia, makaranta da ta shahara wajen samar da manyan marubutan Afirka kamar Chinua Achebe da sauransu. Daga baya ya shiga aikin soja a Najeriya a 1959, inda ya samu horo a Ghana da Ingila. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}  

Ya kuma yi aikin soja a rundunar Najeriya kuma ya yi hidima a rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Congo. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}  

== Yakin Biafra da tasirin sa ==
A lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya (1967–1970), Aniebo ya yi yaƙi a ɓangaren Biafra. Wannan kwarewa ta yaƙi ta yi tasiri sosai a rubuce-rubucensa, musamman wajen nuna wahalhalu, zalunci, da rikice-rikicen ɗan Adam a lokacin yaƙi. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}  

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
Bayan ya gama karatunsa a jami’ar University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Aniebo ya koma Najeriya a 1979 inda ya fara koyar da Adabi da Rubutun Kirkira a University of Port Harcourt. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}  

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Aniebo ya rubuta novels da gajerun labarai da dama. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai:

=== Littattafan labari (Novels) ===
* ''The Anonymity of Sacrifice'' (1974)
* ''The Journey Within'' (1978)
* ''Rearguard Actions'' (1998) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}  

=== Gajerun labarai ===
* ''Of Wives, Talismans and the Dead'' (1983)
* ''Man of the Market'' (1994)

== Salon rubutu da muhimmanci ==
Masana adabi sun bayyana Aniebo a matsayin marubucin da ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Yakin basasa na Najeriya da tasirinsa ga al’umma
* Cin zarafin iko a siyasa da zamantakewa
* Canjin al’adu a Najeriya bayan samun ‘yancin kai :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}  

== Tasiri ==
Aniebo ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da suka taimaka wajen bayyana gaskiyar rayuwa a lokacin rikicin Biafra, inda rubuce-rubucensa suka taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda yaƙi ke shafar talakawa da tsarin mulki.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Kogin Tebur</title>
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'''Table Bay''' ([[Afrikaans]]: ''Tafelbaai'') wani bay ne na halitta a kan [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a arewacin ƙarshen Cape Peninsula, wanda ya shimfiɗa kudu zuwa [[Cape of Good Hope]] . Cape Town ta yi watsi da shi, bayin ya mamaye Dutsen '''Tebur Bay''' laushi, daga inda ya ɗauki sunansa.

== Tarihi ==

=== Binciken Turai na farko ===
Mutumin Turai na farko da ya binciki yankin shi ne Bartolomeu Dias, wanda ya kewaye Cape of Good Hope a cikin 1488. &lt;ref name=&quot;BritannicaDias&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolomeu-Dias |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHODias&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/bartolomeu-dias |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutumin Turai na farko da ya sauka a cikin bayin kansa shi ne mai ba da hanya na Portugal António na Saldanha a cikin 1503. Saldanha kuma ya yi rikodin hawa na farko na Table Mountain . &lt;ref name=&quot;SAHOSaldanha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=António de Saldanha |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/antonio-de-saldanha |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka sanya wa bayin suna Aguada de Saldanha (&quot;Wurin Ruwa na Saldanha&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHOSaldanha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CastleTimeline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Timeline Of The Castle of Good Hope |url=https://castleofgoodhope.co.za/reps_pubs/ccb_annexA_Timeline-Of-Castle-of-Good-Hope.pdf |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=castleofgoodhope.co.za |archive-date=2026-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226185731/https://www.castleofgoodhope.co.za/reps_pubs/ccb_annexA_Timeline-Of-Castle-of-Good-Hope.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1601, mai ba da hanya na Dutch Joris van Spilbergen ya sake masa suna Table Bay . &lt;ref name=&quot;CastleTimeline&quot; /&gt;

Kodayake sananne ne na ƙarni da yawa a matsayin mafaka ga jiragen ruwa, bayin tashar jiragen ruwa ce mara kyau, wanda ke fuskantar raƙuman guguwa na arewa maso yamma. Yawancin jiragen ruwa da ke neman mafaka a cikin bay a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18 an kori su zuwa bakin teku ta hanyar hadari na hunturu.

=== Ginin Dutch da ginin tashar jiragen ruwa ===
Duk da yanayin talauci, masu mulkin mallaka na Dutch sun ci gaba da zama a bakin tekun Table Bay, saboda kyawawan tashoshin jiragen ruwa suna da ƙarancin wannan bakin tekun. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1652, Jan van Riebeeck ya kafa tashar shakatawa a bay don Kamfanin Dutch East India (VOC). &lt;ref name=&quot;SAHORiebeeck&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Arrival of Jan Van Riebeeck in the Cape – 6 April 1652 |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/arrival-jan-van-riebeeck-cape-6-april-1652 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin farko, wani karamin sansani mai suna Fort of Good Hope, an gina shi a bakin tekun.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHODutchForts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dutch and British coastal fortifications at the Cape of Good Hope, 1665-1829 |url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/dutch-and-british-coastal-fortifications-cape-good-hope-1665-1829 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin ya girma ya zama birnin Cape Town .

An yi la'akari da wasu bays da ke kusa. Mafi kyawun waɗannan, Saldanha Bay, ba shi da ruwa mai kyau. Simon's Bay, yayin da aka kare shi sosai daga guguwar hunturu da kumbura, ya fi fuskantar guguwar kudu maso gabas ta bazara kuma yana da wahala a isa ta ƙasa daga Cape Town. Hout Bay karami ne kuma ya fallasa ga yaduwar kudu maso yamma.

A ƙarshe, an gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani a Table Bay ta hanyar aiwatar da farfado da ƙasa kuma an kare shi daga raƙuman guguwa ta hanyar ruwa. Ginin farko na ruwa ya fara ne a 1860, tare da Yarima Alfred a bikin da ke ba da nauyin farko na duwatsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;GatewayGuides&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Walking Tour of the V&amp;A Waterfront |url=https://www.gatewayguides.co.za/Downloads/Waterfront.pdf |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=gatewayguides.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ya kare Alfred Basin, ɓangaren farko na sabon tashar jiragen ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CTHeritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cape Town Breakwater |url=https://www.cape-town-heritage.co.za/landmark/cape-town-breakwater.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Cape Town Heritage}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohon ɓangaren wannan ci gaba a yau ana kiransa Victoria &amp;amp;amp; Alfred Waterfront . Sabon, mafi zurfi shine [[Duncan Dock]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtefactsDuncan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Duncan Dock |url=https://artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=14872 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Artefacts.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsibirin Robben, inda aka tsare [[Nelson Mandela]] shekaru da yawa, yana cikin wannan bay.

=== Ruwan mai na Sliedrecht ===
An zuba man fetur a bakin rairayin bakin teku bayan hadarin da ya shafi jirgin ruwa na Dutch Sliedrecht a watan Nuwamba 1953. Jirgin ya motsa {{Cvt|96|km}} (60  daga bakin teku don fitar da tan 1,000 na mai wanda aka lalata da ruwan teku bayan tasirin farko.

=== Jirgin da ya rushe ===

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Tsibirin Robben ===
Tsibirin Robben yana cikin Table Bay . A fannin ilimin ƙasa, [[Tygerberg Formation|Tsarin Tygerberg]] ne ke ƙarƙashinsa, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Neoproterozoic zuwa farkon Cambrian Malmesbury Group na Saldania Belt . 

=== Ruwa ===
Table Bay wani ruwa ne mai zurfi, wanda ke rufe yanki na kimanin 100 km2. Yana gangara a hankali daga gabas zuwa yamma, yana kaiwa matsakaicin zurfin 35 m a tsakiyar bakinsa.

Dutse mai tushe shine shales, slates da sandstone na ƙungiyar Malmesbury, kama da halayyar, nutsewa, da yajin aiki, ga duwatsun da aka fallasa na Robben Island da Mouille Point. Rashin teku ya ƙunshi manyan yankuna na wani ɓangare na dutse da aka fallasa da kuma ɓangarorin yashi mai kyau zuwa yashi mai laushi.

=== Hadarin Jirgin Ruwa ===

* Whale Rock: Shafin yanar gizo na jiragen ruwa da yawa da kuma rushewa.
* Green Point: Shafin yanar gizo na jiragen ruwa da yawa da kuma rushewa.

== Hoton hoton ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Anonymous_The_Noord-Nieuwland_in_Table_Bay,_1762.jpg|[[Holand|Dutch]] ships off Table Bay in 1763
Fayil:Pieter_van_der_Aa_Cape_of_Good_Hope.jpg|Looking over sailing ships in Table Bay in 1727 with Table Mountain in the background
Fayil:Cape_Town_&amp;_Table_Bay_1882.jpg|Map of Table Bay (1882)
Fayil:IMRAY(1884)_p0707_TABLE_BAY.jpg|Map of the Docks and Infrastructure (1884)
Fayil:Capetown_table_false_bay.jpg|Cape Town from space, looking south over [[False Bay]] with [[Hangklip Point]] (top left), Cape Point (top right) and Table Bay south and east of the clearly visible, circular Robben Island, February 1995.
Fayil:Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg|Synthetic perspective with 2× exaggerated elevation, from satellite elevation and image data. Looking east over Cape Peninsula and [[False Bay]] (behind) with Robben Island (front left), Table Mountain (centre front) and Cape Point (front right).
Fayil:Ship_Defense_at_Anchor_in_Table_Bay.jpg|Sketch of Cape Town from the East India Company Ship Defense, en route from the Downs to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], anchored in Table Bay on January 24, 1739. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* False Bay - Bay of the Atlantic Ocean a Afirka ta Kudu
* Port of Cape Town - Tashar jiragen ruwa ta birnin Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu
* Cape Peninsula - Yankin dutse a Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu
* Robben Island - Tsibirin a Table Bay, Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Kindamba''' ƙauye ne a cikin Gundumar Kindamba ta Sashen Pool, [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]].

== Tarihi ==
Kindamba babban birni ne a cikin Sashen Pool har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990, tare da yawan jama'a kusan 16,000. Yawancin mazauna sun gudu a lokacin Yakin basasar Jamhuriyar Kongo, kuma makarantun ta, asibiti da ababen more rayuwa sun lalace ko sun lalace, gami da samun damar samun wutar lantarki da sadarwa. Yawancin sun gudu, gami da tashar Shirin Abinci na Duniya kusa da Kindamba, kuma lokacin da yaƙin ya ƙare, 2-3,000 sun koma ga ɗan abinci.

A cikin 2000s, kawai kasuwancin sun kasance masu kasuwa, tare da masu cin nama da hukumomi suka rufe saboda damuwa game da Hare-haren shanu. Kokarin jin kai kamar Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross ya ba da gudummawa ga kayayyaki, kodayake wasu lokuta sauran kungiyoyin Ninjas sun sace su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorier |first=Elisabeth |last2=Kinouani |first2=Rodrigue |last3=Morand |first3=Erwan |last4=Rouquier |first4=Damien |last5=Fleuret |first5=Quentin |date=2012 |title=A landlocked area in a post-confit situation: the district of Kindamba (Pool, Republic of Congo). Territorial diagnosis in preparation for a Community Development Support Project. |url=https://hal.science/hal-01279960/ |website=[[HAL (open archive)|HAL]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2002, wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya kawo megaton 7.7 na kayayyaki ga al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2002-06-04 |title=Congo: UN aircraft delivers aid to beleaguered Kindamba - Congo {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/congo-un-aircraft-delivers-aid-beleaguered-kindamba |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taimako na jin kai ya kasance ta hanyar sake farfado da Ninjas a cikin 2017 da 2018, kuma a cikin 2019, rabin iyalai sun rasa abinci mai gina jiki. Taimako ya ci gaba tun daga shekara ta 2023. 

== Sufuri ==
Filin jirgin saman Kindamba ne ke aiki da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KNJ - Kindamba [Kindamba Airport], 12, CG - Airport - Great Circle Mapper |url=http://www.gcmap.com/airport/KNJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108023610/http://www.gcmap.com/airport/KNJ |archive-date=2021-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.gcmap.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhalli ==
A cikin 2020, Kindamba tana da kilohectares 254 na gandun daji, sama da 35% na jimlar yankinta, ƙasa da kiloheektares 23.7 daga 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vizzuality |title=Kindamba, Republic of the Congo, Pool Deforestation Rates &amp; Statistics {{!}} GFW |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/country/COG/11/2/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.globalforestwatch.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahararrun mutane ==

* [[Daniel Ndoundou]] (1911-1986), shugaban cocin Protestant 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Kamar yadda wani rahoto na sirri na hukumar CIA na shekarar 1971 ya nuna, kodayake Babban Madatsar Ruwa ba ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani kamar yadda wasu masu lura da al'amura ke zargi ba, gina ta ya kawo asarar tattalin arziki gami da riba. Waɗannan asarori sun samo asali ne mafi yawancinsu daga taruwar laka mai albarka a cikin tafkin madatsar ruwan wadda kogin Nilu ya saba ɗauko ta a dā. Zuwa lokacin (1971), babban tasirin ya kasance a kan masana'antar kamun kifi. Kamun kifi na Masar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda a dā ya kai matsakaicin tan 35,000–40,000 a kowace shekara, ya ragu zuwa tan 20,000 ko ƙasa da haka, musamman saboda rashin ƙananan halittu na ruwa (plankton) waɗanda lakar ke ciyar da su, wanda hakan ya share kifin sardine a ruwayen Masar. Kamun kifi a cikin tafkin babban madatsar ruwan na iya rage asarar kifin ruwan gishiri a nan gaba, amma lissafi mafi inganci kawai ke nuna cewa za a iya kama tan 15,000–20,000 a ƙarshe. Rashin ci gaba da taruwar laka a bakin kogin ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga babbar matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Bukatun takin zamani na kasuwanci da matsalolin gishiri da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda riga sun yi yawa a yankunan da ake ban ruwa na Tsakiya da Ƙasasar Masar, za su ƙaru kaɗan a Kudancin Masar saboda canji zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kariya daga fari, aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi ===
[[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|Ƙauyen Masar ya amfana daga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta hanyar ingantaccen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan a Al Bayadiyah, kudancin Luxor]]
Madatsun ruwan sun kuma kare Masar daga fari a shekarun 1972–1973 da 1983–1987 wanda ya daidaita Gabas da Yammacin Afirka. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta bai wa Masar damar dawo da kusan feddan miliyan 2.0 (hekta 840,000) a yankin Delta na Nilu da kuma tsawon Kwarin Nilu, wanda ya ƙara yankin da ake ban ruwa na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku. Wannan ƙaruwa ta samu ne ta hanyar ban ruwa ga abin da ya kasance hamada a dā da kuma noma hekta 385,000 waɗanda a dā ake amfani da su azaman wuraren jiran ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt; Kusan iyalai dubu ɗari biyar ne aka tsugunar a waɗannan sabbin ƙasashe. Musamman yankunan da ake noman [[shinkafa]] da rake sun ƙaru. Bugu da ƙari, kusan feddan miliyan 1 (hekta 420,000), mafi yawancinsu a Kudancin Masar, an canza su daga ban ruwa na ambaliya tare da girbi guda ɗaya kacal a shekara zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin wanda ke ba da damar girbi biyu ko fiye a shekara. A sauran ƙasashen da ake ban ruwa a dā, amfanin gona ya ƙaru saboda ana iya samun ruwa a lokuta masu muhimmanci na ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, amfanin alkama a Masar ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1952 da 1991 kuma ingantuwar samun ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙaruwa. Mafi yawan mita kubik biliyan 32 na ruwan sha, ko kusan kashi 40 na matsakaicin kwararar kogin Nilu wanda a dā ake asararsa a teku a kowace shekara, an sami damar amfani da shi ta hanya mai kyau. Yayin da kusan mita kubik biliyan 10 na ruwan da aka ajiye ke bita ta hanyar tiruri a Tafkin Nasser, adadin ruwan da ake da shi don ban ruwa har yanzu ya ƙaru da mita kubik biliyan 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;&gt;M.A. Abu-Zeid &amp; F. Z. El-Shibini: &quot;Egypt's High Aswan Dam {{Cite web |url=http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-13 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101000/http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |url-status=dead }}&quot;, ''Water Resources Development'', Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu lissafin sun nuna cewa tirurin ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser yana tsakanin mita kubik biliyan 10 da 16 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry:Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Power plant at Aswan High Dam, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Tawayoyin wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]]

=== Samar da wutar lantarki ===
[[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, tare da madatsar ruwan kanta a bango]]
Madatsar ruwan tana kunna injina guda goma sha biyu kowannensu mai ƙarfin 175 MW, tare da jimillar 2.1 GW. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1967. Lokacin da Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta fara kaiwa ga kololuwar aikinta a shekarar 1970, ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ta Masar (kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 zuwa shekarar 1998), kuma ta ba mafi yawan ƙauyukan Masar damar amfani da wutar lantarki a karon farko. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta kuma inganta inganci da faɗaɗa tsofaffin tashoshin wutar lantarki na Aswan ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da aka kammala ta, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 6 mafi girma a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya.

An kammala duk ayyukan wutar lantarki na Babban Madatsar Ruwa kafin lokacin da aka tsara. An girka tare da gwada injina (turbines) guda goma sha biyu, wanda ya ba tashar ƙarfin 2,100 megawatts (MW), ko fiye da ninki biyu na jimillar ƙasa a shekarar 1960. Tare da wannan ƙarfin, tashar Aswan tana iya samar da biliyan 10 kWh na makamashi a kowace shekara. An kammala manyan layuka guda biyu na 500-kilovolt zuwa Alkahira, kuma an magance matsalolin farko na watsa wutar lantarki, waɗanda suka samo asali mafi yawancinsu daga tsofaffin abubuwan kariya (insulators). Har ila yau, barna da dakarun mamaya na Isra'ila suka yi wa babbar tashar canza wutar lantarki a shekarar 1968 an gyara ta, kuma tashar Aswan ta haɗu gaba ɗaya da hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki a Ƙasasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Power plant profile: Aswan High dam, Egypt |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-aswan-high-dam-egypt/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; A canjin shekarar 1971, samar da wutar lantarki a Aswan ba zai kai fiye da rabin ƙarfin tashar na lissafi ba, saboda ƙarancin ruwa da kuma mabambantan tsarin amfani da ruwa na lokuta daban-daban don ban ruwa da samar da wuta. Bukatar ruwa ta aikin gona a lokacin rani ta wuce adadin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatar wutar lantarki da ke da ƙasa a lokacin rani. Amfani mai yawa na ban ruwa a lokacin rani, duk da haka, zai bar ruwa maras isasshe ƙarƙashin ikon Masar don ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki a cikakken ƙarfi lokacin hunturu. Binciken fasaha ya nuna cewa matsakaicin amfanin shekara-shekara na biliyan 5 kWh da alama shi ne kaɗai za a iya dorewa saboda sauye-sauye a kwararar kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai fuskanci tasiri daga manyan madatsun ruwa na sama yayin tsawaitwar lokutan fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heggy |first1=Essam |last2=Abotalib |first2=Abotalib Z. |last3=You |first3=Jongeun |last4=Hanert |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Ramah |first5=Mohamed |title= Heggy, E. et al. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam can generate sustainable hydropower while minimizing downstream water deficit during prolonged droughts. Commun Earth Environ 5, 757 (2024) |journal=Communications Earth &amp; Environment |date=9 December 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=757 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01821-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01821-w |hdl=2078.1/294594 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗari ===
Wani bincike da Nicol-André Berdellé ya gudanar a shekarar 2024 ya gano cewa ambaliya da kuma rugujewar Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai kasance bala'i ga Masar, domin da alama zai lalata mafi yawan yankunan da aka gina a ƙasar tare da haifar da asarar rayuka na miliyoyin mutane. Saboda girman Tafkin Nasser da kuma saurin faruwar irin wannan taron, zai kasance cikin mafi munanan ambaliyar ruwa a tarihi. Ƙasar da abin ya shafa ba zai yiwu a yi noma a kanta ba bayan haka saboda taurarren laka da zai rufe yawancin ƙasashen gona, wanda hakan zai haifar da yunwa mai yawa a Masar.

Dalilai masu yiwuwa na faruwar irin wannan taron da Berdellé ya ambata sun haɗa da gazawar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta [[Itofiya|Habasha]], harin soja a kan madatsar ruwan, ko kuma ambaliyar ruwan kogin Nilu mai girman gaske na shekara-shekara. Saboda ci gaba da taruwar laka a kasan tafkin Nasser, Berdellé ya ce irin wannan taron zai kasance mafi kusantar faruwa a kowace shekara kuma zai faru nan da shekaru da dama idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Berdellé ya ce ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a matakan ruwa marasa aminci kuma ya yi kira ga hukumomin Masar da su takaita matakan ruwa da kuma zurfafa magudanar ruwa ta Toshka.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2024) Breach of Aswan Dam - a realistic worst case scenario&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380999349_Breach_of_Aswan_dam_-_a_realistic_worst_case_scenario] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2025) Breach of Aswan Dam - brief follow-up report&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394114444_Breach_of_Aswan_Dam_study_-_brief_follow-up_report] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsugunarwa da biyan diyya ===
[[File:Sudan Wadi Halfa RR Hotel From Garden 1936.jpg|thumb|Hoton tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar]]
Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da mafi yawan sassan ƙasasar Nubia kuma an tsugunar da mutane 100,000 zuwa 120,000 a Sudan da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thayer&quot;&gt;{{citation |first1=Thayer |last1=Scudder |first2=John |last2=Gay |contribution-url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/50%20Dam%20Survey.pdf |contribution=A comparative survey of dam-induced resettlement in 50 cases |editor-first=Thayer |editor-last=Scudder |title=The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs |year=2005 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=1-84407-155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:WadiHalfa,center.jpg|thumb|right|Wani hoto na Sabon Wadi Halfa, mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser don adana wani ɓangare na mutanen da aka tsugunar daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa]]
A Sudan, an ƙaura da mutane 50,000 zuwa 70,000 na Nubia na Sudan daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da ƙauyukansa na kewaye. Wasu an ƙaura da su zuwa sabon mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser mai suna Sabon Wadi Halfa, wasu kuma an tsugunar da su kusan kilomita 700 kudu zuwa sararin samaniya na Butana kusa da garin Khashm el-Girba a saman Kogin Atbara. Yanayin can yana da lokacin damina na yau da kullun sabanin mazauninsu na hamada na dā inda kusan ba a samun ruwan sama. Gwamnati ta ɓata wani aikin ban ruwa, mai suna Tsarin Haɓaka Noma na Sabon Halfa don noman auduga, hatsi, rake da sauran amfanin gona. An tsugunar da mutanen Nubia a cikin ƙauyuka ashirin da biyar da aka tsara waɗanda suka haɗa da makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, da sauran ayyuka, gami da ruwan famfo da wasu wutar lantarki.

A Masar, yawancin mutanen Nubia 50,000 an ƙaura da su kilomita uku zuwa goma daga kogin Nilu kusa da Edna da Kom Ombo, kilomita 45 a ƙasa da Aswan a cikin abin da ake kira &quot;Sabuwar Nubia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Amer |first1=Mourad |title=Rebuilding Cultural Identity: Nubian Rehabilitation along the Shore of Lake Nasser |journal=Environmental Science and Sustainable Development |date=2019 |page=19 |doi=10.21625/essd.v3iss1.279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina gidaje da wurare don rukunin ƙauyuka 47 waɗanda dangantakar juna ta yi kusa da ta tsohuwar Nubia. An samar da ƙasashen ban ruwa don noman rake mafi yawancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Thayer |last=Scudder |url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |title=The Aswan High Dam Case |year=2003 |pages=11–12 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193034/http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stock |first=Jill Kamil; photographs by Michael |title=Aswan and Abu Simbel: history and guide |year=1993 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo |isbn=977-424-321-8 |pages=141–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZGrBnInneIC&amp;q=aswan+dam+new+nubia&amp;pg=PA142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019–20, Masar ta fara biyan diyya ga mutanen Nubia waɗanda suka rasa gidajensu sakamakon taruwar ruwan madatsar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/79830/Egypt-s-PM-witnesses-compensation-of-Nubians-displaced-by-dam|title=Egypt's PM witnesses compensation of Nubians displaced by dam construction|website=Egypt Today|date=20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wuraren tarihi na dā ===
[[File:Abusimbel.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Ramses Mai Girma a Babban Haikali na Abu Simbel an sake haɗa shi bayan an ƙaura da shi a shekarar 1967 don ceton sa daga nutsawa a ruwa.]]
{{main|International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia}}

Abubuwan tarihi guda ashirin da biyu da rukunonin gine-gine da ambaliyar ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser ke barazana gare su, gami da haikali na Abu Simbel, an kiyaye su ta hanyar ƙaura da su zuwa gaɓar tafkin ƙarƙashin Kamfen ɗin Nubia na [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO_Nubia_Campaign&quot;&gt;[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24168&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222150930/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D24168%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html/ |date=2016-12-22 }}, UNESCO project site about Nubia Campaign.&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ƙaura da Philae, Kalabsha da Amada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

An ba da waɗannan abubuwan tarihi ga ƙasashen da suka taimaka da ayyukan:
* Haikali na Debod ga Madrid
* Haikali na Dendur ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan na New York
* Haikali na Taffeh ga Rijksmuseum van Oudheden na Leiden
* Haikali na Ellesyia ga Museo Egizio na Turin

An kwashe waɗannan abubuwa zuwa yankin lambu na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Sudan na Khartoum:&lt;ref&gt;Reis, Michael (1999), Who is who in Ancient Egypt, p. 48 {{ISBN|0-415-15448-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Haikali na Ramses II a Aksha, Sudan
* Haikali na Hatshepsut a Buhen
* Haikali na Khnum a Kumma
* Kabarin yariman Nubia Djehuti-hotep a Debeira
* Haikali na Dedwen da Sesostris III a Semna
* Shika-shikan granite daga Katolika na Faras
* Wani ɓangare na zane-zane na Katolika na Faras; ɗayan ɓangaren yana Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Warsaw.

Haikali na Ptah a Gerf Hussein an sake gina sashinsa na waje a Sabuwar Kalabsha, kusa da Haikali na Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, da Kiosk na Qertassi.

Sauran wuraren tarihi na dā, gami da kariya ta Buhen da makabartar Fadrus, Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da su.

=== Rashin laka ===
[[Image:Lake Nasser.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Nasser da ke bayan madatsar ruwan Aswan ya raba mutane fiye da 100,000 da mazaunansu kuma yana tara laka mai yawa.]]
Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, kogin Nilu ya saba ajiye laka na mabanbantan girma – wanda ya ƙunshi rairayi mai kyau, laka da yumbu – a kan gonaki a Kudancin Masar ta hanyar ambaliyarsa ta shekara-shekara, wanda ke taimakawa ga albarkar ƙasa. Sai dai kuma, galibi ana ƙara gishiri ga darajar sinadiran gina jiki na lakar. Kashi 88 cikin 100 na lakar ana kwashe ta zuwa teku kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Darajar sinadiran gina jiki da lakar ke ƙarawa ƙasar ta kasance tan 6,000 na potash kawai, tan 7,000 na phosphorus pentoxide da tan 17,000 na nitrogen. Waɗannan adadi ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da abin da ake buƙata don kaiwa ga amfanin gona da ake samu a yanzu a ban ruwa na Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=M.A. |last=Abu Zeid |title=Environmental impacts of the High Dam |journal=Water Resources Development |volume=5 |number=3 |date=September 1989 |page=156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, bazuwar laka na shekara-shekara saboda ambaliyar kogin Nilu ya kasance yana faruwa ne a tsawon gaɓar kogin Nilu. Yankunan da ke da nisa da

=== Matsalar taruwar ruwa a ƙasa da haɓakar gishiri ===
Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, matakan ruwan ƙasa (groundwater) a Kwarin Nilu sun kasance suna canzawa tsakanin mita 8 zuwa 9 a kowace shekara dangane da matakin ruwan kogin Nilu. A lokacin rani lokacin da tirurin ruwa (evaporation) ya fi yawa, matakin ruwan ƙasar yana da zurfi sosai wanda ba ya ba da damar gishirin da ke narke a cikin ruwan ya fito sarari ta hanyar tsiyan ruwa na capillary (capillary action). Bayan bacewar ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara da kuma fara amfani da ban ruwa mai yawa na tsawon shekara, matakan ruwan ƙasa sun kasance a sama ba tare da wani gagarumin sauyi ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsalar taruwar ruwa a ƙasa (waterlogging). Gishirin ƙasa shi ma ya ƙaru saboda tazarar da ke tsakanin saman ƙasa da matakin ruwan ƙasa ta yi ƙanƙanta (mita 1 zuwa 2 dangane da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin zafi) ta yadda tirurin ruwa ke iya tsinci ruwan zuwa sama, wanda hakan ya sa ɗan ƙaramin gishirin da ke cikin ruwan ƙasar ya taru a saman ƙasa a tsawon shekaru. Tun da yake mafi yawan ƙasashen gona ba su da tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ya dace don rage matakin ruwan ƙasar, matsalar gishiri ta hankali ta shafi amfanin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Heinz |last=Schamp |title=Sadd el-Ali, der Hochdamm von Assuan (Sadd el-Ali, the High Dam of Aswan) |journal=Geowissenschaften in unserer Zeit |volume=1 |year=1983 |number=2 |pages=51–85 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon gishirin ƙasa da matsalar taruwar ruwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da hekta miliyan 2 tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa tare da kashe kuɗi da suka kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1 daga shekarar 1973 zuwa 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt'', Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiya ===
[[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Kurajen fata: alamun cutar schistosomiasis. Alamun da aka fi sani shi ne jini a cikin fitsari.]]
Sabanin hasashe da dama da aka yi kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan da kuma littattafan da suka biyo baya, na cewa yaduwar cutar fasa-kwari (schistosomiasis ko bilharzia) — wata cuta ta wurare masu zafi da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar taɓa ruwan sha mai daɗi da ke ɗauke da tsutsotsi masu cutarwa — zai ƙaru, hakan bai faru ba.&lt;ref&gt;Miller. F. DeWolfe et al. Schistosomiasis in Rural Egypt. 1978. United States Environment Protection Agency. EPA – 600/1-78-070.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zato bai yi la'akari da girman tsarin ban ruwa na dindindin wanda riga ya kasance a sassan Masar shekaru da dama kafin rufe babban madatsar ruwan ba. Zuwa shekarun 1950, ɗan ƙaramin ɓangare ne kawai na Kudancin Masar wanda ba a canza shi daga ban ruwa na ambaliya (mai ƙarancin yaɗuwar cuta) zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin (mai saurin yaɗuwar cuta) ba. Faɗaɗa tsarin ban ruwa na dindindin a Masar bai dogara ga babban madatsar ruwan ba. Hasali ma, cikin shekaru 15 da rufe babban madatsar ruwan, an sami tabbataccen shaida cewa cutar bilharzia tana raguwa a Kudancin Masar. Tun daga lokacin, nau'in cutar na S. haematobium ya bace gaba ɗaya. Dalilan da aka bayyana na hakan sun haɗa da ingantuwar hanyoyin ban ruwa. A yankin Delta na Nilu, cutar schistosomiasis ta daɗe tana da rishin gaske, inda yaɗuwar ta a ƙauyuka ya kai kashi 50% ko fiye da haka na kusan ƙarni guda kafin nan. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon canza yankin Delta da Turawan Ingila suka yi zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin don noman auduga mai dogon zare. Wannan yanayi ya canza. Manyan shirye-shiryen magani a shekarun 1990 ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin magani na sha na lokaci guda sun ba da gudummawa ƙwarai wajen rage yaɗuwa da tsananin cutar S. mansoni a yankin Delta.

=== Sauran tasiri ===
Lakar da ke taruwa a cikin madatsar ruwan tana rage ƙarfin adana ruwa na Tafkin Nasser. Ƙarfin adana ruwan na madatsar ruwan ya kai mita kubik biliyan 162 (162 km3), haɗi da mita kubik biliyan 31 na ruwan da ba ya fita (dead storage) a kasan tafkin ƙasa da mita 147 sama da matakin teku, mita kubik biliyan 90 na ruwan da ake amfani da shi (live storage), da mita kubik biliyan 41 na madadin adana ruwan ambaliya mai yawa sama da mita 175 sama da matakin teku. Yawan lakar da kogin Nilu ke ɗauko wa a shekara ya kai kusan tan miliyan 134. Wannan yana nufin cewa gurbin &quot;dead storage&quot; zai cike bayan shekaru 300 zuwa 500 idan lakar ta ci gaba da taruwa a daidai wannan mataki a duk faɗin tafkin. Babu shakka, lakar tana saurin taruwa a sassan sama na tafkin, inda taruwar lakar riga ta shafi yankin &quot;live storage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid 1989&quot;/&gt;

Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, hanyoyin ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa masu tsawon kilomita 50,000 a Masar dole ne a riƙa kwashe laka daga cikinsu akai-akai. Bayan gina madatsar ruwan, ciyavin ruwa sun fara girma da sauri a cikin ruwa mai tsafta, sakamakon taimakon ragowar takin zamani. Jimillar tsawon hanyoyin ruwa da ciyawa suka mamaye ya kai kusan kilomita 27,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An shawo kan ciyavin a hankali ta hanyar amfani da hannu, injina, da hanyoyin kimiyyar halittu (biological methods).&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Sardin from sardegna 1.jpg|thumb|right|Kamun kifin sardine a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum kusa da gaɓar Masar ya ragu bayan kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, amma ainihin dalilan raguwar har yanzu ana muhawara a kansu.]]
Kamun kifi na Tekun Bahar Rum da na tafkin ruwan gishiri ya ragu bayan kammala madatsar ruwan saboda sinadiran gina jiki da ke guduwa da kogin Nilu zuwa Bahar Rum sun makale a bayan madatsar ruwan. Misali, kamun kifin sardine a gaɓar teku ta Masar ya ragu daga tan 18,000 a shekarar 1962 zuwa tan 460 kacal a shekarar 1968, amma daga baya ya farfado a hankali zuwa tan 8,590 a shekarar 1992. Wani labarin kimiyya a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya lura cewa &quot;rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙarancin amfanin farko na halittu da kuma babban matakin samar da kifi a yankin har yanzu yana daure wa masana kimiyya kai.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first1=Sayed |last1=El-Sayed |first2=Gert L. |last2=van Dijken |url=http://ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD3.1/Elsayed/elsayed.html |title=The southeastern Mediterranean ecosystem revisited: Thirty years after the construction of the Aswan High Dam |year=1995 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104044209/http://ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD3.1/Elsayed/elsayed.html |archive-date=2011-01-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata damuwa kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ita ce yiwuwar raguwar matakin kasan kogin a ƙasa da Madatsar Ruwan sakamakon zaizayar ƙasa da kwararar ruwa maras laka ke haifarwa. Kiyastawa da masana na ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban suka yi sun nuna wannan raguwar za ta kasance tsakanin mita 2 zuwa 10. Sai dai kuma, ainihin raguwar da aka auna ta kasance mita 0.3 zuwa 0.7, wanda ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yadda aka zata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Masana'antar yin jar bulo, wadda ta ƙunshi daruruwan masana'antu da ke amfani da lakar kogin Nilu a tsawon kogin, ita ma ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri. Sakamakon rashin laka, sun fara amfani da tsofaffin ƙasashe masu albarka na noma inda suke lalata har zuwa murabba'in kilomita 120 na ƙasa a kowace shekara, tare da kiyasin murabba'in kilomita 1,000 da aka lalata zuwa shekarar 1984 lokacin da gwamnati ta hana ci gaba da aikin haƙar ƙasar, &quot;kodayake ba a sami cikakken nasara ba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Thayer |last=Scudder |url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |title=The Aswan High Dam Case |year=2003 |page=11 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193034/http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda wata majiya ta nuna, a halin yanzu ana yin bulo ne ta hanyar amfani da sabbin fasahohi da ke amfani da cakudin rairayi da yumbu, kuma an bayyana cewa masana'antar bulo ta laka za ta fuskanci matsala ko da ba a gina madatsar ruwan ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas and Tortajada&quot;/&gt;

Sakamakon raguwar dukaɗar ruwa (turbidity), hasken rana yana shiga da zurfi a cikin ruwan kogin Nilu. Saboda wannan dalili da kuma ƙaruwar sinadiran gina jiki daga takin zamani a cikin ruwan, ƙwayoyin algae masu yawa suna girma a cikin kogin Nilu. Wannan kuma yana ƙara kuɗin tace ruwan sha. A bayyane yake cewa kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin masana suka yi tsammanin cewa ingancin ruwa a kogin Nilu zai ragu a zahiri saboda Babban Madatsar Ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>'Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana'</title>
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 {{Authority control}}'Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana (an haife ta a shekara ta 1945) lauya ce ta [[Lesotho]] . An nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Lesotho a shekara ta 2010, kuma ita ce lauya ta farko a kasar.

== Ayyuka ==
'An haifi Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana a shekara ta 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;ioi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Ombudswoman takes office |url=http://www.theioi.org/ioi-news/current-news/new-ombudswoman-takes-office0 |access-date=10 November 2017 |publisher=International Ombudsman Institute |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho ta ba Fanana digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1980. Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Edinburgh a Burtaniya inda aka ba ta digiri na farko na Shari'a da Jagora na Falsafa.  Fanana ta ci gaba da yin lacca a Jami'ar kasa kuma ta sami ƙarin horo a dokar kare hakkin dan adam, [[Dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa]] warware rikice-rikice. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=N.A.M. |first=Fanana |date=1989 |title=Inheritance Law and Women in Lesotho |url=http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=W00074154 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=Africa Bib |publisher=Paper presented at the Regional Seminar on Women's Law in Southern Africa, March, 1989, Harare, Zimbabwe |archive-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112073923/http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=W00074154 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1989 ta gabatar da takarda game da maganin mata a kan gadon shari'ar yankin.

Bayan Maido da dimokuradiyya a Lesotho a 1993 Fanana ya yi aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ayyukan Gyara don inganta gudanarwa da rage cin hanci da rashawa. Ta kuma taimaka wajen kawo sabbin dokoki don inganta haƙƙin mata da yara da kuma hana karkatar da kuɗi da cin hanci da rashawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ioi&quot;/&gt; An nada Fanana a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Sarki, matsayin da aka ba manyan lauyoyi, a cikin shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ombudsman annual report 2012/13 |url=http://www.ombudsman.org.ls/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Report-2012-13.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112021323/http://www.ombudsman.org.ls/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Report-2012-13.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-12 |access-date=2017-11-11 |publisher=The Office of the Ombudsman |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2010 Fanana ta zama Dean da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roundtable Dialogue on Skills Reform for Innovation and Growth in Lesotho |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLESOTHO/Resources/Participants_Lesotho_August25.pdf |access-date=11 November 2017 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta wa ''[[Lesotho Law Journal|Jaridar Shari'a ta Lesotho]]'' kan haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a, haƙƙin mata, da Dualism na shari'a.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1997 |title=The Peoples' Rights Under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights |journal=Lesotho Law Journal |volume=10 |issue=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Legal Dualism and the Rights of Women: Thoughts for. Law Reform in Lesotho |journal=Lesotho Law Journal |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=133–140}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sarki Letsie III na Lesotho ne ya nada Fanana a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Lesotho a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2010, mutum na uku da ya rike mukamin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ioi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot; /&gt; Ta fara wa'adin shekaru hudu a cikin rawar a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, ta maye gurbin [[Sekara Mafisa]] wacce ta yi cikakken wa'adi biyu. Fanana ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike rawar.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot; /&gt; Ayyukanta shine bincika korafe-korafen da 'yan ƙasa suka yi wa mambobin gwamnati ko hukumomin su.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Ngwavuma</title>
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'''Ngwavuma'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA883194893774E0440003BA962ED3|Ngwavuma (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt;  kogi ne a lardin [[Eswatini]] da KwaZulu-Natal a kudancin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma kiransa da '''Inguavuma''', '''Ingwavuma''', '''Ingwovuma''', da '''Nggwavuma''', kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna biyar a Eswatini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Water-report3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&amp;pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yana fitowa a kudu maso yammacin Eswatini kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Water-report3&quot;/&gt; Yana da magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Pongola]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA6UsuthuMhlatuze.jpg Usuthu/Mhlatuze WMA 6]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manyan garuruwan Eswatini tare da Ngwavuma sune Nhlangano da Nsoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Water-report3&quot;/&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.satelliteviews.net/cgi-bin/w.cgi?c=wz&amp;UF=-1331752&amp;UN=-1922946&amp;DG=STM Kogin Ngwavuma, Swaziland - Duba tauraron dan adam]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} a bakin kogin a KwaZulu-Natal daga satelliteviews.net</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Yei</title>
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'''Kogin Yei''' kogi ne a [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] wanda tushensa yake a Ƙauyen Panyana, Lujule payam a Gundumar Morobo ta Jihar Equatoria ta Tsakiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Way: Yei River (815645977) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/815645977 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2018-07-11 |title=SPLM-IO accuses South Sudan army of fresh attack in River Yei |url=https://sudantribune.com/article63979/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Suna ==
An samo sunan Yei ne daga kalmar ''yii'' a yaren Kaliko, ma'ana &quot;ruwa.&quot; 

== Siffofi ==

=== Tsakiyar Equatoria ===
A tsakiyar Equatoria, kogin yana ratsawa ta Lujule, gundumar Morobo da gundumar Kogin Yei . Kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin garin Yei inda kogin Kembe ya haɗu da hanyar Yei - Juba.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Yei (Yei River) Map, Weather and Photos - Sudan: stream - Lat:6.25 and Long:30.2167 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/sudan_(general)/_yei_river/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.getamap.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani abin tarihi mai ban mamaki, Aga Falls, yana kan Kogin Yei a Wudabi Payam, gundumar Morobo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aga Falls waterfall(s), Central Equatoria State, South Sudan |url=https://ss.geoview.info/aga_falls,380037 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=ss.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aga Falls yana Geri Boma kuma an san shi a matsayin wurin da za a iya haɓaka wutar lantarki ta ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2011-05-04 |title=GOVERNOR WANI KONGA TO LAUNCH POWER PLANT IN MOROBO |url=http://catholicradionetwork.org/2011/05/04/governor-wani-konga-to-launch-power-plant-in-morobo/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yammacin Equatoria ===
A Yammacin Equatoria, kogin yana ratsawa ta yammacin Mundiri, [[Jihar Lakes|Jihar Tafkuna]], da Jihar Unity . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mission |first=African |title=Agriculture project Yei River |url=https://africanmission.org/blog/agriculture-project-yei-river/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=African Mission |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A [[Daular Biritaniya|zamanin mulkin mallaka]], gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sauya tsarin mulki da tsarin matsuguni na gida a gefen kogin. Sun gabatar da sarakunan da ke tsakiya da kuma sake tsugunar da ƙauyuka don yaƙi da rashin barci . 

A watan Maris na 2010, UNMIS da Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya sun ba da tallafin gina gada mai layi ɗaya mai tsawon mita 42 a garin Yei. Wannan babbar gada ta ratsa Kogin Yei kuma ta inganta hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin garin da maƙwabtanta na Uganda da Congo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-29 |title=New bridge inaugurated in Yei |url=http://unmis.unmissions.org/new-bridge-inaugurated-yei |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=UNMIS |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626124901/https://unmis.unmissions.org/new-bridge-inaugurated-yei |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2011 gwamnatin Jihar Tsakiyar Equatoria karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Clement Wani Konga ta shirya kaddamar da tashar samar da wutar lantarki a gundumar Morobo . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Nairobi</title>
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'''Kogin [[Nairobi]]''' wani kogi ne wanda ke gudana a fadin Nairobi, babban birnin [[Kenya]] . Ita ce babbar kogi na Kogin Nairobi, tare da raƙuman ruwa da yawa da ke gudana zuwa gabas. Dukkanin kogunan tafkin Nairobi sun haɗu da gabashin Nairobi kuma sun haɗu le Kogin Athi, wanda daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Koguna galibi suna da ƙanƙanta kuma an gurɓata su sosai,  kodayake ƙoƙarin da aka yi kwanan nan don tsaftace koguna ya inganta ingancin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nairobi River Basin |url=http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131216/http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban rafi, Kogin Nairobi, yana iyakance tsakiyar birnin arewa, inda aka yi amfani da shi a wani bangare.

== Haraji ==
Kogin Nairobi ya samo asali ne daga fadamar Ondiri da ke Kikuyu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obura |first=Fredrick |title=Increased human activities threaten source of Nairobi River - Smart Harvest |url=https://www.farmers.co.ke/article/2001293527/increased-human-activities-threaten-source-of-nairobi-river |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.farmers.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Nairobi yana da rafuka da dama: &lt;ref name=&quot;tributaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galimo Askumo |date=27 May 2017 |title=A Guide to Nairobi's Rivers and Streams |url=https://askumo.com/a-guide-to-nairobi-rivers-and-streams/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Kogin Athi
* Kogin Gathara-ini
* Kogin Gitathuru
* Kogin Kiu
* Kogin Mathari
* [[Kogin Mbagathi]]
* Kogin Nairobi
* Kogin Ngong
* Kogin RuiRuaka

Kogin Motoine yana gudana zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Nairobi, Tafkin wucin gadi wanda ake nufi don samar da ruwan sha ga mazaunan Nairobi. Kogin ya ci gaba a matsayin Kogin Ngong.

Kogin Gatharaini  ya samo asali ne daga marshes na ƙananan tsaunuka na Aberdare kuma yana gudana ta wurare daban-daban. Ayyukan ɗan adam suna tasiri ga rafin a kan tashoshinsa da kuma a cikin abin da ya kama. A cikin sassan sama na Kiambaa da Kanunga, rafin yana wucewa ta wuraren da ke da santsi da maras kyau, tare hada aikin gona da mazaunin ɗan adam a matsayin manyan nau'ikan amfani da ƙasa. A tsakiyar Kiambu, akwai amfanin gona mai yawa na kofi da aikin gona.

A Gabashin Nairobi yana wucewa ta Kamfanin Ruwa na Nairobi a Ngundu, Kamulu.

A ƙananan sassan Githurai da Zimmerman, rafin yana da alaƙa da noman kofi, noma mai yawa, da masana'antu kamar Masana'antar Tannery ta Kamiti. Ruwan ƙananan rafin yana da laushi da ƙazanta. A da, noman tushen arrowroot da kale na kogin ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin yankin. Har yanzu ba a fara ƙoƙarin kiyayewa da kiyaye wannan kogin ba.

Kogunan Nairobi sun gurɓata saboda aikin gona, ƙauyuka, da masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biosafety News, October/November 2002 |url=http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023152439/http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |archive-date=2006-10-23 |access-date=2006-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Lokacin ruwan sama, koguna a kan koguna masu ƙasƙanci suna ambaliya.

Kenya [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Tana]] da kogi na biyu mai suna Nairobi wanda ke farawa a [[Dutsen Kenya]] kuma yana da nasaba da Sagana da Tana, kogi mafi tsawo a kasar.
[[Fayil:Gathara-ini_river.jpg|thumb|Kogin Gathara-ini yana cikin mazabar Kasarani; gundumar Nairobi .]]

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya]]

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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Sondu Miriu</title>
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'''Kogin Sondu Miriu''' babban kogi ne a yammacin Kenya wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]] . Yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin ruwa na yankin, samar da makamashi, bambancin halittu, da al'adun al'adu. Kogin ya ƙunshi sassan Kericho, [[Kisumu]], Nyando, da Homa Bay counties, yana mai da shi muhimmiyar hanya ga al'ummomi, noma, da ci gaban ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ochieng |first=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |issn=1687-9317 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa da hanya ==
Kogin Sondu Miriu ya samo asali ne a kan Mau Escarpment a yankin Rift Valley kuma yana gudana ta cikin yankunan Bomet, Kericho da Kisumu kafin ya shiga cikin Tafkin Victoria. Kogin ya kunshi kusan 3,470 km2 kuma ya haɗa da marshes, gandun daji, da filayen noma.&amp;nbsp;

== Ikon wutar lantarki ==
Kogin yana karɓar bakuncin Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Station, aikin gudu na 60 MW wanda Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Kenya (KenGen) ke sarrafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Directors |first=Hydro Review Content |date=2008-04-10 |title=Kenya completes commissioning of 60-MW Sondu Miriu |url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/kenya-completes-commissioning-of-60-mw-sondu-miriu/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Factor This™ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikin ne a cikin 1999, tare da kwamishinan karshe a cikin 2008, kuma yana ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga grid na kasa na Kenya. Bugu da kari, daga baya aka gina [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sang'oro]] Hydroelectric don amfani da ruwan da aka fitar daga Sondu Miriu, yana ƙara 20 MW na [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sondu |url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/olkaria/sondu.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.kengen.co.ke |archive-date=2025-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922220211/https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/olkaria/sondu.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sondu Miriu power project to ease energy crisis in western Kenya - Business Daily |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Sondu-Miriu-power-project-to-ease-energy-crisis-in-western-Kenya/-/539546/1216804/-/12wc4gdz/-/index.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.businessdailyafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Construction of Sondu Miriu Hydro Power Project – H Young &amp; Co. (E.A.) Ltd |url=https://hyoung.com/portfolio/construction-of-sondu-miriu-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Durrant &amp; Company International Ltd - Africa Project |url=https://durrantinternational.com/ProjectPage_africa6.htm |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=durrantinternational.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=By |date=2009-07-24 |title=Kenya launches Sondu Miriu power plant |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2009/07/kenya-launches-sondu-miriu-power-plant/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Capital Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin al'adu ==
Kogin yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomi a yammacin Kenya, musamman Mutanen Luo. Yana inganta ayyukan kamun kifi na gargajiya kuma an gane shi a tarihin yankin a matsayin tushen ruwa mai tsarki da alama.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Yanayin Kenya
* [[Jerin koguna na Kenya]]

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An tattauna mallakar ruwa a Ghana tun farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin martani ga ingancin sabis mara kyau da ƙarancin ingancin ruwa na birane. Bankin Duniya ya goyi bayan tsarin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a bangaren ruwa na birane tun daga farko. Bayan wahala da yawa an ba da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 a shekara ta 2006. Lokacin da kwangilar ta ƙare a shekara ta 2011, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar kada ta tsawaita shi, tana mai cewa mai gudanarwa mai zaman kansa bai cika tsammanin ba.

== Shirye-shiryen (1995-2005) ==
An tattauna mallakar ruwa a Ghana tun farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin martani ga ingancin sabis mara kyau da ƙarancin ingancin ruwa na birane na Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC), wanda aka sake masa suna Ghana Water Company Ltd. (GWCL) a cikin 1999. Bankin Duniya ya goyi bayan tsarin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a bangaren ruwa na birane tun daga farko. Bayan karatun shirye-shirye da kuma bita na shawarwari na kasa a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta zaɓi kwangilar haya ta shekaru 10 guda biyu tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka 8, gami da zaɓi don ci gaba da aiki na bangaren jama'a. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa an zaɓi mahalarta taron ne da gangan, cewa yawancin mahalarta baƙi ne, cewa babu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida da suka halarta kuma ba a ba da zaɓi na bangaren jama'a ba. Bugu da ƙari, suna jayayya cewa bita ɗaya bai isa ya shirya irin wannan muhimmiyar yanke shawara ba, cewa babu wata babbar muhawara ta jama'a da ta faru kuma ya kamata majalisar ta yanke shawara ta ƙarshe. Dangane da shawarar da gwamnati ta yanke, kowannensu daga cikin hayar biyu ya rufe kusan rabin birane da garuruwan Ghana. Ana sa ran masu zaman kansu za su saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 132 daga albarkatun su, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimlar saka hannun jari da ake tsammani a lokacin haya. Ana sa ran kwangilar za ta kara samar da ruwa da kashi 85%, haɗin da kashi 50% kuma ta rage ruwan da ba na shiga ba daga kashi 52% zuwa 25%. Wadannan tsammanin sun kasance a bayyane ba su da tabbas idan aka sake dubawa.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin Ghana ta ba da kwangilar Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) na shekaru 30 don rabin ƙasar, gami da babban birnin Accra, ga kamfanin Amurka Azurix, reshe na Enron. Koyaya, Bankin Duniya bai goyi bayan kwangilar ba. Yarjejeniyar ta gaza kafin a fara aiki saboda zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da adawar jama'a wanda ya haifar da kafa hadin gwiwa da ke adawa da mallakar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rahaman |first=Abu Shiraz |last2=Everett, Jeff |last3=Neu, Dean |year=2007 |title=Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa |journal=Accounting, Auditing &amp; Accountability Journal |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=637–670 |doi=10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648-651&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Hukumar Bankin Duniya ta amince da bashi na dala miliyan 103 don &quot;Aikin Ruwa na Birni&quot;, wanda daga baya aka juya ya zama tallafi. Asusun Ci Gaban Arewa yana ba da gudummawa ga wasu dala miliyan 5, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke ba da ragowar dala miliyan 12 na aikin dala miliyan 120.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Ghana: World Bank Turns US$103 Million Ghana Urban Water Credit To Grant |url=http://go.worldbank.org/ZATGPT5LF1 |access-date=2008-03-28 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban manufofin shirin, wanda ya kamata ya ƙare a cikin 2010 kuma an tsawaita shi har zuwa Disamba 2015, shine kara yawan samun damar samar da ruwa a cikin birane tare da jaddada inganta sabis ga matalautan birane; da kuma dawo da kwanciyar hankali na kudi na dogon lokaci, viability, da kuma dorewar GWCL. Bankin Duniya ya kuma ba da tallafin fasaha da horo. Aikin ya goyi bayan shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Urban Water Project |url=http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P056256&amp;Type=Overview&amp;theSitePK=40941&amp;pagePK=64283627&amp;menuPK=64282134&amp;piPK=64290415 |access-date=2008-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yarjejeniyar gudanarwa (2006-2011) ==
Tsakanin Yuni 2006 da Yuni 2011 mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa Aqua Vitens Rand Ltd. (AVRL), haɗin gwiwa na kamfanin jama'a na Dutch Vitens da kamfanin jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu Rand Water, suna tallafawa GWCL a ƙarƙashin kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru biyar don inganta aikinta da sake farfadowa da faɗaɗa ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water-Aid Ghana |year=2005 |title=Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report. |url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf |access-date=2008-03-26}}, p. 19&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban manufofin kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 sune:

* Inganta amintacce (matsi da kwararar ruwa) da ingancin ruwan sha.
* Tabbatar da dorewar kudi na kamfanin,
* Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da
* Samar da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai araha ga masu amfani da ƙananan kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vitens Evides&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vitens Evides International |title=Management Contract 2006-2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development |url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rage ruwan da ba na samun kudin shiga ba kuma muhimmiyar hanya ce don cimma wadannan manufofi.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, an bayar da rahoton karancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra, wanda ya jagoranci Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje don duba ko AVRL yana aiki daidai da kwangilar gudanarwa. Koyaya, ya bayyana cewa dalilin karancin shine rashin wutar lantarki da ba a tsammani ba a masana'antun tsabtace ruwa guda biyu a Weija da Kpong. A cewar Ministan, yanayin gabaɗaya zai inganta musamman a ƙarshen 2008 saboda sabbin ramuka da yawa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 National Coalition Against Privateisation of Water (NCAP) ta yi kira ga soke kwangilar gudanarwa saboda zargin &quot;rashin aiki&quot;, musamman dangane da rashin cimma &quot;Tsarin Sabis&quot; don matsin lamba da gudana kamar yadda aka ƙaddara a cikin Schedule 4 na kwangilar. Ministan ya amsa ta hanyar nuna wani bita mai zuwa na tsakiyar lokaci.

A farkon shekara ta 2011, Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, [[Alban Bagbin]], ya soki Aqua Vitens Rand saboda rashin cika tsammanin. Mazauna sun koka cewa ba su karɓi ruwa ba kuma ma'aikata sun nuna rashin amincewa da &quot;hanyar gudanarwa&quot; na kamfanin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kunateh |first=Masahudu Ankiilu |date=26 April 2011 |title=Ghana: Don't Renew Aqua Vitens Rand Contract |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201104270237.html |access-date=19 April 2012 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ba ta sabunta kwangilar gudanarwa ba lokacin da ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011. Gwamnati tana kimanta zaɓuɓɓuka don matakai na gaba a cikin sake fasalin sashin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vitens Evides International |title=Hand-over per June 6, 2011 of the management responsibility of Aqua Vitens Rand Water Limited (AVRL) to Ghana Water |url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/news/hand-over-per-june-6-2011-of-the-management-responsibility-of-aqua-vitens-rand-water-limited-avrl-to-ghana-water.html |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717225948/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/news/hand-over-per-june-6-2011-of-the-management-responsibility-of-aqua-vitens-rand-water-limited-avrl-to-ghana-water.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Keurbooms</title>
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'''Kogin Keurbooms'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape da ke [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |access-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana da maɓuɓɓugarsa a kudu da Uniondale a Langkloof kuma yana gudana a kudu maso gabas. Yana wucewa ta De Vlugt da Prince Alfred Pass, yana gudana a gefen arewa na hanyar R340 sannan ya juya kudu. Bayan ya ketare hanyar N2, yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] ta cikin [[Keurbooms Estuary]], wanda ke kusa da garin bakin teku na Plettenberg Bay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Keurbooms yana da kusan 85&amp;nbsp;Tsawon kilomita tare da yankin magudanar ruwa na kilomita 1,080. Babban magudanar ruwanta ita ce [[Bitou River|Bitou]] (Bietou).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

 
== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kogin Keurbooms yana nuna iyakar gabas ta yankin da ke zaune a Cape galaxias ''(Galaxias zebratus)'', wani nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya shahara a Yankin Cape Floric. Yana da matsuguni iri ɗaya da kifayen da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje kuma yana zaune a yankin da ke tsakanin Keurbooms da Kogin Olifants.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20121225011025/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg1.htm &quot;Biodiversity, Alien trout, and the So what attitude&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da cewa a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifi mai laushi an rarraba shi ne kawai a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazana, a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] nau'ikan kifaye iri ɗaya sun [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|mutu]] sakamakon kamuwa da salmonids. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg17.htm Albany Museum – Freshwater Ichthyology]{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Keurboomstrand
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* Magudanar ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317164924/http://capenature.org.za/docs/1938/Keurbooms%20PAMP_Final%20participation_14122011.pdf Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Haɗin Tsarin Yanayin Kogin Keurbooms]
* [http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm Cape Galaxias (Galaxias zebratus)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131050754/http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm |date=2013-01-31 }}
* [http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/team/students/jeremy/jeremy.htm Ilimin halittar mamayar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001907/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=1420 Kimantawa ta farko kan tasirin kifin bakan gizo na baƙi (Oncorhynchus mykiss) akan kifayen 'yan asalin Kogin Berg na sama, Lardin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Riet (Doring)</title>
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'''Kogin Riet'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hanya ==
Ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Koue Bokkeveld a arewacin Ceres a mahaɗin [[Winkelhaak River|Kogin Winkelhaak]] da [[Houdenbeks River|Kogin Houdenbeks]], suna kwarara zuwa arewa. Bayan [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|Kogin Groot]] ya haɗu da gefen hagu, Riet ya juya zuwa gabas. A ƙarƙashin wannan mahaɗin, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da [[Brandkraals River|Kogin Brandkraals]] a gefen dama da kuma [[Matjies River|Kogin Matjies]] a gefen hagu, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]] a wani wuri da aka sani da De Mond. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Influence of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Temperature on the Distribution, Habitat, Use and Recruitment of Threatened Cyprinids in a Western Cape River, South Africa |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta ware a matsayin mai rauni, har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin Doring da sauran kogunan da ke cikin kwarinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/17/OlifantsDoornISPFeb05p8.pdf Olifants/Doorn WMA: Halayen Dabarun Cikin Gida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030701/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/17/OlifantsDoornISPFeb05p8.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Klein Berg</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Klein Berg''' (ko kuma '''Little Berg River'''; a cikin [[Afrikaans|harshen Afirka]] ''Klein-Bergrivier'') babban rafin hannun dama ne na Kogin Berg a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Klein Berg yana kwarara a kwarin Tulbagh ta hanyar Nuwekloof zuwa Swartland, inda ya haɗu da Berg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kogin Tulbagh (wanda aka fi sani da ''Land van Waveren'' ) yana yamma da tsaunukan [[Obiqua Mountains|Obiqua]] da [[Waterval Mountains|Waterval]], a arewa da jerin Groot Winterhoek, a gabas kuma da [[Witzenberg (mountain)|Witzenberg]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609094334/https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A kudu, an raba shi daga kwarin kogin Breede ta wani ƙaramin [[Raba magudanan ruwa|rami]] da ke ratsa garin Wolseley. Klein Berg yana tashi a kan gangaren Groot Winterhoek kuma yana malalar ruwan arewa na kwarin, yayin da babban rafinsa [[Boontjies River|Kogin Boontjies]] ya tashi daga Witzenberg kuma yana malalar ruwan kudu na kwarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan koguna biyu suna taruwa a bakin gabas na Nuwekloof, wani ƙaramin kwarin da ke ratsa tsaunukan Obiqua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A cikin kogin Nuwekloof, wani rami ya toshe shi wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei]]. Bayan ya fito daga kwarin, Klein Berg ya ratsa garin Gouda kafin ya shiga Kogin Berg kusa da Saron.

Layin da ke cikin Nuwekloof Pass yana karkatar da har zuwa {{Convert|1.7|e6m3}}    na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda a lokacin rani zai iya zama daidai da dukkan kwararar kogin. Haka kuma fitar da ruwan shara daga birnin Tulbagh da kuma kwararar gona na shafar lafiyar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 

Gibin ruwan Nuwekloof da Kogin Klein Berg ya samar shine kawai hanyar da ke ƙasa ta cikin tsaunukan da ke gabashin Cape Town, kuma an daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya. An gina hanyar keken hawa ta cikin kogon tun farkon shekarun 1750; a yau tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyar yankin R46. An gina babban layin jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa cikin ciki ta kogon a shekarar 1875.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Kogin Klein]]
* Kogin Berg

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Elands (Mpumalanga)</title>
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'''Kogin Elands''' kogi ne da ke cikin kogin Komati a lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].

Wannan kogin an san shi da [[Elands River Falls|magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Elands]], wacce ke tsakanin Waterval Boven da Waterval Onder.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120907032609/http://www.mpumalanga.com/index.php?att_view+7063 Elands River Falls]&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan suna faɗuwa mita 70 a cikin digo ɗaya, kuma suna kusa da ramin NZASM.  Hakanan ba da nisa da wani wuri na tarihi da ake kira [[Krugerhof]], gidan ƙarshe na Shugaba [[Paul Kruger|Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR), inda akwai Gidan Tarihi.

Kogin ya samo asali ne kusa da garin Machadodorp, a yankin Highveld na Mpumalanga, kuma bayan ya ketare wani ruwa mai rikitarwa, sai ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Kada.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg Inkomati WMA 5]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Waƙa ==
Mawakin gargajiya [[Rhodesia|na Rhodesia]] John Edmond ya rubuta waƙar &quot;The Siege at Elands River&quot; game da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Kogin Elands (bayyanewa)

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html Ruwan Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa na Mpumalanga - Afirka ta Kudu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602181933/http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html |date=2012-06-02 }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)</title>
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'''Kogin Yashi''' (ko '''Kogin Manyeleti''') kogi ne a cikin ƙananan Mpumalanga wanda ke gudana kudu maso gabas ta wurin Sabi Yashi Game Reserve  na tsawon {{Convert|50|km|mi}} da kuma shiga Kogin Sabie {{Convert|30|km|mi}} gabas da sansanin hutawa na Skukuza a wurin shakatawa na Kruger National Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.06.html |title=Map of the river's flow |access-date=2026-05-31 |archive-date=2019-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826033511/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco_5.06.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yankin da ke kewaye da tsarin Sabie-Yashi shine {{Convert|6,320|km2|sqmi}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/sabie_eco.html catchment area]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Magudanar ruwa ==

* [[Hukumurhi]]
* Kapen
* Maneleti
* Matsafiri
* [[Khokhovela River|Kogin Khokhevela]]
* [[Klein Sand River|Kogin Yashi na Klein]]
* [[Lephong]]
* [[Magoso]]
* [[Phungwe]]
* [[Merry Pebble Stream|Kogin Merry Pebble]]
* [[Mlowati]]
* [[Molapakgomo]]
* [[Mutlumuvi River|Kogin Mutlumuvi]]
* [[Snuifspruit]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin N'waswitshaka</title>
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'''Kogin N'waswitshaka''' (wanda a da ake kira '''N'waswitsake''') da magudanan ruwansa suna nan a kudancin Kruger Park, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;floors&quot;/&gt; Asalinsa yana kusa da Pretoriuskop kuma yana haɗuwa da [[Kogin Sabie]] a Skukuza. Sunan yana nufin &quot;mai farin ciki&quot; a [[Harshen Tsonga|Xitsonga]],  kuma ana cewa yana da alaƙa da mutumin da ke murmushi koyaushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;floors&quot;/&gt;

== Sansanin bincike ==
Kusa da ƙauyen ma'aikatan Skukuza akwai sansanin bincike na N'waswitshaka, wanda ke ba da masauki ga masu bincike da baƙi da ke ziyara.&lt;ref name=&quot;floors&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=van der Wateren |first1=Floors |title=Pocket Guide to the Placenames of the Kruger National Park |date=April 2018 |publisher=J Taylor Pre-Print Solutions |isbn=978-0-620-79560-9 |page=50 |url=http://anyflip.com/mand/ihlg/basic/51-99}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kayan aikin sun yi daidai da rondavels, chalets da wuraren sansani a babban sansanin, amma gabaɗaya suna da amfani da kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;floors&quot;/&gt; Akwai ƙarin albarkatu kamar wurin ofis mai damar shiga intanet da masu tsaron dabbobi ga masu bincike idan ana buƙata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khoza |first=Patricia |date= |title=N'waswitshaka Research Camp |url=https://www.sanparks.org/docs/conservation/scientific/skukuza-research-camp-facilities.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405052451/http://sanparks.org/docs/conservation/scientific/skukuza-research-camp-facilities.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-05 |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=sanparks.org |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Morning_Walk_(4096689388).jpg|alt=The river at dawn| Kogin da asuba
Fayil:River_bed_(208372684).jpg|alt=Shrinking pools in the river| Rage tafkuna a cikin kogin
Fayil:Morning_Walk_(4096688424).jpg|alt=Animal and human tracks in the sand| Layukan dabbobi da na mutane a cikin yashi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Phugwane</title>
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'''Kogin Phugwane''' kogi ne a lardin Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin Shingwedzi ne na hagu da kuma kogin arewa mafi nisa na yankin da yake kama ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report - The Olifants River System |url=http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html |archive-date=2007-07-03 |access-date=2009-02-19 |publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana haɗuwa da shi a tsakiyar kwarinsa. Phugwane kogi ne na yanayi wanda kogin ya bushe na tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/conservation/scientific/noticeboard/science_network_meeting_2009/Presentations/vlok.pdf Shingwedzi River why is it the most polluted river in the KNP?]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kwarara ==
Kogin Phugwane yana malalar ruwan kudu maso gabashin Soutpansberg. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Management Framework for the Olifants and Letaba Rivers Catchment area |url=http://www.metrogis.co.za/docs/Environmental_Management_Framework_Report_6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227125240/http://www.metrogis.co.za/docs/Environmental_Management_Framework_Report_6.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-27 |access-date=2020-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majiyoyinsa sun kai kimanin 40&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa ESE na Thohoyandou.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA2LuvuvuLethaba.jpg Luvuvu Lethaba WMA 2]&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin Mulamulele yana gudana gabas ta cikin ƙananan ciyayi kuma yana ratsa ƙauyuka uku (Madonsi, Phugwani, da Magona) kafin ya shiga yankin Kruger National Park.&lt;ref&gt;pneOne of its tributary is Shiwamseve which drains its waters from the left side in the Phugwani area[http://www.thekruger.com/krugerrivers.htm Rivers of the Kruger National Park... Perennial and Seasonal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213124208/http://www.thekruger.com/krugerrivers.htm |date=2012-12-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Kruger National Park
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Kogin Olifants, Afirka ta Kudu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html Tsarin Kogin Olifants]
* [http://www.limpopo-tp.net/ Shirin Canjin Iyaka na Limpopo]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiru Ado Lakwaya</title>
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'''Kabiru Ado Lakwaya''' Listeniis ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda memba ne na [[Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Kano|Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Kano]], kuma tsohon Kwamishinan Matasa da Ci gaban Wasanni .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kanoassembly.gov.ng/2019/11/10/the-house-has-screened-and-confirmed-the-appointment-of-20-commissioners-nominated-by-governor-abdullahi-ganduje/|title=Screened and confirmed the appointment of 20 commissioners nominees|date=November 10, 2019|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-date=November 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105214206/https://kanoassembly.gov.ng/2019/11/10/the-house-has-screened-and-confirmed-the-appointment-of-20-commissioners-nominated-by-governor-abdullahi-ganduje/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=editing|date=2020-11-13|title=Kano Governor, Ganduje's Aide Distributes Donkeys To Empower Youth In State|url=http://saharareporters.com/2020/11/13/kano-governor-ganduje%E2%80%99s-aide-distributes-donkeys-empower-youth-state|location=New York City, United States|access-date=2022-02-23|newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Kabiru Ado ne a Lakwaya Ward na karamar hukumar [[Gwarzo]] ta [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] .

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Lakwaya ya kasance shugaban dalibai, ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] (NAKSS) yayin da yake karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usman Danfodio]] ta [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] . Kafin nadin sa a matsayin Kwamishina, Lakwaya ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa ta Jihar Kano ta Najeriya.  Lakwaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano a cikin Babban zaben Najeriya na 2019 a karkashin tsarin All Progressive Congress APC inda ya sauka don memba mai ci gaba wanda ke wakiltar [[Gwarzo]] a Majalisar Dokokin Jiha ta Kano.

An nada Lakwaya a matsayin Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Matasa da Ci gaban Wasanni ta [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ta Gwamna [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Prime |date=November 9, 2020 |title=KABIRU ADO LAKWAYA: The Most Active Commissioner In Kano State |url=https://primetimenews.com.ng/2020/11/09/kabiru-ado-lakwaya-the-most-active-commissioner-in-kano-state/ |access-date=June 1, 2026 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109143243/https://primetimenews.com.ng/2020/11/09/kabiru-ado-lakwaya-the-most-active-commissioner-in-kano-state/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2019 |title=Governor Ganduje sends 20 Commissioner-nominees to Kano assembly |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/governor-ganduje-sends-20-commissioner-nominees-kano-assembly-261422 |website=TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada Lakwaya a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga matasa da wasanni ga Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai Sen. Barau I. Jibrin

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Kano|Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Kano]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Rietvlei</title>
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'''Kogin Rietvlei''' ƙaramin [[kogi]] ne a tsakiyar lardin Gauteng, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana ciyar da dausayin Rietvlei Nature Reserve,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/ga_rietvlei.htm Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng]&lt;/ref&gt;  kafin ya kwarara zuwa [[Dam ɗin Rietvlei|Rietvlei Madatsar Ruwa]], wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin ruwa ga [[Pretoria]]. Kogin da ke ƙasan madatsar ruwa ana kiransa [[Sesmylspruit]], wanda ke ƙarƙashin kogin Hennops kuma wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Crocodile (Limpopo)]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot; widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;
Fayil:South_Africa-Tshwane-Rietvlei-Long-tailed_Widowbird-01.jpg|alt=The Rietvlei river wetlands| Dausayin kogin Rietvlei
Fayil:Sesmylspruit.JPG|alt=Water released from the dam into Sesmylspruit| Ruwa da aka saki daga madatsar ruwa zuwa Sesmylspruit
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090612014933/http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/213%20van%20Eeden.pdf Yanayin Muhalli na Manyan Koguna da Magudanan Ruwa a Yankin Isarwa na Arewa na Karamar Hukumar Birnin Ekurhuleni]
* [http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/6243/WaterSA_1979_%205_0126_abstract.pdf Sinadaran da ke cikin Kogin Hennops na Upper Hennops da kuma tasirinsa ga Ingancin Ruwa na Madatsar Ruwa ta Rietvlei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054142/http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/6243/WaterSA_1979_%205_0126_abstract.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Manafwa</title>
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0°56′31′′N 33°55′12′′E / 0.9420°N 33.920°E / 0. 9420; 33.920 '''Kogin [[Manafwa District|Manafwa]]''' kogi ne na halitta da aka samu a Uganda&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Eastern Region, [[Uganda]]&quot;&gt;Gabashin Uganda. Kogin ya samo asali ne daga [[Dutsen Elgon]] a gabashin Uganda, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Manafwa in Eastern Uganda-Love Uganda Safaris |url=https://www.loveugandasafaris.com/river-manafwa.html/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Uganda Safaris &amp; Tours - Uganda Holiday Tours - Uganda safari Tour |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why Elgon's lost rivers need saving |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1495557/elgon-lost-rivers-saving |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; kuma yana ratsa gundumomin Bududa_District&quot; id=&quot;mwLg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bududa District&quot;&gt;Bududa, Manafwa, [[Mbale District|Mbale]] da [[Butaleja District|Butaleja]]. Ya haɗu da kogin Mpologoma, wanda ya zubo cikin [[Tafkin Kyoga]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Manafwa, Uganda |url=http://ug.geoview.info/river_manafwa,167978839w |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ug.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana iya ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ke rushe sufuri tsakanin gundumomin Bududa da Manafwa, kuma ya haifar da lalacewar gine-gine da mutuwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=River Manafwa disrupts traffic flow as it bursts banks |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/12/03/river-manafwa-disrupts-traffic-flow-as-it-bursts-banks.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atuyambe |first=Lynn M |last2=Ediau |first2=Michael |last3=Orach |first3=Christopher G |last4=Musenero |first4=Monica |last5=Bazeyo |first5=William |date=December 2011 |title=Land slide disaster in eastern Uganda: rapid assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene situation in Bulucheke camp, Bududa district |url= |journal=Environmental Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=38 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-38 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3118126 |pmid=21569594 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |title=River Manafwa bursts its banks sweeping away homes and gardens – NECJOGHA |url=https://necjogha.com/2019/11/23/river-manafwa-bursts-banks-sweeping-away-homes-and-gardens/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hundreds displaced as floods ravage Butaleja - Uganda |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/hundreds-displaced-floods-ravage-butaleja |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=4 Dead as River Manafwa Bursts Banks |url=https://chimpreports.com/4-dead-as-river-manafwa-bursts-banks/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Death toll in Uganda's landslide rises as more bodies recovered |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/death-toll-uganda-landslide-rises-bodies-recovered-181013060837374.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Manafwa_water_fall_in_Bududa_District.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Manafwa da ke faɗuwa]]
[[Fayil:Weather_along_Mpologoma_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Mpologoma wanda ya haɗu da R. Manafwa yana kwarara zuwa tafkin Kyoga]]
Kogin Manafwa ya daɗe yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki ga al'ummar yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Osuret |first=Jimmy |last2=Atuyambe |first2=Lynn M |last3=Mayega |first3=Roy William |last4=Ssentongo |first4=Julius |last5=Tumuhamye |first5=Nathan |last6=Mongo Bua |first6=Grace |last7=Tuhebwe |first7=Doreen |last8=Bazeyo |first8=William |date=2016 |title=Coping Strategies for Landslide and Flood Disasters: A Qualitative Study of Mt. Elgon Region, Uganda |journal=PLOS Currents |language=en |volume=8 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.4250a225860babf3601a18e33e172d8b |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=4956487 |pmid=27500012 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin kogin yana da ma'adinan phosphate da ƙarfe tare da wuraren haƙar ma'adinai a kusa da kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NECOC - Home |url=http://necoc-opm.go.ug/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=necoc-opm.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan ma'adinan tushen kuɗi ne ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke samar da duwatsu masu tarin yawa, hakar ma'adinai masu ƙarfi da yashi a gefen kogin don masana'antar gini . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why Elgon's lost rivers need saving |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1495557/elgon-lost-rivers-saving |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1495557/elgon-lost-rivers-saving &quot;Why Elgon's lost rivers need saving&quot;]. ''www.newvision.co.ug''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Kogin kuma tushen ruwa ne ga yankunan da ke kewaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Wurin ƙasa ==
Kogin Manafwa yana kan daidaitawar (1.089092, 34.46106) da kuma daidaitawar (0.943084, 33.98428). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Kuma yana ratsa iyakar [[Uganda]] da [[Kenya]] a gundumar Manafwa galibi.

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==
Kogin Manafwa yana faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Kyoga kuma yana da ruwan sama sau biyu (Afrilu-Yuni, Agusta-Nuwamba), ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani wanda ke haifar da [[Kwararar ruwa|kwararar ruwa mai yawa a saman ƙasa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources {{!}} Manafwa District |url=https://manafwa.go.ug/dept/natural-resources |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=manafwa.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin kuma yana da laka sosai saboda yankunan da ke kewaye suna da asarar ciyayi mai yawa wanda ke haifar da zaizayar ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erima |first=Godwin |last2=Gidudu |first2=Anthony |last3=Bamutaze |first3=Yazidhi |last4=Egeru |first4=Anthony |last5=Kabenge |first5=Isa |date=2024-05-03 |title=Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Hydrological Responses to Land-Use Land-Cover Changes in the Manafwa Catchment, Eastern Uganda |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2023.2275317?urlappend=?utm_source=researchgate.net&amp;utm_medium=article |journal=The Professional Geographer}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matembu |first=Gerald |title=Govt Launches ‘Save River Manafwa’ Drive |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/248453/govt-launches-save-river-manafwa-drive |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ==
Kogin Manafwa yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ga al'umma. Yana samar da ruwa don amfanin gida, ban ruwa, yin bulo, haƙar yashi, da kuma kyawun gani ga yawon buɗe ido. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Govt organises marathon to save River Manafwa in Bugisu |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-organises-marathon-to-save-river-manafwa-in-bugisu-4959634 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Vision |title=Butaleja devastated by River Manafwa flooding |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1532554/butaleja-devastated-river-manafwa-flooding |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalubale ==
Kogin yana fuskantar matsaloli da dama da suka shafi [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|lalacewar muhalli]] kamar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen iska]], [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]], da kuma lalata ƙasa. Waɗannan matsalolin sun faru ne sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam kamar [[Gandun daji|sare dazuzzuka]], da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ladu |first=Novie Allens |title=Manafwa River: A Lifeline for Manafwa District Residents - Explorer Uganda |url=https://explorer.co.ug/manafwa-river-a-lifeline-for-manafwa-district-residents/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=explorer.co.ug |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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0°56′31′′N 33°55′12′′E / 0.9420°N 33.920°E / 0. 9420; 33.920 '''Kogin [[Manafwa District|Manafwa]]''' kogi ne na halitta da aka samu a Uganda&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Eastern Region, [[Uganda]]&quot;&gt;Gabashin Uganda. Kogin ya samo asali ne daga [[Dutsen Elgon]] a gabashin Uganda, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Manafwa in Eastern Uganda-Love Uganda Safaris |url=https://www.loveugandasafaris.com/river-manafwa.html/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Uganda Safaris &amp; Tours - Uganda Holiday Tours - Uganda safari Tour |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why Elgon's lost rivers need saving |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1495557/elgon-lost-rivers-saving |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.newvision.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; kuma yana ratsa gundumomin Bududa_District&quot; id=&quot;mwLg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bududa District&quot;&gt;Bududa, Manafwa, [[Mbale District|Mbale]] da [[Butaleja District|Butaleja]]. Ya haɗu da kogin Mpologoma, wanda ya zubo cikin [[Tafkin Kyoga]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Manafwa, Uganda |url=http://ug.geoview.info/river_manafwa,167978839w |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ug.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana iya ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ke rushe sufuri tsakanin gundumomin Bududa da Manafwa, kuma ya haifar da lalacewar gine-gine da mutuwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=River Manafwa disrupts traffic flow as it bursts banks |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/12/03/river-manafwa-disrupts-traffic-flow-as-it-bursts-banks.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Atuyambe |first=Lynn M |last2=Ediau |first2=Michael |last3=Orach |first3=Christopher G |last4=Musenero |first4=Monica |last5=Bazeyo |first5=William |date=December 2011 |title=Land slide disaster in eastern Uganda: rapid assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene situation in Bulucheke camp, Bududa district |url= |journal=Environmental Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=38 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-38 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3118126 |pmid=21569594 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |title=River Manafwa bursts its banks sweeping away homes and gardens – NECJOGHA |url=https://necjogha.com/2019/11/23/river-manafwa-bursts-banks-sweeping-away-homes-and-gardens/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320160422/https://necjogha.com/2019/11/23/river-manafwa-bursts-banks-sweeping-away-homes-and-gardens/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hundreds displaced as floods ravage Butaleja - Uganda |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/hundreds-displaced-floods-ravage-butaleja |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=4 Dead as River Manafwa Bursts Banks |url=https://chimpreports.com/4-dead-as-river-manafwa-bursts-banks/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Death toll in Uganda's landslide rises as more bodies recovered |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/death-toll-uganda-landslide-rises-bodies-recovered-181013060837374.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Manafwa_water_fall_in_Bududa_District.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Manafwa da ke faɗuwa]]
[[Fayil:Weather_along_Mpologoma_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Mpologoma wanda ya haɗu da R. Manafwa yana kwarara zuwa tafkin Kyoga]]
Kogin Manafwa ya daɗe yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki ga al'ummar yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Osuret |first=Jimmy |last2=Atuyambe |first2=Lynn M |last3=Mayega |first3=Roy William |last4=Ssentongo |first4=Julius |last5=Tumuhamye |first5=Nathan |last6=Mongo Bua |first6=Grace |last7=Tuhebwe |first7=Doreen |last8=Bazeyo |first8=William |date=2016 |title=Coping Strategies for Landslide and Flood Disasters: A Qualitative Study of Mt. Elgon Region, Uganda |journal=PLOS Currents |language=en |volume=8 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.4250a225860babf3601a18e33e172d8b |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=4956487 |pmid=27500012 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin kogin yana da ma'adinan phosphate da ƙarfe tare da wuraren haƙar ma'adinai a kusa da kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NECOC - Home |url=http://necoc-opm.go.ug/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=necoc-opm.go.ug |archive-date=2022-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122230108/https://www.necoc-opm.go.ug/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan ma'adinan tushen kuɗi ne ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke samar da duwatsu masu tarin yawa, hakar ma'adinai masu ƙarfi da yashi a gefen kogin don masana'antar gini . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Kogin kuma tushen ruwa ne ga yankunan da ke kewaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Wurin ƙasa ==
Kogin Manafwa yana kan daidaitawar (1.089092, 34.46106) da kuma daidaitawar (0.943084, 33.98428). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Kuma yana ratsa iyakar [[Uganda]] da [[Kenya]] a gundumar Manafwa galibi.

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==
Kogin Manafwa yana faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Kyoga kuma yana da ruwan sama sau biyu (Afrilu-Yuni, Agusta-Nuwamba), ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani wanda ke haifar da [[Kwararar ruwa|kwararar ruwa mai yawa a saman ƙasa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources {{!}} Manafwa District |url=https://manafwa.go.ug/dept/natural-resources |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=manafwa.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin kuma yana da laka sosai saboda yankunan da ke kewaye suna da asarar ciyayi mai yawa wanda ke haifar da zaizayar ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erima |first=Godwin |last2=Gidudu |first2=Anthony |last3=Bamutaze |first3=Yazidhi |last4=Egeru |first4=Anthony |last5=Kabenge |first5=Isa |date=2024-05-03 |title=Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Hydrological Responses to Land-Use Land-Cover Changes in the Manafwa Catchment, Eastern Uganda |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2023.2275317?urlappend=?utm_source=researchgate.net&amp;utm_medium=article |journal=The Professional Geographer}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matembu |first=Gerald |title=Govt Launches ‘Save River Manafwa’ Drive |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/248453/govt-launches-save-river-manafwa-drive |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ==
Kogin Manafwa yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ga al'umma. Yana samar da ruwa don amfanin gida, ban ruwa, yin bulo, haƙar yashi, da kuma kyawun gani ga yawon buɗe ido. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Govt organises marathon to save River Manafwa in Bugisu |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-organises-marathon-to-save-river-manafwa-in-bugisu-4959634 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Vision |title=Butaleja devastated by River Manafwa flooding |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1532554/butaleja-devastated-river-manafwa-flooding |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalubale ==
Kogin yana fuskantar matsaloli da dama da suka shafi [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|lalacewar muhalli]] kamar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen iska]], [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]], da kuma lalata ƙasa. Waɗannan matsalolin sun faru ne sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam kamar [[Gandun daji|sare dazuzzuka]], da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ladu |first=Novie Allens |title=Manafwa River: A Lifeline for Manafwa District Residents - Explorer Uganda |url=https://explorer.co.ug/manafwa-river-a-lifeline-for-manafwa-district-residents/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=explorer.co.ug |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
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[[Fayil:River_Bujuku_in_lower_bigo.jpg|alt=A small stream flowing through marshy land|thumb|Kogin Bujuku a cikin Ƙananan Kazamin Bigo]]
'''Kogin Bujuku''' kogi ne [[Uganda|na Uganda]] wanda ya samo asali daga [[Tafkin Bujuku]], wani tafki mai rami a cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Bujuku |url=https://graciaphotography.com/rwenzori-mountains-mystical-challenge/img_1315/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Gracia Photography |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Bujuku, Bujuku Lake on Mountain Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.insiderwenzorimountainsnationalpark.com/lake-bujuku.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Inside Rwenzori Mountains National Park |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Days Rwenzori Mountain Hiking |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/10-days-rwenzori-mountain-hiking/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin ya fara ne daga tsayin {{Convert|3962|m}} sama da matakin teku kuma yana gudana daga gangaren tsaunuka don shiga Kogin Mubuku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RWENZORI CIRCUIT |url=https://bensonmusabe.wixsite.com/mufco-uganda/rwenzori-circuit |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Musabe_Tours |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605093047/https://bensonmusabe.wixsite.com/mufco-uganda/rwenzori-circuit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-20 |title=Climb Mountain Rwenzori Uganda |url=https://www.queenelizabethnationalpark.com/rwenzori-mountains-climbing.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Queen Eliz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Kogin Mpoko</title>
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      <text bytes="4541" sha1="k6mu8ug3olmm42gxpd0mhj3xmtupj8s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Ubangirivermap.png|thumb|Kogin Oubangui tare da Mpoko (tsakiya hagu) ]]
'''Kogin Mpoko''' wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] Yana da kogi na [[Kogin Ubangi|Kogin Ou]][[Bangui]] . Kogin yana kusa da Bangui, babban birnin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]].

== Bayyanawa ==
Ƙaramin rafin kogin Oubangui ne, wanda ke ƙarƙashin babban [[kogin Congo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bouillon |first=Steven |last2=Yambélé |first2=Athanase |last3=Gillikin |first3=David P. |last4=Teodoru |first4=Cristian |last5=Darchambeau |first5=François |last6=Lambert |first6=Thibault |last7=Borges |first7=Alberto V. |date=2014-05-01 |title=Contrasting biogeochemical characteristics of right-bank tributaries of the Oubangui River, and a comparison with the mainstem river (Congo basin, Central African Republic). |url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/jspui/handle/2268/168012 |journal=EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts |volume=16 |pages=2774 |bibcode=2014EGUGA..16.2774B }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Mpoko ya mamaye 23,900&amp;nbsp;kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na faɗin ƙasa da kuma kashi 86% na murabba'in savanna .  Tana farawa arewa maso yamma da babban birnin ƙasar, Bangui, kuma tana kwarara kudu maso gabas zuwa gaɓar tekunta kusa da Bangui. Tana zubar da yanayin ƙasa mai cike da savanna. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bianchi 2014&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihin da ke kewaye da Kogin Mpoko ==
Farawa a shekara ta 1899, [[Faransa]] sun ba da kwamitocin ƙasa a cikin Faransanci Congo ga kamfanoni 39. Kamfanonin dole ne su biya haraji ga Faransa kuma babban burinsu shine tattara roba da hauren giwa. An kafa wani kamfani mai suna &quot;La Mpoko&quot; a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1899 tare da niyyar amfani da kwangilar da ta rufe kwandon Kogin Mpoko da sauran masu ba da gudummawa. An nada Guilbrand Schiötz a matsayin shugaban kamfanin a Bimbo, a cikin 1906 an nada Gaston Guibet a matsayin shugaban. Shugaban mutanen Bouriki ya zo Guibet tare da korafi, mazajen kamfani masu dauke da makamai suna neman karin roba a ƙauyensa kuma suna aikata laifuka masu tsanani. A cikin 1907 Guibet ya ba da rahoton ga hukumomin shari'a na yankin laifukan da jami'an La Mpoko suka aikata. Jami'an za su dauki mata a matsayin masu garkuwa da wasu kudaden roba kuma su doke su kashe mutane da yawa ba tare da wani dalili ba. Jami'an da ke wurin sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade yayin da maza ke aiki. Schiötz ya yi murabus kuma ya bar Afirka a 1907 dama yayin da Guibet ya fara bincike. Babban kwamishinan Kongo na Faransa Emile Gentil ya nemi Paris ta rufe La Mpoko amma an ƙi shi kuma ministan da ke Paris ya yi iƙirarin cewa dole ne a kammala hanyoyin shari'a a kan abokan cinikin kamfanin da farko. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1909 wani mai tsanantawa a Brazzaville ya ba da hukunci wanda ya sauƙaƙa kamfanin da abokan ciniki daga laifukansu. Saboda mummunar suna an soke izinin La Mpoko a 1910 kuma an kashe kamfanin a watan Fabrairun 1911.

Wani jirgin ruwa mai dauke da mutane 300+ zuwa jana'izar shugaban ƙauyen ya rushe a bakin kogin Mpoko a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2024 saboda yawan aiki da yanayin jirgin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngoulou |first=Fridolin |title=Centrafrique : Plusieurs dizaines de morts suite au naufrage d’une baleinière à Bangui |url=https://oubanguimedias.com/2024/04/20/centrafrique-plusieurs-dizaines-de-morts-suite-au-naufrage-dune-baleiniere-a-bangui/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=oubanguimedias.com |publisher=Oubangui Medias}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin fahimta ==
An gano kogin Mpoko yana da matakan TSM masu yawa (dukkanin da aka dakatar), a kusa da 78.0 MG L-1 wanda ya bambanta da ƙananan matakan da ke kusa da 0.7-16.0 MG &lt;sup&gt;L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; daga koguna masu mamaye ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bouillon |first=Steven |last2=Yambélé |first2=Athanase |last3=Gillikin |first3=David P. |last4=Teodoru |first4=Cristian |last5=Darchambeau |first5=François |last6=Lambert |first6=Thibault |last7=Borges |first7=Alberto V. |date=2014-06-23 |title=Contrasting biogeochemical characteristics of the Oubangui River and tributaries (Congo River basin) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=En |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=5402 |doi=10.1038/srep05402 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4066439 |pmid=24954525 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan TSM suna nuna yadda ruwa yake a cikin kogi. Saboda yanayin halittu na savanna da ke kewaye da shi, ingancin ruwa na Kogin Mpoko yana da matukar damuwa kuma ba a ba da shawarar sha ba.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

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'''Kogin Kouilou-Niari''' - wanda aka fi sani da ''''''Kwil'''''', '''Kwila''', ko Kwil - shine mafi mahimmancin kogi da ke gudana zuwa Tekun Atlantika na [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]]. Bugu da ƙari, duk yankin da ke cikin ruwa gaba ɗaya yana cikin Jamhuriyar Kongo.

== Yanayin ƙasa da muhalli ==
Ana kiran kogin Kogin Kouilou yayin da yake gudana a yankin bakin teku na Kouilou daga gorges na Sounda. Daga sama daga gorges, sunansa shine Kogin Niari kuma yana gudana ta Kwarin Niari. Kogin ya haɗu da Louessé, [[Loudima River|Loudima]] da Kogin Bouenza kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Ya mamaye kimanin kilomita 560 daga asalinsa a Batéké Plateau na Kongo zuwa bakinsa a bakin tekun. Ƙananan tafkin Kouilou an sanya shi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan jama'a na nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |title=Lower Kouilou basin |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lower-kouilou-basin-iba-congo |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Ilimin ruwa ==
Kogin yana da magudanan ruwa da yawa kuma ba za a iya wucewa daga bakinsa ba, wanda ke da wahalar samun dama ta hanyar sandbars da yawa, wanda aka kafa da farko ta hanyar aikin Benguela na yanzu. Ana iya amfani da kogin kuma jiragen ruwa suna zuwa [[Kakamoéka|Kakamoeka]]. Daga Kakamoéka zuwa [[Sounda]], rapids da duwatsu suna toshe hanyar shiga musamman a lokacin fari. Ƙayyadadden zirga-zirga a saman [[Sounda]] saboda su rapids ne da wasu gadoji. Bridges a kan kogi suna a [[Bas-Kouilou]], Sounda, [[Kimbangou]], Makabana, Loudima da Bouenza.

Yankin Kouilou yana da faɗi sosai tare da matakin ruwa yana tashi kawai mita 16 sama da matakin teku a kilomita 70 na farko. A yankin Kimbangou, matakin ruwa yana kusa da mita 60 sama da matakin teku kuma ya kai mita 115 a mahaɗar Loudima.&amp;nbsp;

=== Ruwan ruwa ===

* Zrinski chutes: Honors Nikola Zrinski da Petar Zrinski, Croatian nobles na Zrinski iyali; &quot;an gano&quot; kuma an sanya masa suna a 1882 da Dragutin Lerman, wani Croatian memba na Henry Morton Stanley. Sunayen gida, da ilimin gida gabaɗaya, abin takaici an yi watsi da su a cikin irin wannan suna.
* Sounda gorges. Gorges suna da ban mamaki tare da karamin ruwa na mita biyu da dutse a kusa da mita 120 a tsawo. Har yanzu ana iya amfani da tsohuwar gadar ƙarfe a cikin 2012 don haye kogi a Sounda. Hanyar ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Mandzi a kudancin Sounda yayin da hanyar ke ci gaba a arewa maso yamma zuwa [[Kakamoéka|Kakamoeka]], karamar hukuma. Wata hanyar da aka watsar a gefen kudancin kogin ta kai [[Kakamoéka|Kakamoeka]] wacce aka kirkira yayin binciken jirgin kasa. An gudanar da aikin Jacob &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French national library |url=http://www.gallica.fr/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |archive-date=2008-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406073720/http://www.gallica.fr/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin shekara ta 1896. An sake buɗe waƙar a cikin 1954 don kimanta yiwuwar ruwa na madatsar ruwan Sounda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Institut de recherche et de developpement |url=http://www.ird.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194952/https://www.ird.com/ |archive-date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2013-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaban wutar lantarki ==
A Sounda, an kimanta babban aikin lantarki na ruwa tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950 lokacin da Faransa ke kallon bunkasa yankin. Shekaru goma na bincike sun haifar da rami da aka gina a dutsen, gada da sansanin da aka kafa a shafin.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya tare da Kamfanin IDG na Afirka ta Kudu da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] don ci gaban aikin madatsar ruwan Sounda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IDG eyes Congo hydro dam |url=http://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-industrials/idg-eyes-congo-hydro-dam?sn=2009+Detail |access-date=9 May 2011 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; IDG ta haɗu da abokin tarayya na dabarun African Power Corporation (APC). Kamfanonin biyu sun haɗu da karfi don jagorantar ci gaban aikin. Zuwa tare da masu amfani da kuma cibiyar hada-hadar kudi don sanya aikin a kan hanya don samun nasara. Ana sa ran irin wannan aikin zai taimaka wajen bunkasa babbar damar ma'adinai ta kasar. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, APC ta kara yawan kasancewarsu a kasar kuma ta ambaci wakilin kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APC African Power Corporation -the team |url=http://www.africanpower.co.uk/about-us/team.aspx |access-date=21 Nov 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nicolas Rouzé yana da babban gogewa a Kongo kamar yadda yake a kasar tun 1998. Yana gudanar da kokarin da ake yi a kasar don fitar da aikin a kan sikelin gida.

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'''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ilimi ==
Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan, &lt;ref name=&quot;lmu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. 

== Rubutu ==
Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi&quot;.   &lt;ref name=&quot;bpa-muscovado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;fagon2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja&quot;.  

BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-unexpected&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, &quot;Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.&quot;, kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;brit2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. 

Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos, &lt;ref name=&quot;ramachandran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don &quot;Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;olivier-nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: &quot;Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa.&quot; [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1]

== Manazarta ==

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'''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ilimi ==
Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan,&lt;ref name=&quot;lmu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. 

== Rubutu ==
Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi&quot;.   &lt;ref name=&quot;bpa-muscovado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;fagon2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja&quot;.  

BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-unexpected&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, &quot;Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.&quot;, kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;brit2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. 

Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos, &lt;ref name=&quot;ramachandran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don &quot;Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;olivier-nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: &quot;Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa.&quot; [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878449</id>
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      <text bytes="5104" sha1="43dluz3oc09dbekibxz5gz53pc5nqem" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ilimi ==
Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan,&lt;ref name=&quot;lmu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. 

== Rubutu ==
Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi&quot;.   &lt;ref name=&quot;bpa-muscovado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;fagon2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja&quot;.  

BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-unexpected&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, &quot;Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.&quot;, kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;brit2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. 

Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos, &lt;ref name=&quot;ramachandran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don &quot;Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;olivier-nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: &quot;Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa.&quot; [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ilimi ==
Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan,&lt;ref name=&quot;lmu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. 

== Rubutu ==
Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi&quot;.   &lt;ref name=&quot;bpa-muscovado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;fagon2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja&quot;.  

BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-unexpected&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, &quot;Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.&quot;, kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;brit2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. 

Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos,&lt;ref name=&quot;ramachandran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don &quot;Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;olivier-nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: &quot;Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa.&quot; [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ilimi ==
Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan,&lt;ref name=&quot;lmu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. 

== Rubutu ==
Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpa-muscovado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;fagon2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja&quot;.  

BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-unexpected&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, &quot;Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.&quot;, kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;brit2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. 

Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos,&lt;ref name=&quot;ramachandran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don &quot;Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;olivier-nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: &quot;Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa.&quot; [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1]

== Manazarta ==

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'''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ilimi ==
Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan,&lt;ref name=&quot;lmu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. 

== Rubutu ==
Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpa-muscovado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;fagon2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja&quot;.  

BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-unexpected&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, &quot;Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.&quot;, kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;brit2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. 

Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos,&lt;ref name=&quot;ramachandran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don &quot;Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;olivier-nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: &quot;Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa.&quot; [1] Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya . [1]

== Manazarta ==

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'''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ilimi ==
Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan,&lt;ref name=&quot;lmu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. 

== Rubutu ==
Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpa-muscovado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;fagon2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja&quot;.  

BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-unexpected&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, &quot;Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.&quot;, kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;brit2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. 

Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos,&lt;ref name=&quot;ramachandran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don &quot;Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;olivier-nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: &quot;Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa.&quot; Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya.

== Manazarta ==

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'''Matilda Feyiṣayọ Ibini''' marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Najeriya]] da Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mercy |first=Yolande |date=8 June 2020 |title=Matilda Ibini: 'I switched to Creative Writing last minute, but I didn't tell my mum until I started the course.' |url=https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075035/https://network.bfi.org.uk/news-and-features/industry-insights/matilda-ibini-%E2%80%98i-switched-creative-writing-last-minute-i-didn%E2%80%99t |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=network.bfi.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ilimi ==
Ibini tana da digiri na farko a fannin adabin Turanci da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire (2013) daga Jami'ar London Metropolitan,&lt;ref name=&quot;lmu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Creative Writing and English Literature Graduate lauded |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/matildas-muscovado/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.londonmet.ac.uk |publisher=London Metropolitan University}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin rubutun wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun allo daga Jami'ar City, wanda hakan ya ba ta tallafin karatu daga BAFTA da Warner Bros. 

== Rubutu ==
Wasan farko na Ibini ''mai suna Muscovado'' an yi shi ne a Theatre503 a shekarar 2015; an shirya shi ne a [[Barbados]] a shekarar 1808 kuma ''Time Out'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo mai gamsarwa game da shigar Birtaniya cikin cinikin bayi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpa-muscovado&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muscovado |url=https://www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk/explore/productions/muscovado |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=www.blackplaysarchive.org.uk |publisher=Black Plays Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan kwaikwayon yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar masu sauraro ta kyautar Alfred Fagon a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;fagon2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Award |url=https://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/awards/2015-award/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Alfred Fagon Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi wa ''Little Miss Burden'' waka a The Bunker a shekarar 2019, inda ta ba da labarin 'yan'uwa mata uku 'yan [[Najeriya]], ɗaya daga cikinsu tana amfani da keken guragu. ' sharhin ''The Stage'' ya kira shi &quot;wasan kwaikwayo mai daraja&quot;.  

BBC Four ta watsa shirin ''The Unexpected Expert'' a watan Mayun 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Unprecedented'' da aka rubuta yayin da kuma game da kulle COVID-19 . Yana nuna wata nakasassu mai tasiri da ma'aikaciyar majalisar ta faɗa mata cewa za a rage tallafinta a lokacin kulle-kullen.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-unexpected&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Unprecedented, Series 1, Episode 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jqt0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Littafinta na 2020 ''Caring'', wanda aka rubuta tare da Gabriel Bisset-Smith, &quot;Wani barkwanci mai ban tsoro game da wata mace mai nakasa wadda a ƙarshe ta sami mai kula da kyau - amma sai ta gano cewa mai kula da ita mai kisan kai ne.&quot;, kuma tana cikin rubuce-rubuce 14 (daga cikin masu shiga 246) waɗanda aka zaɓa don [[Brit List|Jerin Mafi kyawun rubutun Burtaniya]] na shekarar 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;brit2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Brit List: Film and TV 2020 |url=https://brit-list.co.uk/past-lists/the-brit-list-film-and-tv-2020/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=The Brit List}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020 an ruwaito cewa an shirya ɗaukar hoto a lokacin bazara na 2021. 

Wasanta na ''Sleepova'', wanda aka shirya a Bush Theatre, ya lashe kyautar Critics' Circle Theatre Award ta 2023 don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Wasan Kwaikwayo, tare da Marcelo Dos Santos,&lt;ref name=&quot;ramachandran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=25 March 2024 |title=Andrew Scott, David Tennant, Sophie Okonedo Win Acting Prizes at U.K. Critics' Circle Theatre Awards |url=https://variety.com/2024/theater/global/uk-critics-circle-theatre-awards-winners-andrew-scott-david-tennant-1235950935/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe ta a cikin kyautar Laurence Olivier ta 2024 don &quot;Nasara Mai Kyau a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Affiliate&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;olivier-nom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Olivier Awards 2024 with Mastercard nominations announced |url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/olivier-awards-2024-with-mastercard-nominees-announced/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Official London Theatre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ibini ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son bionic da kuma queer, tana mai bayanin: &quot;Na ɗauki kalmar 'bionic' lokacin da na zama mai amfani da keken guragu na cikakken lokaci kuma an dasa min ƙarfe a ƙafata bayan wani mummunan karyewa, duk da cewa kalmar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da na fuskanta tun daga haihuwa, cewa koyaushe ina buƙatar wani nau'in fasaha, kayan aiki, ko daidaitawa don rayuwa.&quot; Tana da cutar dystrophy ta ƙashin baya.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Kogin Mbhashe</title>
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'''Kogin Mbhashe''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Approval of official place names |url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/26552a0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101100654/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/26552a0.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna a lardin Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana gudana a kudu maso gabas kuma yana da yankin da ruwa ke mamayewa na 6,030.&amp;nbsp;kilomita {{Sup|2}} (2330 sq. mi.). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbhashe River Trends - 2007/2010 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Mbashe%20Trends%20Report%202010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033209/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Mbashe%20Trends%20Report%202010.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=28 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana malala cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] ta cikin wani magudanar ruwa da ke kusa da hasumiyar hasken wuta a Bashee, kudu da Mhlanganisweni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lighthouses of S Africa: M'bashee Lighthouse |url=https://lighthouses-of-sa.blogspot.com/2006/11/mbashee-lighthouse.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402215504/http://lighthouses-of-sa.blogspot.com/2006/11/mbashee-lighthouse.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=28 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya ratsa ta ƙarƙashin hanyar ƙasa ta N2, Kogin Mbhashe ya haɗu da kudu maso yammacin Elliotdale da arewa maso gabashin Dutywa, ƙasa mafi tsauri ta Tekun Daji, kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga cikin titin 64.&amp;nbsp;kilomita (mil 40) jerin juyi masu ƙarfi da aka sani da Collywobbles kafin su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin nutsuwa zuwa Tekun Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2012 |title=Proposed Mgwali South Water Supply iDutywa, Mbhashe Municipality, Amatole District Municipality Eastern Cape Province Heritage Impact Report |url=https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/HIA%20-%20Mgwali%20South%20reticulation%20project%20-%20THM%20-27072012-final_0.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=Professional Grave Solutions (Pty) Ltd |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070018/https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/HIA%20-%20Mgwali%20South%20reticulation%20project%20-%20THM%20-27072012-final_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manyan rafukan kogin Mbhashe sune [[Xuka River|Kogin Xuka]], Kogin Mgwali, [[Dutywa River|Kogin Dutywa]] da [[Mnyolo River|Kogin Mnyolo]] . A halin yanzu wannan kogin wani ɓangare ne na [[Mzimvubu zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Keiskamma|Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Mzimvubu zuwa Keiskamma]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&amp;script=sci_arttext |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227093729/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&amp;script=sci_arttext |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=28 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A shekarar 1554, jirgin ruwan São Bento [[Daular Portuguese|na ƙasar Portugal]] ya yi karo da ruwa a bakin kogin Mbhashe. An yi rikodin jarabawar mutane 322 da suka tsira daga jirgin, waɗanda suka yi tafiya daga can zuwa [[Maputo|Lourenço Marques]], wanda a yanzu ake kira Maputo. 

[[Mvezo]] ƙauye ne da ke gefen Kogin Mbhashe, inda aka haifi [[Nelson Mandela]] a shekarar 1918. 

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Wasu daga cikin kifayen da aka kama a cikin ruwansu sune ''Labeobarbus aeneus'', ''Barbus pallidus'', ''Barbus anoplus'', ''Myxus capensis'', ''Anguilla marmorata'' da ''Anguilla mossambica'' . ''Labeobarbus aeneus'' nau'in halittu ne masu mamayewa, wanda yanzu haka yake a cikin tsarin kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbhashe River System |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/MBHASHE%20RIVER1%20SYSTEMSEPTEMBER%20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210081257/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/MBHASHE%20RIVER1%20SYSTEMSEPTEMBER%20.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=28 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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'''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Grosvenor''' tashar jiragen ruwa ce da ke gabar tekun daji a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kusa da wurin da jirgin ruwan Indiya &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJQ&quot;&gt;Grosvenor&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya ruguje a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1782. An fara amfani da ita ne kawai a shekarun 1885 da 1886.

== Tarihi ==
Kyaftin [[Sidney Turner]] ne ya fara gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Grosvenor, wanda a shekara ta 1867, tare da surukinsa Walter Compton, suka sayi {{Convert|600|acre|km2}}  na ƙasar Crown Land da ba a gina ba a [[Natal South Coast|gabar tekun Natal ta Kudu]] tsakanin Umkomaas da ƙauyen Clansthal na yanzu. Turner ya ƙaddamar da yunƙurin ceto ''Grosvenor'' na farko kamar yadda jaridar ''Natal Mercury'' ta ruwaito a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1880. Turner da abokinsa, Lieut Beddoes, na Durban Volunteer Artillery, sun tashi zuwa Port St Johns a cikin jirgin ruwan ''Adonis'', sun tafi wurin da jirgin ya faɗa kuma suka fara harba duwatsun da dynamite.

A farkon shekarar 1885, wani basarake na yankin Mqikela, wanda ya ƙi gwamnatin Birtaniya kuma yana son gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta kansa, ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da Turner, inda aka ba Turner eka 20,000 na ƙasa, gami da bakin tekun da ''Grosvenor'' ya kafa. A madadin haka, Turner zai zaɓi wurin da ya dace don tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ya gudanar da aikin gini da ake buƙata. Wurin da aka zaɓa don wannan sabon aikin yana bakin [[River Mkweni|Kogin Mkweni]], kusa da wurin da jirgin ''Grosvenor'' ya faɗa. Turner ya sanya masa suna Port Grosvenor.

A matsayinsa na kyaftin na tashar jiragen ruwa kuma mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa, Turner ya tattara harajin kwastam kuma ya kula da tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma aikin gwaji. Yanayin kuɗinsa ya tilasta wa Turner ya yi murabus daga wannan yanayi domin a shekarar 1884, yana da iyali mai 'ya'ya bakwai da kuma mata da zai tallafa. Duk da adawar da [[Cape of Good Hope|gwamnatin Cape]] ta yi masa, an buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa a hukumance.

Gwamnatin Cape Town, duk da cewa ba ta da hurumin yin hakan a yankin, daga baya ta ayyana yarjejeniyar Turner a matsayin haramtacciyar doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙabila, kuma ya yi asarar ƙasar, gidansa da matsayinsa. Iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa Port St Johns kuma Port Grosvenor ya ɓace, jirgin ruwa na ƙarshe da ya isa can a watan Janairun 1886 shine jirgin ruwan ''SS Somtseu'', wanda aka sanya wa suna Theophilus Shepstone. An gina ''Somtseu'' (#77075 1878–1897) a Landan a shekarar 1878 kuma an ƙera shi musamman don ya magance matsalolin tashar jiragen ruwa na bakin teku na Natal; shi ma jirgin ruwa ne na farko da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1880 a sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta South Shepstone mai zurfi, wadda daga baya aka sanya wa suna Port Shepstone. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}

Tashoshin marasa lafiya Aikace-aikacen kan layi ne da suka shafi [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] waɗanda ke ba da damar marasa lafiya su yi hulɗa da sadarwa tare da Masu ba da kiwon lafiya, kamar likitoci da [[Asibiti|asibitoci]]. Yawanci, ana iya samun sabis na tashar a kowane lokaci ta hanyar Intanet. 

Aikace-aikacen tashar marasa lafiya na iya zama shafukan yanar gizo masu zaman kansu waɗanda kamfani na waje ya shirya, ko kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin gidan yanar gizon mai ba da kiwon lafiya na yanzu. Har ila yau wasu su ne modules da aka kara a kan rikodin likitancin lantarki na yanzu (EMR) ko tsarin kiwon lafiya na lantarki (EHR). Gabaɗaya, ƙofofin haƙuri suna buƙatar aikin yana da wani nau'in EMR, EHR, ko tsarin kula da haƙuri, kamar yadda bayanan haƙuri ke buƙatar adanawa cikin aminci a cikin ajiyar bayanai sannan kuma tashar haƙuri ta dawo da shi. A wasu lokuta, layin tsakanin EMR, EHR, rikodin kiwon lafiya na mutum, da tashar mai haƙuri sun ɓace saboda fasalin fasalin fasalulluka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2015 |title=What physicians need to know about patient portals |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/medicare/what-physicians-need-know-about-patient-portals |publisher=American Medical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasali da fa'idodi ==
Babban fasalin da ke sa kowane tsarin ya zama tashar mai haƙuri shine ikon raba bayanan lafiyar mai haƙuri ta hanyar Intanet. Kusan dukkanin tashoshin marasa lafiya suna ba da damar marasa lafiya su yi hulɗa ta wata hanya tare da masu ba da kiwon lafiya. 

Tashoshin marasa lafiya suna amfana da marasa lafiya da masu samarwa ta hanyar kara inganci da yawan aiki. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ana kuma ɗaukar ƙofofin haƙuri a matsayin babban kayan aiki don taimakawa likitoci su cika buƙatun &quot;amfani mai ma'ana&quot; don karɓar ƙarfafawar tarayya, musamman don samar da bayanan kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Terry |first=Ken |date=June 27, 2010 |title=Patient Portals: Beyond Meaningful Use |url=http://www.physicianspractice.com/technology/content/article/1462168/1890621 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806100721/http://www.physicianspractice.com/technology/content/article/1462168/1890621 |archive-date=August 6, 2012 |access-date=February 6, 2012 |website=Physicians Practice |publisher=UBM Medica, LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu aikace-aikacen tashar haƙuri suna bawa marasa lafiya damar yin rajista da kammala siffofi a kan layi, wanda zai iya sauƙaƙa ziyarar asibitoci da asibitocin. Yawancin aikace-aikacen tashar suna ba da damar marasa lafiya su nemi takardar sayan magani a kan layi, yin odar tabarau da ruwan tabarau, samun damar yin amfani da bayanan likita, biyan kuɗi, sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma tsara alƙawari na likita. A cewar Ofishin Mai Kula da Fasahar Bayanai ta Lafiya (ONC) , a cikin 2021 fiye da 60% na marasa lafiya da ke da damar shiga tashar mai haƙuri sun yi amfani da shi sau ɗaya ko fiye a cikin watanni 12. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Patient Engagement Beginner's Guide |url=https://info.advancedmd.com/rs/332-PCG-555images/AdvancedMD-patientEngagementBeginners-Guide.pdf |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=AdvancedMD}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title=Individuals' Access and Use of Patient Portals and Smartphone Health Apps, 2020 |url=https://healthit.gov/data/data-briefs/individuals-access-and-use-patient-portals-and-smartphone-health-apps-2020/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=ASTP Health IT Research &amp; Analysis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, tashoshin marasa lafiya suna ba da damar marasa lafiya suyi magana kai tsaye tare da masu ba da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar yin tambayoyi, barin tsokaci, ko aika saƙonnin [[Email|imel]], da karɓar kayan ilimi na musamman ga bukatun kiwon lafiya. Binciken binciken 2025 akan saƙonnin tsaro da aka fara a kan mai haƙuri ya sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tare da ingantaccen sakamakon asibiti gabaɗaya, da tasiri mai kyau akan inganci da ƙwarewar kulawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wec |first=Aleksandra |last2=Gleason |first2=Kelly T |last3=Peereboom |first3=Danielle |last4=Gamper |first4=Mary Jo |last5=Rathakrishnan |first5=Sharmini |last6=Wolff |first6=Jennifer L |date=2025-07-03 |title=Measurement, drivers, and outcomes of patient-initiated secure messaging use and intensity: a scoping review |journal=JAMIA Open |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaf087 |issn=2574-2531 |pmc=12342875 |pmid=40799929}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da aka yi a 2023 ya sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin samun damar samun damar albarkatun ilimi ta hanyar tashar mai haƙuri da inganta sakamakon haƙuri. Wannan binciken musamman ya gano cewa &quot;amfani da albarkatun ilimi a cikin tashar mai haƙuri yana da alaƙa da karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin: kunna haƙuri, ilimin yanayi. sarrafa kai, karɓar halayen kiwon lafiya da ake so, yanke shawara, da rage damuwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Adam M |last2=Brimhall |first2=Andrew S |last3=Johnson |first3=Erica T |last4=Hodgson |first4=Jennifer |last5=Didericksen |first5=Katharine |last6=Pye |first6=Joseph |last7=Harmon |first7=G J Corey |last8=Sewell |first8=Kerry B |date=2023-01-06 |title=A systematic review of the effectiveness of patient education through patient portals |journal=JAMIA Open |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/jamiaopen/ooac085 |issn=2574-2531 |pmid=36686972}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin fa'idodi ==
Babban gazawar mafi yawan tashoshin masu haƙuri shine alaƙarsu da ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya guda ɗaya. Idan mai haƙuri ya yi amfani da ƙungiyoyi fiye da ɗaya don kiwon lafiya, mai haƙuri yawanci yana buƙatar shiga cikin ƙofar kowace ƙungiya don samun damar bayanai. Wannan yana haifar da ra'ayi mai rarrabewa game da bayanan mai haƙuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otte-Trojel |first=Terese |last2=de Bont |first2=Antoinette |last3=Aspria |first3=Marcello |last4=Adams |first4=Samantha |last5=Rundall |first5=Thomas G. |last6=van de Klundert |first6=Joris |last7=de Mul |first7=Marleen |date=October 2015 |title=Developing patient portals in a fragmented healthcare system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1386505615300186 |journal=International Journal of Medical Informatics |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=835–846 |doi=10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.07.001 |pmid=26190049 |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 January 2025 |quote=under such a fragmented setup, in order to see all of his or her information and interact with all of his or her providers, the patient must access multiple portals, each with a distinct interface, password, and username}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan bita na 2025 wanda ya sami kyakkyawar alaƙa da kwarewar mai haƙuri ya gano takardu 2 inda masu ba da sabis suka nuna damuwa game da karuwar nauyi ga masu ba da saƙon mai haƙuri kai tsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wec |first=Aleksandra |last2=Gleason |first2=Kelly T |last3=Peereboom |first3=Danielle |last4=Gamper |first4=Mary Jo |last5=Rathakrishnan |first5=Sharmini |last6=Wolff |first6=Jennifer L |date=2025-07-03 |title=Measurement, drivers, and outcomes of patient-initiated secure messaging use and intensity: a scoping review |journal=JAMIA Open |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaf087 |issn=2574-2531 |pmc=12342875 |pmid=40799929}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWecGleasonPeereboomGamper2025&quot;&gt;Wec, Aleksandra; Gleason, Kelly T; Peereboom, Danielle; Gamper, Mary Jo; Rathakrishnan, Sharmini; Wolff, Jennifer L (2025-07-03). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12342875 &quot;Measurement, drivers, and outcomes of patient-initiated secure messaging use and intensity: a scoping review&quot;]. ''JAMIA Open''. '''8''' (4) ooaf087. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaf087|10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaf087]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-2531 2574-2531]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12342875 12342875]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40799929 40799929].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, ko da yayin da suke inganta ƙofofin aiki don sauƙin amfani da su da sakamako mai kyau na haƙuri, wasu likitoci sun lura cewa yana da wahala a ƙarfafa marasa lafiya su yi amfani da ƙofofin kan layi don amfana da kansu da ma'aikatan aikin likita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Litton |first=J. Scott Jr. |date=February 3, 2012 |title=Encouraging Patients to Use Online Communication |url=http://www.physicianspractice.com/blog/content/article/1462168/2026624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212205933/http://www.physicianspractice.com/blog/content/article/1462168/2026624 |archive-date=February 12, 2012 |access-date=February 6, 2012 |website=Physicians Practice |publisher=UBM Medica, LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kyakkyawan sakamako da gogewa na haƙuri, yawan tallafi ya kasance ƙasa: tun daga 2024, kashi 65% na masu amfani da kiwon lafiya na Amurka sun sami damar tashar haƙuri.  (Duk da haka, wannan karuwa ce mai yawa tun daga shekara ta 2014, lokacin da kashi 25% na marasa lafiya suka sami damar shiga tashar su.) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bruce |first=Giles |date=2025-07-18 |title=Patient portal use climbs: 6 numbers |url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-information-technology/ehrs/patient-portal-use-climbs-6-numbers/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Becker&amp;#039;s Hospital Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsaro ==
Masu ba da kiwon lafiya a Amurka dole ne su bi ka'idojin HIPAA. Wadannan ka'idoji suna bayyana abin da ya kamata a riƙe bayanan mai haƙuri cikin amincewa. Wani abu kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci a matsayin suna [1] ana kallon shi ta hanyar HIPAA a matsayin bayanin kiwon lafiya mai kariya. Saboda wannan dalili, Tsaro na yanar gizo koyaushe ya kasance babban damuwa ga masana'antar lokacin da suke hulɗa da karɓar ƙofofin haƙuri. Duk da yake akwai tsarin da ba su dace da HIPAA ba, yawancin masu haƙuri da ƙofofin aiki suna da aminci kuma sun dace da ka'idojin HIPAA. Amfani da SSL da tsarin Kula da damar shiga ya zama ruwan dare a cikin masana'antar. Ana tabbatar da damar mai haƙuri tare da sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri. Kodayake ba a buƙata a ƙarƙashin HIPAA, masana tsaro da Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka suna ƙara ƙarfafa tashar kiwon lafiya don haɗawa da tabbatar da Multi-factor (MFA) ban da sunayen masu amfani da kalmomin shiga.[2][3]

== Tarihi ==
Fasahar tashar Intanet tana amfani da ita tun daga shekarun 1990. Masana'antar kudi ta kasance mai ƙwarewa musamman wajen amfani da Intanet don ba da damar kowane mai amfani ga bayanan sirri. Wataƙila saboda tsananin ka'idojin HIPAA, ko rashin karfafa kuɗi ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya, karɓar ƙofofin haƙuri ya ragu a bayan wasu sassan kasuwa.

Dokar Farfadowa da sake saka hannun jari ta Amurka ta 2009 (ARRA), musamman Dokar HITECH a cikin ARRA, ta ware kusan dala biliyan 19 don fasahar bayanan kiwon lafiya. An yi niyyar wannan kudade don biyan kuɗin tsarin rikodin kiwon lafiya na lantarki don likitoci masu aiki. Saboda juyawa zuwa bayanan kiwon lafiya na lantarki yawanci yana da rikitarwa, tsarin sau da yawa yana sauyawa zuwa tashoshin haƙuri da farko sannan ya biyo baya tare da cikakken aiwatar da bayanan kiwon lafiyar lantarki.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Farin cikin mai haƙuri shine ma'auni na yadda mai haƙuri ya gamsu da kulawar kiwon lafiya wanda suka karɓa daga mai ba da kulawa.

A cikin kimantawa na ingancin kiwon lafiya, gamsuwa da mai haƙuri alama ce ta aikin da aka auna a cikin binciken rahoton kai da kuma takamaiman nau'in gamsar da abokin ciniki.

== Amincewa a matsayin ma'auni don kimanta ingancin kiwon lafiya ==
Saboda marasa lafiya na iya zama ba su gamsu da kulawar kiwon lafiya wanda ke inganta lafiyarsu ko gamsu da kulawa ta kiwon lafiya wacce ba ta gamsu ba, akwai yanayi inda gamsuwa da mai haƙuri ba alama ce mai ingancin kula da lafiya duk da cewa ana amfani da shi sau da yawa kamar haka.

Bincike da yawa a cikin magani mai tsanani sun kasa gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin gamsuwar mai haƙuri da ingancin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;FarleyEnguidanos2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farley |first=Heather |last2=Enguidanos |first2=Enrique R. |last3=Coletti |first3=Christian M. |last4=Honigman |first4=Leah |last5=Mazzeo |first5=Anthony |last6=Pinson |first6=Thomas B. |last7=Reed |first7=Kevin |last8=Wiler |first8=Jennifer L. |year=2014 |title=Patient Satisfaction Surveys and Quality of Care: An Information Paper |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.02.021 |issn=0196-0644 |pmid=24656761}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, a cikin yanayi na dogon lokaci kamar rheumatoid arthritis da sauran cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun an auna gamsuwa da haƙuri tare da kulawa da aminci&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=J. |date=February 1997 |title=Patient satisfaction in a nurse-led rheumatology clinic |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=347–354 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025347.x |issn=0309-2402 |pmid=9044010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Jackie |date=February 1997 |title=Patient satisfaction in a nurse-led rheumatology clinic |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025347.x |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=347–354 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025347.x |issn=0309-2402 |pmid=9044010 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=Soo-Kyung |last2=Kim |first2=Hyoungyoung |last3=Song |first3=Yeo-Jin |last4=Nam |first4=Eunwoo |last5=Jones |first5=Bethan |last6=Ndosi |first6=Mwidimi |last7=Sung |first7=Yoon-Kyoung |date=2022-08-09 |title=Validation of the Korean Leeds satisfaction questionnaire in rheumatoid arthritis with Rasch models |journal=International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1270–1278 |doi=10.1111/1756-185X.14419 |issn=1756-185X |pmid=35945672 |s2cid=251469263}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an nuna cewa sakamakon kulawa ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ndosi |first=Mwidimi |last2=Lewis |first2=Martyn |last3=Hale |first3=Claire |last4=Quinn |first4=Helen |last5=Ryan |first5=Sarah |last6=Emery |first6=Paul |last7=Bird |first7=Howard |last8=Hill |first8=Jackie |date=August 2011 |title=A randomised, controlled study of outcome and cost effectiveness for RA patients attending nurse-led rheumatology clinics: study protocol of an ongoing nationwide multi-centre study |journal=International Journal of Nursing Studies |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=995–1001 |doi=10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.010 |issn=1873-491X |pmc=3629570 |pmid=21334623}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Connolly |first=Carmel |last2=Cotter |first2=Patrick |date=2021-12-30 |title=Effectiveness of nurse-led clinics on healthcare delivery: An umbrella review |journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing |volume=32 |issue=9–10 |pages=1760–1767 |doi=10.1111/jocn.16186 |issn=1365-2702 |pmid=34970816 |s2cid=245593232}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thurah |first=Annette de |last2=Esbensen |first2=Bente Appel |last3=Roelsgaard |first3=Ida Kristiane |last4=Frandsen |first4=Tove Faber |last5=Primdahl |first5=Jette |date=2017-08-01 |title=Efficacy of embedded nurse-led versus conventional physician-led follow-up in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://rmdopen.bmj.com/content/3/2/e000481 |journal=RMD Open |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000481 |issn=2056-5933 |pmc=5574437 |pmid=28879053}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Primdahl |first=Jette |last2=Wagner |first2=Lis |last3=Holst |first3=René |last4=Hørslev-Petersen |first4=Kim |date=July 2012 |title=The impact on self-efficacy of different types of follow-up care and disease status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis—A randomized trial |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0738399112000456 |journal=Patient Education and Counseling |language=en |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.1016/j.pec.2012.01.012 |pmid=22386009 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sørensen |first=J |last2=Primdahl |first2=J |last3=Horn |first3=Hc |last4=Hørslev-Petersen |first4=K |date=2015-01-02 |title=Shared care or nurse consultations as an alternative to rheumatologist follow-up for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) outpatients with stable low disease-activity RA: cost-effectiveness based on a 2-year randomized trial |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/03009742.2014.928945 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.3109/03009742.2014.928945 |issn=0300-9742 |pmid=25380077 |s2cid=207460036 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Koksvik |first=Hege Svean |last2=Hagen |first2=Kåre Birger |last3=Rødevand |first3=Erik |last4=Mowinckel |first4=Petter |last5=Kvien |first5=Tore K |last6=Zangi |first6=Heidi A |date=June 2013 |title=Patient satisfaction with nursing consultations in a rheumatology outpatient clinic: a 21-month randomised controlled trial in patients with inflammatory arthritides |url=https://ard.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202296 |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=836–843 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202296 |issn=0003-4967 |pmid=23393144 |s2cid=24873268 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsson |first=Ingrid |last2=Fridlund |first2=Bengt |last3=Arvidsson |first3=Barbro |last4=Teleman |first4=Annika |last5=Bergman |first5=Stefan |date=January 2014 |title=Randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led rheumatology clinic for monitoring biological therapy |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=164–175 |doi=10.1111/jan.12183 |issn=0309-2402 |pmc=4285750 |pmid=23772698}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van Eijk-Hustings |first=Yvonne |last2=van Tubergen |first2=Astrid |last3=Boström |first3=Carina |last4=Braychenko |first4=Elena |last5=Buss |first5=Beate |last6=Felix |first6=José |last7=Firth |first7=Jill |last8=Hammond |first8=Alison |last9=Harston |first9=Benny |last10=Hernandez |first10=Cristina |last11=Huzjak |first11=Masa |last12=Korandová |first12=Jana |last13=Kukkurainen |first13=Marja Leena |last14=Landewé |first14=Robert |last15=Mezieres |first15=Maryse |date=January 2012 |title=EULAR recommendations for the role of the nurse in the management of chronic inflammatory arthritis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=13–19 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200185 |issn=0003-4967 |pmid=22039168 |s2cid=8451578 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da ke rinjayar gamsuwa da haƙuri ==
Farin cikin marasa lafiya tare da gamuwa da sabis na kiwon lafiya yafi dogara da tsawon lokaci da ingancin kulawa, da kuma yadda masu ba da kiwon lafiya ke da tausayi da sadarwa.[1] Yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka ta likita da mai haƙuri. Har ila yau, marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da masaniya game da hanyoyin da ake buƙata a cikin gamuwa ta asibiti, da kuma lokacin da ake sa ran zai ɗauka, galibi sun fi gamsu ko da akwai lokacin jira mai tsawo.[1] Wani muhimmin abu da ke rinjayar gamsuwa da mai haƙuri shine gamsuwa da aikin da mai ba da kulawa ya samu.

Wani abu da ke rinjayar gamsuwa da mai haƙuri shine ƙarfin iko tsakanin mai haƙuri da mai aiki. Rashin daidaituwa na iko - sau da yawa ya samo asali ne daga bambance-bambance a cikin ilimin likita ko hanyoyin sadarwa - na iya haifar da wasu marasa lafiya su ji tsoro, kulawa, ko rashin ƙarfi yayin hulɗar kiwon lafiya, wanda zai iya rage gamsuwa gaba ɗaya.

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka gabatar don magance wannan batun shine sadarwa ta hadin gwiwa, samfurin da mai haƙuri da mai ba da kiwon lafiya ke shiga a matsayin abokan tarayya a cikin tsarin kulawa. Wannan tsarin yana jaddada yanke shawara tare, girmama juna, da tattaunawa ta bude. Ta hanyar inganta dangantaka mai adalci, an haɗa sadarwa ta hadin gwiwa tare da ƙara amincewar mai haƙuri, gaskiya, da gamsuwa da kulawa.

== Ta hanyar yanki ==
A Amurka, asibitocin da marasa lafiya da aka yi musu tiyata sun ba da rahoton gamsuwa sosai sun kuma yi hanyoyin tiyata mafi inganci. Ma'anar wannan ita ce ba lallai ba ne a yi ciniki tsakanin babban gamsuwa da haƙuri da ingancin kula da haƙuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tsai |first=Thomas C. |last2=Orav |first2=E. John |last3=Jha |first3=Ashish K. |date=January 2015 |title=Patient satisfaction and quality of surgical care in US hospitals |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=261 |issue=1 |pages=2–8 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000000765 |issn=1528-1140 |pmc=4248016 |pmid=24887985}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken Abokin Ciniki na Masu ba da Lafiya da Tsarin ko Binciken CAHPS wani aikin bincike ne mai gudana don jagorantar ci gaban binciken masu amfani da ake amfani da shi don tantance ingancin kulawa da tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya, kungiyoyin likitoci, da likitoci suka bayar. Misali ne na babban kokarin bincike wanda ke nazarin muhimmancin martani na masu amfani ga binciken.

== Bincike ==
A shekara ta 1998 tsarin auna da bayar da rahoto game da gamsuwa da mai haƙuri ya zama masana'antar da aka kafa.[1]


Daga cikin masu amfani da kiwon lafiya - watau, marasa lafiya - gamsuwa an fi fahimta a matsayin samfurin halayen da yawa tare da fannoni daban-daban na kulawa da ke ƙayyade gamsuwa gaba ɗaya. Abu mai mahimmanci, ƙananan aiki a kan halayyar yana haifar da rashin gamsuwa fiye da gamsuwa da aka samar ta hanyar aiki mafi girma a kan halayen; a wasu kalmomi, aikin da ba shi da kyau ya fi dacewa da aiki mai kyau.[1] Don haka, tabbatar da gamsuwa da haƙuri gaba ɗaya, ya fi muhimmanci a rage mummunan aiki a kan yanayin kulawa mai haƙuri tare da mafi munin aikin da aka fahimta fiye da haɓaka kyakkyawan aiki a wani bangare. Maganin da ya dace na iya auna rashin gamsuwa mai haƙuri maimakon gamsuwa.[2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Swartkops</title>
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'''Kogin Swartkops''', kuma '''Kogin Zwartskop''', ([[Afrikaans]]: ''tsaunuka masu baƙi'') wani ruwa ne a lardin Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].  Tushen Swartkops yana kusa da [[Cockscombe Mountain (South Africa)|Dutsen Cockscombe]], kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa Algoa Bay na [[Tekun Indiya]] a Bluewater Bay, a waje da [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Protecting Our Estuary |url=https://www.zwartkopsconservancy.org/phone/about.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Zwartkops Conservancy |archive-date=2022-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217200457/https://www.zwartkopsconservancy.org/phone/about.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geohydrology&quot; /&gt; Manyan hanyoyinsa guda biyu sune [[Kwa-Zunga River|Kogin Kwa-Zunga]] na arewa da [[Elands River (Swartkops)|Kogin Elands]] na kudancin.&lt;ref name=&quot;geohydrology&quot; /&gt; Kogin kuma yana ciyar da shi daga Motherwell Canal, Markman Canal, da Chatty River, waɗanda su ma tushen [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An gina madatsar ruwan Groendal a cikin 1933. Rashin ruwa na Swartzkops yana tare da Uitenhage Artesian Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;geohydrology&quot; /&gt; Kogin yana fama da gurɓataccen datti, datti, da fure na algae.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Tsitsikamma</title>
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'''Kogin Tsitsikamma''' ( Afrikaans   ) ƙaramin kogi ne a ƙarshen yamma na gabar tekun Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana cikin [[Kifi zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Tsitsikama|yankin Kula da Ruwa na Kifi zuwa Tsitsikama]] . 

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Yana da karamin kogi na dindindin wanda ke da tushe a cikin Tsitsikamma Mountains. Da farko yana gudana zuwa kudu, sannan yana gudana daga kudu maso gabas, a layi daya da bakin tekun don mafi yawan tafiyarsa, yana karkata zuwa kudu maso yamma kawai kilomita 3 daga bakinsa a Huisklip Beach.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gidan shakatawa na Tsitsikamma
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.sanparks.org/parks/garden_route/ Gidan shakatawa na Tsitsikamma]
* [https://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html Binciken Kogin Tsitsikamma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829153751/https://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html |date=2021-08-29 }}</text>
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    <title>Kogin Buffeljags</title>
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'''Buffeljagsriver''' (Afrikaans don &quot;farauta buffalo&quot;) kogi ne da ya samo asali daga inda wasu koguna biyu suka haɗu, ɗaya shine [[Grootvadersbos River|Kogin Grootvadersbos]] (Afrikaans don ''dazuzzukan Kaka'' ) ɗayan kuma shine [[Tradou River|Kogin Tradou]] . Haɗakar tana gabas da wani ƙaramin gari, [[Suurbraak]], lardin Western Cape . Tradouw Pass tana arewa (a Langeberg) na wannan wurin haɗuwa. A yammacin garin kogin yana kwarara zuwa [[Ruwan ruwa na Buffeljags|Madatsar Ruwa ta Buffeljags]], sannan kogin ya nufi kudu don shiga Kogin Breede (wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Breë), ba da nisa da Bontebok National Park ba.

== Yankin Buffeljagsrivier ==
Buffeljagsrivier, wanda ba za a iya rikita shi da Tweebuffelsmeteenskootmorsdoodgeskietfontein ba, shi ma sunan ƙaramin al'ummar manoma da ke yankin ne.

Yankin Buffeljagsriver yana da muhimmiyar daraja ta tarihi. Sunansa ya samo asali ne tun ƙarshen shekarun 1800 lokacin da ɗan Gwamna Hendrick Swellengrebel, wanda aka sanya wa suna Swellendam, ya ziyarci yankin. Tatsuniyar ta nuna cewa shi ne ya harbi barewa ta ƙarshe da ta zauna a yankin.

A yau, Buffeljagsriver wata al'umma ce mai bunƙasa a fannin noma, tana noma nau'ikan amfanin gona iri-iri da kuma kiwon dabbobi daban-daban. Daga cikin shahararrun wuraren yawon buɗe ido a yankin akwai Rotterdam, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.dewagenhuis.com/ |website=dewagenhuis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; gonar lavender, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home of the Swellendam Lavender Farm in South Africa |url=http://lavender-farm.co.za/Home.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425115141/http://lavender-farm.co.za/Home.htm |archive-date=2017-04-25 |access-date=2017-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Olivedale Vineyards. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.olivedaleprivatevineyards.co.za/ |website=olivedaleprivatevineyards.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yankin yana da albarka, yana samar da nau'ikan albarkatu iri-iri, ciki har da kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwan citrus, madara da cuku, lavender, da barkono. Buffeljagsdam, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buffeljags dam · Unnamed Road, South Africa |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Buffeljags+dam/@-34.029408,20.5406765,15.65z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1dd3dbbec66f79cd:0xcd02519118eb6ea5!8m2!3d-34.019015!4d20.5331402?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Buffeljags dam · Unnamed Road, South Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke ƙarƙashin tsaunukan Langeberg yana tabbatar da samar da ruwa a duk shekara ga gonakin da ke ƙasa.

Ayyukan da ake bayarwa a Bufflejagsdam &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; sun haɗa da hawa kan dusar ƙanƙara, kamun kifi, hawan kwale-kwale, yin tsalle-tsalle a kan ruwa da kuma yin tafiye-tafiyen faɗuwar rana. Yankin yana da wurare daban-daban na taro da gina ƙungiya.

== Wuraren da ake sha'awa ==

* [https://www.sanparks.org/parks/bontebok/ Bontebok National Park]
* Madatsar ruwa ta Buffeljags &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Kasuwanci a yankin ==

=== Masauki da Nishaɗi ===

* [https://www.kwetu.co.za/ Kwetu Baƙi Farm]
* [https://www.therotterdam.co.za/ Otal ɗin Otal ɗin Rotterdam]
* [https://www.umshanti.co.za/ Umshanti Buffeljags]
* Laeveld &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAEVELD · LAEVELD, Buffeljagsrivier, 6742. Gedeelte 2 van plaas 162, Buffeljagsrivier, 6740, South Africa |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/LAEVELD/@-34.0420836,20.5392377,17z/data=!4m8!3m7!1s0x1dd3da126a89583d:0xb9f298446b980c78!5m2!4m1!1i2!8m2!3d-34.0431248!4d20.5357866?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=LAEVELD · LAEVELD, Buffeljagsrivier, 6742. Gedeelte 2 van plaas 162, Buffeljagsrivier, 6740, South Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sayarwa ===

* [https://www.infanta4x4.co.za/ Tirelolin Infanta 4x4]
* [https://www.visitswellendam.co.za/rolandale Filin Gona na Rolandale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327141205/https://www.visitswellendam.co.za/rolandale |date=2023-03-27 }}
* Madara da Sukari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milk and Sugar · Barrydale, South Africa |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Milk+and+Sugar/@-34.0362692,20.5392055,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1dd3da6aa8619b6f:0x423b6ada7623c261!8m2!3d-34.0385549!4d20.5452054?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Milk and Sugar · Barrydale, South Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Winkel na Buffeljacht &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buffeljachts Drankwinkel · Buffeljagsrivier, South Africa |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Buffeljachts+Drankwinkel/@-34.0447045,20.5439236,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1dd3db35733edde3:0x7f6a18d1733ea9c7!8m2!3d-34.044191!4d20.5424575?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Buffeljachts Drankwinkel · Buffeljagsrivier, South Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Drankwinkel na Buffeljacht &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* BP (tashar mai) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BP · N2, Buffeljagsrivier, 6742, South Africa |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/BP/@-34.0447045,20.5439236,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1dd3da40083ccbdd:0x1eb35d51b10db2cf!8m2!3d-34.0389819!4d20.54615?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=BP · N2, Buffeljagsrivier, 6742, South Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masana'antu da Noma ===

* [https://lancewood.co.za/ Lancewood]
* Ƙungiyar Thornlands &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thornlands Group · Swellendam, 6740, South Africa |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Thornlands+Group/@-34.0333085,20.5328433,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x1dd3d18cb99b28c1:0xaa6f0ec4366695ac!8m2!3d-34.033313!4d20.535032?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Thornlands Group · Swellendam, 6740, South Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [https://www.swellenfruit.com/ Kunshin 'ya'yan itace na Swellenfruit]

[[Fayil:Perske_bome.jpg|thumb|248x248px]]

== Duba kuma ==

* Olivedale, Buffeljagsriver
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin wuraren da ake fitar da ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

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    <title>Kasuwancin ruwa a Aljeriya</title>
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An gudanar '''da harkokin sayar da ruwa a Aljeriya''' a manyan biranen kasar guda hudu - [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Annaba]], [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] da [[Oran]] - a tsakanin 2005-08 ta hanyar kwangilolin gudanarwa . A karkashin kwangilar gudanarwa, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa yana gudanar da tsarin ruwa na tsawon wani lokaci a madadin wata hukuma ta gwamnati kuma ana biyansa ta hanyar wani kudi da aka kayyade da kuma kudin da aka saba biya bisa aiki. A cikin dukkan kwangilolin guda hudu, abokin huldar gwamnati shine kamfanin samar da ruwa na gida. Kamfanin samar da ruwa na gida duk mallakar kamfanin samar da ruwa na kasa Algérienne de l'Eau ne da kuma kamfanin samar da tsaftar muhalli na kasa ONA, wadanda dukkansu ke karkashin ikon Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa . Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Abdelmalek Sellal, ya ce a karshen shekarar 2011 cewa abin da ke da muhimmanci ga kwangilolin gudanarwa ba wai kawai tabbatar da samar da ruwa na awanni 24 ba ne, amma don &quot;gina sabuwar al'adar gudanarwa&quot; wacce ke daukar ruwa &quot;a matsayin kayan kasuwanci wanda ke bukatar ilimin fasaha da kwarewar gudanarwa&quot;. 

A wasu biranen Aljeriya, kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki mallakar gwamnati ne kuma ke kula da su, suna ci gaba da samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsafta ba tare da tallafin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ba. Gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za ta yanke shawara a watan Satumba na 2012 ko ya kamata a gabatar da kwangilolin gudanarwa a Sétif, [[Sidi Bel Abbès]] da Mostaghanem . 

Bankin Duniya ya bayar da taimakon fasaha don shirya sayar da ruwa da tsarin tsafta a Annaba, Constantine da Oran, duk an bayar da su ne bayan an yi tayin da ya dace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maya Khelladi |date=October 2006 |title=Algeria : Reimbursable Technical Assistance for water sector |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/ALGERIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21508095~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:312509,00.html |access-date=28 September 2011 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen sayar da Algiers a matsayin mallakar gwamnati ba, kwangilar da aka bayar ba tare da yin tayin da ya dace ba.

; Algiers

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2005, an bai wa Suez Environnement of France kwangilar gudanar da ayyukanta ta Yuro miliyan 113, ta tsawon shekaru 5.5, ga Algiers. An ƙirƙiri kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na gida, kamfanin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Algiers, SEAAL, ne kawai a watan Afrilun shekarar 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ministère des Ressources en Eau:Office National d'Assainissement |title=La gestion déléguée |url=http://ona-dz.org/fr/?q=node/142 |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-date=8 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908030338/http://www.ona-dz.org/fr/?q=node/142 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta samar da dala miliyan 500 don zuba jari a lokacin kwangilar gudanarwa. Kamfanin yana da masu biyan kuɗi 460,000 da ma'aikata 4,400. Manufofin kwangilar gudanarwa sune rarraba ruwa mai kyau akai-akai, inganta ingancin ruwan wanka, gyara ababen more rayuwa da kuma inganta gamsuwar abokan ciniki. Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2009, ci gaban samar da kayayyaki ya karu daga kashi 16% zuwa 80%, an buɗe rairayin bakin teku 7 ga jama'a kuma an gudanar da horo mai zurfi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Suez Environnement / SEAAL |date=February 2009 |title=An innovative public-private partnership in the environment sector: THE MANAGEMENT CONTRACT OF SOCIETE DES EAUX ET DE L'ASSAINISSEMENT D'ALGER |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWAT/Resources/4602122-1213366294492/5106220-1234469721549/21.4_Algiers.pdf |access-date=28 September 2011 |publisher=World Bank Water Week}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2011, ci gaba ya kai kashi 99%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Algérie plus |date=25 April 2011 |title=Gestion déléguée de l'eau: résiliation du contrat de la SEATA à Annaba |url=http://www.algerie-plus.com/actualite/gestion-deleguee-de-leau-resiliation-du-contrat-de-la-seata-a-annaba/ |access-date=28 September 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamsuwar abokan ciniki ta ƙaru daga kashi 70% a shekarar 2007 zuwa kashi 89% a shekarar 2010.  An sabunta kwangilar gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru biyar sannan aka tsawaita ta zuwa lardin Tipaza a watan Satumba na 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Echorouk |date=14 September 2009 |title=Gestion de l'eau à Alger : contrat renouvelé pour SEAAL |url=http://www.echoroukonline.com/fra/actualite/11372-gestion-de-l%E2%80%99eau-%C3%A0-alger-%3A-contrat-renouvel%C3%A9-pour-seaal.html |access-date=28 September 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Oran

A watan Nuwamba na 2007, Aguas de Barcelona daga Spain, wacce ita kanta reshe ce ta Suez, an ba ta kwangilar gudanar da birnin Oran na Yuro miliyan 30, na tsawon shekaru 5.5 bayan an yi tayin da ya dace. Kamfanin ya fara aikinsa a watan Afrilun 2008. Abokin hulɗar kwangilar shine kamfanin samar da ruwa da tsafta na Oran, SEAOR.

; Annabi

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2007, an bai wa Gelsenwasser daga Jamus kwangilar gudanar da birnin Annaba na tsawon shekaru 5.5 na Yuro miliyan 50. Abokin hulɗar kwangilar shine kamfanin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na biranen Annaba da El Taref, SEATA. Duk da haka, shirin saka hannun jari ya tsaya cak kuma gwamnati ta soke kwangilar a shekarar 2010. Gelsenwasser ya dora alhakin gazawar kan jinkirin sayayya da rashin kayan aiki, yayin da hukumomin Algeria suka ce kamfanin ba shi da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gelsenwasser complains after Algeria contract ended. |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Gelsenwasser+complains+after+Algeria+contract+ended.-a0256881151 |access-date=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Constantine

A watan Yunin 2008, an bai wa Société des Eaux de Marseille (SEM) ta Faransa, wani reshe na Suez da Veolia, kwangilar gudanarwa ta Euro miliyan 28 ta tsawon shekaru 5.5 ga Constantine. Ba a yi nasarar tayin farko ba. SEM ita ce kawai mai bayar da tayin lokacin da aka sake amincewa da kwangilar. Abokin kwangilar shine kamfanin samar da ruwa da tsafta na gida SEACO. A shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta ce SEM ta makale a jadawalin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Forum Algérie Monde |title=La Société des Eaux de Marseille risque de perdre la gestion des eaux de Constantine |url=http://www.algerie-monde.com/forums/economie/7127-la-soci%E9t%E9-des-eaux-de-marseille-risque-de-perdre-la-gestion-des-eaux-de-constantine.html |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810145228/http://www.algerie-monde.com/forums/economie/7127-la-soci%E9t%E9-des-eaux-de-marseille-risque-de-perdre-la-gestion-des-eaux-de-constantine.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Michel Valin, babban jami'in gudanarwa na SEACO, takaddamar kwadago babbar matsala ce kuma batutuwan fasaha na biyu ne kawai &quot;samar da ƙungiyarsa mai tasowa da ƙara girma ta mallaki kamfanin.&quot; 

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    <title>Kogin Changane</title>
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'''Kogin Changane''' ( {{Lang|pt|Rio Changane}} ) kogi ne a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], wani magudanar ruwa ne ga [[Kogin Limpopo]] wanda yake haɗuwa kusa da bakin teku, kusa da garin Chibuto . Yana cikin iyakar gabashin Lardin Gaza . Changane shine magudanar ruwa mafi gabas na Limpopo, yana shiga ta daga hagu kusa da bakinsa a [[Tekun Indiya]] .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Kogin Changane da manyan magudanan ruwa suna tashi kusa da kan iyaka da Zimbabwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chilundo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M. Chilundo |last2=P. Kelderman |last3=J. H. O´Keeffe |title=Design of a Water Quality Monitoring Network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique |url=http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425071443/http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-25 |access-date=2011-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana tafiya kudu kusan tare da layin tsayin 34°E na tsawon kilomita 22°S zuwa kusan latitude 24°S.  Kogin yana malalar da dausayin Banhine National Park . &lt;ref name=&quot;Siyabona&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Banhine In The Grip Of Drought |url=http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-3-19-banhine-23758.html |access-date=2011-10-16 |publisher=Siyabona Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin ya mamaye {{Convert|6557055|ha|sqmi}}, ko kuma kusan kashi 15.9% na yankin Limpopo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Changane Sub-Basin |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Changane.aspx |access-date=2011-10-16 |publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119115153/http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Changane.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin galibi yana gudana ta cikin yankin busasshe. A cikin gida, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da {{Convert|400|mm|in}}, yana tashi zuwa {{Convert|800|mm|in}} kusa da bakin teku. Kwarin Kogin Changane yana kusa da [[Sea level|matakin teku]], kuma a da layin bakin teku ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Biophysical characteristics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e05.htm#bm05.2.1 |access-date=2011-10-16 |publisher=FAO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Changane yana da ƙarancin ma'aunin kwarara kuma yana da tsawon lokaci ba tare da fitar da ruwa kwata-kwata ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Water Resources |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm |access-date=2011-10-16 |publisher=FAO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kwarin Changane yana ɗauke da dausayi mai gishiri da aka watsar da shi da kuma ciyayi masu cike da ruwa a lokacin damina tare da tsibiran &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSA&quot;&gt;Acacia nilotica kraussiana&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . Yawanci yana da ɗan bushewa kaɗan, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ruwan sama ya ƙaru sosai, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa da kuma mummunar ambaliya. {{Convert|500|mm|in}} sama ya sauka cikin kwana 3 kacal a watan Maris na 2000. Yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta fi yawa suna da gishiri mai yawa. Suna da ciyayi masu jure gishiri tare da faffadan fili. 

An sami nau'ikan kifaye 18 a Banhine National Park a arewacin kwarin. Kifin Afirka, nau'ikan killifish guda biyu da nau'ikan Barbel guda biyu sun ƙirƙiro hanyoyin magance fari, tunda wuraren dausayi wani lokacin suna bushewa gaba ɗaya a saman. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siyabona&quot;/&gt; Banhine National Park a da wurin zama ne ga barewa, sable, tsessebe, hartebeest, zebra, da wildebeest. An lalata da yawa daga cikin waɗannan dabbobin a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙen basasa na shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990. Duk da haka, wurin shakatawa har yanzu gida ne ga cranes masu haɗari da tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura . Sakamakon wani bincike na sama a watan Oktoba na 2004 ya nuna cewa wurin shakatawa yana da yawan jimina, kudu, impala, reedbuck, duiker, steenbok, porcupine, warthog da [[Batsiya|oribi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Dec 15, 2004 |title=AWF CONDUCTS AERIAL SURVEY IN BANHINE NATIONAL PARK |url=http://www.awf.org/content/headline/detail/1232 |access-date=2011-10-15 |publisher=AWF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ɗan adam ==
[[Fayil:Helicopter_over_flooded_Central_Mozambique.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ya yi ambaliya a tsakiyar Mozambique a shekarar 2000]]
Mutanen yankin sun fuskanci yakin basasa na dogon lokaci, kuma dole ne su fuskanci fari da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a wasu lokutan.  Akwai ƙaramin yawan mutane a Banhine Park. Suna lalata muhalli ta hanyar sare da ƙona masara, dawa, rogo da rake. Da fari, amfanin gona ya lalace kuma mutane suka koma farauta da kamun kifi, suna sanya damuwa ga namun daji. Gwamnati tana ƙarfafa mutane su fice daga wurin shakatawa ta hanyar gina maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na dindindin a wajen wurin ajiyar dabbobi da kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa ga waɗanda suka ƙaura. &lt;ref name=&quot;Siyabona&quot;/&gt;

Gundumar Chibuto tana cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Changane kusa da birnin Chibuto. A wannan ɓangaren na kwarin kogin, matsakaicin ruwan sama yana kusa da {{Convert|200|mm|in}} a lokacin sanyi da bushewa daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba, kuma kimanin {{Convert|570|mm|in}} a lokacin zafi da danshi daga Oktoba zuwa Maris. Mutanen suna cikin talauci, inda kashi 50% ke ƙasa da layin talauci. Galibi suna rayuwa ne ta hanyar noma, noma gaurayen kayan lambu, ayaba, masara, da shinkafa. Suna kuma kiwon shanu kuma suna amfani da ciyawa da ciyawa na gida don samar da zare. Ana amfani da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu kyau a cikin dausayi don ban ruwa da amfanin gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Worldfish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nidhi Nagabhatla |last2=Francisco Saimone |last3=Dinis Juízo |last4=Mutsa Masiyandima |title=Seasonality dynamics for investigating wetland-agriculture nexus and its ecosystems service values in Chibuto, Mozambique |url=http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2106.pdf |access-date=2011-10-16 |publisher=WorldFish Center |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406110517/http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2106.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taswirar amfani da ƙasa ta nuna cewa tsakanin 2001 da 2007, yawancin yankunan dazuzzuka a Chibuto an mayar da su a hankali don amfani da su a noma a lokacin rani da damina. Dalilin na iya zama wani ɓangare na yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin. Manoman yankin sun kuma ba da rahoton cewa shanu ba su da ƙarfi a ƙasar. Masu tattara ciyawa sun ba da rahoton cewa ana ƙona ciyawa don share ƙasar don noma, wanda hakan na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga muhalli na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Worldfish&quot; /&gt;

Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin Nuwamba 2006 da Janairu 2007 ya gano cewa ruwan kogin bai cika ka'idojin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ba game da ingancin ruwan sha. Wannan yana iya faruwa ne saboda tasirin dausayin da ke ciyar da kogin da kuma faruwar yanayin dausayin kogin ke yi da kuma yanayin dausayin ions ke ciki saboda ilimin ƙasa na yankin. Duk da haka, gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta (mafi girma a kusa da garin Chibuto) a bayyane yake ya faru ne saboda sharar birni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chilundo&quot;/&gt;

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    <title>Kowa (kamfani)</title>
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 {{Databox}}

'''Kowa''' (Japanese: 興和株式会社, Kōwa Kabushiki-gaisha),  Kowa Company, Ltd. (Japanese), kamfani ne na Japan, kamfanin  kasuwanci na musamman da kuma masana'anta, wanda aka kafa a 1894 a [[Nagoya]] . Asalin da aka kafa a bangaren masana'antu, daga baya ya bambanta zuwa magunguna, na gani, da kayan aiki masu kyau.

Kowa ya ƙera kyamarori masu daukar hoto daga 1954 zuwa 1978 kuma ya ci gaba da yin binoculars, telescopes da na'urorin watsa labarai. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin [[Nagoya]], babban birnin Aichi na Japan.

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
[[Fayil:Digiscoping_with_Kowa_TSN-774.JPG|alt=A Kowa TSN-774 spotting scope.|left|thumb|Ana amfani da Kowa TSN-774 don yin amfani da shi don yin amfani.]]
Kamfanin Kowa shine ainihin laima na Kowa Group . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-01-11 |title=CRAiLAR Technologies signs fiber supply agreement with Japan's Kowa Company |url=https://scnow.com/business/crailar-technologies-signs-fiber-supply-agreement-with-japan-s-kowa-company/article_7dca2aee-5c1d-11e2-8feb-0019bb30f31a.html |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=SCNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran kamfanoni a cikin rukuni sun haɗa da ɗan'uwan {{Interlanguage link|Kowabo|ja|興和紡}}  da kuma kamfanin Kowa Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kowabo KK - Company Profile and News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0813662D:JP |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Bloomberg |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanda ya riga shi, Hattori Kensaburo Shoten, ya goyi bayan ci gaban masana'antu [[Sakichi Toyoda]] na atomatik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=明治名古屋を彩る どえりゃー商人 服部兼三郎が興和の前身を創業 |url=https://www.nagoya-rekishi.com/meiji/chapter2/nagoyasyounin01.html |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Nagoya Rekishi |language=ja |archive-date=2021-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202185740/http://www.nagoya-rekishi.com/meiji/chapter2/nagoyasyounin01.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasuwancin ya kasu kashi biyu na kasuwanci da masana'antu. Sashen kamfanin kasuwanci yana kasuwanci a cikin fiber, injuna, kayan gini, ruwa, albarkatun ma'adinai, kayan sunadarai, da kayan yau da kullun. A halin yanzu, sashen masana'antu yana samar da magani, kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, kayan aikin gani, da samfuran adana makamashi.

Tallace-tallace na kayayyakin kiwon lafiya na Kowa a ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan sunayen alama kamar Colgen Kowa da Cabagin Kowa  ta hanyar tallan talabijin na ƙasa ya kara karuwar alamar kamfanin. Har ila yau, kamfanin yana ƙerawa da siyar da ruwan tabarau na kamara na Prominar, spotting scopes, da kayan aikin bidiyo waɗanda NHK da tashoshin talabijin da rediyo daban-daban ke amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tangcay |first=Jazz |date=2020-11-24 |title=Beyoncé's 'Black Is King' — Behind the Visuals With DP Santiago Gonzalez |url=https://variety.com/2020/artisans/awards/black-is-king-cinematography-beyonce-1234839158/ |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kowa shine mafi girman mai hannun jari a duka {{Interlanguage link|Bull-Dog Sauce Co.|ja|ブルドックソース}}  da {{Interlanguage link|Meito Sangyo|ja|名糖産業}} , tare da wanda yake raba mallakar giciye. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya mallaki gidan rediyo na RADIO-i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2011 |title=History of the Kowa Group (2000-2004:Arrival of the 21st Century) |url=http://www.kowa.com/history/index.htm |website=kowa.com |quote=Kowa Co., Ltd. fully entered the FM radio broadcasting business through Aichi International Broadcasting Co., Ltd. The broadcasting range of the company covers the whole Chubu region.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa shi a shekara ta 1894 a Nagoya a matsayin Hattori Kanesaburo Wholesale Store, Kowa an kafa shi ne a bangaren masana'antu. Daga baya ya bambanta zuwa magunguna, na gani, da kayan aiki na daidaito. A fagen [[Photography|daukar hoto]], Kowa an fi saninsa da kera kyamarori da ruwan tabarau na daukar hoto daga ƙarshen shekarun 1950 zuwa shekarun 1970, ta hanyar ƙungiyar Kowa Optical Works (daga baya aka sake tsara shi a matsayin Kowa Company Ltd. don sashin gani).

Babban gudummawar da ta bayar ita ce layin kyamarorin ruwan tabarau guda ɗaya masu girman mm 35 (Kowa SE) musamman jerin Kowa Six (wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1968), tsarin matsakaicin tsari na 6×6 cm tare da ruwan tabarau masu canzawa da kuma rufewar ganye (Seikosha) da aka gina a cikin jiki - ƙira mai kama da Hasselblad amma ta fi araha. Jerin sun haɗa da Kowa Six, Kowa Six MM, da kuma samfurin Super 66 na ƙarshe (1974).

Kowa ya samar da ruwan tabarau masu inganci (daga kusurwar 19 mm zuwa hoton telephoto na 500 mm) tare da dutsen bayonet mai mallaka da &quot;Kowalin&quot; mai yawa, sananne ne saboda kaifin su da bambanci. Daga cikin wadanda masu tarawa suka fi nema sune 55 mm f / 3.5 macro da 150 mm f / 3.5. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya ƙera kyamarori 35 mm (Kowa Kallo, SW, SER) da jerin kyamarori masu mahimmanci (Kowa Kid, SET-R) a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970.

Samar da kyamarori ya tsaya gaba ɗaya a shekarun 1970 saboda gasa mai zafi daga wasu masana'antun Japan (Pentax, Nikon, Canon), kuma kamfanin ya sake mai da hankali kan magunguna da na'urorin gani don aikace-aikacen kimiyya da masana'antu. A yau, Kowa ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin samar da na'urorin hangen nesa, na'urorin hangen nesa, na'urorin hangen nesa na ido, da tsarin gani daidai, amma ba ya sake ƙera kyamarori ko ruwan tabarau na daukar hoto don kasuwar masu amfani. Kyamarorinsa na matsakaici da ruwan tabarau na gargajiya suna ci gaba da samun daraja sosai daga masu tattarawa da masu sha'awar daukar hoto na analog.

=== Kamfanin da ya gabata ===

* '''1894:''' An kafa mai sayar da fiber Hattori Kensaburo Shoten (Japanese) a Nagoya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* '''1912:''' An sake tsara shi kuma an kafa shi a matsayin kamfani, Hattori Shoten Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社服部商店) 
* '''1919:''' An kara aikin juyawa
* '''1920:''' Wanda ya kafa Hattori Kensaburo ya kashe kansa yana da shekaru 51 bayan ya fuskanci fatarar kuɗi &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

=== Kamfanin yanzu ===

* '''1939:''' Kasuwancin kasuwanci ya rabu kuma an kafa shi a matsayin Kamfanin Kaneka Hattori Shoten, Ltd.
* '''1943:''' An canza sunan zuwa Kamfanin Kofu Sangyo, Ltd.
* '''1945:''' An faɗaɗa fiye da masana'antu
* '''1960:''' An canza sunan zuwa Kamfanin Kowa, Ltd.

== Ci gaba ==
Mascot din Kowa shine kwari sau da yawa ana kiransa Kero-chan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Edward |date=2010-07-15 |title=Pharmacy Mascots |url=https://injapan.gaijinpot.com/play/photography/2010/07/15/pharmacy-mascots/ |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=GaijinPot InJapan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, Kowa ta sami haƙƙin suna don filin wasan baseball na Nagoya, wanda yanzu ake kira Vantelin Dome Nagoya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=湯野 |first=康隆 |date=2020-12-10 |title=興和がナゴヤドームのネーミングライツ取得、「バンテリンドーム ナゴヤ」に |url=https://travel.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/1294373.html |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=トラベル Watch |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>0a0djwuy6q9lh8thqnfg43h5khydx20</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bartonella</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156776</id>
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      <id>878133</id>
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        <username>Nnamadee</username>
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      <text bytes="5377" sha1="5e674lzxtpes9s23t1qzy8kw5zl2omw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''''Bartonella''''' wani nau'in Kwayoyin cuta ne na Gram-negative . Ita ce kawai jinsin a cikin iyalin ''Bartonella.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters_1955&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peters D, Wigand R |date=September 1955 |title=Bartonellaceae |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=150–159 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.19.3.150-159.1955 |pmc=180822 |pmid=13260099 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'in Bartonella yana haifar da Bartonellosis, wanda shine rukuni na cututtukan cututtukani na zoonotic wanda ke shafar mutane da dabbobi. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da cututtukan cat-scratch (Bartonella henselae) da zazzabin trench (Bardonella quintana). A matsayin kwayar cuta ta intracellular, nau'in Bartonella na iya kamuwa da mutane masu lafiya, amma ana ɗaukar su da mahimmanci a matsayin cututtukan da ke da damarAna yaduwar nau'in Bartonella ta hanyar cututtuka kamar su kwari, kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta da [[sauro]].

Currently, 12 ''Bartonella'' species are known to infect humans. As research continues, more species transmissible to humans from vectors can be discovered.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCormick_2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCormick DW, Rassoulian-Barrett SL, Hoogestraat DR, Salipante SJ, SenGupta D, Dietrich EA, Cookson BT, Marx GE, Lieberman JA |date=March 2023 |title=Bartonella spp. Infections Identified by Molecular Methods, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |language=en-us |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=467–476 |doi=10.3201/eid2903.221223 |pmc=9973681 |pmid=36823096}}&lt;/ref&gt; 37 different species and 3 subspecies of ''Bartonella'' exist.&lt;ref name=&quot;citeb69df289a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clinical Info HIV.gov |title=Bartonellosis |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/bartonellosis |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Clinical Info HIV.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; While 12 species can infect humans,&lt;ref name=&quot;McCormick_2023&quot; /&gt; 3 ''Bartonella'' pathogens are largely associated with ''human transmission and infection'': ''B. henselae'', ''B. quintana'', and ''Bartonella bacilliformis''.

== ''B. henselae'' ==
B. henselae shine kwayar cuta ta Bartonella da ta fi dacewa wacce ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta kuma ana kiranta &quot;cutar cat-scratch. &quot; [1] A tarihi, an yi tunanin kamuwa da kwayar cute ta B. hensele ta hanyar kamuwa da cutar ko ciwo. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, ƙwayoyin daji, da sauro na iya kamuwa da mutane da B. henselae. Kwayoyin da suka kamu da cutar na iya watsa kwayar cutar ga mutane.

== ''B. quintana'' ==
''B. quintana'' kuma kwayar cutar ''Bartonella'' ce ta yau da kullun wacce ke kamuwa da mutane, galibi ana kiranta &quot;zazzabin jiki&quot;.  B. quintan da farko yana yaduwa ta hanyar louse na jiki. Wannan kwayar cuta an san ta da kamuwa da mutane kawai. Duk da yake ''B. henselae'' shine mafi yawan Bartonella bacteria, ''''B. quintana'''' har yanzu yana ganin sabbin lokuta na kamuwa da cuta a kowace shekara a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mada_2025&quot; /&gt;

== ''B. bacilliformis'' ==
B. bacilliformis kwayar cuta ce wacce mutane zasu iya kamuwa da cututtukan Bartonella daban-daban.[1] Takamaiman sassan Kudancin Amurka suna da abubuwan da zasu iya watsa wannan kamuwa da cuta, kamar Peru da Dutsen Andes. Wannan kwayar cuta tana yaduwa ta hanyar cinyewar sandflies waɗanda ke da B. bacilliformis. Koyaya, bincike game da sake zagayowar wannan cuta ba a sani ba.[1] Wannan kwayar cuta tana da alhakin Bartonella mai tsanani da na yau da kullun, wanda kuma ake kira Cutar Carrion, kuma yana iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya.[1]

== Tarihi ==


Yawancin nau'ikan ''Bartonella'' suna da asali daban-daban. Ga yawancin binciken nau'ikan ''Bartonella'', ƙwayar haƙori ita ce tushen jiki inda aka sami ƙwayoyin cuta. ''Bartonella henselae'', ''B. quintana'', da ''Bartonella tribocorum'' wasu daga cikin jinsunan da aka gano ta hanyar kwayar hakora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fournier_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fournier PE, Drancourt M, Aboudharam G, Raoult D |date=2015-11-01 |title=Paleomicrobiology of Bartonella infections |journal=Microbes and Infection |series=Special issue on intracellular bacteria |volume=17 |issue=11–12 |pages=879–883 |doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2015.09.002 |pmid=26369716}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake binciken kwayoyin cuta daban-daban sun bambanta, ''B. henselae'', ''B. quintana'', da ''Bartonella bacilliformis'' suna da asalin binciken da aka fi sani.

=== ''B. henselae'' ===


Shekaru daga baya a shekara ta 2004, masu bincike sun gano ''B. henselae'' a cikin kwayar hakora a cikin ragowar cats daga ƙarni na 13, 14, da 16 a wuraren binnewa na Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fournier_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fournier PE, Drancourt M, Aboudharam G, Raoult D |date=2015-11-01 |title=Paleomicrobiology of Bartonella infections |journal=Microbes and Infection |series=Special issue on intracellular bacteria |volume=17 |issue=11–12 |pages=879–883 |doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2015.09.002 |pmid=26369716}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFournierDrancourtAboudharamRaoult2015&quot;&gt;Fournier PE, Drancourt M, Aboudharam G, Raoult D (2015-11-01). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike sun gwada ragowar ta amfani da nazarin kwayar halitta, suna gano cewa dabbobi na iya zama tafkin kwayar cutar.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5e674lzxtpes9s23t1qzy8kw5zl2omw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jubreel Abdulkareem</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877795</id>
      <parentid>875054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T14:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <origin>877795</origin>
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      <text bytes="3978" sha1="2ri7u1s1b347muwe9tfjyzhwnegzukv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Hon.
| name             = Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem
| birth_date       = 
| birth_place      = Agege, Lagos State, Nigeria
| citizenship      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]]
| education        = 
| occupation       = Politician, lawmaker, teacher
| party            = [[All Progressives Congress]]
| other_party      = [[Action Congress]]; [[Accord (Nigeria)|Accord]]
| office           = Member of the [[Lagos State House of Assembly]]
| constituency     = [[Agege|Agege Constituency]] 2
| term_start       = 2023
| term_end         = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| office1          = Executive Chairman, [[Agege]]
| constituency1    = Agege Local Government
| term_start1      = 2008
| term_end1        = 2022
| predecessor1     = 
| successor1       = 
| office2          = Supervisor for Health and Environmental Services, Agege Local Government
| term_start2      = 2000
| term_end2        = 2007
| spouse           = 
| children         = 
| profession       = Educationist, public administrator 
}}
'''Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Agege]] 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem a Agege, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], ga Alhaji da Alhaja Abdul Kareem . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Bishop Oluwole Memorial, Agege, daga 1971 zuwa 1977. Daga baya ya shiga Cibiyar Musulunci, Markaz Agege, inda ya kammala shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar makaranta tsakanin 1977 da 1984. Daga baya ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago-Iwoye, inda ya sami digiri na farko (BSc) a cikin hadin gwiwa da Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga 2005 zuwa 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abdulkareem ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami a makarantar sakandare ta Oke‐Ira kafin ya koma makarantar sakandare na Agidingbi, [[Ikeja]], inda ya koyar da [[Larabci]] da [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] daga 1984 zuwa 1990. Daga baya ya yi aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da farko a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace sannan kuma a matsayin manajan a Draco Nigeria Limited tsakanin 1990 da 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Abdulkareem ya shiga siyasa a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2000, an nada shi mai kula da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan muhalli a karamar hukumar Agege.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

An zabe shi Shugaban zartarwa na Karamar Hukumar Agege a shekarar 2008 a karkashin Action Congress (AC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2019, ya yi takara don zama a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Agege a karkashin jam'iyyar Accord Party (AP), amma daga baya ya janye.&lt;ref name=&quot;j361&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Breaking: Jubreel withdraws from Lagos Assembly race, urges support base to vote Obasa, Sanwo-Olu, others |url=https://thedefenderngr.com/breaking-jubreel-withdraws-from-lagos-assembly-race-urges-support-base-to-vote-obasa-sanwo-olu-others/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The DEFENDER}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya aka zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar mazabar Agege 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas a karkashin All Progressives Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Abdulkareem Jubreel Ayodeji – Lagos House Of Assembly |url=https://lagoshouseofassembly.gov.ng/home/hon-abdulkareem-jubreel-ayodeji/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>2ri7u1s1b347muwe9tfjyzhwnegzukv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taƙaddamar ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka</title>
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    <id>156970</id>
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      <id>877759</id>
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        <username>Ibnjafarmahuta12</username>
        <id>46515</id>
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      <text bytes="41783" sha1="os7jv0vcwavb9rtn3lswhpekacpuynw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin [[Jodan|Jordan]], kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar [[Iran]] hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, [[Oman]], da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a

=== Yaƙin Basasar Sudan ===
Samun damar yin amfani da muhimman albarkatu, musamman ruwa, shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa a Sudan. Ta fuskar muhalli, an raba Sudan zuwa yankuna biyu: na arewa da na kudu. Shashen Arewa yana da yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawancinsu Larabawa Musulmi ne. Kodayake Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ta yankin arewacin Sudan, galibi yana wajen madatsun ruwa na ƙoramu da koguna da ke haɗuwa su zama Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu a can can kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kudancin ƙasar kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a sosai, amma yana da albarkar ƙasa sosai. Yana samun isasshen ruwan sama kuma yana amfana daga ƙoramu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da ke warwatse a fadin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Fari mai dorewa da kwararowar hamada, haɓakar yawan jama'a, da buƙatar ƙara yawan abinci sun tilasta wa Larabawan arewa da dama neman ƙasashe da albarkatu a kudu. Shigo da kayan aikin gona na zamani da Arewa ta yi na ci gaba da barazana ga tsarin noman abinci na gargajiya na mutanen kudu. Sakamakon haka, mutanen kudu waɗanda suka tsara kansu a ƙarƙashin Rundunar 'Yantar da Al'ummar Sudan (SPLA),&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; sun yi yaƙi da mamayar arewa na tsawon kusan shekaru sodoki.

Rikicin ruwa a Sudan yawanci ya dogara ne akan ginin madatsun ruwa ko ayyukan noma. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dalilan rikici shi ne aikin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei (Jonglei Canal), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1978. An fara aikin ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: domin magance ambaliyar ruwa a Yankin Sudd don samar da ƙarin ƙasar noma, da kuma kiyaye ruwan da ke bace wa ta hanyar tururi saboda tsayuwar da ya yi a madatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Adadin ruwan da ake rasa wa ta hanyar tururi an kiyasta shi ya kai mcm/y 4000.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin Sudan da Masar duka sun goyi bayan aikin domin kowannensu zai amfana da ƙarin ruwan. Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei tana da girman gaske ta yadda har ana iya gani daga sararin samaniya. Tana da fadin kafa 210 da zurfin kafa 16 a matsakaici.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
Katsewar ruwan fadama ya yi barazana ga kusan mutanen ƙabila miliyan 1.7 na yankin waɗanda suka dogara da fadamar don rayuwarsu, kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974, mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zanga tare da tarzoma a birnin Juba da ke kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun fara tururuwa zuwa kungiyar SPLA, wanda hakan ya kai ga hare-hare na nuna ƙarfi a wuraren gine-gine a kan titin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei. A ƙarshe sun tilasta dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1984. An riga an gina kilomita 250 daga cikin kilomita 360 na madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Mamayar harkar noman zamani ta mutanen arewa a kudancin Sudan ita ma ta haddasa rikici. Gwamnatin da Larabawa ke iko da ita ta yi tunanin bunƙasa aikin noma a Kudu, kuma manoma daga arewa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin filayen kudu masu albarka. Wannan mamaya ta yi barazana ga ƙabilar Nilotic, waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon shanu na kudancin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun mayar da martani ga mamayar arewa ta hanyar gaba da fada.

Sake ɓarkewar rikici ya faru tsakanin gwamnatin arewa da al'ummar Sudan game da shawarar da gwamnatin ta yanke na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar a kogin Nilu. Tafkin da zai samo asali daga hakan zai tilasta wa rage mazaunin ƙarshen ƙabilar Nubian da suka rage a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Yawancin mahaifar Nubian an riga an nutsar da ita da ruwa bayan da Masar ta gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan (Aswan High Dam) a shekarun 1950. Mutanen Sudan da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gina Kajbar, har ma mambobin ƙungiyar Nubian Alliance sun yi barazanar kisan kai gaba ɗaya a matsayin zanga-zanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sun ƙi amsar tayin diyya da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi musu.

=== Rikice-rikicen Yanki ===
Baya ga kasancewarsa silar rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin ƙasashe, ruwa ya kuma haifar da takaddama ta waje tsakanin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayin da Masar ke amfani da kashi 99% na wadatar ruwan Nilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; kaɗan ne daga cikin ruwan ke farowa daga cikin iyakokin Masar. Babban buƙatar ruwa na ƙasa da ke can ƙarshen rafi sau da yawa yakan rura wuta ga rikicin yanki. Haka lamarin yake a Arewacin Afirka.
[[File:Red Sea 37.95521E 21.41271N.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Jan Teku.| Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Jan Teku, Yankin Larabawa da Sinai]]

A farkon shekarun 1900, ƙarancin auduga na duniya ya matsa wa Masar da Sudan lamba don yin amfani da ƙasashe masu kyau don ƙara yawan noman auduga.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last = Wolf|first = Aaron|title = Middle East Water Conflicts and Directions for Conflict Resolution|url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125225040/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 25, 2015|publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auduga, sai dai, yana buƙatar shayarwa mai yawa kuma bai dace da yanayin ƙasar Masar da Sudan ba kamar sauran amfanin gona na gargajiya. Buƙatar ruwa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu, wanda hakan ya saba haifar da arangama tsakanin ofishin harkokin waje na Birtaniya – Sudan tana ƙarƙashin mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Masar a lokacin – da kuma mutanen Masar da na Sudan na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya bayyana sarai cewa ana buƙatar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta hukuma don daidaita amfani da ruwan Nilu. A shekarar 1920, aka kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Nilu (Nile Projects Commission).&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙarƙashin jagorancin wakilai daga Indiya, Burtaniya, da Amurka, hukumar ta kiyasta amfani da ruwa bisa buƙatun amfani da ruwa na kowace ƙasa. Dangane da matsakaicin adadin kwararar ruwa na bcm/y 84, hukumar ta kiyasta amfanin Masar da ake buƙata ya zama bcm/y 58, yayin da aka yi imanin Sudan za ta iya biyan buƙatunta na ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwan Baƙin Nilu kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar raba duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan. Sai dai, ba a taɓa yin aiki da sakamakon binciken hukumar ba. Haka kuma a shekarar 1920, Birtaniya ta ba da shawarar Shirin Adana Ruwa na ƙarni (Century Storage Scheme), mafi kyawun shiri don samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Shirin ya bukaci da a gina wurin adana ruwa a kan iyakar Uganda da Sudan, da gina madatsar ruwa a Sennar na ƙasar Sudan, don shayar da yankunan kudancin Sudan, da kuma madatsar ruwa a tsawon Farin Nilu don riƙe ruwan ambaliyar lokacin rani don amfanin Masar a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Tsarin na Birtaniya ya damun Masarawa da yawa, tunda yawancin manyan gine-ginen ruwan za a gina su ne a wajen yankin Masar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1929, Masar da Sudan suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu. Dangane da yawancin sakamakon binciken hukumar na shekarar 1920, yarjejeniyar ta ware bcm/y 4 ga Sudan, da bcm/y 48 ga Masar. Sai dai tsakanin 20 ga Janairu da 15 ga Yuli, dukkan kwararar ruwan Nilu an ware shi ne don amfanin Masar kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarun 1950, Masar ta gudanar da aikin gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ita kaɗai har zuwa shekarar 1954, lokacin da aka sanya Sudan a cikin tattaunawar. Zagayen farko na tattaunawa tsakanin Masar da Sudan ya gudana ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 1954, amma aka soke shi kafin a cimma matsaya ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin biyu sun sake haɗuwa a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1955, inda suka sake kasawa wajen cimma daidaito. Takaddama ta ƙaru a shekarar 1958 bayan wani tawaye na Masar da ya gaza a yankin da ake takaddama a kai a kan iyakar Sudan. Don mayar da martani, Sudan ta ɗaukaka matakin Madatsar Ruwa ta Sennar a lokacin rani na shekarar 1959, wanda hakan ke nufin watsi da yarjejeniyar 1929 da aka sanya wa hannu da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙasashin biyu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nilu (Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu) a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu, bisa matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na bcm/y 84 ta tanadi abubuwa kamar haka:&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;
* bcm/y 55.5 ga Masar, bcm/y 18.5 ga Sudan.
* Duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara za a raba shi daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan.
* Har zuwa shekarar 1977, Sudan za ta &quot;ara&quot; wa Masar ƙarin bcm/y 1.5.
* Duk wani ci gaba na gaba da zai kai ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwan Nilu za a biya kuɗinsa daidai tsakanin ƙasashin biyu. Kuma dukkan ruwan da zai samu za a raba shi daidai a tsakaninsu.
* Masar za ta biya Sudan fam miliyan 15 na Birtaniya a matsayin diyya na ambaliyar ruwa da ta gabata wacce ta samo asali daga ayyukan samar da ruwa na Masar.
Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta kafa Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa na Fasaha na dindindin don magance duk wani rikici na gaba. Sudan da Masar duka sun amince cewa buƙatun ruwa na sauran ƙasashe takwas da ke raba kogin ba zai wuce bcm/y 1 zuwa 2 ba, sannan sun ƙara amincewa da fuskantar duk wata barazana ga albarkatun Nilu tare da haɗin gwiwar Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan a shekarun 1960 ya kasance abin rigima domin ya nutsar da yankunan kudancin Sudan kusa da Wadi Halfa kuma ya raba mazauna Sudan da ke zaune a kan iyakar Masar da Sudan da matsugunansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
[[File:MeroweDam-NASA.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe.| Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe, kamar yadda ake gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Masar ta fara wani babban aiki a can kudancin Aswan. Sabon Aikin Delta (New Delta Project) a kudancin Masar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Salaam a Yankin Sinai duka sun kasance manyan ayyuka da tsohon shugaban Masar Hosni Mubarak ya ɗauka don ƙara wadatar ruwa ga yawan jama'ar Masar da ke haɓaka, waɗanda suka bazu da nisa sosai daga kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan Masar silar rikici ce a yankin yayin da ƙasashe na sama – Sudan da Habasha – suka fara tabbatar da nasu haƙƙoƙin na gina madatsar ruwa a kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. Shirye-shiryen Sudan na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar kusa da Khartoum a inda Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu suka haɗu &lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; ya haifar da takaddama ta ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Sudan tana kuma shirin gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe a kudancin Kajbar da kuma faɗaɗa Madatsar Ruwa ta Roseires, da ke da nisan mil 300 kudu maso gabashin Khartoum a kan Baƙin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; An kiyasta cewa gina waɗannan ayyukan zai iya kai wa Sudan ga wuce gona da iri akan iyakokin ruwanta na yarjejeniyar 1959.
Habasha ita ma ta fito a matsayin babbar mai fada a aikin samar da ruwan Kogin Nilu. A shekarar 1957, sun sanar da aniyarsu ta gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na kogin Nilu a cikin yankin Habasha da kansu. Zuwa shekarar 2000, an gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa fiye da 200 a tsawon mabudun ruwan Nilu. Gaba ɗaya, madatsun ruwan za su yi amfani da kusan mcm/y miliyan 500 na kwararar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Habasha ce kaɗai ƙasa da ke raba kogin Nilu da ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙi na shari'a kan ruwan Nilu ban da Masar ko Sudan tun lokacin da aka sanya wa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu a shekarar 1959. Kamar a Masar, haɓakar jama'a a Habasha ya kai ga ƙaruwar amfani da ruwa. Haɓakar yawan jama'ar Habasha ya wuce na Masar, kuma tare da yawan jama'a masu kusan girma ɗaya, buƙatun ruwa na Habasha na iya wuce na Masar. Shayar da rabin ƙasashen noma na Habasha kawai zai rage kwararar ruwa zuwa Sudan da Masar da kashi 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Daga baya, Habasha ta gina Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) wadda ta haifar da tsawaitwar tattaunawa game da tasirinta ga Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/85655/egypt-ethiopia-dam-of-discord-continues-to-pressure-relations/ |title=Egypt-Ethiopia: 'Dam of Discord' continues to pressure relations |website=The Africa Report |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ya kunshi manyan koramu guda biyu - Kogin Tigris da Kogin Euphrates - da kananan koramunsu. Dukansu kogin Tigris da Euphrates sun samo asali ne daga kudancin kasar Turkiyya. Kogin Tigris yana kwarara ne daga Turkiyya, yana ratsa iyakar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya na tsawon kilomita 32 kafin ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Tun daga inda ya samo asali a Turkiyya, kogin Euphrates yana kwarara zuwa Siriya daga arewa, kafin ya ci gaba da kwarara ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Koramun biyu suna haduwa ne a kasar Iraki don samar da Shatt Al-Arab, wanda yake kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tekun Fasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

=== Rikicin yanki ===
Ko da yake takaddamar siyasar ruwa ta dade tana faruwa a yankin tsawon karnoni, matsin lamba na yawan jama'a a shekarun 1960 ya sa kowace kasa ta fara kokarin bunkasa albarkatun ruwa da kanta. An gina Madatsar ruwa ta Keban a kudancin Anatolia daga shekarar 1965 zuwa 1973, sannan Siriya ta gina Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa tsakanin shekarar 1965 da 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Duk da tattaunawar bangarorin biyu da wani lokacin ma uku (ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet), babu wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da aka cimma lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fara aiki a shekarar 1973. Yayin da madatsun suka fara cika, kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa ta ragu matuka. A shekarar 1974, Siriya ta amince da bukatar Iraki inda ta ba da damar ƙarin mita kubik miliyan 200 (mcm) a kowace shekara daga Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa. Sai dai a shekara mai zuwa, Iraki ta nemi shiga tsakani na Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa, inda ta bayyana cewa kwararar ruwan da ke zuwa Iraki ta ragu daga mita kubik 920 a dakika (m³/s) zuwa matakin da &quot;ba za a iya jurewa ba&quot; na mita kubik 197 a dakika.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Siriya ta mayar da martani da cewa kwararar ruwa zuwa Siriya ma ta ragu da fiye da kashi 50%. Bayan musayar kalamai na gaba juna, Siriya ta janye daga kwamitin Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa da aka dorawa alhakin magance rikicin. Rikici ya ƙaru a watan Mayun 1975 yayin da Siriya ta rufe sararin samaniyar ta ga jiragen saman Iraki, kuma ƙasashen biyu suka kwashe sojoji zuwa kan iyakokinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Sai dai shiga tsakani na kasar Saudiyya ya sanyaya yanayin, inda bangarorin biyu suka cimma yarjejeniyar da ta dakile tashin hankalin da zai iya faruwa. Ba a taba bayyana sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar ga jama'a ba, amma majiyoyin Iraki sun ce a asirce an ba Siriya damar riƙe kashi 40% na ruwan Euphrates da ke kwarara ta ƙasarta, yayin da kashi 60% na ruwan aka amince ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

Aikin Anatolia ta Kudu maso Gabas (wanda aka fi sani da GAP a harshen Turkiyya) yana ci gaba da zama tushen tashin hankali a yankin. GAP babban aiki ne na samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ya ƙunshi madatsun ruwa 21 da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Za a yi amfani da ruwan ne don samar da kilowatt-hour biliyan 26 na wutar lantarki tare da ƙarfin 7,500 megawatts, da kuma ban ruwa ga kadada miliyan 1.65 na ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1987, Firayim Ministan Turkiyya Turgut Ozal ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ke ba da garantin kwararar ruwa aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara zuwa Siriya. An sake gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki a watan Janairun 1990 lokacin da Turkiyya ta dakatar da kwararar ruwan Euphrates na tsawon kwanaki 30 ta hanyar rufe ƙofofin Madatsar ruwa ta Atatürk. Iraki ta dage cewa Turkiyya ta ba da damar aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara su kwarara zuwa Siriya, amma an dakatar da tattaunawar saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na farko. Tattaunawar bayan yaƙin a watan Satumbar 1992 ta gaza cimma yarjejeniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2020, hukumomin Iraki sun koka da cewa Madatsar ruwa ta Ilısu ta rage kwararar ruwan kogin Tigris kuma hakan ya haifar da karancin ruwa a filayen Iraki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thearabweekly.com/iraq-complains-turkey-causing-water-shortages |title=Iraq complains Turkey causing water shortages |website=The Arab Weekly |date=17 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, manoman Kurdawa a arewacin Iraki sun yi gargadin &quot;masifa&quot;, bayan da Iran ta gangan ta dakatar da kwararar ruwa daga Kogin Sirwan da Zab ta Kasa zuwa madatsun ruwa na Dukan da Darbandikhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/230820201 |title=Kurdish farmers, officials warn of 'catastrophe' as Iran blocks water supply |website=Rudaw |date=23 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, mazauna ƙauyukan Siriya ma sun zargi Turkiyya da datse hanyar ruwa wanda hakan ya rage matakin ruwan Euphrates zuwa mita kubik 200 a dakika, wanda hakan ya rage da mita kubik 300 a dakika fiye da adadin da ƙasashen biyu suka riga suka amince da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20200811-syria-along-euphrates-villagers-accuse-turkey-starting-water-war |title=Syrian villagers along Euphrates accuse Turkey of cutting water access |website=France 24: The Observers |date=11 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, ƴan tawayen Siriya da Turkiyya ke marawa baya sun toshe samar da ruwa daga tashar famfo ta Alok kusa da Ras al-Ain wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin ruwan sha a Lardin Al-Hasakah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200825-in-northeast-syria-town-families-say-turkey-cut-their-water |title=In northeast Syria town, families say Turkey cut their water |website=France 24 |date=25 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2021, kwararar ruwan Euphrates daga Turkiyya zuwa Siriya ta sake raguwa zuwa kusan mita kubik 200 a dakika, wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin wutar lantarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_water-drop-euphrates-river-increases-tensions-between-syrian-kurds-turkey/6205509.html |title=Water Drop in Euphrates River Increases Tensions Between Syrian Kurds, Turkey |website=Voice of America |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata daya kuma a Iraki, kwararar ruwa daga Turkiyya ta ragu da kashi 50% ga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, yayin da kwararar koramu daga Iran zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Darbandikhan da Zab ta Kasa suka ragu zuwa kusan babu komai da kuma kashi 70%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/العراق-تركيا-خفضت-منسوب-دجلة-والفرات-إلى-النصف-وإيران-قطعت-روافد |title=العراق: تركيا خفضت منسوب نهري دجلة والفرات إلى النصف وإيران قطعت روافد مهمة |website=alaraby.co.uk |language=Arabic |date=9 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Blue Peace ==
Rikicin da ya shafi ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya na iya ƙaruwa a kwanaki masu zuwa saboda takaddamar da ke tattare da samuwa, amfani da kuma gudanar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|date=October 12, 2019|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsananin takara don samun ruwa na iya har kai ga yaƙin yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Shi ya sa, haɗin kai ya zama dole don hana rikice-rikice da yaƙe-yaƙe.

Hanyar Blue Peace, wacce ke neman sauya batutuwan ruwa na ƙetaren iyaka zuwa kayan aikin haɗin kai, ta tabbatar da inganci a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Wannan tsari na musamman na mayar da tashin hankali kan ruwa zuwa damar bunkasar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki an samar da shi ne ta hannun Strategic Foresight Group tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatocin Switzerland da Sweden. Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan mai taken &quot;Haɗin gwiwar Ruwa don Duniya Mai Tsaro&quot; wanda Strategic Foresight Group ya buga ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwar ruwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙasashe yana rage haɗarin yaƙi. An cimma wannan ƙarshe ne bayan binciken alaƙar ruwa ta ƙetaren iyaka a cikin kwarin kogi sama da 200 a ƙasashe 148. Ƙasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya na fuskantar haɗarin yaƙi saboda sun daɗe suna guje wa haɗin gwiwar yanki. Rahoton ya ba da misalan haɗin kai na nasara, waɗanda ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya za su iya amfani da su.

Ƙalubalen tsaron ruwa yana da babban farashi na ɗan adam da tasiri mai girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rashin tsaron ruwa koyaushe yana tare da ɗaya ko fiye da matsaloli kamar talauci, yaƙi da rikici, ƙarancin ci gaban mata da gurɓatar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/water-cooperation-key-to-ensuring-peace-1.1475648|title=Water cooperation key to ensuring peace|website=gulfnews.com|date=22 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan illolin masu muni an rubuta su a cikin rahotanni guda biyu da aka fitar a shekarar 2015: 'The Hydro Insecure: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East' da 'Water and Violence: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americansecurityproject.org/the-middle-east-struggles-with-water-security/|title=The Middle East Struggles with Water Security|website=American Security Project|date=24 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Helmand ==
 
An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ruwa ta Kogin Helmand a shekarar 1972 tsakanin Iran da Afghanistan. Yarjejeniyar tana da kasidu 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=8am |date=2022-02-11 |title=MEW Officially Recognizes Helmand River Treaty |url=https://8am.media/eng/mew-officially-recognizes-helmand-river-treaty/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Hasht-e Subh Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Iran koyaushe tana cewa Afghanistan ba ta bin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran Official: Water Treaty Should be Honored |url=https://tolonews.com/business-179158 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Mylochromis spilostichus</title>
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'''''Mylochromis spilostichus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake saninsa kawai daga kudancin tafkin, musamman a kusa da [[Nankhumba Peninsula|Tsibirin Nankhumba]] . Ana iya samunsa a kan yashi mai zurfi daga {{Convert|18|to|70|m|ft}} . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|22.2|cm|in}} TL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . 

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'''''Mylochromis spilostichus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake saninsa kawai daga kudancin tafkin, musamman a kusa da [[Nankhumba Peninsula|Tsibirin Nankhumba]] . Ana iya samunsa a kan yashi mai zurfi daga {{Convert|18|to|70|m|ft}} . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|22.2|cm|in}} TL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]]. 

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    <title>Aedes aegypti</title>
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'''''Aedes aegypti''''' wani lokacin ana kiransa '''[[sauro]] na Masar''', dengue, ko '''sauro mai launin rawaya''' - sauro ne wanda ke yada cututtuka kamar dengue zazzabi, da [[chikungunya]]. Ana iya gane sauro ta hanyar baƙar fata da fari a kan ƙafafunta  alama a cikin nau'in [[Lyre]] a saman [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|kirji]]. Sauro asalinsa ne a arewacin Afirka, amma yanzu ya zama nau'in mamayewa na yau da kullun wanda ya bazu zuwa yankuna masu zafi, [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|subtropical]], da kuma yankuna masu [[Temperate climate|matsakaici]] a duk duniya.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}

== Ilimin halittu ==
[[Fayil:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|left|thumb|Maza (hagu) da mata (tsakiya da dama) Ae. Aikin E.''A. '' Goeldi, 1905]]
''Aedes aegypti'' yana da tsawon 4-to-7-millimetre (   in), [[sauro]] mai duhu wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar fararen alamomi a kan ƙafafunsa da kuma alama  nau'in Lyre a saman kirji. Mata sun fi maza girma. Microscopically mata suna da ƙananan palps da aka rufe da azurfa ko fararen sikelin, kuma antennae suna da gajeren gashi, yayin da na maza suna da fuka-fuki. ''Aedes aegypti'' za a iya rikitar da ''Aedes albopictus'' ba tare da gilashin girma ba: na ƙarshe suna da fararen layi a saman scutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;ufl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zettel |first=Catherine |last2=Kaufman |first2=Phillip |date=2022-06-17 |orig-date=Originally published February 2009 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' (Linnaeus) |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu |publisher=Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension |id=EENY-434}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Convert|4|to|7|mm|in|-long}}

Maza suna rayuwa daga 'ya'yan itace [1] kuma mace ce kawai ke cinye jini, wanda take buƙatar tsufa da ƙwai. Don samun mai karɓar bakuncin, tana janyo hankalin mahaɗan sunadarai da dabbobi masu shayarwa ke fitarwa, gami da ammoniya, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, da octenol.[2][3][4] Masana kimiyya a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) Hukumar Binciken Aikin Goma ta yi nazarin takamaiman tsarin sunadarai na octenol don fahimtar dalilin da ya sa wannan sinadarin ya jawo sauro ga mai masaukin sauro kuma ya gano cewa sauro yana da fifiko ga kwayoyin octenol &quot;hannuwa na dama&quot; (dextrorotatory).[5] Sha'awar cinye mutane ya dogara da bayyanar Mai karɓar ƙanshi AaegOr4. [6] Ana sa fararen ƙwai daban a cikin ruwa kuma nan da nan ya zama baƙi.[1] Magungunan da farko suna cin abinci a kan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, suna girma a cikin makonni ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin huɗu har sai sun kai matakin pupa.[7][1][8]

Rayuwar wani babba Ae. ''Aegypti'' makonni biyu zuwa hudu ne dangane da yanayi, &lt;ref name=&quot;ufl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zettel |first=Catherine |last2=Kaufman |first2=Phillip |date=2022-06-17 |orig-date=Originally published February 2009 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' (Linnaeus) |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN792 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu |publisher=Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension |id=EENY-434}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ƙwai na iya zama mai yiwuwa sama da shekara guda a cikin yanayin bushe, wanda ke ba da damar sauro ya sake fitowa bayan hunturu mai sanyi ko bushew''A.  &amp;nbsp;'' 

=== Masu masauki ===
Masu ba da gudummawa ga dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da dawakai na gida, da da Dawakai na daji da kuma dawakai gabaɗay''A.  &amp;nbsp;''&lt;ref name=&quot;Carpenter-et-al-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Simon |last2=Mellor |first2=Philip S. |last3=Fall |first3=Assane G. |last4=Garros |first4=Claire |last5=Venter |first5=Gert J. |date=2017-01-31 |title=African Horse Sickness Virus: History, Transmission, and Current Status |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=343–358 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035010 |issn=0066-4170 |pmid=28141961 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009 an gano tsuntsaye su ne mafi kyawun abinci ga Ae. aegypti tsakanin dukkan takardu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Takken-Verhulst-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Takken |first=Willem |last2=Verhulst |first2=Niels O. |date=2013-01-07 |title=Host Preferences of Blood-Feeding Mosquitoes |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=433–453 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153618 |issn=0066-4170 |pmid=23020619}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
[[Fayil:Aedes2016US.png|thumb|A. Aikin sauro ''A. Aegypti'' a Amurka, 2016]]
''Aedes''A. Aegypti&amp;nbsp;'''' ya samo asali ne a Afirka kuma ya bazu zuwa Sabon Duniya ta hanyar [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Laurence Mousson |last2=Catherine Dauga |last3=Thomas Garrigues |last4=Francis Schaffner |last5=Marie Vazeille |last6=Anna-Bella Failloux |date=August 2005 |title=Phylogeography of ''Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti'' (L.) and ''Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus'' (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variations |journal=[[Genetics Research]] |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1017/S0016672305007627 |pmid=16181519 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma yanzu ana samunsa a yankuna masu zafi, subtropical da temperate &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eisen |first=L. |last2=Moore |first2=C. G. |year=2013 |title=''Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti'' in the Continental United States: A Vector at the Cool Margin of Its Geographic Range |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=467–478 |doi=10.1603/ME12245 |pmid=23802440 |s2cid=16922806 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=M. Womack |year=1993 |title=The yellow fever mosquito, ''Aedes aegypti'' |journal=Wing Beats |volume=5 |issue=4 |page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; A. Rarrabawar aegypti ta karu a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata a duk duniya, kuma an dauke shi daga cikin nau'ikan sauro da suka fi yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2017 |title=''Aedes aegypti'' |url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/vectors/mosquitoes/Pages/aedes-aegypti.aspx |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, an gano yawan sauro masu iya Kwayar cutar Zika suna daidaitawa don ci gaba a yanayin zafi. An gano irin wannan yawan jama'a a wasu sassan [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], kuma shaidar kwayar halitta ta nuna cewa sun tsira aƙalla a cikin hunturu huɗu da suka gabata a yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken binciken ya lura, &quot;...wasu nau'in sauro suna neman hanyoyin tsira a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da mafaka na karkashin kasa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sarah Craig |last2=Brittany Collins |year=January 26, 2016 |title=Mosquitoes capable of carrying Zika virus found in Washington, D.C. |url=http://news.nd.edu/news/64004-mosquitos-capable-of-carrying-zika-virus-found-in-washington-dc/ |publisher=University of Notre Dame}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yanayin duniya ya zama mai dumi, kewayon ''Aedes aegypti'' da nau'in da suka fi ƙarfin da suka samo asali a Asiya, sauro na tiger ''Aedes albopictus'', wanda zai iya fadada kewayonsa zuwa yanayin da ya fi sanyi, zai yaduwa ba tare da jinkiri ba zuwa arewa da kudu. Sadie Ryan na Jami'ar Florida ita ce marubuciya a cikin binciken 2019 wanda ya kiyasta rashin lafiyar jama'a a yankunan da a halin yanzu ba su da nau'ikan kaya watau, don Zika a Tsohon Duniya. Mawallafin Ryan, Colin Carlson na Jami'ar Georgetown ya ce, &quot;Kaddamarwa da sauƙi, canjin yanayi zai kashe mutane da yawa. &quot;  Ya zuwa 2020, Gwamnatin Yankin Arewacin Australia da Majalisar Birnin Darwin sun ba da shawarar biranen wurare masu zafi su fara shirye-shiryen gyare-gyare don kawar da biranen su daga yiwuwar sauro da ke haifar da ruwan guguwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Warchot |first=Allan |last2=Whelan |first2=Peter |last3=Brown |first3=John |last4=Vincent |first4=Tony |last5=Carter |first5=Jane |last6=Kurucz |first6=Nina |date=2020 |title=The Removal of Subterranean Stormwater Drain Sumps as Mosquito Breeding Sites in Darwin, Australia |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed5010009 |pmc=7157592 |pmid=31936813 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa hanzarta birni da motsi na ɗan adam za su ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar sauro na Aedes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kraemer |first=Moritz U. G. |last2=Reiner |first2=Robert C. |last3=Brady |first3=Oliver J. |last4=Messina |first4=Jane P. |last5=Gilbert |first5=Marius |last6=Pigott |first6=David M. |last7=Yi |first7=Dingdong |last8=Johnson |first8=Kimberly |last9=Earl |first9=Lucas |last10=Marczak |first10=Laurie B. |last11=Shirude |first11=Shreya |last12=Davis Weaver |first12=Nicole |last13=Bisanzio |first13=Donal |last14=Perkins |first14=T. Alex |last15=Lai |first15=Shengjie |date=4 March 2019 |title=Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors ''Aedes aegypti'' and ''Aedes albopictus'' |journal=Nature Microbiology |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=854–863 |doi=10.1038/s41564-019-0376-y |pmc=6522366 |pmid=30833735}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A nahiyar Turai, ba a kafa ''Aedes aegypti'' ba amma an samo shi a yankunan da ke kusa da Turai kamar yankin Asiya na [[Turkiyya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeannin2022&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, an sami samfurin mace guda ɗaya a [[Marseille]] (Kudancin Faransa) a cikin 2018. Dangane da binciken kwayar halitta da kuma nazarin motsi na jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, ana iya gano asalin samfurin kamar yadda ya fito daga [[Kamaru]], a Afirka ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeannin2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeannin |first=Charles |last2=Perrin |first2=Yvon |last3=Cornelie |first3=Sylvie |last4=Gloria-Soria |first4=Andrea |last5=Gauchet |first5=Jean-Daniel |last6=Robert |first6=Vincent |year=2022 |title=An alien in Marseille: investigations on a single ''Aedes aegypti'' mosquito likely introduced by a merchant ship from tropical Africa to Europe |journal=Parasite |volume=29 |page=42 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2022043 |pmc=9479680 |pmid=36111976 |s2cid=252309456 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankin cututtuka ==
''Aedes aegypti'' wani abu ne don watsa cututtuka da yawa. A cewar Walter Reed Biosystematics Units tun daga 2022, &lt;ref name=&quot;wrbu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU) |date=2021 |title=Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) |url=https://www.wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/aegypti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311192234/https://wrbu.si.edu/vectorspecies/mosquitoes/aegypti |archive-date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.wrbu.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana da alaƙa da Kwayoyin cuta 54 masu zuwa da nau'ikan ''Plasmodium'' guda biyu:

Kwayar cutar Ainouleni (AinoV), kwayar cutar doki ta Afirka (AHSV), kwawar cutar Bozo (BOZOV), kwayoyin cutar Bussuquara (BSQV), Kwayar cutar Bunyamwera (BUNV), kwayin cutar Catu (CATUV), Kwayar cutar Chikungunya (CHPV), kwaya kwayar cutar Cypov (ba), kwayar halitta (VVVV), kwajinjinjinjin (V), kwafin cutar YV), kwayancijin (VV), Kwayar cutar YVVV (MMMM), kwayaryar cutar Yurophecep (V), (V), KwayaV), kwacincincincin (V), GV), kwaYV), kwa (V), YVV), (MMVVV).

Wannan sauro kuma yana yaduwar wasu Cututtukan dabbobi. A cikin 1952 Fenner et al., sun gano cewa yana watsa kwayar cutar myxoma tsakanin zomo &lt;ref name=&quot;Babiuk-et-al-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Babiuk |first=S. |last2=Bowden |first2=T. R. |last3=Boyle |first3=D. B. |last4=Wallace |first4=D. B. |last5=Kitching |first5=R. P. |year=2008 |title=Capripoxviruses: An Emerging Worldwide Threat to Sheep, Goats and Cattle |journal=[[Transboundary and Emerging Diseases]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=263–272 |doi=10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x |issn=1865-1674 |pmid=18774991 |s2cid=20602452 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cikin 2001 Chihota et al., kwayar cutar fata mai laushi tsakanin [[Saniya|shanu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tuppurainen-Oura-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tuppurainen |first=Eeva |last2=Oura |first2=Chris |year=2014 |title=Lumpy skin disease: an African cattle disease getting closer to the EU |journal=[[Veterinary Record]] |publisher=[[British Veterinary Association]] ([[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]) |volume=175 |issue=12 |pages=300–301 |doi=10.1136/vr.g5808 |issn=0042-4900 |pmid=25256729 |s2cid=10245575}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauro mai zazzabi na iya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar reticular cell sarcoma tsakanin Hamsters na Siriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;banfield1965&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Banfield |first=William G. |last2=Woke |first2=P. A. |last3=MacKay |first3=C. M. |last4=Cooper |first4=H. L. |date=28 May 1965 |title=Mosquito Transmission of a Reticulum Cell Sarcoma of Hamsters |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=148 |issue=3674 |pages=1239–1240 |bibcode=1965Sci...148.1239B |doi=10.1126/science.148.3674.1239 |pmid=14280009 |s2cid=12611674}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin rigakafin cinyewa ==
Shafin matafiyi na Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin cutar kan hana zazzabin dengue yana ba da shawarar amfani da abubuwan hana sauro waɗanda ke dauke da DEET (N, N-diethylmetatoluamide, 20% zuwa 30%). Ya kuma ba da shawarar:

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1872" sha1="37wre75t3m8fyqjpyuhq4ota8por6o0" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}Gidan sauro wani nau'i ne na labule ko tufa da aka lulluɓe da kewaye a kan gado ko wurin kwana don ba da kariya ga mai barci kariya daga cizo da cizo daga sauro,  kwari, da sauran kwari masu kwari, don haka a kan cututtukan da za su iya ɗauka. Misalan irin waɗannan cututtukan da za a iya karewa daga kwari sun haɗa da zazzabin cizon sauro, zazzabin dengue, zazzabin rawaya, cutar zika, cutar Chagas, da nau'o'in ciwon daji daban-daban, gami da cutar ta West Nile.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100304133031/http://www.mosquito-netting.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

Don zama mai tasiri, raga na sauro dole ne ya kasance mai kyau don cire irin waɗannan kwari ba tare da rufe ganuwa ko iska ba zuwa matakan da ba a yarda da su ba. Ya kamata a yi net ɗin da auduga mai tsayi ko zaren roba don ba da damar motsi na iska. Fararen net yana bawa mai amfani damar ganin sauro a bango. Netting tare da ramuka 285 a kowace murabba'in inci yana da kyau saboda yana da numfashi sosai amma zai hana ko da mafi ƙanƙanta sauro shiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.iamat.org/how-to-choose-a-good-mosquito-net |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424074341/https://www.iamat.org/how-to-choose-a-good-mosquito-net |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana yiwuwa a kara tasirin sauro sosai ta hanyar kula da shi da maganin kashe kwari ko mai hana kwari.

==Tarihi==
Ana amfani da netting na sauro galibi don kariya daga kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, Anopheles gambiae . Rubuce-rubucen farko na alamun cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ya faru tun daga farkon 2700 KZ daga China. Ba a gano kwayar cutar ba, musamman zazzabin cizon sauro na tsuntsaye, har zuwa 1897 lokacin da Sir Ronald Ross ya gano sauro a matsayin kwayar cutar zazzabin.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825508&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwalejin Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Wasanni</title>
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'''Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyyar Wasanni''' babbar cibiyar ilimi ce ta jama'a da ke cikin masarautar Bahrain. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, babbar kwaleji ce ta Jami'ar [[Bahrain]].

== Tarihi ==
Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Bahraini ce ta kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1976, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar [[Amurka]] ta Beirut da Jami'ar Illinois a [[Chicago]]. Cibiyar ta kasance mai motsawa na Bahrainization na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani umurni na sarauta daga Sarkin Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ya haifar da haɗuwa da kwalejin da ke da 'yanci a baya tare da Jami'ar [[Bahrain]] a matsayin kwalejin da aka tsara.
&lt;ref name=&quot;UoB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Bahrain - Health Science |url=http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=www.uob.edu.bh |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526091647/http://www.uob.edu.bh/en/index.php/colleges/college-of-health-sciences/183-health-science |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Darussan ==
Kwalejin tana ba da shirin digiri na BSc a fannin jinya, batutuwa shida na Allied Health: Tsabtace Dental, Fasahar Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya, Pharmacy, [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]], Radiography da Physiotherapy da ilimin jiki. A cikin 2018, kwalejin ta fara shirin MSc a cikin [[Ungozoma|Nursing]], da Physiotherapy . &lt;ref name=&quot;UoB&quot;/&gt;

== Cibiyar ==
Harabar kwalejin tana cikin unguwar Salmaniya, a [[Manama]], babban birnin [[Bahrain]]. Tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Salmaniya (SMC), tare da Jami'ar Arab Gulf da Asibitin Salmaniya.  Harabar ta ƙunshi ginin gudanarwa da harkokin ɗalibai, da kuma rukunin kula da marasa lafiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, kayan aikin sun haɗa da ginin bene uku wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshi da yawa, azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da ɗakin karatu na Ahmed al-Farsi. Hakanan yana da ɗakin taro na 'Al Ma'arif' wanda ke ba da wurin zama na azuzuwan musamman, bita, tarurruka, tarurruka da taruka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Location&quot; /&gt; An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta a shekarar 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;Location&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Murine typhus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309939448|Murine typhus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ciwon Murine Typhus''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''ciwon typhus na endemic''' ko kuma '''ciwon typhus na ƙuma''', wani nau'in [[Typhus|ciwon typhus]] ne da ''Rickettsia Typhi'' ke haifarwa wanda ƙuma ke yaɗawa ( ''Xenopsylla cheopis''), yawanci akan [[Ɓera|beraye]], sabanin [[Cutar typhus|ciwon typhus na annoba]] wanda yawanci ƙwarƙwara ke yaɗawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-13 |title=Flea-borne (murine) typhus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-13 |title=Epidemic typhus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/epidemic/index.html |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon Murine Typhus abu ne da ba a san shi sosai ba, domin sau da yawa ana rikitar da shi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ba su san cewa ƙuma ta cije su ba. A tarihi, kalmar &quot;yunwa-typhus&quot; an yi amfani da ita a cikin labaran da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi a Jamus a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] lokacin da suka bayyana yanayin da ake ciki a Jamus.

== Sunaye ==
Ana kuma san Murine Typhus da cutar typhus ta asali ko kuma ta ƙuma, wasu sunaye sun haɗa da shop, urban, Mexico, da bera typhus.

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
Alamomin suna bayyana bayan kwana 6-14, inda alamun suka fi bayyana kamar su [[Zazzaɓi|ciwon fata]], ciwon fata, [[sujada]], ciwon ciki, da kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali na suma . Marasa lafiya da ba a yi musu magani ba na iya kwanciya a gado na tsawon watanni 2-3, wasu kuma ba sa iya yin aiki. 

== Watsawa ==
''Rickettsia typhi'' shine sanadin kamuwa da cutar murine typhus, babban nau'in mai masaukin baki shine ''Rattus rattus'' da ''R. norvegicus'', inda ake yada cutar ta hanyar najasar ƙuma (yawanci ''Xenopsylla'' ). Kwayoyin cutar suna fitowa daga cikin najasar ƙuma, kuma idan aka yi karce ko aka tsince su a jikin ƙwayoyin cuta, suna shiga fata su fara kamuwa da cuta. Sauran beraye da beraye na peridomestic suna iya kamuwa da cutar. Haka kuma ana iya kamuwa da beraye daga ''[[Hoplopleura pacifica]]'', ''Polyplax spinulosa'', ''[[Laelaps echidnina]]'', ''Ornithonyssus bacoti'', da chiggers . 

''R. typhi'' ba ya kashe beraye kuma kawai yana haifar da [[Rickettsaemia|rickettsiaemia]] ( rickettsiae a cikin jini). Ƙwai suna cin beraye da suka kamu kuma suna kamuwa da rickettsiae da ke yaɗuwa zuwa [[Epthilelial cell|ƙwayoyin epthilelial]] na midgut kuma suna kwaikwayi a can, ƙwayoyin da suka kamu da cutar suna motsawa zuwa lumen na hanji kuma ana fitar da su da [[Kashi|najasa]] . Mafi yawan ƙwayoyin ƙuma sune ''Xenopsylla cheopis'' tare da wasu nau'ikan kamar ''[[Xenopsylla astia|X. astia]]'', ''[[Xenopsylla bantorum|X. bantorum]]'', ''X. brasiliensis'', ''Ctenocephalides felis'', ''Pulex irritans'', ''Leptopsylla segnis'', da ''Nosopsyllus fasciatus'' . An nuna cewa ''X. cheopis'' yana canja wurin ''R. typhi'' ta hanyar cizo a wuraren gwaji kuma an yi hasashen cewa watsawa daga najasa yana yiwuwa. Wasu arthropods kamar mites da chiggers na iya canja wurin ''R. typhi'' zuwa beraye amma ba sa canja wurin ƙwayoyin cuta ga mutane. 

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
Cutar Murine Typhus cuta ce da ake samu a duk faɗin duniya, banda Antarctica. Ana samun adadi mai yawa na masu cutar a Indonesia, China, Arewacin Afirka, Tsakiyar Amurka, da Thailand. A Amurka, yawancin masu cutar suna faruwa ne a [[Texas]], inda marasa gidaje a [[Houston]] ke da yawan kamuwa da cutar seropositivity . 

== Ganewar Ganewa ==
Ana yin ganewar cutar typhus ta murine a cikin mutane ta hanyar gwajin ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga ''R. typhi'' ko ware ''R. typhi'' daga samfurin jini ko nama. Ana iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen immunosorbent da aka haɗa da enzyme da gwajin polymerase chain reaction (PCR) wajen gano ƙuma da sauran dabbobi. 

== Hasashen ==
Nau'o'i daban-daban na ''R. typhi'' suna da nau'ikan kamuwa da cuta daban-daban, inda nau'ikan New World ke da mace-mace kusan kashi 2%, yayin da nau'ikan [[Tsohuwar Duniya|Old World]] ke da ƙimar mace-mace har zuwa kashi 70%. Duk da haka, sama da kashi 95% na waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba suna murmurewa, kodayake murmurewa na iya ɗaukar watanni 2-3. 

== Magani ==
Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi don magance cutar typhus ta murine, inda [[doxycycline]] da tetracycline suka zama ruwan dare. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ciwon Murine Typhus''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''ciwon typhus na endemic''' ko kuma '''ciwon typhus na ƙuma''', wani nau'in [[Typhus|ciwon typhus]] ne da ''Rickettsia Typhi'' ke haifarwa wanda ƙuma ke yaɗawa ( ''Xenopsylla cheopis''), yawanci akan [[Ɓera|beraye]], sabanin [[Cutar typhus|ciwon typhus na annoba]] wanda yawanci ƙwarƙwara ke yaɗawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-13 |title=Flea-borne (murine) typhus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/murine/index.html |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-13 |title=Epidemic typhus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/epidemic/index.html |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon Murine Typhus abu ne da ba a san shi sosai ba, domin sau da yawa ana rikitar da shi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ba su san cewa ƙuma ta cije su ba. A tarihi, kalmar &quot;yunwa-typhus&quot; an yi amfani da ita a cikin labaran da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi a Jamus a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] lokacin da suka bayyana yanayin da ake ciki a Jamus.

== Sunaye ==
Ana kuma san Murine Typhus da cutar typhus ta asali ko kuma ta ƙuma, wasu sunaye sun haɗa da shop, urban, Mexico, da bera typhus.

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
Alamomin suna bayyana bayan kwana 6-14, inda alamun suka fi bayyana kamar su [[Zazzaɓi|ciwon fata]], ciwon fata, [[sujada]], ciwon ciki, da kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali na suma . Marasa lafiya da ba a yi musu magani ba na iya kwanciya a gado na tsawon watanni 2-3, wasu kuma ba sa iya yin aiki. 

== Watsawa ==
''Rickettsia typhi'' shine sanadin kamuwa da cutar murine typhus, babban nau'in mai masaukin baki shine ''Rattus rattus'' da ''R. norvegicus'', inda ake yada cutar ta hanyar najasar ƙuma (yawanci ''Xenopsylla'' ). Kwayoyin cutar suna fitowa daga cikin najasar ƙuma, kuma idan aka yi karce ko aka tsince su a jikin ƙwayoyin cuta, suna shiga fata su fara kamuwa da cuta. Sauran beraye da beraye na peridomestic suna iya kamuwa da cutar. Haka kuma ana iya kamuwa da beraye daga ''[[Hoplopleura pacifica]]'', ''Polyplax spinulosa'', ''[[Laelaps echidnina]]'', ''Ornithonyssus bacoti'', da chiggers . 

''R. typhi'' ba ya kashe beraye kuma kawai yana haifar da [[Rickettsaemia|rickettsiaemia]] ( rickettsiae a cikin jini). Ƙwai suna cin beraye da suka kamu kuma suna kamuwa da rickettsiae da ke yaɗuwa zuwa [[Epthilelial cell|ƙwayoyin epthilelial]] na midgut kuma suna kwaikwayi a can, ƙwayoyin da suka kamu da cutar suna motsawa zuwa lumen na hanji kuma ana fitar da su da [[Kashi|najasa]] . Mafi yawan ƙwayoyin ƙuma sune ''Xenopsylla cheopis'' tare da wasu nau'ikan kamar ''[[Xenopsylla astia|X. astia]]'', ''[[Xenopsylla bantorum|X. bantorum]]'', ''X. brasiliensis'', ''Ctenocephalides felis'', ''Pulex irritans'', ''Leptopsylla segnis'', da ''Nosopsyllus fasciatus'' . An nuna cewa ''X. cheopis'' yana canja wurin ''R. typhi'' ta hanyar cizo a wuraren gwaji kuma an yi hasashen cewa watsawa daga najasa yana yiwuwa. Wasu arthropods kamar mites da chiggers na iya canja wurin ''R. typhi'' zuwa beraye amma ba sa canja wurin ƙwayoyin cuta ga mutane. 

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
Cutar Murine Typhus cuta ce da ake samu a duk faɗin duniya, banda Antarctica. Ana samun adadi mai yawa na masu cutar a Indonesia, China, Arewacin Afirka, Tsakiyar Amurka, da Thailand. A Amurka, yawancin masu cutar suna faruwa ne a [[Texas]], inda marasa gidaje a [[Houston]] ke da yawan kamuwa da cutar seropositivity . 

== Ganewar Ganewa ==
Ana yin ganewar cutar typhus ta murine a cikin mutane ta hanyar gwajin ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga ''R. typhi'' ko ware ''R. typhi'' daga samfurin jini ko nama. Ana iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen immunosorbent da aka haɗa da enzyme da gwajin polymerase chain reaction (PCR) wajen gano ƙuma da sauran dabbobi. 

== Hasashen ==
Nau'o'i daban-daban na ''R. typhi'' suna da nau'ikan kamuwa da cuta daban-daban, inda nau'ikan New World ke da mace-mace kusan kashi 2%, yayin da nau'ikan [[Tsohuwar Duniya|Old World]] ke da ƙimar mace-mace har zuwa kashi 70%. Duk da haka, sama da kashi 95% na waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba suna murmurewa, kodayake murmurewa na iya ɗaukar watanni 2-3. 

== Magani ==
Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi don magance cutar typhus ta murine, inda [[doxycycline]] da tetracycline suka zama ruwan dare. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Amoebic meningoencephalitis na farko</title>
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Primary amoebic Meningoencephalitis ('''PAM'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''naegleriasis''', kusan kamuwa ne mai haɗari na [[kwakwalwa]] ta hanyar protozoan mai rai ''Naegleria fowleri''. Alamomin sun haɗa da [[ciwon kai]], [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], ƙishirwa, [[amai]], wuyan wuyan wuyansa mai tsayi, rikicewa, hallucinations da convulsions.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Illness &amp; Symptoms {{!}} ''Naegleria fowleri'' {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/illness.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511072754/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/illness.html |archive-date=11 May 2020 |access-date=13 April 2017 |website=cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin suna ci gaba da sauri a cikin kwanaki biyar tare da halaye na [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]] da encephalitis; zama nau'in meningoencephalitis. Mutuwa yawanci tana haifar da mako daya zuwa biyu na farkon bayyanar.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov-2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Naegleria fowleri''—Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)—General Information |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/general.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728050630/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/general.html |archive-date=28 July 2018 |access-date=2014-05-26 |publisher=The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana samun N. fowleri a cikin ruwa mai dumi, kamar tafkuna, tabkuna, koguna da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Ana samunsa a cikin amoeboid, mataki na wucin gadi na flagellate ko microbial cyst a cikin ƙasa, wadatar Ruwa mai kyau, masu dumama ruwa, kusa da fitar da ruwa mai dumi na tsire-tsire na masana'antu da kuma cikin tafkunan da ba su da chlorinated ko unchlorinated. Babu wata shaida game da cewa yana rayuwa a cikin ruwan gishiri. Kamar yadda cutar ba ta da yawa, sau da yawa ba a la'akari da ita yayin ganewar asali.

Kodayake kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa da wuya,&lt;ref name=&quot;mw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Naegleria fowleri''—Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)—General Information |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/general.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728050630/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/general.html |archive-date=28 July 2018 |access-date=2014-05-26 |publisher=The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; kusan ba za a iya gujewa ba yana haifar da mutuwa, tare da yawan mace-mace na 95-98%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mortality rate&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Güémez |first=Andrea |last2=García |first2=Elisa |date=6 September 2021 |title=Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: Pathogenesis and Treatments |journal=Biomolecules |language=Spanish |location=Huixquilucan, Mexico |publisher=Faculty of Health Sciences, Anáhuac University Mexico North Campus |volume=11 |issue=9 |page=1320 |doi=10.3390/biom11091320 |pmc=8469197 |pmid=34572533 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Ruqaiyyah |last2=Khan |first2=Naveed Ahmed |date=14 August 2014 |title=Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Caused by Naegleria fowleri: An Old Enemy Presenting New Challenges |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |language=en |location=Karachi, Pakistan |publisher=Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University |volume=8 |issue=8 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003017 |pmc=4133175 |pmid=25121759 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Farawar alamun yana farawa daga kwana daya zuwa goma sha biyu bayan bayyanar (tare da matsakaicin biyar). Alamomin farko sun haɗa da canje-canje a dandano da ƙanshi, [[ciwon kai]], [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], ƙishirwa, [[amai]], ciwon baya, da kuma wuyan wuyan wuyansa. Alamomin sakandare kuma suna kama da meningitis ciki har da rikicewa, hallucinations, rashin kulawa, ataxia, ƙuƙwalwa da fashewa. Bayan farawar alamun, cutar tana ci gaba da sauri, tare da mutuwa yawanci tana faruwa a ko'ina daga kwana ɗaya zuwa goma sha takwas bayan haka (tare da matsakaicin biyar),  kodayake yana iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=Illness and Symptoms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/illness.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511072754/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/illness.html |archive-date=11 May 2020 |access-date=28 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2013, wani mutum a Taiwan ya mutu kwanaki 25 bayan ya kamu da cutar ta Naegleria fowleri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Su MY, Lee MS, etal |date=Apr 2013 |title=A fatal case of ''Naegleria fowleri'' meningoencephalitis in Taiwan |journal=Korean J Parasitol |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=203–6 |doi=10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.203 |pmc=3662064 |pmid=23710088}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana shafar yara masu lafiya ko matasa waɗanda kwanan nan aka fallasa su ga jikin ruwa mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;MMWR2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |year=2008 |title=Primary amebic meningoencephalitis – Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5721a1.htm |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=57 |issue=21 |pages=573–7 |pmid=18509301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402060714/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5721a1.htm |archive-date=2 April 2020 |access-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa ƙananan shekarun suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar saboda matasa suna da farantin cribriform da ba su da ƙwarewa, wanda amoeba ke tafiya don isa kwakwalwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adolescent infection&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alanazi |first=Awadh |last2=Younas |first2=Sonia |last3=Ejaz |first3=Hasan |last4=Alruwaili |first4=Muharib |last5=Alruwaili |first5=Yasir |last6=Mazhari |first6=Bi Bi Zainab |last7=Atif |first7=Muhammad |last8=Junaid |first8=Kashaf |date=April 2025 |title=Advancing the understanding of Naegleria fowleri: Global epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis, and strategies to combat a deadly pathogen |journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health |publisher=[[Elsevier]] Inc. |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102690 |issn=1876-0341 |pmid=39913985 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
[[Fayil:Naegleria_fowleri_1040x454.jpg|thumb|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
''N. fowleri'' ya mamaye tsarin juyayi na tsakiya ta hanyar hanci, musamman ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin hanci. Wannan yawanci yana faruwa ne sakamakon gabatar da ruwa wanda aka gurɓata da ''N. fowleri'' a cikin hanci yayin ayyukan kamar yin iyo, wanka ko ban Ruwa a hanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Safe Ritual Nasal Rinsing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Safe Ritual Nasal Rinsing |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pdf/naegleria-ritual-ablution-factsheet.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618181911/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pdf/naegleria-ritual-ablution-factsheet.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2019 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amoeba yana bin jijiyoyin jijiyoyin ƙanshi ta hanyar farantin cribriform na ƙashin ethmoid zuwa cikin kwanyar. A can, yana ƙaura zuwa ga kwararan ƙanshi kuma daga baya wasu yankuna na kwakwalwa, inda yake cin abinci a kan ƙwayoyin jijiya. Kwayar halitta sai ta fara cinye ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa, a hankali ta hanyar trogocytosis, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gilmartin |first=Allissia A. |last2=Petri, Jr |first2=William A. |year=2018 |title=Exploring the mechanism of amebic trogocytosis: the role of amebic lysosomes |journal=Microbial Cell |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.15698/mic2018.01.606 |issn=2311-2638 |pmc=5772035 |pmid=29354646}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta hanyar ''amoebostome'', na'urar shan ruwa ta musamman mai wadataccen actin da aka shimfiɗa daga farfajiyar tantanin halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cytopathogenicity&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marciano-Cabral |first=F |last2=John |first2=DT |year=1983 |title=Cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri for rat neuroblastoma cell cultures: scanning electron microscopy study |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=1214–7 |doi=10.1128/IAI.40.3.1214-1217.1983 |pmc=348179 |pmid=6852919}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya zama pathogenic, yana haifar da meningoencephalitis na amoebic na farko (PAM ko PAME). &lt;ref name=&quot;Pathology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=U. Rojo |first=Juan |last2=Rajendran |first2=Rajkumar |last3=H. Salazar |first3=Jose |date=5 September 2023 |title=Laboratory Diagnosis of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis |journal=Laboratory Medicine |publisher=[[Oxford Academic]] |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=e124–e132 |doi=10.1093/labmed/lmac158 |pmid=36638160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis yana nuna alamun da suka yi kama da na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cutar meningitis. Bayan farawar cutar kwatsam, alamun bayyanar cututtuka sun taso. Endogenous cytokines, wanda aka saki don mayar da martani ga pathogens, yana shafar neurons masu sarrafa thermoregulatory na hypothalamus, yana haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Montgomery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Montgomery |first=Katherine |date=22 October 2012 |title=Meningitis |url=http://www.pathophys.org/meningitis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193046/http://www.pathophys.org/meningitis/ |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=McMaster Pathophysiology Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, cytokines na iya aiki a kan kwayar jijiyoyi na lamina terminalis, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka prostaglandin E2 wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga hyperthermia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=Edward James |last2=Hanna-Jumma |first2=Sameer |last3=Carraretto |first3=Mike |last4=Forni |first4=Lui |date=14 July 2016 |title=The pathophysiological basis and consequences of fever |journal=Critical Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=200 |doi=10.1186/s13054-016-1375-5 |issn=1364-8535 |pmc=4944485 |pmid=27411542 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, sakin cytokines, exotoxins da aka saki ta hanyar pathogens, da karuwar matsin lamba na intracranial suna motsa nociceptors a cikin meninges &lt;ref name=&quot;Montgomery&quot; /&gt; wanda ke haifar da jin zafi.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Breede</title>
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'''Kogin Breede''' ( Afrikaans   ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Kogin Breë''', kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Kogin yana tafiya arewa daga birnin [[Cape Town]], yana tafiya zuwa yamma zuwa gabas. Duwatsun yammacin da ke kewaye sun zama rabuwar nahiyar farko da Turawa [[Turai|suka]] samu a ƙarni na 18. Kogin Witel da Kogin Dwars sun zama Kogin Breë.

== Tushen ==
Yankin farko na kogin yana cikin tsaunukan Skurweberg kusa da Ceres. Ruwan kai yana gudana ta Hanyar Michell's Pass na zamani kafin ya bayyana a tsakiyarta a yankin Worcester.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breede River Valley |url=https://www.places.co.za/html/breedevalley.html |website=www.places.co.za |access-date=2026-06-16 |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413032623/https://www.places.co.za/html/breedevalley.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana cikin wani bakin teku a Witsand a kan [[Tekun Indiya]].

== Haraji ==
A kan hanyarsa ta hanyar Kogin Breede, kogin Holsloot da Smalblaar sun haɗu da shi, daga yankunan da suka taru, tsaunukan Du Toitskloof da Stettyn. Kogin Hex tare da yankin da ke cikin Dutsen Hex River kuma ya haɗu da Kogin Breede daga arewa maso gabas. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa Kogin Slang da [[Kogin Buffeljags]] suna zubar da gangaren kudancin tsaunukan Langeberg kafin su ajiye ruwan su a cikin Kogin Breede. Kusa da [[Swellendam]] kogin ya haɗu da Riviersonderend, tare da yankin da ke cikin duwatsu da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwan Theewaterskloof kusa da Villiersdorp.

== Dams a kan kogi ==
Babban madatsar ruwan Brandvlei, wanda aka kammala a 1936 kuma an kara shi sosai a 1987, yana ba da ruwa ga tsarin ban ruwa daban-daban a duk faɗin aikin gona na yankin.  (wanda aka fi sani da madatsar ruwan Brandvlei da madatsarar ruwan Kwaggaskloof [bayani da ake buƙata]. A cikin yankin da aka karɓa akwai wasu madatsun ruwa: 

* Stettynskloof Dam a kan Kogin Holsloot na Kogin Breede .
* Rashin ruwa na Zwiegelaars
* Dam din Theewaterskloof duka biyu a kan [[Kogin Sonderend|Kogin Riviersonderend]]
* Dam din Elandskloof a kan [[Elands River (Western Cape)|Kogin Elands]] wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Sonderend|Kogin Riviersonderend]] .
* Dam din Moordkuil a kan Kogin Hooks wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .
* Keerom Dam a kan Kogin Nuy wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .
* Dam din Klipberg a kan Kogin Konings kanta mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Keisers, mai ba da kogi ga Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Pietersfontein a kan Kogin Pietersfonstein wani yanki ne na [[Kogmanskloof River|Kogin Kogmanskloof]], kuma wani yanki ne ya Kogin Breede.
* Dam din Poortjieskloof a kan [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|Kogin Groot]] kuma yana gudana cikin Kogin Kogmanskloof
* Dam din Buffeljags a kan [[Kogin Buffeljags]] wani yanki ne na Kogin Breede .

== Ayyuka ==
Kogin Breede sanannen wuri ne don yawon shakatawa na kogi. Ruwa mai gudana a hankali da rashin aladu, hippos da sauro sun sa wannan ya zama sanannen wurin karshen mako. Masu yawon shakatawa da yawa sun kaddamar da kimanin kilomita 20 a kudancin [[Swellendam]] a cikin jiragen ruwa masu fashewa guda biyu. Kogin yana iya tafiya kusan kilomita 28, daga bakin Witsand.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Sau da yawa, sharks na bijimi suna shiga bakin teku kuma suna zaune a cikin ruwan Kogin Breede, bayan an rubuta su kusan kilomita 5 a kan kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wavescape |first=Spike at |title=Bizarre Bull Shark Record |url=https://www.wavescape.co.za/environment/sharks/bizarre-bull-shark-record.html |website=www.wavescape.co.za |access-date=2026-06-16 |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817142318/https://www.wavescape.co.za/environment/sharks/bizarre-bull-shark-record.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan sharks an nuna su a karo na biyu na jerin River Monsters . Kamar yadda binciken Jeremy Wade ya nuna, sharks na Breede River sun fi matsakaici girma saboda al'adarsu ta musamman ta sata kifin masunta, yana ba su damar ciyarwa da samun nauyi ba tare da kashe makamashi ba. Wannan da kuma yanayin lafiya na yanayin halittu na kogin ya haifar da rikodin kaɗan ko babu hare-haren shark a kan mutane a yankin.&amp;nbsp;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;165&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Alvi's_Drift_low-water_bridge_across_the_Breede_River.jpg|Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River
Fayil:Breede_River_PA020053.JPG|Breede from Bontebok Park
Fayil:Handbetriebene_Fähre_P1020854.JPG|Cable ferry at Malgas
Fayil:PA020092_Breede_River_vor_Langeberg_Mountains.JPG|Breede with Langeberg backdrop
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Hanyar Skurweberg

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kikuletwa Hot Springs</title>
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'''Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa Masu Zafi na Kikuletwa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Maji Moto''' ( ''Maji Moto ya Kikuletwa'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) &lt;ref name=&quot;GTRT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hochstein |first=M.P. |last2=Temu |first2=E.P. |last3=Moshy |first3=C.M.A. |date=2000 |title=Geothermal Resources of Tanzania |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2000/R0580.PDF |journal=Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 2000, Kyushu–Tohuku, Japan |pages=1233–1238 |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216122729/https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2000/R0580.PDF |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma '''Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa Masu Zafi na Chemka''', wani yanki ne na yanayi mai zafi wanda ke cikin gundumar Masama Rundugai ta gundumar Hai a yankin Kilimanjaro na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Kikuletwa (Chemka) Hotsprings Tour - An Unexpected Paradise to visit |url=https://www.kiwoitoafricasafaris.com/destinations/chemka-hot-spring/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Kiwoito Africa Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''Chemka'' yana nufin &quot;tafasa&quot; a Swahili, yana nufin bayyanar yadda ruwan ke fitowa daga ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Chemka Hotsprings in Tanzania - Hotsprings in Tanzania |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/chemka-hotsprings-in-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Tanzania Safaris}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Chemka Hot Springs Moshi, Tanzania |url=https://bornparkadventures.com/chemka-hot-springs-moshi-tanzania/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Born Park Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu zafi suna da nisan kimanin kilomita 40 daga garin Moshi, wanda shine ƙofar zuwa [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]] a wani ƙauye mai suna Chemka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; Ruwan ruwan zafi yana kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kikuletwa]] kuma daga ƙarshe ya isa [[Rafin pangani|Kogin Pangani.]]

A tarihi, mutanen Chagga shafin a matsayin mai tsarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;/&gt;

Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi suna cikin yanayi mai kyau da kwanciyar hankali, kewaye da itatuwan dabino da sauran ciyayi na wurare masu zafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot;/&gt; Ruwa yana da haske kuma zafin jiki yana kusa da 27 ° C (81 ° F), yana da kyau don yin iyo da shakatawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris 20142&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-01-12 |title=Chemka Hotspring – Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris |url=https://kilimanjaroandbeyond.com/chemka-hotspring/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Kilimanjaro and Beyond Tours &amp; Safaris |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408154841/https://kilimanjaroandbeyond.com/chemka-hotspring/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai iya zama mai zurfi kamar mita 6 zuwa 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kiwoito Africa Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;/&gt;

Kikuletwa Hot Springs sanannen wuri ne ga masu yawon bude ido da mazauna yankin, waɗanda suka zo don jin daɗin kyawawan dabi'u da kwanciyar hankali na wurin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UnitedRepublicofTanzania.com 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Chemka Hot Springs -Location, Booking, Experience &amp; More |url=https://unitedrepublicoftanzania.com/economy-of-tanzania/tourism-in-tanzania/things-to-do-in-tanzania/chemka-hot-springs-location-booking-experience-kikuletwa-entrance-fee-campsite-moshi-day-trip-arusha-to-history-of-how-to-get-to/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=UnitedRepublicofTanzania.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, yankin sanannen wuri ne don kallon tsuntsaye, saboda akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa da ke zaune a cikin [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] da wuraren da ke kewaye da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofland Expeditions 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=Kikuletwa Hotsprings |url=https://www.hofland-expeditions.com/tanzania/kikuletwa-hot-springs/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Hofland Expeditions |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601083326/https://www.hofland-expeditions.com/tanzania/kikuletwa-hot-springs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cat fish  da Red garra, waɗanda ke cin fatar matattu daga ƙafafun baƙi, ana iya samun su a cikin ruwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Hofland Expeditions 2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pilar |date=2022-05-07 |title=CHEMKA (KIKULETWA) HOT SPRINGS, TANZANIA - GUIDE |url=https://traveltheworldpages.com/chemka-hot-springs-kikuletwa/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=TravelTheWorldPages |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adventures 2019&quot;/&gt;

== Samun dama ==
Baƙi na iya isa Kikuletwa Hot Springs ta mota, kuma akwai masu ba da yawon shakatawa da yawa waɗanda ke ba da jagora ga yawon shakata zuwa yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Journey Era 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=CHEMKA HOT SPRINGS (KIKULETWA) IN TANZANIA |url=https://www.journeyera.com/kikuletwa-hot-springs-chemka/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Journey Era}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana yiwuwa a sami damar Tuk Tuk daga garin Boma Ng'ombe da ke kusa da shi  Ruwan ruwa mai zafi suna buɗewa duk shekara, kuma wani lokacin akwai karamin kuɗin shiga don samun damar shafin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maps &amp; Merlot 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Kikuletwa Hot Springs (Chemka) in Moshi, Tanzania: 14+ Things to Know Before You Go |url=https://www.mapsandmerlot.com/kikuletwa-hot-springs-tanzania-chemka/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Maps &amp; Merlot}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani shagon abin tunawa da gidan cin abinci da mashaya suna kusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun sansani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanzania Safaris 2022&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
Jerin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Eiseb</title>
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'''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani [[Kogin ƙasasshe|kogin ƙasasshe]] ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko [[omuramba]] a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa [[Dendun Okavango]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasShaw1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IWRMEisebEpukiro&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobson1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MEFTInventory2015&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jografi ==
Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasShaw1991&quot; /&gt; A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Strohbach2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;IWRMEisebEpukiro&quot; /&gt;

Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin [[Mazabar Otjombinde]] ta Yankin Omaheke.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewEra2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin Omuramba ==
Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobson1995&quot; /&gt;

Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobson1995&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Strohbach2008&quot; /&gt;

A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).&lt;ref name=&quot;MEFTInventory2015&quot; /&gt;

== Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro ==
Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IWRMEisebEpukiro&quot; /&gt;

Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobson1995&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Simmonds2000&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026 |archive-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608141550/https://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CORBWA2013&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa ==
Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simmonds2000&quot; /&gt;

Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simmonds2000&quot; /&gt; Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simmonds2000&quot; /&gt;

Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simmonds2000&quot; /&gt;

== Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa ==
Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEFTInventory2015&quot; /&gt; Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobson1995&quot; /&gt;

A cikin Dazuzzukan Arewacin Kalahari na Namibiya, ayyukan noma da kiwon dabbobi sune muhimman hanyoyin amfanin ƙasa. Ruwan sha galibi ana hako shi ne daga madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) kuma ana amfani da shi don amfanin gida, amfanin gona, dabbobi da namun daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEFTInventory2015&quot; /&gt; Don haka, Eiseb da omiramba da ke da alaƙa da shi suna kafa ɓangare na tushen albarkatun ruwa na gida don matsugunan karkara da hanyoyin rayuwar makiyaya a gabashin Namibiya.

== Gudanar da Ruwa ==
Gudanar da ruwa a kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana samuwa ne sakamakon bushewar kwanon-ruwan, gudanar ruwan saman na lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogaro ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tsarin tsara albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya yana ɗaukar Eiseb-Epukiro a matsayin kwanon-ruwa daban don manufofin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IWRMEisebEpukiro&quot; /&gt;

Takardun tsara aikin noma da albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya na baya-bayan nan sun gano kwanon-ruwa da yawa, gami da Eiseb-Epukiro, a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba ko kuma ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Waɗannan damuwa suna da alaƙa da faffadan buƙatar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai dorewa, da tsara ƙasa da ruwa mai jure yanayi a yankunan busassun Namibiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AgriFoodStrategy2024&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nafsan.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Final_MAWLR-STAS-Document-2024-web-quality.pdf |title=Strategy for the Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector 2025/26–2030/31 |year=2024 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alaƙa da tsarin Okavango ==
Eiseb yana cikin rukunin rafuka na lokaci-lokaci da tsofaffin layukan magudanar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Dendun Okavango da Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari. Dendun Okavango wani tsarin dausayi ne na cikin gida (endorheic) a arewacin Botswana, kusa da inda ruwan da ke shiga dendun yake ɓacewa galibi ta hanyar tururi (evapotranspiration) da shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya guda zuwa teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;CORBWA2013&quot; /&gt;

Ba kamar Kogin Cubango-Okavango na dindindin ba, Eiseb yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin ne a matsayin layin magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci na Kalahari. Don haka, an fi fahimtarsa azaman hanyar kogin lokaci-lokaci ko tsohon kogi a cikin faffadan yanayin magudanar ruwa na Okavango-Kalahari maimakon azaman reshen kogi mai gudana dare da rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasShaw1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Strohbach2008&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Omuramba]]
* [[Hamada Kalahari]]
* [[Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari]]
* [[Dendun Okavango]]
* [[Rukunin kogunan Namibiya]]
* [[Rukunin kogunan Botswana]]
* [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Namibiya]]

== Nassoshi ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kogunan Afirka]]
[[Category:Kogunan Afirka ta ƙasa]]
[[Category:Kogunan Namibiya]]</text>
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    <title>Kula da lafiya a Pakistan</title>
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Tsarin bayar da [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] na [[Pakistan]] yana da sarkakiya, domin ya haɗa da tsarin kula da lafiya na gwamnatocin tarayya, gwamnatocin larduna, da kuma [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu . &lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kurji |first=Zohra |date=2016 |title=Analysis of the Health Care System of Pakistan: Lessons Learnt and Way Forward |journal=Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=601–604 |pmid=28712245}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Javed |first=Saad Ahmed |last2=Liu |first2=Sifeng |last3=Mahmoudi |first3=Amin |last4=Nawaz |first4=Muhammad |date=2018-08-30 |title=Patients' satisfaction and public and private sectors' health care service quality in Pakistan: Application of grey decision analysis approaches |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=e168–e182 |doi=10.1002/hpm.2629 |issn=0749-6753 |pmid=30160783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da kulawar lafiya ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da suka shafi cututtuka. Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya daban-daban da ke da alhakin wannan sun haɗa da: sassan kiwon lafiya na larduna da gundumomi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, cibiyoyin tsaro na zamantakewa, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Akbari |first=Ather |date=Summer 2009 |title=Demand for Public Health Care in Pakistan. |journal=The Pakistan Development Review |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |doi=10.30541/v48i2pp.141-153 |jstor=41260917 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangaren kiwon lafiya na ƙasar kuma yana da alaƙa da bambancin birane da karkara a fannin kula da lafiya da rashin daidaito a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, tare da rashin isassun manajojin lafiya, ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan jinya da ƙwararrun masu kula da haihuwa a yankunan da ke kewaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:123&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Akram |first=Muhammad |date=2007 |title=Health Care Services and Government Spending in Pakistan |journal=Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad |pages=1–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategies and Briefs |url=https://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_pak_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213111536/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_pak_en.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimlar kuɗin shigar ƙasar Pakistan ga kowane mutum a shekarar 2021 ya kai dala 1,506. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GDP |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=PK}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kasafin kuɗin kiwon lafiya, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe ga kowane mutum a fannin kiwon lafiya a shekarar 2021 ya kai biliyan 28.3 kacal, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 1.4% na GDP na ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Pakistan |url=https://www.who.int/countries/pak/en/ |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kula da lafiya a Pakistan ya ƙunshi sassa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki, kiwon lafiya babban alhakin gwamnatin lardi ne, sai dai a yankunan da gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanarwa. A al'ada, gwamnatocin tarayya da larduna ne ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya tare da gundumomi waɗanda galibi ke da alhakin aiwatarwa. Ana tsara ayyukan ta hanyar ayyukan rigakafi, haɓakawa, warkarwa da gyaran fuska. Ana ba da ayyukan warkarwa da gyaran fuska galibi a cibiyoyin kula da tsofaffi da na sakandare. A gefe guda kuma, ayyukan rigakafi da haɓakawa galibi ana bayar da su ta hanyar shirye-shirye daban-daban na ƙasa; da kuma hulɗar ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma da al'ummomi ta hanyar cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na farko da ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a. Jihar tana ba da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar tsarin kula da lafiya mai matakai uku da kuma hanyoyin magance matsalolin lafiyar jama'a. Wasu ƙungiyoyi na gwamnati/ƙasa da gwamnati kamar sojoji, Sui Gas, WAPDA, Railways, Fauji Foundation, Ma'aikatan Tsaron Jama'a da NUST suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga ma'aikatansu da waɗanda ke dogara da su ta hanyar tsarinsu, duk da haka, waɗannan duka suna rufe kusan kashi 10% na yawan jama'a. Sashen kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, masu harhada magunguna, masu warkar da gargajiya, masu sayar da magunguna, da kuma masu fasaha a dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu shaguna da kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa a fannin aiki.

Duk da ƙaruwar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, [[ƙaruwar yawan jama'a]] a Pakistan ya haifar da buƙatar kula da lafiya ba tare da an biya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Babar |date=2015 |title=Private Sector in Health Care Delivery: A Reality and Challenge in Pakistan |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=496–498 |pmid=26411151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar jama'a waɗanda ke magance matsalolin lafiya masu mahimmanci galibi suna cikin manyan birane da birane ne kawai. Saboda rashin waɗannan cibiyoyi da kuma kuɗin da ke tattare da sufuri, talakawa da ke zaune a yankunan karkara da na nesa suna yawan tuntuɓar likitoci masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:123&quot; /&gt; Bincike ya nuna cewa tsarin kula da lafiyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Pakistan yana yin fiye da tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a dangane da ingancin sabis da gamsuwar marasa lafiya, inda kashi 70% na yawan jama'a ke samun hidima daga ɓangaren kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's healthcare system {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/01/08/pakistans-healthcare-system/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200613/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/01/08/pakistans-healthcare-system/ |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=archive.pakistantoday.com.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashen kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu yana aiki ta hanyar tsarin biyan kuɗi na asibitoci marasa tsari, likitocin likita, likitocin homeopathic, hakeems, da sauran masu warkarwa na ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot; /&gt; A yankunan birane, akwai wasu haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu don samar da lasisi ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma ba da gudummawa ga isar da sabis gabaɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:73&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Babar |date=2005 |title=Health Seeking Behaviour and Health Service Utilization in Pakistan: Challenging the Policy Makers. |journal=Journal of Public Health |volume=27 |pages=49–54 |doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdh207 |pmid=15590705 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai hanyoyi kaɗan da ake da su don daidaita inganci, ƙa'idodi, yarjejeniyoyi, ɗabi'a, ko farashi a cikin ɓangaren kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a ayyukan kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot; /&gt;

Duk da cewa ma'aikatan jinya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kiwon lafiya na kowace ƙasa, Pakistan tana da ma'aikatan jinya 105,950 kacal don kula da yawan jama'a miliyan 241.49, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Population |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Press%20Release.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya bar ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya kamar yadda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta kiyasta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-23 |title=Pakistan needs 'a million more nurses' |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2039989/pakistan-needs-million-nurses |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda binciken tattalin arziki na Pakistan (2020–21) ya nuna, ƙasar tana kashe kashi 1.2% na GDP akan kiwon lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=Health expenditure: 1.2pc of GDP against WHO-recommended 5pc |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/847694-health-expenditure-1-2pc-of-gdp-against-who-recommended-5pc |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya yi ƙasa da kuɗin kula da lafiya da WHO ta ba da shawara wato kashi 5% na GDP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=How Much Should Countries Spend on Health? |url=https://www.who.int/health_financing/en/how_much_should_dp_03_2.pdf |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kula da cutar kansa ==
Bayanin cutar kansa game da Pakistan  Kimanin mace ɗaya cikin kowace mata 9 'yan Pakistan za ta iya kamuwa da cutar kansar mama, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar a Asiya. 

Manyan cibiyoyin cutar kansa a Pakistan sun haɗa da Asibitin tunawa da Ciwon daji na Shaukat Khanum da ke Karachi, Lahore da Peshawar, Asibitin Jami'ar Aga Khan da ke Karachi da Cibiyar Cututtukan Jini ta Ƙasa (NIBD) da ke Karachi. Asibitin Shifa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa da ke Islamabad, Cibiyar Magungunan Nukiliya da Radiotherapy, Gujranwala, Multan, Quetta da Faisalabad.

== Kiba ==
Kiba a Pakistan matsala ce ta lafiya da ta shafi damuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Birane da rashin abinci mai gina jiki (yawan mai da mai a cikin girkin Pakistan ), da kuma canjin salon rayuwa, suna daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da [[kiba]] a ƙasar. A cewar jerin &quot;ƙasashe mafi kiba&quot; a duniya da aka buga a ''Forbes'', [[Pakistan]] tana matsayi na 99 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Obesity |url=http://www.worldobesity.org/rankings/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (daga cikin ƙasashe 194) dangane da yawan mutanen da ke da kiba, tare da kashi 22.2% na mutanen da suka haura shekaru 15 suna ketare iyakar kiba. Wannan rabon ya yi daidai da wasu bincike, wanda ya nuna cewa ɗaya cikin huɗu daga cikin manya 'yan Pakistan suna da kiba. A cewar takardar bincike da aka buga a PubMed, a Pakistan, kashi 25% na mutane ko dai suna da kiba ko kuma suna da kiba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Asif |first=Muhammad |last2=Aslam |first2=Muhammad |last3=Altaf |first3=Saima |last4=Atif |first4=Saima |last5=Majid |first5=Abdul |date=2020-03-30 |title=Prevalence and Sociodemographic Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Pakistani Adults |journal=Journal of Obesity &amp; Metabolic Syndrome |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.7570/jomes19039 |issn=2508-7576 |pmc=7118000 |pmid=32045513}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga kididdigar 2016 ta WHO, kashi 3.3% na maza da kashi 6.4% na mata a Pakistan suna fama da kiba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=World Health Organization – Diabetes country profiles |url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/pak_en.pdf |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke zaune a manyan birane a Pakistan sun fi fuskantar barazanar kiba idan aka kwatanta da na karkara. Mata kuma suna da yawan kiba idan aka kwatanta da maza. Pakistan kuma tana da mafi yawan kaso na mutanen da ke fama da [[ciwon suga]] a Kudancin Asiya .

A cewar wani bincike, kitse ya fi hatsari ga 'yan Kudancin Asiya fiye da na Caucasians saboda kitsen yana manne wa gabobin jiki kamar hanta maimakon fata. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Rashin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki ==
[[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin lafiyar jama'a a Pakistan, musamman a tsakanin yara . A cewar [[UNICEF]], kusan rabin yara suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na tsawon lokaci.  Binciken ƙasa ya nuna cewa tsawon kusan shekaru talatin, ƙimar [[Girman da ya ragu|rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da kuma ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani ga yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyar ya kasance ba ya nan, a kashi 45 cikin ɗari da kuma kashi 16 cikin ɗari, bi da bi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-07-07 |title=Pakistan {{!}} Hunger Relief in Asia {{!}} Action Against Hunger |url=http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/asia/pakistan |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=actionagainsthunger.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, a matakin ƙasa kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na waɗannan yaran ba su da nauyi... kuma kusan kashi 9 cikin ɗari [suna shafar] ɓarna &quot;, cututtuka inda tsokoki da kitse ke lalacewa sakamakon rashin abinci mai gina jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nutrition country profiles: Pakistan summary |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/pak_en.stm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409232737/http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/pak_en.stm |archive-date=2020-04-09 |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, kusan kashi 42 cikin ɗari na mata a Pakistan a shekarun haihuwa suna fama [[Rashin jini|da rashin]] abinci mai gina jiki kamar yadda aka yi a cikin Binciken Abinci na Ƙasa-2018,  tare da ɗan ƙaramin kashi a ƙauyuka fiye da yankunan birane. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki yawanci yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarancin ƙarfe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=Malnutrition in Pakistan severest in region: report |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/29240-malnutrition-in-%20pakistan-severest-in-region-report |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=thenews.com.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban abin da ke ƙara wa wannan batu muhimmanci shi ne rashin isasshen abinci; Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa kusan ɗaya cikin biyu na 'yan Pakistan na fuskantar barazanar rashin isasshen abinci.  Wannan kuma za a iya danganta shi da saurin karuwar birane da kuma ƙaura mai yawa da Babban Raba Tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ya haifar, da kuma matsalolin da suka shafi ababen more rayuwa da gwamnati, da kuma wasu dalilai.

Misali, gurɓatar hanyoyin ruwa yana shafar ruwa da tsaron abinci, kuma a tsawon lokaci yana taimakawa wajen rage kiba da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ke haifarwa, asarar su ta hanyar gudawa, [[Kashin jini|gudawa]], da sauran cututtukan da suka samo asali daga ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Azizullah |first=Azizullah |last2=Khattak |first2=Muhammad Nasir Khan |last3=Richter |first3=Peter |last4=Häder |first4=Donat-Peter |year=2011 |title=Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health — A review |journal=Environment International |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=479–497 |bibcode=2011EnInt..37..479A |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007 |pmid=21087795}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu ƙuntatawa ga shiga tsakani da taimako sun faru ne saboda ƙuntatawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka yi nazari a kansu kan wannan takamaiman batu. A cewar darektan shirin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki a Jami'ar Dow ta Kimiyyar Lafiya (DUHS) ta Pakistan, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar abinci mai gina jiki da abinci mai gina jiki ta Pakistan (PNDS), Dr. Safdar, &quot;an buga takardu 99 kawai na binciken abinci mai gina jiki a Pakistan tsakanin 1965 da 2003&quot;. 

== Shan taba ==
Shan taba a Pakistan halal ne, amma a wasu yanayi an haramta ta. Idan aka ƙididdige ta kowace rana, an sha taba miliyan 177 a kowace rana a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 14-14. A cewar binciken lafiyar alƙaluma na Pakistan, kashi 46 cikin 100 na maza da kashi 5.7 cikin 100 na mata suna shan taba. Wannan dabi'a galibi ana samunta ne a tsakanin matasan Pakistan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Rashid |last2=Rizwan-ur-Rashid |first2=null |last3=McDonald |first3=Paul W. |last4=Ahmed |first4=S. Wajid |date=November 2008 |title=Prevalence of cigarette smoking among young adults in Pakistan |journal=The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=597–601 |issn=0030-9982 |pmid=19024129}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma manoma, kuma ana kyautata zaton ita ce ke haifar da matsaloli daban-daban na lafiya da mace-mace a ƙasar. Shan taba yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya da yawa a cikin masu shan taba. Pakistan ita ce ƙasar da ta fi shan taba a Kudancin Asiya . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ==
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ƙaru sosai a Pakistan. Yawancin miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka haramta sun fito ne daga maƙwabciyar [[Afghanistan]] . A cewar kiyasin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, mutane miliyan 8.9 a ƙasar suna shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wiwi ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi. Yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka yi ta allurar riga-kafi ya karu sosai a Pakistan, wanda hakan ya haifar da fargabar barkewar cutar HIV.

Duk da cewa karuwar matsalar ta kasance abin tsoro,  martanin gwamnati bai yi yawa ba a mafi kyawun lokaci. Shirye-shirye kaɗan ne ke aiki a ƙasar don taimakawa masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma fasa-kwauri da kuma samuwar magungunan a ƙasar ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa.

Rundunar Yaƙi da Miyagun Kwayoyi ita ce hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin magance safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma amfani da su a cikin Pakistan. Matsalar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ke ƙaruwa a Pakistan abin damuwa ne,  tare da karuwar yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ake samarwa a cikin gida da kuma waɗanda ake shigowa da su daga ƙasashen waje. Wannan yanayi mai tayar da hankali za a iya danganta shi da haɗakar abubuwa daban-daban na zamantakewa, al'adu, da tattalin arziki. Domin hana ƙaruwar wannan matsala, ya zama dole.  don aiwatar da matakan kariya da nufin magance tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan da kuma dakile ci gaba da yaduwar shan miyagun kwayoyi a cikin al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-04 |title=Drug Abuse: Unstated Challenge to the Progress of Pakistan |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/850262/drug-abuse-unstated-challenge-to-the-progress-of-pakistan/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kashe kai ==
Adadin kashe kai a Pakistan ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya. Adadin kashe kai a duniya na shekarar 2015 ya kai 9.5 cikin mutane 100,000 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a shekarar 2008, 11.6). Kashe kai ya kai kusan kashi 0.9% na dukkan mace-macen.

Adadin mace-macen Pakistan, kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya bayar, shine 7.28 ga kowace mutum 1000 a shekarar 2016 (mafi ƙarancin adadin a tsakanin 2006-2018). A shekarar 2015, adadin mace-macen da aka samu a Pakistan ya kai kimanin mace-mace 1.4 ga kowace mace 100,000, wato kashi ɗaya bisa bakwai na matsakaicin duniya. Hakazalika, kashe kai ya kai kusan kashi 1.2% ne kawai na dukkan mace-macen.

== Ciwon daji ==
A cikin ƙasashen Asiya, Pakistan tana da mafi yawan adadin cutar kansar [[Sankaran Nono|nono]] da [[Ciwon Daji Na Mahaifa|ta mahaifa]] . Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa maye gurbin BRCA ( BRCA1 da BRCA2 ) yana haifar da babban kaso na ciwon nono/kwayar mahaifa da kuma kamuwa da cutar kansar [[Sankaran Nono|nono]] da [[Ciwon Daji Na Mahaifa|ta mahaifa]] tun da wuri a Pakistan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rashid MU, Zaidi A, Torres D, Sultan F, Benner A, Naqvi B, Shakoori AR, Seidel-Renkert A, Farooq H, Narod S, Amin A, Hamann U |year=2006 |title=Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Pakistani breast and ovarian cancer patients |journal=Int J Cancer |volume=119 |issue=12 |pages=2832–9 |doi=10.1002/ijc.22269 |pmid=16998791 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sankaran Nono|Ciwon nono]] shine ciwon daji mafi yawa a Pakistan saboda bincike daban-daban ya nuna yana kashe kusan mata 40,000 kowace shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-03 |title=Pakistan tops deaths from breast cancer in Asia |url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Oct-2018/pakistan-tops-deaths-from-breast-cancer-in-asia |access-date=2019-07-02 |website=The Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar WHO, yawan ciwon nono yana ƙaruwa kuma baya ceton ko da ƙananan yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Pakistan has highest incidence of breast cancer in Asia |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1140264}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lafiyar Haihuwa da Haƙƙoƙinta ==

=== Gabatarwa ===
Ana wulakanta [[Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa|lafiyar haihuwa]] ta hanyar al'adun zamantakewa har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin da suka fi rashin ci gaba a [[Health system in Pakistan|tsarin kiwon lafiya a Pakistan]] . A cewar Asusun Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, rashin samun damar yin amfani da lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa yana hana mata 'yancin yin muhimman zaɓɓuka game da jikinsu da makomarsu, kuma yana shafar jin daɗin iyali. Rashin lafiyar haihuwa ga [[Samartaka|matasa]] yana haifar da haihuwa da iyaye tun suna ƙanana, matsalolin ciki, mutuwar mata da nakasa. A cewar wani bincike na [[Population Council, Pakistan|Majalisar Yawan Jama'a, Pakistan]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamran |first=Iram |last2=Niazi |first2=Rehan |last3=Khan |first3=Kiren |last4=Abbas |first4=Faisal |date=1 January 2019 |title=Situation analysis of reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan |url=https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/1019/ |journal=Reproductive Health |page=1 |doi=10.31899/rh11.1025 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; matasa da matasa a Pakistan suna cikin haɗarin fuskantar mummunan lafiyar haihuwa, wanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga matasa da matasa, da kuma ga al'umma baki ɗaya.

=== Sanin Lafiyar Haihuwa da Haƙƙoƙinta ===
[[Pakistan]] ba ta da shirye-shiryen koyar da lafiyar haihuwa na musamman da aka yi niyya ga matasa. Yara maza da mata sun fi sanin hakkokinsu a matsayin matasa amma ba su da masaniya sosai game da [[Reproductive Health Rights|'yancinsu na Lafiyar Haihuwa]] . Matasa da matasa suna fuskantar cikas wajen samun ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa kamar buƙatar wani dattijon dangi ya raka su. Ƙarin yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu na ƙasar yana hana tattaunawa game da lafiyar haihuwa, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a samar da ilimin jima'i da wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i]] . A cewar sabon [https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR354/FR354.pdf binciken Pakistan na 2017–18,] adadin matasa maza da mata da suka yi aure waɗanda suka ji labarin HIV/AIDS ko kuma suna da cikakken ilimi game da shi ya yi ƙasa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun fi mai da hankali kan magani maimakon hanyar rigakafi.

=== Lafiyar Iyaye Mata Masu Matasa da 'Ya'yansu ===
Idan aka kwatanta da iyaye mata da suka tsufa, uwaye matasa a [[Pakistan]] sun fi fuskantar rashin isasshen jini sau uku kuma suna da ƙarancin ma'aunin nauyin jikinsu kafin su yi juna biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mubeen |first=Kiran |last2=Baig |first2=Marina |date=2016 |title=Adolescent Pregnancies: The case of Pakistan |url=https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&amp;context=jam |journal=Journal of Asian Midwives |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=71}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon haka, jarirai da suka haifa sun fi fuskantar haɗarin [[Preterm Birth|haihuwa kafin su haihu]] da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa kuma suna da haɗarin mutuwa a jarirai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Rina |last2=Wynter |first2=Karen |last3=Fisher |first3=Jane |date=1 September 2015 |title=Factors associated with pregnancy among adolescents in low-income and lower middle-income countries: a systematic review |url=https://jech.bmj.com/content/69/9/918.short |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |language=en |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=918–924 |doi=10.1136/jech-2014-205128 |issn=0143-005X |pmid=26034047 |s2cid=28168041 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana samun rukunin kula da yara masu fama da rashin lafiya a manyan birane ne kawai inda &quot;kudin kulawa mai tsanani yake da yawa kuma araha ne kawai ga ƙungiyoyin masu matsakaicin kuɗi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;PMC_4366912&quot; /&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, babu wani bayani game da yaran Pakistan masu fama da rashin lafiya a PICU. &lt;ref name=&quot;PMC_4366912&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Naveed-ur-Rehman |last2=Ashraf |first2=Zohaib |last3=Jurair |first3=Humaira |last4=Haque |first4=Anwarul |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Mortality patterns among critically ill children in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a developing country |journal=Indian J Crit Care Med |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=147–150 |doi=10.4103/0972-5229.152756 |issn=0972-5229 |oclc=5831007146 |pmc=4366912 |pmid=25810609 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin Iyali ===
Duk da cewa amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa da sauran hanyoyin hana haihuwa na zamani yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma har yanzu [[Pakistan]] tana da yawan haihuwa. Ilimin Tsarin Iyali yana ƙaruwa akai-akai tare da shekaru, daga kusan kashi 91 cikin 100 na mata a cikin ƙungiyar shekaru 15 zuwa 19 zuwa kusan kashi 99 cikin 100 tsakanin mata 'yan shekara 25 zuwa 29. Amma matakin ilimi ya bambanta sosai a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar inda Balochistan da Sindh ke da mafi ƙarancin kaso na mata masu ilimin [[Contraceptive methods|hanyoyin hana haihuwa]], kuma abin mamaki a [[Federally administered tribal areas|yankunan ƙabilu da gwamnatin tarayya ke kula da su,]] yawan mata ya fi na Punjab da [[Islamabad]] sanin aƙalla hanyar hana haihuwa ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamran |first=Iram |last2=Niazi |first2=Rehan |last3=Khan |first3=Kiren |last4=Abbas |first4=Faisal |date=1 January 2019 |title=Situation analysis of reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan |url=https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/1019/ |journal=Reproductive Health |page=15 |doi=10.31899/rh11.1025 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lafiyar Kwakwalwa ==

=== Gabatarwa ===
Ana yin watsi da [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] a Pakistan, inda kashi 10-16% na al'umma, sama da miliyan 14, ke fama da [[Psychological or psychiatric illness|rashin lafiya]] mai sauƙi ko matsakaici. Alkaluman ba su haɗa da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ba su taɓa ganin likitan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ba kuma waɗanda suka musanta buƙatar tuntuɓar masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam saboda kyamar zamantakewa a Pakistan, irin waɗannan mutanen suna nufin shugabannin addinai na addini. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bashir |first=Aliya |date=June 1, 2018 |title=The state of mental health care in Pakistan |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30191-3/fulltext |journal=The Lancet. Psychologist |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=471 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30191-3 |pmid=29857845 |s2cid=46921627 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>bv98um1nejtbo599a8t4a0zqdhvnplb</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>4-Hexylresorcinol</title>
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    <id>158456</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T20:18:14Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Maryam Bello Shafi'i</username>
        <id>40381</id>
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{{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=443857623|IUPAC_name=4-hexylbenzene-1,3-diol|image=4-Hexylresorcinol.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|image2=4-Hexylresorcinol-3D-balls.png|image_class2=bg-transparent

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=S.T.37, Crystoids&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hexylresorcinol |url=https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=136-77-6 |website=NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69 |publisher=NIST |access-date=19 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|hexylresorcinol}}|pregnancy_category=|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|metabolism=|excretion=&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=136-77-6|ATC_prefix=R02|ATC_suffix=AA12|PubChem=3610|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=21106121|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=R9QTB5E82N|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D04441|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=443605

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=12|H=18|O=2|melting_point=68|melting_high=69|boiling_point=333|boiling_high=335|smiles=Oc1cc(O)ccc1CCCCCC|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C12H18O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-10-7-8-11(13)9-12(10)14/h7-9,13-14H,2-6H2,1H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=WFJIVOKAWHGMBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;4-Hexylresorcinol&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;4-Hexylresorcinol&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:4-Hexylresorcinol.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:4-Hexylresorcinol-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|frameless]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan asibiti
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |S.T.37, Crystoids &lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;238&quot;&gt;[https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=136-77-6 &quot;Hexylresorcinol&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;239&quot;&gt;''NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69''. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;240&quot;&gt;NIST&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;241&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 April&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/hexylresorcinol.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* R02AA12 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R02AA12 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayyanawa
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sunan IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;4-hexylbenzene-1,3-diol&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Lambar CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=136-77-6 136-77-6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3610 3610]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.21106121.html 21106121]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/R9QTB5E82N R9QTB5E82N]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D04441 D04441]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL443605 ChEMBL443605]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1020699 DTXSID1020699][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229969#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.780 100.004.780][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229969#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;194.274&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Oc1cc%28O%29ccc1CCCCCC Hoton hulɗa]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Matsayi na narkewa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |68 zuwa 69 °C (154 zuwa 156 °F) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Matsayi na tafasa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |333 zuwa 335 °C (631 zuwa 635 °F) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rashin kunya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Oc1cc (O) ccc1CCCC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C12H18O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-10-7-8-11 (13) 9-12 (10) 14/h7-9,13-14H,2-6H2,1H3 &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Maɓalli:WFJIVOKAWHGMBH-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=443857623&amp;page2=4-Hexylresorcinol  (Gaskiya)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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'''4-Hexylresorcinol''' wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da kayan maganin rigakafi, antiseptic, da kuma kayan anthelmintic.

A matsayin maganin antiseptic, ana tallata shi a matsayin '''S.T.37''' ta Numark Laboratories, Inc. (a cikin 0.1% bayani) don sauƙaƙe ciwon baki kuma a matsayin maganin anteseptic na yau da kullun. Yana samuwa don amfani da shi a kan ƙananan cututtukan fata ko kuma a matsayin sinadarin a cikin lozenges na makogwaro. 

A matsayin anthelmintic, an sayar da 4-hexylresorcinol a ƙarƙashin alamar Crystoids . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anthelmintic Crystoids |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_212530 |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=National Museum of American History |format=Object in collection |id=ID number 1985.0481.142}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sytheon Ltd., Amurka kasuwannin 4-hexylresorcinol (kasuwanci mai suna Synovea HR). 

Johnson &amp;amp;amp; Johnson suna amfani da 4-hexylresorcinol a cikin samfuran Neutrogena, Aveeno, da RoC a matsayin maganin tsufa. 4-Hexylresorcinol an yi amfani da shi a kasuwanci ta kamfanoni da yawa na kayan shafawa da kulawa, kamar Mary Kay, Clarins, [[Unilever]], Murad, Facetheory, Arbonne, da ƙananan kamfanoni da manyan kamfanoni. 

Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Binciken Kimiyya a cikin Toxicology [1] ya nuna cewa 4-hexylresorcinol da aka yi amfani da shi azaman ƙari na abinci (E-586) yana nuna wasu ayyukan estrogenic, watau yayi kama da aikin hormone estrogen na mace. Duk da haka, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka buga a Kimiyyar Kimiyya [2] ya nuna cewa 4-hexylresorcinol bai canza maganganun estrogen receptor-α, -β, ko p-ERK1 / 2 a cikin kwayoyin MCF-7 ba. A cikin samfurin dabbar ovariectomized, ƙungiyar 4HR ta nuna irin matakan ERα, ERβ, da prolactin a cikin glandar pituitary idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kawai mai ƙarfi, yayin da ƙungiyar estradiol ta nuna matakan girma. Matakan prolactin na jini sun kasance iri ɗaya tsakanin 4HR da ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi kawai.[2]

A cikin wani binciken, 4-hexylresorcinol ya kara rayuwar shrimp ta hanyar rage melanosis (black spots). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Montero P |year=2006 |title=Effectiveness of Onboard Application of 4-Hexylresorcinol in Inhibiting Melanosis in Shrimp (''[[Parapenaeus longirostris]]'') |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=69 |pages=C643–C647 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb09913.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin beraye tare da ciwon daji, 4-hexylresorcinol ya hana NF-κB kuma ya kara yawan rayuwarsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim SG, Lee SW, Park YW, Jeong JH, Choi JY |date=December 2011 |title=4-hexylresorcinol inhibits NF-κB phosphorylation and has a synergistic effect with cisplatin in KB cells |journal=Oncology Reports |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1527–32 |doi=10.3892/or.2011.1436 |pmid=21874263 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kogin Luphephe</title>
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'''Kogin Luphephe''' yana gudana daga yankin Guyuni, arewacin Thohoyandou, don haɗuwa da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi da wurin shakatawa na Nwanedi, ya samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe. Nan da nan kogin Nwanedi ya ci gaba da kwararowa sama da iyakar ajiyar yanayi biyo bayan wata hanya mai kakkausar murya a kan filin Limpopo inda a karshe ya hadu ya malala cikin kogin Limpopo. Kogin Luphehe da magudanan ruwa suna ba da ruwa ga noma, namun daji, da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Kogin Limpopo. An sami wasu ƴan sauye-sauye a wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na Nwanedi a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Saboda haka, yankunan karkara sun zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don wuraren yawon buɗe ido, kama daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa, ga kaɗan kaɗan. An gano manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da na Nwanedi suna da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli da hankali. Don haka ya zama mahimmanci don kare manyan magudanar ruwa zuwa yanayi na halitta ko mai kyau.

== Fage ==

=== Farkon ɓangaren kogin ===
Kogin Luphephe babban kogin Nwanedi ne na kowace shekara a cikin karamar hukumar Musina, gundumar Vhembe a lardin Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Asalinsa yana cikin yankin Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi kimanin kilomita 10 kafin ya shiga kogin Nwanedi a yankinsa na sama. Za a iya raba yankin babban magudanar ruwan kogin Luphephe zuwa yankin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da Ruwan Ruwa zuwa ƙoramar tsaunuka waɗanda ke cikin ko'ina cikin wannan kogin.

Yankin tushen ya fara ne a tsayin mita 976 kuma tsayinsa kusan kilomita daya ne. Yankin Ruwan Ruwa zuwa Dutsen torrent yana gudana tsakanin mita 915 zuwa 610 sama da matakin teku akan jerin ƙananan faɗuwa da sauri. Ƙarƙashin kogin gabaɗaya yana da yanayin dutse da ya ƙunshi duwatsu, duwatsu da manyan duwatsu. Ana samun facin yashi lokaci-lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:10&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Angliss 2007:13&lt;/ref&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

=== Tsakiyar ɓangaren kogin ===
A cikin 1964, bisa buƙatar hukumar ban ruwa ta Nwanedi, Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta gina dam na Luphephe da Nwanedi, ɗaya akan kowane kogin Luphephe da Nwanedi,&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:3&lt;/ref&gt; don manufar ban ruwa. Katangar madatsar Luphephe tana da tsayin mita 39 tare da karfin mita 14 800 000. Katangar madatsar ruwa ta Nwanedi tana da tsayin mita 36 tare da karfin mita 5 310 000. An yi shelar tagwayen madatsun ruwa da yankinsu na hekta 9000 a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi a cikin 1979.&lt;ref&gt;Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. ''African Zoology'', 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asali dai ruwan rafin Luphephe ya hade da Nwanedi a gindin bangon dam din na yanzu amma tare da gina madatsun ruwa a kogunan biyu, matsayin ya canza kadan domin a yanzu akwai magudanar ruwa mai zurfin mita 2.5 da ke hade da ruwa biyu kimanin mita 100 daga bangon su.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da ƙofofin ƙofofi a tsaye a cikin madatsun ruwa biyu don kula da matakan ruwa, da sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa iri ɗaya. Kimanin mita 500 daga ƙarƙashin mashigar madatsar ruwan Nwanedi/Luphephe akwai wata ƙaramar gadar siminti a kwance wadda ta haye kogin,&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:17&lt;/ref&gt; daga kuma zuwa Ƙofar Shiga Gumela. Wani lokaci yakan yi ambaliya da yashi a saman gada.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007:14&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bangare na karshe na kogin ===
Kogin yana ci gaba zuwa wata hanya ta arewa a fadin Filin Limpopo. Filin Limpopo shi ne inda basin ya buɗe a wajen wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da magudanar kunkuntar kwari ta ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, yawanci tare da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi da rafi da ke ratsa cikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007: 14&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana tafiya zuwa Cross Dam (Al'ummar Muswodi Tshisimani tana kiran Cross-dam a matsayin Gondoza)&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙananan wurare. An gina dam din Cross ne domin samar da ruwan sha na noman noma da kiwo da kiwo da kiwo da kuma yankunan karkara makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan a cikin kwarin Cross Dam inda magudanar ruwa ke da fadin fadin mita 3 zuwa 6, akwai wata gada da hanyar Tshipise/Pafuri tar ta ratsa kogin Nwanedi.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss, MK et.al. 2007. A biomonitoring survey of the Nwanedi River catchment, Limpopo Province. P.13- 14. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freshwaterbiodiversity.org/uploaded/documents/Angliss_M.K._2007.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin yana tafiya har sai ya shiga kogin Limpopo a wani wuri mai nisan kilomita goma arewa da Malaladrift,&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:8&lt;/ref&gt; a kan iyakar [[Zimbabwe]] a tsayin mita 340. Kogin ya ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Limpopo kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin magudanan ruwa na kwata tare da babban yanki na 1136 km2 da Babban Ma'anar Gudun Gudun Hijira na shekara-shekara na 24.5 10 (6)M3. Madatsun ruwan Nwanedi – Luphephe su ne kawai manyan madatsun ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu da ke cikin ruwa.[13]

== Muhimmancin tattalin arziki/muhalli ==

=== Noma da sana’o’in hannu ===
Noma ya ƙunshi noman amfanin gona da kiwo, kiwo, da gandun daji don abinci da kayayyakin abinci. Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da kogin suna amfani da kogin Luphephe don wanke tufafi, ban ruwa da kuma kula da dabbobi,[14] da sauransu. A kan babban ɓangaren kogin Luphephe an yanke tasho mai gangarewa a cikin ƙasan ƙasa inda aka ba da koramamar ruwa don tsoma dabbobi. An ƙera tsoma a matsayin wata ƴar ƴar ƙaramar hanya wadda dabbobin ke tafiya ta cikinta, suna nutsar da su cikin ruwa mai zurfi har sai dabbar ta nutse gaba ɗaya. An gina tashar a cikin 1927 akan ƙasar Tshikotoni. Al'ummomin Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni da Tshitandani sun kasance suna tsoma dabbobinsu a wurin kowane mako biyu tun daga karfe bakwai har zuwa 'yan shekaru bayan fara mulkin dimokradiyya a 1994.

An kuma yi amfani da tashar furrow don ban ruwa daga manoman amfanin gona a bankunanta a cikin ƙasar Tshikotoni. Manyan manoman su ne dangin Mukwevho, dangin Dzuguda, dangin Phupheli, dangin Nekhumbe, dangin Chauke, dangin Nethononda, dangin Mufamadi, dangin Ndou dza Manenzhe, dangin Luranga da dangin Langanda (an san filinsu da Galauvhe). Bugu da kari, kogin Luphephe ya samar da ruwa ga manoman amfanin gona a gabar tekun Helula 2. An yi noman amfanin gona irin su sugar, masara, dankalin turawa, wake, mangwaro da ayaba a can shekaru masu yawa. Kabilar Mathukha/Marubini, dangin Phupheli (ana kiran filinsu Makhothoni), dangin Madumi, dangin Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, dangin Netshishangane, dangin Manenzhe da dangin Mukwevho sun kasance manyan manoma a ƙasar Helula 2. Kabilar Mukwevho da dangin Manenzhe su ma suna fitar da wake zuwa kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa idan sun tattara girbi mai kyau a cikin 1980s.

Rayuwa ta ƙunshi iyawa don samun abubuwan buƙatu don biyan bukatun kansu da na gidansu. Mata da 'yan mata a Tshikotoni, Helula 2 da Gumela sun yi amfani da kogin Luphephe wajen diban ruwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida. Sun kuma wanke barguna da tufafinsu a kogin Luphephe tsawon shekaru. Maza da yara maza sun yi amfani da kogin don kama kifi don rayuwa da kuma yin iyo.

=== Shirin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi ===
Lokacin da basin ya buɗe a wajen ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da gangaren ƴan ƴan kwari na ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, kogin yana samar da ruwan sha don noman amfanin gona da wuraren gandun daji a ƙauyen Folovhodwe. An kafa gidan gandun daji na Folovhodwe a shekara ta 1986 don yin kiwo samfurin mangwaro da citrus don bunkasa Venda na lokacin, arewacin Soutpansberg, da fitar da tsire-tsire marasa cututtuka zuwa kasashe makwabta.[15]. Ruwan ruwan ya kuma samar da ruwan noman hannun jari da noman noma a kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi (An kafa kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi bayan neman filaye na sake rarrabawa da mayarwa). Al'ummomin sun hada da Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, da Tshiphale. Yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi wanda ke arewacin tsaunin Soutpansberg, kimanin kilomita 40 arewa-gabas da Tshipise a gundumar Vhembe na lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

Shirin noman noman na Nwanedi ya kunshi kananan manoma kusan 300 wadanda suke noman kayan lambu masu ban ruwa galibi [[tumatir]]. Manoma kai tsaye suna ɗibar ruwan ban ruwa daga kogin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ban ruwa [16]. Ruwan ban ruwa yana haɗuwa da tanadin ruwa da yawan amfanin ƙasa yawanci yana ƙaruwa aƙalla da kashi 50 cikin 100 na yadda ruwa ke amfani da shi, yawan amfanin ruwa a kowace raka'a, kuma ya sa ya zama jagorar fasaha a cikin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a duniya na inganta noman amfanin gona ta fuskar ƙarancin ruwa.[17] Yawancin membobin wannan shirin suna samar da kusan tan 100 na tumatir a kowace hector ko murabba'in 1000 (m21000). Yawancin manoma suna da hactor tsakanin 10 zuwa 100 kuma suna samar da galibi don siyarwa.[18]

Akwai kalubalen karancin ruwa kamar sharar ruwa ta hanyar ban ruwa da zubewar bututu; yanayin zafi mai yawa wanda ke haifar da ƙawancen ruwa daga kogin da ƙanƙara daga amfanin gona; gasar ruwa tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da gida da ke haifar da rikice-rikice da rashin rarraba ruwa kamar yadda manoman da ke kasan jelar kogin suke samun ruwa kadan ko kuma ba sa samun ruwa a lokacin da kogin ya ragu.[19] Matsakaicin jimlar shekara [[evapotranspiration]] shine mm 1400. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta daga matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata kuma mafi ƙarancin digiri na 33.52 da 21.30 Celsius na Fabrairu zuwa 25.6 da 8.6 digiri Celsius na Yuli bi da bi.[20] Koyaya, Tsarin ban ruwa na Nwanedi ya nuna hanyoyin jurewa matakin noma ciki har da ƙara ruwan kogi tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse kasancewar salin ƙasa ba matsala bane; ban ruwa da dare lokacin da evaporation da evapotranspiration ya ragu; rage yankin noma don saduwa da karfin samar da ruwan kogi; noman amfanin gona masu jure fari don rage yawan amfani da ruwa a lokacin zafi[21].

=== Muhimmancin Muhalli ===
Sakamakon binciken na 2007 ya nuna, manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da kogin Nwanedi ana ɗaukar su suna da Mahimman Muhimmancin Muhalli da Hankali (EIS), yayin da ƙasa da Dam ɗin Nwanedzi Dam/Luphephe EIS yana da matsakaici. Mafi yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa babban yanki na babban magudanar ruwa yana faɗowa a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, yayin da yake cikin Filin Limpopo, yana wucewa ta wuraren ajiyar yanayi mai zaman kansa ko gonakin wasa.[22] Idan aka yi la’akari da tasirin da direbobin da ke cikin wannan magudanar ruwa sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru da yawa, ana tunanin da wuya matsayin magudanar ruwan zai canja sosai nan gaba.[23]

EIS alama ce ta matakin kariya da ya kamata kogin ya samu. Babban ma'ana ya kamata a kiyaye shi zuwa yanayi mai kyau ko kuma maras kyau, ma'ana yana da ƙarancin kiyayewa ko kuma an riga an yi tasiri kuma ana iya ƙara amfani da albarkatun[24].

=== Yawon shakatawa ===
Ecotourism wani yanki ne na balaguron mai da hankali kan yanayi wanda ke ƙarfafa jin daɗin waje tare da tallafawa kare muhalli da kiyayewa.[25] Agritourism wani nau'i ne na kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda ke haɗa aikin noma da / ko sarrafawa tare da yawon shakatawa don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa gona, ranch, ko wasu kasuwancin noma don dalilai na nishadi ko ilmantar da baƙi yayin samar da kudin shiga ga gona, ranch, ko mai kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen yawon buɗe ido-noma na al'ummar Nwanedi da sauran filayen noma na ruwan sama, kasuwanci ne na ƙauye.[26] Binciken ya nuna cewa karamar hukumar ta Musina tana amfana da samun tarin wuraren yawon bude ido. Sun hada da wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa, Sagole Big Tree Nature Reserve da Big Tree Accommodation Lodge.[27] Wuraren da aka zaɓa (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise da Zwigodini) suma suna kusa da wuraren da aka karewa, kamar Luphephe/Nwanedi Dams[28]

Wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wuraren shakatawa an sami ƴan canje-canje a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin yankin.[29] Dangane da haka, yankunan karkara sun fi dacewa da wuraren yawon bude ido, tun daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa da sauransu. Koyaya, hanyoyin da ke kusa da kauyukan Folovhodwe da Gumela suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don haɓaka wadatar yawon buɗe ido a cikin masana'antar gida da wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa.[30] Lokacin da 'yan yawon bude ido suka zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin Disamba 2002 don ganin abubuwan da suka faru na kusufin rana a Afirka ta Kudu, [31] wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, kuma wurin shakatawa yana daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin hasken rana a gundumar Musina a gundumar Vhembe, Lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

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'''Ilimi na tsara''' hanya ce ta inganta kiwon lafiya, inda ake tallafawa membobin al'umma don inganta canjin inganta kiwon lafiyar tsakanin takwarorinsu. Ilimi na tsara shine koyarwa ko raba bayanan kiwon lafiya, dabi'u da halayyar wajen ilimantar da wasu waɗanda zasu iya raba irin wannan zamantakewar zamantakewa ko abubuwan rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;boyle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=J. |last2=Mattern |first2=C. O. |last3=Lassiter |first3=J. W. |last4=Ritzler |first4=M. S. |year=2011 |title=Peer 2 peer: Efficacy of a course-based peer education intervention to increase physical activity among college students |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=519–529 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2010.523854 |pmid=21660807 |s2cid=39923580}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=J |year=2001 |title=Peer education |journal=Promotion and Education |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=65–68 |doi=10.1177/102538230100800203 |pmid=11475039 |s2cid=45132844}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sriranganathan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sriranganathan |first=G. |last2=Jaworsky |first2=D. |last3=Larkin |first3=J. |last4=Flicker |first4=S. |last5=Campbell |first5=L. |last6=Flynn |first6=S. |last7=Janssen |first7=J. |last8=Erlich |first8=L. |year=2010 |title=Peer sexual health education: Interventions for effective program evaluation |journal=Health Education Journal |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=62–71 |doi=10.1177/0017896910386266 |s2cid=72983724}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maimakon masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya da ke ilmantar da jama'a, ra'ayin da ke bayan ilimin tsara shi ne cewa talakawa suna cikin matsayi mafi kyau don ƙarfafa halayyar lafiya ga juna.

== Yankunan aikace-aikace ==
Ilimi na tsara ya zama sananne sosai a fagen [[Rigakafin cutar kanjamau / AIDS|Rigakafin cutar kanjamau]]. Yana da mahimmanci na rigakafin cutar kanjamau a kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;kelly&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=J. A. |last2=St Lawrence |first2=J. S. |last3=Stevenson |first3=L. Y. |last4=Hauth |first4=A. C. |last5=Kalichman |first5=S. C. |last6=Diaz |first6=Y. E. |last7=Brasfield |first7=T. L. |last8=Koob |first8=J. J. |last9=Morgan |first9=M. G. |year=1992 |title=Community AIDS/HIV risk reduction: the effects of endorsements by popular people in three cities |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=82 |issue=11 |pages=1483–1489 |doi=10.2105/ajph.82.11.1483 |pmc=1694607 |pmid=1443297}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsakanin kungiyoyi da suka hada da matasa, ma'aikatan jima'i, mutanen da ke yin jima'i ba tare da kariya ba, ko mutanen da ke amfani da magunguna.

Har ila yau, ilimin tsara yana da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin hana taba, barasa da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi tsakanin matasa. Malamai na tsara na iya zama abin koyi ga matasa matasa ta hanyar inganta halayyar lafiya, taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar da ƙarfafa [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idojin zamantakewa]] waɗanda ke tallafawa halayyar aminci, kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyar ilimi na kiwon lafiya mai sauƙi da kuma kusanci a ciki da waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Main |first=D. S. |year=2002 |title=Commentary: Understanding the effects of peer education as a health promotion strategy |journal=Health Education and Behavior |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–426 |doi=10.1177/109019810202900403 |pmid=12137236 |s2cid=25031087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi na tsara yana da amfani wajen inganta abinci mai kyau, amincin abinci da motsa jiki tsakanin mutanen da aka ware. Ana kuma amfani da ilimin tsara a cikin ilimin likita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gibson |first=Kyle R. |last2=Qureshi |first2=Zeshan U. |last3=Ross |first3=Michael T. |last4=Maxwell |first4=Simon R. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Junior doctor-led 'near-peer' prescribing education for medical students |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=122–129 |doi=10.1111/bcp.12147 |issn=1365-2125 |pmc=3895353 |pmid=23617320}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yeung |first=Eugene Y. H. |last2=Alexander |first2=Megan |date=2017-08-11 |title=Use of junior doctor-led peer education to improve antibiotic stewardship |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=83 |issue=12 |pages=2831–2832 |doi=10.1111/bcp.13375 |issn=1365-2125 |pmc=5698584 |pmid=28799275}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu gundumomin makarantun jama'a sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ilimi. Misali, makarantun Birnin New York sun aiwatar da shirin ilimin jima'i na tsara a shekara ta 1974. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Lisa F. |date=November 2019 |title=&quot;Kids Know What They Are Doing&quot;: Peer-led Sex Education in New York City |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=501–527 |doi=10.1017/heq.2019.41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ==
Shirin ilimin tsara yawanci ana farawa ne daga masu kiwon lafiya ko masu sana'a na al'umma, waɗanda ke daukar mambobi na al'ummar da aka yi niyya don su zama malamai. Ana horar da malamai na tsara da aka dauka a cikin bayanan kiwon lafiya da ƙwarewar sadarwa. Tare da waɗannan ƙwarewa, malamai na tsara suna shiga cikin takwarorinsu a tattaunawa game da batun damuwa, suna neman inganta ilimin inganta kiwon lafiya da ƙwarewa. manufa ita ce cewa sanannun mutane, suna ba da shawarwari masu ma'ana da ma'ana, a cikin yaren gida da ya dace da kuma la'akari da mahallin gida, za su iya inganta canjin halayyar inganta kiwon lafiya.

Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin tallafin da aka bayar ga malamai. Wani lokaci su masu sa kai ne da ba a biya su ba, wani lokacin ana ba su karamin kuɗi, wani lokacin suna karɓar albashi mai kyau. Ana iya tallafawa malamai ta hanyar tarurruka da horo na yau da kullun, ko kuma ana sa ran su ci gaba da aikinsu ba tare da tallafi ba. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Balaga da Wuri</title>
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      <text bytes="2447" sha1="1sw32qi11gddvyaxzyv9njn0qy5ne9y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A cikin magani, balaga mai saurin balaga shine balaga da ke faruwa a farkon shekaru. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsari na al'ada ne a kowane bangare sai dai farkon shekarun da ba a saba gani ba kuma kawai yana wakiltar bambancin ci gaba na al'adu. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html#&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.&lt;ref&gt;https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29094880&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, &quot;farkon balaga&quot; wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da &quot;precocity&quot; na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar),  akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2456" sha1="9ytbqwzqbk1mz364htac6k5g7z1y8h6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A likitance, balaga da wuri shine balaga da ke faruwa a kananan shekaru da ba'a saba gani ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsari na al'ada ne a kowane bangare sai dai farkon shekarun da ba a saba gani ba kuma kawai yana wakiltar bambancin ci gaba na al'adu. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html#&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.&lt;ref&gt;https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29094880&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, &quot;farkon balaga&quot; wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da &quot;precocity&quot; na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar),  akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2546" sha1="0okbemzowfqg37sz9op88ycc6clojyo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A likitance, balaga da wuri shine balaga da ke faruwa a kananan shekaru da ba'a saba gani ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsari na al'ada ne a kowane bangare sai dai farkon shekarun da ba a saba gani ba kuma kawai yana wakiltar bambancin ci gaba na al'adu. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Precocious Puberty |url=https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html# |access-date=2013-09-09 |publisher=KidsHealth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.&lt;ref&gt;https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29094880&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, &quot;farkon balaga&quot; wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da &quot;precocity&quot; na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar),  akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3114" sha1="djq49cgj9j47t5x0jkeo41wf6c198ej" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A likitance, balaga da wuri shine balaga da ke faruwa a kananan shekaru da ba'a saba gani ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsari na al'ada ne a kowane bangare sai dai farkon shekarun da ba a saba gani ba kuma kawai yana wakiltar bambancin ci gaba na al'adu. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Precocious Puberty |url=https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html# |access-date=2013-09-09 |publisher=KidsHealth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard_al.2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=S. R. |last2=Dunkel |first2=L. |date=2018 |title=The Genetic Basis of Delayed Puberty |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf |journal=Neuroendocrinology |language=en |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=283–291 |doi=10.1159/000481569 |pmid=28926843 |s2cid=4772278}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein_al.2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=D. A. |last2=Emerick |first2=J. E. |last3=Sylvester |first3=J. E. |last4=Vogt |first4=K. S. |date=November 2017 |title=Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=590–599 |pmid=29094880}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, &quot;farkon balaga&quot; wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da &quot;precocity&quot; na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar),  akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="3192" sha1="l8ywjj94mjwra8vr0b7jkfhn4408ssm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A likitance, balaga da wuri shine balaga da ke faruwa a kananan shekaru da ba'a saba gani ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsari na al'ada ne a kowane bangare sai dai farkon shekarun da ba a saba gani ba kuma kawai yana wakiltar bambancin ci gaba na al'adu. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Precocious Puberty |url=https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html# |access-date=2013-09-09 |publisher=KidsHealth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard_al.2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=S. R. |last2=Dunkel |first2=L. |date=2018 |title=The Genetic Basis of Delayed Puberty |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf |journal=Neuroendocrinology |language=en |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=283–291 |doi=10.1159/000481569 |pmid=28926843 |s2cid=4772278}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein_al.2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=D. A. |last2=Emerick |first2=J. E. |last3=Sylvester |first3=J. E. |last4=Vogt |first4=K. S. |date=November 2017 |title=Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=590–599 |pmid=29094880}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, &quot;farkon balaga&quot; wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da &quot;precocity&quot; na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar),&lt;ref name=&quot;MeshName |precocious+puberty&quot;&gt;{{MeshName|precocious+puberty}}&lt;/ref&gt;  akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3205" sha1="5uz1hiwl4epwr0rbi2nmlgp0tvdwwg0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A likitance, balaga da wuri shine balaga da ke faruwa a kananan shekaru da ba'a saba gani ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsarin yana faruwa daidai ne a kowane yanayi face a cikin shekarun yarinta da ba a saba gani kuma sannan yana nuna bambanci girma na yau da kullum. Akwai ci gaba na farko na halayen jima'i na biyu kuma gametogenesis ya fara a baya. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Precocious Puberty |url=https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html# |access-date=2013-09-09 |publisher=KidsHealth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard_al.2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=S. R. |last2=Dunkel |first2=L. |date=2018 |title=The Genetic Basis of Delayed Puberty |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf |journal=Neuroendocrinology |language=en |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=283–291 |doi=10.1159/000481569 |pmid=28926843 |s2cid=4772278}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein_al.2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=D. A. |last2=Emerick |first2=J. E. |last3=Sylvester |first3=J. E. |last4=Vogt |first4=K. S. |date=November 2017 |title=Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=590–599 |pmid=29094880}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, &quot;farkon balaga&quot; wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da &quot;precocity&quot; na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar),&lt;ref name=&quot;MeshName |precocious+puberty&quot;&gt;{{MeshName|precocious+puberty}}&lt;/ref&gt;  akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3217" sha1="6566xf0z764t7g6wlab2kzdpd4vqy6q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A likitance, balaga da wuri shine balaga da ke faruwa a kananan shekaru da ba'a saba gani ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsarin yana faruwa daidai ne a kowane yanayi face a cikin shekarun yarinta da ba a saba gani kuma sannan yana nuna bambanci girma na yau da kullum. Akwai bunkasan wuri-wuri na gabobin sha'awa da kuma kwayoyin haihuwa da ke  farawa cikin sauri. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: Farkon balaba na gaskiya da kuma fararen balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara da ke da tsufa, ci gaba na farko yana haifar da cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni na kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Precocious Puberty |url=https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html# |access-date=2013-09-09 |publisher=KidsHealth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard_al.2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=S. R. |last2=Dunkel |first2=L. |date=2018 |title=The Genetic Basis of Delayed Puberty |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf |journal=Neuroendocrinology |language=en |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=283–291 |doi=10.1159/000481569 |pmid=28926843 |s2cid=4772278}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein_al.2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=D. A. |last2=Emerick |first2=J. E. |last3=Sylvester |first3=J. E. |last4=Vogt |first4=K. S. |date=November 2017 |title=Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=590–599 |pmid=29094880}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, &quot;farkon balaga&quot; wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da &quot;precocity&quot; na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar),&lt;ref name=&quot;MeshName |precocious+puberty&quot;&gt;{{MeshName|precocious+puberty}}&lt;/ref&gt;  akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="3197" sha1="g9nmcpxw86e1uor62m51dj66kfzcnxk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A likitance, balaga da wuri shine balaga da ke faruwa a kananan shekaru da ba'a saba gani ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, tsarin yana faruwa daidai ne a kowane yanayi face a cikin shekarun yarinta da ba a saba gani kuma sannan yana nuna bambanci girma na yau da kullum. Akwai bunkasan wuri-wuri na gabobin sha'awa da kuma kwayoyin haihuwa da ke  farawa cikin sauri. Farkon balaga yana da nau'o'i biyu: balaba na wuri na gaskiya da kuma balaba na pseudoprecocious. A cikin 'yan tsiraru na yara, girma na farko yana faruwa ne daga cuta kamar ciwon daji ko rauni a kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Precocious Puberty |url=https://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/sexual/precocious.html# |access-date=2013-09-09 |publisher=KidsHealth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da lokacin da babu wata cuta, farkon balaga na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan halayyar zamantakewa da Ci gaban tunani mutum (kasancewa da ilimi fiye da takwarorinsa, jin bai isa ba, ƙoƙarin halarta da kafa abota da tsofaffi, baƙin ciki). Yaran da abin ya shafa kuma suna fuskantar ƙarancin tsawo da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na rayuwa. Za'a iya kula da tsakiya na tsakiya ta hanyar murkushe hormones na pituitary wanda ke haifar da samar da steroid na jima'i. Akasin haka yanayin shine jinkirin balaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard_al.2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=S. R. |last2=Dunkel |first2=L. |date=2018 |title=The Genetic Basis of Delayed Puberty |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/31203/3/Howard%20Genetic%20Basis%20of%20Delayed%20Puberty%202017%20Accepted.pdf |journal=Neuroendocrinology |language=en |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=283–291 |doi=10.1159/000481569 |pmid=28926843 |s2cid=4772278}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein_al.2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=D. A. |last2=Emerick |first2=J. E. |last3=Sylvester |first3=J. E. |last4=Vogt |first4=K. S. |date=November 2017 |title=Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=590–599 |pmid=29094880}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar tare da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda yawanci suna bayyane daga mahallin. A cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma, kuma sau da yawa sauƙaƙe a matsayin farkon balaga, &quot;farkon balaga&quot; wani lokacin yana nufin duk wani tasirin hormone na jima'i na jiki, saboda kowane dalili, wanda ke faruwa kafin shekarun da aka saba, musamman lokacin da ake la'akari da shi azaman matsalar kiwon lafiya. Ma'anar da ta fi dacewa game da &quot;precocity&quot; na iya nufin kawai tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya fara kafin ƙayyadaddun shekarun da aka ƙayyade bisa ga kashi a cikin yawan jama'a (misali, 2.5 daidaitattun karkatarwa a ƙasa da yawan jama'ar),&lt;ref name=&quot;MeshName |precocious+puberty&quot;&gt;{{MeshName|precocious+puberty}}&lt;/ref&gt;  akan shawarwarin ƙwararru na shekarun da akwai fiye da damar da ba a manta da ita ba na gano wani dalili mara kyau, ko kuma bisa ga ra'ayi game da shekarun da farkon lokacin balaga na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ma'anar gama gari don dalilai na kiwon lafiya ta fara ne kafin shekaru 8 a cikin 'yan mata ko shekaru 9 a cikin yara maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=precocious-puberty-early-puberty-90-P01973&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="1538" sha1="g5udkt13um2k5poacq8xo3rg103px2o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}zubar da jini na farko (wanda ake kira zubar da ciki na farko) zubar da jinin farji ne kafin makonni 13 na shekarun haihuwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=54_pNDdevZ8C&amp;pg=PA423&lt;/ref&gt; zubar da jini da wuri na ciki ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin kashi 25% na ciki. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da zubar da jini na farko ba su da ƙarin rikitarwa. Koyaya, kashi 50% na ciki tare da zubar da jini na farko ya ƙare a cikin zubar da ciki.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/bleeding-during-pregnancy&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da ke haifar da zubar da jini a farkon ciki sun haɗa da zubar ciki, ciki na ectopic, da kuma haematomas na subchorionic. Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da shi sun haɗa da zubar da jini, cututtukan ciki, canje-canje na mahaifa, ko kamuwa da cuta. Binciken zubar da jini na farko ya haɗa da tarihi da jarrabawar jiki (ciki har da jarraba ta speculum), hotuna ta amfani da ultrasound, da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kamar gwajin jini na beta-hCG da ABO / Rh.

Magani ya dogara da ainihin dalilin. Ana nuna gudanarwa ta gaggawa ga marasa lafiya tare da asarar jini mai yawa ko rashin daidaituwa na jini. Ana ba da shawarar globulin na rigakafin D a cikin waɗanda ba su da Rh-negative. Za'a iya magance asarar ciki da wuri tare da kula da tsammanin, magani, ko shiga tsakani. Ana iya kula da ciki na Ectopic tare da magani ko gudanar da tiyata, kodayake ana buƙatar shiga tsakani na gaggawa idan ciki ya fashe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html&lt;/ref&gt;
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    <title>Kifi mai guba</title>
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'''Kifin pipefish na Estuarine''' ko kuma '''kifi mai kauri a kogin''' [[Kogin Kariega|(]] '''''Syngnathus watermeyeri''''' ) nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Syngnathidae . Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma an rubuta shi lokaci-lokaci a cikin sassan kogin Kariega, [[Kogin Kasouga|Kasouga]], [[Kogin Bushman|Bushmans]], [[East Kleinemonde]] da [[West Kleinemonde]] . Ana iya bambanta shi cikin sauƙi daga wani kifi mai kauri a Afirka ta Kudu wanda yake zaune tare da shi, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwGA&quot;&gt;S. temminckii&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ta hanyar gajeriyar hancinsa. Ana samun kifi mai kauri a cikin gadajen ciyawar eelgrass ''Zostera capensis'' . 

== Matsayin kiyayewa ==
An ayyana cewa kifi mai kama da estuarine ya mutu a shekarar 1994, amma an sake gano shi a shekarar 2006 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=P.D. Vorwerk |last2=P.W. Froneman |last3=A.W. Paterson |year=2007 |title=Recovery of the critically endangered river pipefish, ''Syngnathus watermeyeri'', in the Kariega Estuary, Eastern Cape province |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0038-23532007000300010 |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=103 |pages=199–291}}&lt;/ref&gt; a yankunan da ba a ba da rahotonsa ba cikin sama da shekaru arba'in. Wannan kifi mai kama da estuarine yana fuskantar barazanar da ta shafi halittu da kuma ta mutane ga magudanar ruwa da kuma gadajen ciyawar eel da yake zaune a ciki. 

== Kiwo a gidan yari ==
Ana tsare da wani mutum da aka tsare a ''Syngnathus watermeyeri'' a UShaka Marine World da ke [[Durban]] .

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Nau'in mace ce mai tsawon {{Convert|110|mm|in}} an tattara su a Kogin Bushmans kuma an aika su zuwa JLB Smith ta hannun FLE Watermeyer, wanda Smith ya girmama a cikin sabon sunan nau'in da aka bayyana . &lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=J.L.B. Smith |year=1963 |title=Fishes of the family Syngnathidae from the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean |url=http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:15002;jsessionid=D59E6608F4F5F3370ACC4EBD5B5394CE?exact=sm_title%3A%22Fishes+of+the+family+Syngnathidae+from+the+Red+Sea+and+the+Western+Indian+Ocean%22&amp;collection=vital%3A91 |journal=Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University |volume=27 |pages=515–543 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Jorf Lasfar</title>
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      <text bytes="3506" sha1="92p8wzebvp4fzx0aru41i6c2a9l1t6c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Le_port_de_JORF_LASFAR_04.JPG|thumb|Jorf Lasfar]]
'''Jorf Lasfar''' (Arabic for &quot;Yellow Cliffs&quot;)  tashar jiragen ruwa ce mai zurfi da ke bakin tekun Atlantika na [[Moroko|Maroko]].  Dangane da yawan samfurin da aka sarrafa, tun daga shekara ta 2004, an dauke shi tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi muhimmanci a Maroko (bayan [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]]).  Gida ce ga wani yanki na masana'antu mai saurin fadada, &lt;ref name=&quot;McGuinness&quot; /&gt; wanda ya haɗa da manyan taki na wucin gadi da masana'antun man fetur. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da kayan aiki sosai don fitar da dutsen phosphate (wanda aka kawo daga [[Gantour, Morocco|Gantour]] da Ouled Abdoun) &lt;ref name=&quot;McGuinness&quot; /&gt; da sunadarai daban-daban kamar sulfur mai tsabta, ammoniya, da sulfuric acid. Birnin yana da mafi girman Tashar wutar lantarki mai zaman kanta a kasar - da farko ana tallafawa ta hanyar saka hannun jari daga kamfanin Sweden-[[Switzerland]] ABB Group da kamfanin Amurka CMS Energy - wanda aka yi tunanin zai iya ƙirƙirar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar wutar lantarki ta Morocco. Zuba jari, wanda ya kai dala biliyan 1.5,  shine mafi girman saka hannun jari na kasashen waje a ƙasar Maroko har zuwa wannan lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jentsch&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2002 kamfanin Maroko Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP) - mai fitar da phosphate mallakar jihar - ya fara gina dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike mai [[Gurbacewar Iska|ingancin iska]] a Jorf Lasfar .  An sanar da shi a shekara ta 2008 cewa Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Man Fetur na Duniya (IPIC) na [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]] yana cikin farkon matakan shirye-shirye don gina wani matattarar mai a Jorf Lasfar a farashin dala biliyan 5. Tare da ƙaddamar da ƙarfin samarwa na ganga 200,000 a kowace rana (bpd), an shirya kammala refinery a cikin 2013. A farkon shekara ta 2010, OCP ta fara karɓar shawarwari don gina masana'antar cire gishiri. Gwamnatin Maroko tana da sha'awar gina shuka aƙalla tun daga shekara ta 2001, lokacin da Hukumar Ciniki da Ci Gaban Amurka ta ba da $ 250,000 don karatun farko. Shuka, wanda zai samar da ruwan sha ga birnin El Jadida, yana da damar da aka tsara na 200,000 m3/d kuma an shirya a gama shi a shekarar 2012. OCP kuma tana da shirye-shirye don gina ƙarin masana'antun taki na phosphate guda huɗu, ƙwararru a cikin diammonium da monoammonium phosphate. An ba da Samsung da Daewoo kwangila don aiwatar da gina waɗannan ƙarin raka'a huɗu (biyu kowannensu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=한경닷컴 |url=http://english.hankyung.com/news/apps/news.view?c1=04&amp;nkey=201304091127131 |access-date=2026-06-22 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035901/http://english.hankyung.com/news/apps/news.view?c1=04&amp;nkey=201304091127131 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daewoo builds plants in Morocco |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2015/08/127_134154.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031730/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2015/08/127_134154.html |archive-date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2015-08-11}} ; http://www.daewooenc.com/eng/contribution/download2012/FutureGrowth_growth.pdf)&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2006 an sauya gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Marsa Maroc, kamfani na gwamnati wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da tashoshin jiragen ruwa tara a Maroko.

Cap Blanc du Nord, hasken wuta a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa, ba a san shi da abin dogaro ba, tare da haskensa a wasu lokuta yana fita.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shigar da maniyyi</title>
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shine gabatar da maniyyi (a cikin maniyyi) a cikin tsarin haifuwa na mace don shayar da kwai ta hanyar haihuwar jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=FhvmHW972mAC&amp;q=insemination&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=3i4Q8SvohfEC&amp;q=insemination&lt;/ref&gt; taki yana shiga cikin mahaifa na dabba mai shayarwa ko kuma Oviduct na dabba ce mai sa kwai. Ana sanya mata da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa a lokacin jima'i ko jima'i, amma kuma ana iya sanya su ta hanyar Insemination na wucin gadi.

A cikin mutane, aikin da kuma nau'in insemination yana da tasirin doka, ɗabi'a da na mutum. ko insemination yana faruwa ta halitta ko ta hanyar wucin gadi, ciki da ci gabansa zai kasance iri ɗaya. Ana iya kiran insemination in vivo fertilization (daga in vivo ma'ana &quot;a cikin masu rai&quot;) saboda an shayar da kwai a cikin taki, wannan ya bambanta da in vitro fertilization (IVF).
==Manzarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Na'urar tazarar iyali / Na'urar hana ɗaukar ciki</title>
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      <text bytes="2511" sha1="fi8wty7mrtvqcx4wyd0ecqhtjdk7muh" xml:space="preserve">'''Na'urar tazarar iyali''' na'urar kiwon lafiya ce wacce ake amfani da ita don taimakawa wajen samun ciki, sau da yawa, amma ba koyaushe ba, ta hanyar jima'i ba (insemination na halitta, ko NI). Wannan labarin yana magana ne kawai game da na'urorin ƙira don haihuwar ɗan adam

==Nau'o'in==
'''Na'urar auna ranar ƙyanƙyashewar kwai'''
Akwai na'urorin da yawa a kasuwa a yau waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don yin hasashen Ovulation don a gabatar da maniyyi a cikin hanyar haihuwa ta mace a lokacin da ya dace, ko ta hanyar jima'i, gami da NI ko ta hanyar Insemination na wucin gadi. Ovulation shine lokacin watan da mace ta saki oocyte, ko kwai. An gano wannan a matsayin lokacin da ya fi dacewa a cikin haila na mace. Gabatar da maniyyi a cikin ramin farji a lokacin ovulation, wanda ake kira 'lokacin jima'i' ko 'lokacin Insemination na wucin gadi', yana da mahimmanci don samun ciki. Inda ake amfani da mai ba da gudummawa, lokaci yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda maniyyi mai ba da kyauta wanda Bankin maniyyi ko Asibitin haihuwa ke bayarwa yana da tsada kuma yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da shi a lokacin da ya dace. Hakazalika, inda ake amfani da mai ba da gudummawa mai zaman kansa, yawanci yana so ya samar da maniyyinsa don insemination na wucin gadi ko kuma ya yi amfani da jima'i a lokacin da ya fi dacewa na watan.

Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan mai tsinkaya shine mai gwada hanci. Don amfani da shi mace ta tofa a kan gilashin gilashi don lura da lokacin da lu'ulu'u na gishiri ke tasowa don gano lokacin da take ovulating. Tsarin gishiri mai gishiri an san shi da &quot;farning&quot;, saboda kamanceceniya ta gani da tsire-tsire na fern a ƙarƙashin microscope yayin da hawan ya bushe. Wannan zai nuna karuwar Estrogen wanda ke da alaƙa da ovulation.&lt;ref&gt;http://thefertilityshop.com/saliva-ovulation-predictor.htm&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/fertility-tests-for-women?page=3&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/fertility-tests-for-women?page=3&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai na'urorin da suke kama da agogo na wuyan hannu ko takalma da aka sanya a wurare masu mahimmanci na fata waɗanda ke auna canje-canje na sinadarai na jiki a saman fata don taimakawa wajen gano lokacin ovulation.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/fertility-tests-for-women?page=3&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/getting-pregnant-easy-ways-to-encourage-fertility?page=4&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu na'urorin kuma sun zo tare da taimako da tallafi na kan layi.
==Manzarata==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Erongo</title>
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'''Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Erongo''' (Erongo Desalination Plant), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Orano''', wani kamfani ne na tace ruwan teku a ƙasar Namibiya. Kamfanin Orano Mining Namibia ne ya gina rukunin tsakanin shekarar 2008 da 2010, wanda yake ɓangare na kamfanin makamashin nukiliya na ƙasar Faransa wato Orano, wanda a wancan lokacin aka sani da Areva Ressources Namibia, wani ɓangare na Areva.

An kafa kamfanin tace ruwan gishirin ne domin samar da ruwa ga Ma'adinan Uranium na Trekkopje (Trekkopje Uranium Mine) mallakar kamfanin Orano. A lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da wannan kamfani, shi ne kamfani mafi girma na tace ruwa ta hanyar tace matsin lamba (reverse osmosis) a Kudancin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Namibia Economist |date=3 June 2020 |url=https://economist.com.na/53372/environment/erongo-desalination-plant-provides-55-million-cubic-meters-potable-water-to-the-region-during-10-year-operation-period/ | title=Erongo Desalination Plant Provided 55 Million Cubic Meters Potable Water To The Region During 10-Year Operation Period | author=Donald Matthys |access-date=21 August 2021 | place=Windhoek, Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-towards-the-construction-of-a-new-desalination-plant-in-the-coastal-zone/ |title=Namibia: Towards the construction of a new desalination plant in the coastal zone |work=Afrik21.africa |date=14 June 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=21 August 2021 |place=Paris, France |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821174013/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-towards-the-construction-of-a-new-desalination-plant-in-the-coastal-zone/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Kamfanin tace ruwan gishirin yana cikin Hamada na Namib, kusa da ƙauyen Wlotzkasbaken, a Yankin Erongo na ƙasar Namibiya. Kamfanin yana da nisa kusan kilomita 35 arewa da Swakopmund, babban birni mafi kusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; Swakopmund yana da nisa kusan kilomita 391 ta hanya, yamma da Windhoek, babban birnin ƙasa kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Windhoek,+Namibia/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/@-22.5992371,15.9665902,7.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0657549!2d-22.5608807!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Windhoek, Namibia And Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia With Interactive Map |access-date=21 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lambobin yanki na geospatial na Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Erongo su ne 22°22'19.0&quot;S, 14°26'28.0&quot;E (Latitude:-22.371944; Longitude:14.441111).&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/22%C2%B022'19.0%22S+14%C2%B026'28.0%22E/@-22.372892,14.440059,696m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-22.3719444!4d14.4411111 |title=Location of Erongo Desalination Plant |access-date=21 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na Janar ==
Kamfanin Orano Resources Namibia (wanda da can aka sani da Areva Resources Namibia) ne ya haɓaka Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Erongo kuma shi ne mamakin sa. An fi niyyar amfani da tataccen ruwan sha ne a ma'adinan uranium na Orano da aka sani da Ma'adinan Trekkopje (Trekkopje Mine), dake kusa da Arandis, Namibiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/196085/archive-read/Desalination-plant-output-hits-record-high |date=5 December 2019 |title=Desalination plant output hits record high |work=The Namibian |access-date=21 August 2021 |author=Adam Hartman |location=Windhoek, Namibia |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821201843/https://www.namibian.com.na/196085/archive-read/Desalination-plant-output-hits-record-high |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne a kwarara tsaftataccen ruwan ta hanyar famfo daga kamfanin zuwa Arandis, wanda ke da nisan kusan kilomita 60 a layin tsaye (straight-line distance) da kuma nisan kusan kilomita 90 ta hanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/Arandis,+Namibia/@-22.5350506,14.4414523,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c7676f1577c6dd1:0x5cffbd871e885c5c!2m2!1d14.9797753!2d-22.4193386!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia And Arandis, Namibia With Map | access-date=21 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Nafasi Water, wato &quot;kamfanin fasahar ruwa da sabis na amfanin ruwa&quot;, dake zaune a Rosebank, Gauteng, Afirka ta Kudu, ne ke gudanar da ayyukan kamfanin.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

Bayan haka, ana sayar da ruwan sha ga NamWater, kamfanin dillancin ruwa na ƙasa, domin raba shi ga birnin Swakopmund, ma'adinai na kusa da sauran yankunan Yankin Erongo. Ana iya canza adadin ruwan da ake samarwa gwargwadon buƙata tun daga lita biliyan 12 a kowace shekara zuwa lita biliyan 26 a kowace shekara, tare da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu. Idan buƙata ta taso, za a iya ƙara sabbin ababen more rayuwa don samar da lita biliyan 45 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

Ana bi da danyen ruwan teku ta matakai masu zuwa yayin tacewa: (a) tace shinge (screen filtration) (b) tace ultrafiltration (c) tace matsin lamba (reverse osmosis) (d) mu'amala da farandoki (limestone contact) da kuma (e) sanya sinadarin chlorine (chlorination).&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

== Farashi ==
Ginin wannan kamfani na tace ruwa ya lakume kuɗi naira biliyan N$ 2.5 (kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 153) a shekarar 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;/&gt;

== Sauran Haɓakawa ==
A watan Yulin shekarar 2022, mamakan wannan rukuni sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar siyan makamashi (power purchase agreement - PPA) da kamfanin InnoSun (wani kamfani na kamfanin Faransa InnoVent) don tsarawa, gina, mallaka, sarrafawa da kuma kula da tashar samar da makamashin hasken rana mai ƙarfin 5 MW tare da samar da wannan makamashi ga Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Erongo na tsawon kwangilar shekaru 10, farawa daga ranar ƙaddamar da kasuwanci. Ana saurin fara gine-gine a rabin na biyu na shekarar 2022, tare da tsammanin ƙaddamarwa a shekarar 2023. Orano yana tsammanin sabuwar gonar hasken rana zata rage fitar da iskar gas mai guba na carbon dioxide na kamfanin da kashi 30 cikin ɗari ko kuma kusan tan dubu 10 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-orano-to-equip-its-erongo-desalination-plant-with-a-5-mwp-solar-park/ |title=Namibia: Orano to equip its Erongo desalination plant with a 5 MWp solar park |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=5 July 2022 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705122650/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-orano-to-equip-its-erongo-desalination-plant-with-a-5-mwp-solar-park/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hujjoji ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.namibian.com.na/200986/archive-read/Orano-gives-Erongo-desalinated-water Orano gives Erongo desalinated water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821211619/https://www.namibian.com.na/200986/archive-read/Orano-gives-Erongo-desalinated-water |date=2021-08-21 }} Ya zuwa 18 May 2020.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bankin adana maniyyi</title>
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      <text bytes="1383" sha1="06w085xfa9umbzteqk0yab9fne9mrz2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Bankin maniyyi, bankin maniyyi ko Cryobank kayan aiki ne wanda ke sayen, adanawa, da siyar da maniyyi na mutum. Maza ne ke samar da maniyyi kuma ke siyar da su da maza da aka sani da masu ba da maniyyin.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/third-party-reproduction-sperm-egg-and-embryo-donation-and-surrogacy/&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu mutane ne ke sayen maniyyi don samun ciki ba tare da abokin jima'i ba. Sperm da aka sayar da shi ta hanyar mai ba da maniyyi an san shi da maniyyin mai ba da kyauta.

Bankin maniyyi na iya zama wani bangare daban wanda ke ba da maniyyi ga mutane ko asibitocin haihuwa, ko kuma yana iya zama wurin da asibitin ke gudanarwa ga abokan cinikin su.

Ana iya samun ciki ta amfani da maniyyi mai ba da gudummawa don insemination tare da irin wannan sakamako ga jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/science/sexual-intercourse&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da maniyyi daga mai bayarwa maimakon daga abokin tarayya na mai karɓar maniyyi, wannan tsari shine nau'in haihuwar ɓangare na uku. A cikin karni na 21 ana amfani da Insemination na wucin gadi tare da maniyyi mai bayarwa daga bankin maniyyi ga mutane da ba su da abokin namiji, kamar mata marasa aure da 'yan mata masu haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4498171&lt;/ref&gt; 
==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Bethanie</title>
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'''Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Bethanie''' (Bethanie Desalination Plant), wanda kuma ake kira '''Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Bethany''', wani kamfani ne na tace ruwan gishiri-gishiri (brackish water) dake a ƙauyen Bethanie a kudancin ƙasar Namibiya. Kamfanin dillancin ruwa na ƙasa, wato Namibia Water Corporation (NamWater), ne ya mallaki aikin kuma ya haɓaka shi. Ruwan sha da wannan kamfani ke samarwa, wanda ƙarfin aikinsa ya kai lita 487,000 (ko mita kubik 487) a kowace rana, ana sauran zai wadatar da garin Bethanie har zuwa shekarar 2037.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-desalination-plant-supplies-water-to-the-people-of-bethany/ |url-access=subscription |title=Namibia: Desalination plant supplies water to the people of Bethany | work=Afrik21.africa |date=12 August 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | access-date=15 August 2022 |location=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Kamfanin tace ruwan gishirin yana cikin garin Bethanie, a Yankin ǁKaras na ƙasar Namibiya. Bethanie yana da nisa kusan kilomita 140 yamma da Keetmanshoop, babban birnin Yankin ǁKaras.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Bethanien,+Namibia/Keetmanshoop,+Namibia/@-26.5455978,17.4605607,10z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c14f3302cf4817f:0x20f7dffa494a2cfb!2m2!1d17.1514061!2d-26.5090889!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c16835d6f27aa79:0xa253f1bc79e8f4ba!2m2!1d18.1310083!2d-26.5642351!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Keetmanshoop, Namibia And Bethanie, Namibia |access-date=15 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bethanie yana da nisa kusan kilomita 535 kudu da Windhoek, babban birnin ƙasa kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Bethanien,+Namibia/Windhoek,+Namibia/@-25.3031376,19.1605852,4.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c14f3302cf4817f:0x20f7dffa494a2cfb!2m2!1d17.1514061!2d-26.5090889!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0657549!2d-22.5608807!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Bethanie, Namibia And Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=15 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na Janar ==
Manufar wannan aiki ita ce inganta adadi da ingancin ruwan sha da ke akwai ga mazauna Bethany. An haɓaka shi ne a matsayin aikin gwaji (pilot project) domin bincika yiwuwar tace ruwan gishiri na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (brackish ground water) don amfanin gida da na ƙananan masana'antu. Wannan yana cikin ƙoƙarin gwamnatin Namibiya na ƙara samar da ruwa ga 'yan ƙasar, daga kashi 85 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2022 zuwa kashi 100 cikin ɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/114344/read/Desalination-plant-opened-at-Bethanie |title=Desalination plant opened at Bethanie |work=The Namibian |date=18 July 2022 |author=Matthew Dlamini |access-date=15 August 2022 |location=Windhoek, Namibia |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815114752/https://www.namibian.com.na/114344/read/Desalination-plant-opened-at-Bethanie |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{cite news| newspaper=Namibia Economist | url=https://economist.com.na/71900/agriculture/bethanie-village-to-get-clean-accessible-water-as-hybrid-renewable-energy-powered-desalination-plant-commisioned/ |title=Clean Accessible Water For Bethanie From Hybrid-Power Desalination Plant |date=15 July 2022 | location=Windhoek, Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namibiya ta sa gaba cewa za ta samar da kashi 100 cikin ɗari na ruwan sha ga dukan 'yan ƙasarta da mazauna mazaunanta nan da shekarar 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-3-mini-desalination-plants-for-irrigation-in-daures/ |title=Namibia: 3 mini desalination plants for irrigation in Daures |date=16 September 2022 |author=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |access-date=17 September 2022 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916112943/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-3-mini-desalination-plants-for-irrigation-in-daures/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara kamfanin ne don sarrafa danyen ruwan gishiri na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar kayan aikin tace ruwa da suka haɗa da masarufi na musamman na tace matsin lamba (reverse osmosis membranes). Sakamakon kasancewar wurin a karkara, an zaɓi amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. An sanya wa rukunin fannoni na hasken rana (solar panels), domin rana ta riƙa samar da wutar da za ta tafiyar da tsarin tace ruwan gishirin.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

== Haɓakawa ==
Wasu ƙungiyoyi na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa ne suka yi aiki tare don tsarawa, gina, da kuma samar da kuɗaɗen gina wannan kamfani na tace ruwa. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna cikakken bayani game da hukumomin da suka tallafawa wannan ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em auto&quot;
|+ Masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin ci gaban Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Bethany
! Matsayi !! Memba !! Gida !! !! Bayanai
|-
| 1 || NamWater || Namibia || Kamfanin dillancin ruwa na ƙasa na gwamnati. Mamaki/Mai gudanarwa. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2 || Gidauniyar Binciken Hamada ta Namibiya (Desert Research Foundation of Namibia) || Namibia || Cibiyar bincike ta ƙasa ||&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 3 || Asusun Daidaitawa (Adaptation Fund) || United States || Ƙungiyar canjin yanayi ta ƙasa da ƙasa ||&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 4 || Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Gandun Daji da Yawon Buɗe Ido ta Namibiya || Namibia || Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Namibiya ||&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;
|-
|}
Sashin Yarjejeniyar Muhalli na bangarori da dama na Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Gandun Daji da Yawon Buɗe Ido ta Namibiya yana ɗaya daga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki a ci gaban wannan kamfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

== Kuɗaɗe da Tsarin Lokaci ==
An ba da rahoton cewa gine-ginen ya lakume kuɗi naira miliyan N$ 37 (kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 2.3), wanda masu ruwa da tsaki da aka lissafa a sashin da ya gabata suka ba da kuɗaɗen. An yi gine-ginen tsakanin &quot;Oktoba 2020 da Oktoba 2021&quot;, tare da ƙaddamar da shi na kasuwanci a watan Yulin shekarar 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Tsarkakewa]] (Desalination)
* [[Rarraba ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a Namibia]]
* [[Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Erongo]]
* [[Kamfanin Tace Ruwan Gishiri na Namwater]]

== Hujjoji ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.adaptation-fund.org/project/pilot-rural-desalination-plants-using-renewable/ Pilot rural desalination plants using renewable power and membrane technology]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Igbo regalia and headdresses</title>
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Ibo regalia da headdresses sun hada da bikin kai, hairstyles, kayan ado, kayan haɗi, tufafi da Alamar da aka danganta da al'adun Igbo. Wadannan sun hada da ichafu (ƙafafun kai), aka (beads), kwalkwali da okpu (caps), Sauran mahimman kayan ado da regalia sun hada da: akupe (masu goyon bayan hannu), nza (flywhisks), ofo (ƙafaun giwa), nkpara (ma'aikatan), ugo (fukan gaggafa), wigs da sauran abubuwa na alama da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana asalin al'adu, matsayi na zamantakewa, taken, muhimmancin ruhaniya da ayyukan bikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dike |first=P. Chike |date=1987 |title=Art, Symbol and Authority Among the Aro of South-east Nigeria |journal=Nigerian Magazine |volume=55 |pages=30-35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dike, P. Chike (1987). &quot;Art, Symbol and Authority Among the Aro of South-east Nigeria&quot;. Nigerian Magazine. 55: 30–35.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Poynor, Robin (1995). African art at the Harn Museum : spirit eyes, human hands. Internet Archive. Gainesville : University of Florida. p. 115. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8130-1325-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Garnett, Bay, ed. (2023). Style and substance: why what we wear matters. London: John Murray. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-3998-1246-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Butticci, Annalisa (2016). African Pentecostals in Catholic Europe: the politics of presence in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-674-73709-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aduba, Uzo (2024). The road is good: how a mother's strength became a daughter's purpose. New York: Viking. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-593-29912-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Deaman, Jo Jones, Helen Seamons, Sam. &quot;Hometown glory: highlights from London Fashion Week sprin...&quot; The Observer. Retrieved 2026-06-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Oxford (2017). Visual Arts Paterson, Poppy And Vaughn Oxford 2017 Textbook.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Melie, Edith E. (1977). The Ozo Title of Onitsha: A Study of it's Dress and Insignia. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 87–140&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cowen, Rhoda (1994). The Gold and Silver Threads: A memoir of Life in the Twentieth Century. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. pp. 67, 84.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green, M M (1947). Ibo Village Affairs. Sidgwick London: Sidgwick and Jackson. pp. 136, 218, 226.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Celenko, Theodore; Eiteljorg, Harrison (1983). A treasury of African art from the Harrison Eiteljorg Collection. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-253-11057-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Afigbo, A. E. (1987). The Igbo and their neighbours: inter-group relations in southeastern Nigeria to 1953. Ibadan: University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-575713-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin nau'ikan regalia na Igbo suna da alaƙa da sarakuna, sarakuna, da kuma mutane masu lakabi. Ana amfani da su don nuna matsayi, matsayi, ofis da iko, kuma sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na al'adun gargajiya na Igbo.

Binciken archaeological a [[Igbo-Ukwu]] da Charles Thurstan Shaw ya gano kaburbura na ƙarni na 9 da ke dauke da kayan ado na bikin, gami da beads, Headdresses, kambi, fly-whisks, anklets, da sauran abubuwa masu daraja.  binciken sun nuna amfani da kayan ado da kayan ado na dogon lokaci tsakanin mutanen Igbo.&lt;ref&gt;Basden, George Thomas (1921). Among the Ibos of Nigeria. Seeley, Service &amp; Co., ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chudi-Duru, Chika C. (2024). &quot;MMA NWANYI BU EKIKE&quot;. Ohazurume: Unizik Journal of Culture and Civilization (often abbreviated UJOCC). 3: 96–115.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Talbot, Percy Amaury (1926). The People's of Southern Nigeria: A sketch of their History, Ethnology and Languages, with an abstract of 1921 Census. London: Oxford University Press, H Milford. pp. 413, 839.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ikenga. Institute of African Studies, University of Nigeria. 1985.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ikenga. Institute of African Studies, University of Nigeria. 1980.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Oriji, John Nwachimereze (1991). Ngwa history : a study of social and economic changes in Igbo mini-states in time perspective. Internet Archive. New York : P. Lang. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8204-1411-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;M. Angulu Onwuejeogwu (1980). An Igbo Civilization: Nri Kingdom and Hegemony.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Oriji, J. (2011-01-17). Political Organization in Nigeria since the Late Stone Age: A History of the Igbo People. Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-230-11668-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ubani, Kenneth (2019). &quot;Igbo Leadership Through the Visual Arts: Back to the Future&quot;. Canadian Social Science. 15 (7).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ifemesia, C. C. (1979). Traditional humane living among the Igbo : an historical perspecitve. Internet Archive. Enugu, Nigeria : Fourth Dimension Publishers. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-156-062-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takalmin kai na Ichafu ==
[[Fayil:Beauty_Queen_Bianca.jpg|alt=Bianca Ojukwu wearing Ichafu|thumb|[[Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu|Bianca Odumegwu Ojukwu]], wata mace ce ta Igbo kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje na Najeriya da ke sanye da '''Ichafu''' (Ichafo) ]]
[[Fayil:Igbo_woman_styled_in_Igbo_Ichafu_(headscarf)_and_Akwete_obiakwa._Stunning.jpg|thumb|Mace Igbo da ke sanye da '''Ichafu''' (Ichafo) da gashin kai da ƙarfin zuciya da kuma salo da aka ɗaure da damask.]]
[[Fayil:Eze_Obi_Ossai_and_wives_wearing_Ichafu_with_wrappers_and_elephant_tusk_Ivory_(Odu).jpg|alt=An image of Igbo women in 1841 wearing Ichafu headdress, Odu ukwu,  and wrappers and carrying Akupe while the Obi carries mkpara muo.|thumb|Matan Igbo da William Allen ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa na 1841 a matsayin matan Eze Obi. Hoton ya nuna su suna sanye da riguna da aka sani da Ichafu a tsakanin Igbo, da ƙafar hauren giwa da aka sani le ''odu''. Suna ɗauke da ''Akupe'' (masu amfani da hannu) yayin da Obi ke ɗauke da sandar da aka sani da ''nkpara mmuo'']]
'''Ichafu''' (wanda aka rubuta a matsayin Ichafo da Icafo a cikin tarihin tarihi) kayan ado ne na gargajiya na mata na Igbo wanda aka tsara daga masana'anta da aka ninka, aka karkatar, kuma an sanya shi cikin siffofi masu mahimmanci kamar babban furen da ke zaune a kan kai. Wani muhimmin bangare ne na tufafin bikin da mata na Najeriya ke sawa tare da kayan gargajiya. [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] a cikin wani yanki da aka sake bugawa a cikin Style and Substance: Why What We Wear Matters, wanda Gay Garnet ya shirya ya ba da labarin kallon mahaifiyarta ta shirya Ichafu a kanta har sai ta zauna a kanta kamar babban furen   Hakazalika, [[Uzo Aduba]] a cikin tarihinta Hanyar tana da kyau tana sanye da Ichafu mai zurfi a kanta a cikin launi mafi kyau.&lt;ref&gt;Umeasiegbu, Rems N. (1981). The way we lived: Ibo customs and stories. African writers series (Repr ed.). London: Heinemann. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-435-90061-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McCall, John C (1992). The Ohafia War Dance as Lived Experience. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MacCall, John Christensen (2000). Dancing histories: heuristic ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-472-11070-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Uzochukwu, Sam (2001). Traditional funeral poetry of the Igbo. Lagos, Nigeria: Lagos University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-017-624-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ndimele, Ozo-mekuri (2003). Four Decades in the Study of Languages and Linguistics in Nigeria: A Festschrift for Kay Williamson. p. 435.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ikemerike, Ikechukwu John; Efuruhievwe, Margaret Akpevweogene (2023). &quot;Globalization as a Threat to Cultural Identity: A Case Study of Igba Ijele Dance Group of Awkuzu, Anambra State&quot; (PDF). South-South Journal of Humanities and International Studies. 6 (1): 475–496.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Obijiaku, Chidi (2023-02-27). &quot;HYBRIDITY IN MODERN NIGERIAN MUSIC: THE CASE OF IGBO CHORAL ART MUSIC&quot;. African Music : Journal of the International Library of African Music. 11 (4): 25–42. doi:10.21504/amj.v11i4.2456. ISSN 2524-2741&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ichafu ya rinjayi zane-zane na zamani fiye da [[Najeriya]]. Wani bita a cikin fashion kayan ado na jaridar Burtaniya The Observer of Priya Ahluwalia's Spring / Summer 2026 tarin ya lura cewa zane-zanen Jacquard ya samo wahayi daga rigunan Ichafu na Najeriya tare da abubuwan Bollywood &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deaman |first=Jo Jones, Helen Seamons, Sam |title=Hometown glory: highlights from London Fashion Week sprin... |url=https://observer.co.uk/style/fashion/article/hometown-glory-highlights-from-london-fashion-week-springsummer-2026 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=The Observer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Obijiaku, Chidi (2023-02-27). &quot;HYBRIDITY IN MODERN NIGERIAN MUSIC: THE CASE OF IGBO CHORAL ART MUSIC&quot;. African Music : Journal of the International Library of African Music. 11 (4): 25–42. doi:10.21504/amj.v11i4.2456. ISSN 2524-2741.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebuziem, Cajetan E. (2011). Doing Ministry in the Igbo Context: Towards an Emerging Model and Method for the Church in Africa- Foreword by Theophilus Okere. Bible and Theology in Africa. New York: Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4331-1154-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nnoromele, Salome (1998). Life among the Ibo women of Nigeria. San Diego: Lucent books, San Diego.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lamb Holmes, Venice Judy (1981). Nigerian Weaving. The Roxford Press. pp. 247–280.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kent, Kate P.; Eicher, Joanne Bubolz; Dendel, Esther Warner (1978). &quot;Nigerian Handcrafted Textiles&quot;. African Arts. 11 (3): 14. doi:10.2307/3335408. ISSN 0001-9933.&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, an haɗa Ichafu a cikin tsarin karatun Kwalejin [[Jami'ar Oxford]] Press International Baccalaureate Visual Arts a ƙarƙashin taken &quot;Textiles and Cultural signs&quot; tare da kimonos na [[Japan]].

Kayan kai sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na kayan ado da tufafin mata na gargajiya na Igbo. Tushen tarihi da na harshe sun rubuta kalmomi kamar Ichafu, Icafo, Ichafo, Icafu isi dangane da sutura, igiyoyin kai, kayan ado da kayan ado da matan Igbo ke sawa a cikin saitunan yau da kullun da na bikin. Wannan hat din yana da alaƙa da kasuwanni, tarurruka, bukukuwan addini, bukukuwannin aure, bukukuwa, da sauran lokutan zamantakewa.

Kayan kai wani bangare ne na tsohuwar al'adar rigunan mata na Ibo da cikakken [[tufafi]]. A cikin aikin ethnographic na masanin ilimin ɗan adam M.M. Green a Igboland, ya rubuta mata a cikin 1947 suna sanye da riguna na biki zuwa kasuwa kuma ya lura cewa ana sanya riguna a tarurruka da tarurruka na jama'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na tufafinsu.

Ana sanya hijabi na Igbo a cikin babban, mai ƙarfin zuciya da salon da ke da iyaka ta amfani da yadudduka masu ƙarfi da ke auna ƙafa shida da uku. Rubuta game da abubuwan da ta samu a Igboland, Rhoda Cowen ta bayyana jigon Igbo da ake kira Ichafo da Icafo a matsayin babban murfin kai mai launi mai haske wanda aka sa a cikin hanya mai ladabi da salo yana lura da cewa wasu an lullube su a kan kai tare da iyakar nunawa, yayin da wasu suka samar da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa na tufafi mata tare da yadudduka masu launi tare da kayan ado da kayan ado na zinariya.[1]

Har ila yau, an rubuta jigon Igbo a cikin nazarin ethnographic na tufafin Igbo a matsayin kayan ado wanda aka tsara daga zane mai ban sha'awa da aka sa a kusa da kai da aka sani da Ichafo . An tsara shi daga wani zane kusan ƙafa shida da uku a girman, an ninka shi cikin siffofi na triangular ko rectangular kuma an lulluɓe shi a kusa da kai a cikin hanyar da ta fi girma wanda ke haifar da salon da ya yi kama da turban mai tsayi tare da baka mai ado. A cewar marubucin, an rarrabe kayan kwalliya daga takalmin kai wanda ya fi karami kuma an sa shi a kusa da kai a cikin mahallin Najeriya yayin da yake bayyana salon Igbo na takalmin a matsayin takalmin.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>CalOptima</title>
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'''CalOptima''' shiri ne na inshora na kiwon lafiya na jama'a don 'yan ƙasa masu karamin kuɗi na Orange County, California. Tare da kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na dala biliyan 4 da ke ba da sabis ga mambobi 940,000 har zuwa Yuli 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;OrangeCountyRegisterContractRaisesConcern&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Alicia |date=Oct 14, 2022 |title=CalOptima board extends CEO's contract, raises salary to $841,500 |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/10/14/caloptima-board-extends-ceos-contract-raises-salary-to-841500/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ita ce mafi girman mai ba da inshorar lafiya a jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;LosAngelesTimesSeeksToOfferCoveredCAPlan&quot; /&gt; Shugaba na yanzu shine Michael Hunn.&lt;ref name=&quot;LosAngelesTimesSeeksToOfferCoveredCAPlan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=San Roman |first=Gabriel |date=Jul 20, 2022 |title=CalOptima, O.C.'s largest health insurer, seeks to offer Covered California plan |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/story/2022-07-20/caloptima-o-c-s-largest-health-insurer-seeks-to-offer-covered-california-plan |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
CalOptima tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen inshorar kiwon lafiya ga yara masu karamin karfi, manya, tsofaffi da nakasassu.&lt;ref name=&quot;PhysiciansNewsNetworkPaulYost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=Mar 6, 2017 |title=CalOptima Names Paul Yost, MD, New Board Chair |url=http://www.ocma.org/news-events/ocma-blog/paul-b-yost-md-elected-chair-of-caloptima-board-of-directors.aspx |access-date=December 3, 2023 |website=Orange County Medical Association Blog |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LosAngelesTimesSeeksToOfferCoveredCAPlan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=San Roman |first=Gabriel |date=Jul 20, 2022 |title=CalOptima, O.C.'s largest health insurer, seeks to offer Covered California plan |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/story/2022-07-20/caloptima-o-c-s-largest-health-insurer-seeks-to-offer-covered-california-plan |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar tana gudanar da shirin maganin titi don kawo kulawa ga marasa gida, aiwatar da Medi-Cal, shirin Medicaid na California.&lt;ref name=&quot;OrangeCountyRegisterContractRaisesConcern&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Alicia |date=Oct 14, 2022 |title=CalOptima board extends CEO's contract, raises salary to $841,500 |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/10/14/caloptima-board-extends-ceos-contract-raises-salary-to-841500/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; CalOptima tana hidimtawa kusan mambobi 940,000 tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta likitoci da kwararru sama da 7,200 a asibitoci 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;PhysiciansNewsNetworkPaulYost&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== 1993-2020: Halitta ===

=== 2020-2022: Andrew Do ===
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, ɗan siyasa Andrew Do ya yi ƙoƙari ya zama mai kula da CalOptima. Kwamitin daraktocin CalOptima ya ki amincewa da yunkurinsa.[1] Do ya yi ƙoƙari, amma 'yan majalisa na jihar sun toshe shi, don karɓar iko da CalOptima ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa dukkan mambobi 5 na kwamitin masu kula da OC su zama membobin kwamitin CalOptima. Lokacin da wani abokin kula ya ce kokarin karɓar mulki ya motsa ta hanyar kin amincewa da shi a matsayin shugaban, Do bai amsa ba kuma a maimakon haka ya sake jaddada cancantarsa na zama shugaban.[2] An kuma ga wannan matakin a matsayin ƙoƙari na janye CalOptima daga masana'antar kiwon lafiya da kuma shigar da zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai a maimakon haka, bayan tsohon mai kula da gundumar da mai fafutuka ya ba da ikon masana'antar a cikin 2011.[2]

Do daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban CalOptima a cikin 2020, wanda ya sa ya zama Ba'amurke na farko na Vietnam da ya ɗauki wannan kujerar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OC Supervisor Andrew Do Unanimously Selected as Chair of the CalOptima Board of Directors |url=https://bos1.ocgov.com/Andrew-Do-Chair-of-CalOptima-Board-of-Directors |access-date=February 8, 2022 |website=Orange County |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, ya hayar da Veronica Carpenter, daya daga cikin masu ba shi shawara na dogon lokaci, ga sabon shugaban ma'aikata, yana biyan $ 282,000 da fa'idodi.&lt;ref name=&quot;VoiceOfOcCarpenter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gerda |first=Nick |date=December 27, 2021 |title=Local Politicos Fuel Takeover of Orange County's Health Plan For the Poor |url=https://voiceofoc.org/2021/12/local-politicos-fuel-takeover-of-orange-countys-health-plan-for-the-poor/ |access-date=February 8, 2022 |website=Voice of OC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsoffin shugabannin CalOptima da yawa sun nuna damuwa saboda Carpenter yana da kasa da shekara guda na kwarewar gudanar da asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;VoiceOfOcCarpenter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OrangeCountyCalOptimaFiresLegalTeam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staggs |first=Brooke |date=February 7, 2022 |title=CalOptima abruptly fires entire legal team as concerns mount over agency's direction |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/02/07/caloptima-abruptly-fires-entire-legal-team-as-concerns-mount-over-agencys-direction/ |access-date=February 8, 2022 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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Advanced Oxidation tafiyar matakai (AOPs), a cikin ma'ana mai fadi, su ne saitin hanyoyin maganin sinadarai da aka tsara don cire kwayoyin halitta (da kuma wani lokacin inorganic) kayan da ke cikin ruwa da ruwa mai datti ta hanyar haɓakawa ta hanyar halayen hydroxyl radicals (·OH).[1] A aikace a cikin kula da ruwan sharar gida, gyaran ruwa na ƙasa da kuma kula da ruwa na cikin gida, wannan kalmar yawanci tana nufin wani yanki na irin waɗannan hanyoyin sinadarai waɗanda ke amfani da ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) da hasken UV[2] ko haɗuwa da ƴan matakai.[3]. Saitunan AOP na yau da kullun sun haɗa da tsarin Fenton da tsarin hoto-Fenton, ban da ozone/UV, TiO2/UV photocatalysis, peroxone (hydrogen peroxide da ozone) da tsarin Electro-Fenton.

== Bayyanawa ==
AOPs sun dogara da samar da sinadarin hydroxyl radicals (·OH) ko wasu nau'ikan oxidative don gurɓataccen gurɓata. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan nau'o'in masu saurin amsawa a cikin ruwa kuma suna iya yin oxidize kusan kowane fili da ke cikin matrix na ruwa, sau da yawa a wurin sarrafawa. Sakamakon haka, ·OH yana amsawa ba tare da za a iya zaɓar ba da zarar an kafa shi kuma gurɓataccen zai zama da sauri kuma ya dace kuma ya canza zuwa ƙananan kwayoyin inorganic. Ana samar da radicals na Hydroxyl tare da taimakon daya ko fiye da oxidants na farko (misali ozone, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen) da / ko tushen makamashi (misali hasken ultraviolet) ko catalysts (misali titanium dioxide). Ana amfani da takamaiman, sassan da aka riga aka tsara, jerin abubuwa da haɗuwa da waɗannan reagents don samun matsakaicin amfanin gona • OH. Masu bincike kuma suna bincika kayan haɓaka ƙarfe-oxide da kayan carbon don haɓaka amfanin gona mai ƙarfi da faɗaɗa windows ɗin aiki na pH. Gabaɗaya, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin da ya dace, AOPs na iya rage yawan gurbataccen abu daga ɗaruruwan ppm zuwa ƙasa da 5 ppb sabili da haka ya kawo COD da TOC ƙasa, wanda ya sami yabo na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mafi inganci &quot;matakan maganin ruwa na karni na 21&quot;.[1] Binciken yanzu kuma yana mai da hankali kan rage bukatar makamashi da rage kayan da aka samar a lokacin tsari - kamar bromate - don inganta yiwuwar aiwatarwa na AOP a masana'antu daban-daban.

Hanyar AOP tana da amfani sosai don tsaftace kayan da ke da guba ko kayan da ba za a iya lalatawa ba kamar su kayan ƙanshi, magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Danyen mai|man fetur]], da kuma abubuwan da ke motsawa a cikin ruwa mai guba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Enric Brillasa |last2=Eva Mur |last3=Roser Sauleda |last4=Laura Sànchez |last5=José Peral |last6=Xavier Domènech |last7=Juan Casado |date=March 1998 |title=Aniline mineralization by AOP's: anodic oxidation, photocatalysis, electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes |journal=Applied Catalysis B: Environmental |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |bibcode=1998AppCB..16...31B |doi=10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00059-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da AOPs don magance magungunan ruwa mai tsabta na sakandare wanda ake kira [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|Magani na uku]].&lt;ref name=&quot;audenaert&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=W.T.M. Audenaert |last2=Y. Vermeersch |last3=S.W.H. Van Hulle |last4=P. Dejans |last5=A. Dumouilin |last6=I. Nopens |year=2011 |title=Application of a mechanistic UV/hydrogen peroxide model at full-scale: Sensitivity analysis, calibration and performance evaluation |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1260447 |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=113–126 |bibcode=2011ChEnJ.171..113A |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.071 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan gurɓataccen abu galibi suna canzawa zuwa mahaɗan inorganic masu ɗorewa kamar ruwa, [[carbon dioxide]] da gishiri, watau suna fuskantar mineralization. Manufar tsarkake ruwan sharar gida ta hanyar hanyoyin AOP shine rage gurɓataccen sinadarai  da guba har zuwa irin wannan matakin da za a iya sake shigar da ruwan sharar da aka tsabtace  cikin karɓar rafi ko, aƙalla, cikin maganin sharar gida na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Naddeo |first=Vincenzo |last2=Zarra |first2=Tiziano |last3=Xia |first3=Dongsheng |last4=Cai |first4=Yingjie |last5=Telegin |first5=Felix Y. |last6=Pervez |first6=Md Nahid |year=2019 |title=Efficient Degradation of Mordant Blue 9 Using the Fenton-Activated Persulfate System |journal=Water |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=2532 |bibcode=2019Water..11.2532P |doi=10.3390/w11122532 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tap Into Virginia Spring 2023 |url=https://www.kelmanonline.com/httpdocs/files/VAAWWA/tap-into-virginia-spring2023/?page=50 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.kelmanonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko da yake ana amfani da hanyoyin iskar oxygen da suka shafi ·OH tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19 (kamar Fenton's reagent, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman reagent na nazari a wancan lokacin), yin amfani da irin wannan nau'in oxidative a cikin maganin ruwa bai sami isasshen kulawa ba har sai Glaze et al.[1]. ya ba da shawarar yuwuwar ƙarni na ·OH &quot;a cikin isasshen adadin da zai shafi tsabtace ruwa&quot; kuma ya ayyana kalmar &quot;Advanced Oxidation Processes&quot; a karon farko a cikin 1987. Har yanzu ba a sanya AOPs a cikin amfani da kasuwanci a babban sikelin (musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa) har zuwa yau galibi saboda tsadar da ke da alaƙa. Duk da haka, ƙarfinsa na iskar oxygen da ingancinsa ya sa AOPs ya zama sanannen fasaha a cikin jiyya na manyan makarantu inda za a kawar da mafi yawan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ƙara yawan sha'awar sake amfani da ruwa da ƙarin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri game da gurɓataccen ruwa a halin yanzu suna haɓaka aiwatar da AOPs a cikakken sikelin. Akwai kusan na'urorin AOP 500 na kasuwanci a duniya a halin yanzu, galibi a Turai da Amurka. Sauran kasashe kamar China suna nuna karuwar sha'awar AOPs.

== Manazarta ==

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HeadsUpGuys wani shiri ne na kan layi da kuma bincike na Kanada wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa ta maza, tare da jaddadawa kan sarrafa [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] da hana Mutuwar maza ta hanyar kashe kansa. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2015, shirin yana ba da kayan aikin taimakon kai, asusun mutum, da albarkatun ƙwararru da aka tsara don maza, da nufin rage kunya da inganta neman taimako da wuri.

Dokta John Ogrodniczuk, Farfesa na Psychiatry kuma Darakta na Shirin Psychotherapy a Jami'ar British Columbia ne ya ƙaddamar da HeadsUpGuys a shekarar 2015. Wannan shirin ya samo asali ne daga binciken da aka yi a dakin jiran inda maza da yawa suka ba da rahoton cewa suna da tunanin kashe kansu amma ba su tattauna su da likitocin su ba. A mayar da martani, Ogrodniczuk ya kirkiro HeadsUpGuys a matsayin hanyar da ba a san ta ba ta yanar gizo wanda aka tsara musamman ga maza da ke fama da baƙin ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HeadsUpGuys: Empowering men's mental health |url=https://give.ubc.ca/impact-stories/headsupguys/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=give UBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi, shafin yanar gizon ya fadada don haɗawa da fasalulluka da yawa, gami da kundin adireshin warkarwa (wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2021) da kuma kayan aikin binciken lafiyar kwakwalwa (wanda aka kara a cikin 2024).

== Abubuwan da ke ciki ==
Shafin yana ba da kayan aiki da bayanai kyauta don taimakawa maza su magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa:

=== Binciken Kai ===
An ƙaddamar da shafin tare da &quot;Self Check&quot;, bisa ga sikelin baƙin ciki na PHQ-9, wanda ke bawa baƙi damar tantance alamun baƙin ciki. Ya zuwa 2025, an kammala binciken sama da sau 500,000.[1] A cikin 2018, an gabatar da &quot;Jarabawar Matsala&quot;, wanda ke taimaka wa masu amfani ganowa, ba da fifiko, da kuma bin diddigin hanyoyin damuwa.[2] A cikin 2024, tare da goyon bayan West Fraser Timber, an fadada Self-Check Suite don haɗawa da ƙarin kayan aikin tantancewa da ke magance fushi, kaɗaici, ƙalubalen dangantaka, damuwa ta kuɗi, wahalar wurin aiki, da rashin ko manufa ko ma'ana. Kowane kayan aiki yana ba da ra'ayoyi da jagora bisa ga martani na mai amfani.

=== Littafin Likitoci ===
An gabatar da shi a cikin 2021, kundin adireshin mai warkarwa ya lissafa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa sama da 800 a duk faɗin Kanada, Amurka, Ingila, Ostiraliya, da Ireland. Har ila yau, yana ba da jagora ga maza da ke da sababbin magani, gami da shawarwari don fara hulɗa da mai warkarwa, tattauna damuwa tare da likitan iyali ko likitan gaba ɗaya, da fahimtar abin da za a yi tsammani daga maganin magana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Find a Therapist - Directory for Men |url=https://headsupguys.org/getting-help-for-depression/types-of-mental-health-professionals/find-a-therapist/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=HeadsUpGuys |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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Farfesa '''Kulamani Parida''', wanda aka fi sani da K. M. Parida (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952) farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai na Indiya kuma masanin kimiyya wanda aka fi saninsa da aikinsa da bincike, galibi a kan ilmin sunadarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalysis Society of India |url=http://www.catalysisindia.org/pdf/CSI-Members-Top-Scientists-in-the-world-list-by-Standford-University.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven SOA researchers figure among Stanford list of top world scientists &amp;#124; Bhubaneswar News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/seven-soa-researchers-figure-among-stanford-list-of-top-world-scientists/articleshow/79077985.cms |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parida tana cikin manyan Masanin kimiyya na duniya na 2% 2020 tare da matsayi na duniya 109 a cikin Inorganic Chemistry (Ranking bisa ga C-score) da kuma Rank 1 a yankin photocatalysis a Indiya da matsayi na 131 a duniya bisa ga bayanan marubucin Scopus a lokacin 2016-2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ya lashe lambobin yabo na kimiyya na jihohi da na kasa 19, kuma ya rubuta kusan labaran bincike 521, da surori 10 na littafi. Parida kuma tana da takardun shaida na kimiyya na kasa sama da 38.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Kulamani Parida, Distinguished Professor and Director |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9G-EmCQAAAAJ&amp;hl=fil |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to OBA |url=http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_bjp_prv_winner.html |website=orissabigyanacademy.nic.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081426/http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_bjp_prv_winner.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to OBA |url=http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_scs_prv_winner.html |website=orissabigyanacademy.nic.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018090330/http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_scs_prv_winner.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Kulamani Parida's Research group |url=https://kmparidaimmt.weebly.com/ |website=Prof. Kulamani Parida's Research group}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=nasi |url=http://nasi.nic.in/Fellowship%20Nomination%20Book%202016/Physical_Sciences_Section_Book_II.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parida kuma tana da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta masanin Google tare da ƙididdiga fiye da ~32316, h-index ~98, da i10-index ~444. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi kuma ya girma a gundumar Kendrapara ta Odisha, Parida ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Jayaram ta Karilopatna (1969) da kuma digiri na farko a fannin sinadarai daga Kwalejin Kendapara mai zaman kanta. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Berhempur, Parida ta shiga aikin bincike a dakin gwaje-gwajen bincike na yanki. A wannan lokacin, Parida ta auri abokiyar aikinta Ms. Renubala Parida.

== Ayyukan kimiyya ==
A farkon aikin bincikensa, Parida ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya sunadarai a sassa daban-daban na Cibiyar Fasahar Ma'adanai da Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Bhubaneswar (wanda aka fi sani da Laboratory na Bincike na Yankin, Bhubaneswan), inda ya yi ritaya a matsayin Babban Masanin Kimiyya a ranar 31.05.2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Past Ph. D. students |url=https://www.immt.res.in/webroot/upload/admin/document/document_img_1568899538.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Editors |url=https://catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in/editors.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710065645/http://catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in/editors.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orissa Chemical Society |url=https://ocs.org.in/award.php |website=ocs.org.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101051841/https://www.ocs.org.in/award.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu Parida yana aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai da Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Nano da Sashen Fasaha na Jami'ar Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar .    &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Conference |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57713a8e2994cae381dd86fe/t/5d0a1f43c4cfd100017a649f/1560944496255/Brodhure.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Conference on SMART MATERIALS &amp; APPLICATIONS |url=http://iter.ac.in/isma/committee.html |website=iter.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patnaik |first=Sulagna |last2=Sahoo |first2=Dipti Prava |last3=Parida |first3=Kulamani |year=2018 |title=An overview on Ag modified g-C3N4 based nanostructured materials for energy and environmental applications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117312741 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=82 |pages=1297–1312 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.026 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Previous Council Members - SOCIETY FOR MATERIALS CHEMISTRY |url=http://www.smcindia.org/previous-council.php |website=www.smcindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=dst |url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/int-09-10.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parida ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba mai aiki na kwamitin mujallu na kimiyya kamar &quot;The Open Catalysis Journal&quot; da &quot;Bulletin of the Catalysis Society of India&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Gudummawar kimiyya ==
Parida ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa ta kimiyya wajen gano sinadarai da suka shafi sinadaran kimiyyar lissafi, opto-electronic da photoelectrochemical na kayan semiconducting don ingantaccen aikin photon da ke haifar da redox na ruwa, rage gurɓataccen iska da kuma haɗakar sinadarai masu kyau. Bincikensa kan haɓaka tsarin gine-gine tare da rabuwar caji mai ban mamaki, ingancin hasken rana da juyawa abu ne mai ban mamaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scopus preview - Parida, Kulamani M. - Author details - Scopus |url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56914777200 |website=www.scopus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scopus preview - Parida, Kulamani M. - Author details - Scopus |url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56914777500 |website=www.scopus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Parida ta sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa na kimiyya ciki har da

* Kyautar Kyautar MRSI ta shekara-shekara (2022), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MRSI Medal-2022 by the Materials Research Society of India |url=http://iumrs.iitj.ac.in/?page_id=578 |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227003427/http://iumrs.iitj.ac.in/?page_id=578 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa S. K. Bhattacharyya Kyautar Masanin Kimiyya mai Kyau (2017), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Catalysis Society of India |url=http://www.catalysisindia.org/All-News.php |website=www.catalysisindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dai-Ichi Karkaria Endowment Fellowship (2014),
* Medal na MRSI (2013), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MRSI Medal-2013 by the Materials Research Society of India |url=https://www.csir.res.in/sites/default/files/Awards-AR2012-13.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Takardar shaidar Kyakkyawan ta IMMT (2010),
* Kyautar Bincike ta Ukieri (2009),
* Kyautar SGAT ta Kyau (2007),
* Kyautar Metallurgist na Shekara (2004), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Metallurgist of the Year Award |url=https://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1504863778.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Nilamani Devi-Bishwanath Das (2003),
* Kyautar Samanta Chandra Sekhar (2001), &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
* Farfesa Dayanidhi Pattnaik Award (1998), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orissa Chemical Society |url=https://ocs.org.in/award.php |website=ocs.org.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101051841/https://www.ocs.org.in/award.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Ferroguard (1985-86).

Parida kuma ta sami lambar yabo, Kyautar Biju Patnaik don Kwarewar Kimiyya (2008) daga Kwalejin Odisha Bigyan &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; kuma ta sami Babban DAAD Fellowship (1999), INSA Fellowsship (2000 &amp; 2010) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian National Science Academy:::INSA, India:::::::::::::::::::: |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/index.php |website=www.insaindia.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Royal Society Fellowships (2004 da 2008).

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Kamfanin mallakar ƙauye</title>
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[[Fayil:Bumdes_24_Kebumen_Kedung_Bener.jpg|thumb|BUMDes-run convenience store a Kebumen RegencyRegency na Kebumen]]
'''Kamfanin mallakar ƙauye''' (Indonesiya: Badan Usaha Milik Desa), wanda galibi aka taƙaita shi zuwa BUMDes ko BUM Desa, wani nau'in kamfani ne da ƙauyen Indonesiya ke gudanarwa kuma ya kafa. Waɗannan kamfanoni sun ƙunshi masana'antu iri-iri, tun daga noma da hakar ma'adinai zuwa yawon buɗe ido da dillalai. BUMDes wani ci gaba ne na baya-bayan nan a Indonesiya, wanda ya fara bayyana bayan faduwar Suharto da kuma saurin rarraba iko da ya biyo baya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, bisa ga bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Ƙauyuka, Ci gaban Yankuna Marasa Amfani, da Canja Sheka, akwai jimillar BUMDes 74,691 da aka yi wa rijista. Duk da haka, saboda matsalolin gwamnati, kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 (7,902) ne kawai aka ba su takardar shaidar zama ƙungiyoyin shari'a a shekarar 2022.

== Tarihi da ma'anar ==
Tushen doka na farko da aka bai wa ƙauyuka damar gudanar da harkokin kasuwancinsu shine Dokar Lamba ta 22 ta 1999 kan Gwamnatin Yanki, inda babi na 108 ya bayyana cewa &quot;ƙauyuka na iya mallakar kasuwanci bisa ga doka&quot;. An sake duba wannan daga baya; a cikin Dokar Lamba ta 32 ta 2004, babi na 213, sashe na 1, ya karanta: &quot;Ƙauye na iya kafa kasuwanci mallakar ƙauyen bisa ga buƙatunsa da yuwuwarsa&quot;. An bayyana wanzuwar kamfanonin mallakar ƙauye a sarari tare da Dokar Gwamnati Lamba ta 72 ta 2005, babi na 78, sashe na 1, wanda ya ambaci Badan Usaha Milik Desa ko BUMDes; Dokar Lamba ta 6 ta 2014 kan ƙauyuka; Dokar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida Lamba ta 39 ta 2010 kan ma'anar BUMDes; da Dokar Gwamnati Lamba ta 39 ta 2021 kan BUMDes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wardani |first=Surti |last2=Yughi |first2=Sheila Ardilla |last3=Widodo |first3=Arif Siaha |date=2022-08-30 |title=Peran BUMDes Dalam Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat Melalui Bimtek Manajemen Bisnis Di Desa Ciampea Udik Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat |url=http://openjournal.unpam.ac.id/index.php/ABMAS/article/view/24030 |journal=Jurnal Abdimas Tri Dharma Manajemen |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=67–74 |doi=10.32493/ABMAS.v3i3.p67-74.y2022 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2716-070X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Putry |first=Muthia Anggela Mawadhaty |last2=Danil |first2=Elwi |last3=Oktarina |first3=Neneng |title=Analisis Terhadap Akta Penirian Badan Usaha Milik Desa: Studi Akta Pendirian Badan Usaha Milik Desa Taratak Bancah Sejahtera |url=https://files.core.ac.uk/pdf/645/201449135.pdf |access-date=November 26, 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Law Number 6 of 2014, BUMDes are mentioned several times in detail. The law specifically defines a BUMDes as an &quot;enterprise whose capital is wholly or partly owned by the village government, derived from the wealth of the village, which is separated through asset management, services, and other business for the welfare of the village's inhabitants&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Landasan Hukum Pendirian Badan Usaha Milik Desa |url=https://dispmd.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/bank_data/landasan-hukum-pendirian-badan-usaha-milik-desa-91 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=dispmd.bulelengkab.go.id |publisher=[[Buleleng Regency|Kabupatén Buléléng]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IAI Jatim |url=https://www.iaijawatimur.or.id/course/interest/detail/21 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.iaijawatimur.or.id |publisher=[[Institute of Indonesia Chartered Accountants|Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Details about structures, establishment, and management of BUMDes are explained in chapters 87 through 90.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In chapter 88, it is stated that BUMDes are established through village consultation and village regulation (''Peraturan Desa'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia |url=https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2014_6.pdf |access-date=November 26, 2022 |language=id |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031215616/https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2014_6.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The establishment of BUMDes is a way for village governments to innovate in rural development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Agunggunanto |first=Edy Yusuf |last2=Arianti |first2=Fitrie |last3=Kushartono |first3=Edi Wibowo |last4=Darwanto |date=March 1, 2016 |title=Pengembangan Desa Mandiri melalui Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Bumdes) |url=https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/293983/pengembangan-desa-mandiri-melalui-pengelolaan-badan-usaha-milik-desa-bumdes#id-section-content |journal=Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi dan Bisnis |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.34001/jdeb.v13i1.395 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankuna ==
[[Fayil:BUMDes-run_factory.jpg|thumb|BUMDes-run fish pellet factory a West Kotawaringin Regency. BUMDes suna nan a bangarori da yawa.]]
An kafa kamfanonin mallakar ƙauyuka a fannoni daban-daban, daga hakar ma'adinai da shuka zuwa siyarwa, yawon bude ido, da sadarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kopi 7 |date=2019-09-26 |title=BUMDes Mart Sangatta Utara Beroperasi – Retail Konsep Modern Jadi Penyangga Perekonomian |url=https://pro.kutaitimurkab.go.id/2019/09/26/bumdes-mart-sangatta-utara-beroperasi-retail-konsep-modern-jadi-penyangga-perekonomian/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Protokol &amp; Komunikasi Pimpinan Sekretariat Daerah |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hidayat |first=Ali Akhmad Noor |date=2018-08-26 |title=Lamongan Targetkan 462 Badan Usaha Milik Desa Dirikan Toko Ritel |url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1120686/lamongan-targetkan-462-badan-usaha-milik-desa-dirikan-toko-ritel |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Tempo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sedesa |first=Ari |date=2021-04-18 |title=Contoh Unit Usaha BUMDes di Bidang Pelayanan Publik |url=https://sedesa.id/contoh-unit-usaha-bumdes-di-bidang-pelayanan-publik/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=sedesa.id |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=BUMDES Kabupaten Sleman Ini Gandeng ISP Bangun Infrastruktur Internet Desa |url=https://www.merdeka.com/teknologi/bumdes-kabupaten-sleman-ini-gandeng-isp-bangun-infrastruktur-internet-desa.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=merdeka.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Ma'aikatar ƙauyuka, Ci gaban Yankunan Rashin Rashin Ruwa, da Shige da Fice musamman sun bayyana cewa an tsara BUMDes don mayar da hankali kan manyan sassa uku a yankunan karkara na Indonesia, wato kamun kifi, noma, da yawon bude ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kementerian Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal, dan Transmigrasi |url=https://www.kemendesa.go.id/berita/view/detil/3817/butuh-sdm-mumpuni-bumdes-potensial-besar-di-tiga-sektor-ini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126195405/https://www.kemendesa.go.id/berita/view/detil/3817/butuh-sdm-mumpuni-bumdes-potensial-besar-di-tiga-sektor-ini |archive-date=2022-11-26 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.kemendesa.go.id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ==
Dangane da bayanai daga 2021, akwai BUMDes 45,223 masu aiki, wanda a cikin duka ya yi amfani da mutane sama da miliyan 20 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga kusan tiriliyan 4.6 ga tattalin arzikin Indonesia a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mediatama |first=Grahanusa |date=2021-09-15 |title=Sebanyak 35% BUMDes di Indonesia terdampak pandemi Covid-19 |url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/sebanyak-35-bumdes-di-indonesia-terdampak-pandemi-covid-19 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=kontan.co.id |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, kusan kashi 35 cikin 100 na BUMDes da ke akwai sun sha wahala sosai daga annobar COVID-19, wanda ya haifar da korar mutane sama da 100,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ƙalubalen ==
Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa BUMDes ba su da tasiri a matsayin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci. Kalubale ga BUMDes sun haɗa da matsalolin bureaucratic wajen samun matsayin hukuma ta doka don sabbin BUMDes da aka kafa, rashin sha'awar gwamnatocin ƙauyuka don bunkasa kasuwancin BUMDes, da kuma ƙananan sassa waɗanda za a iya haɓaka su a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aeni |first=Nurul |date=2020-12-17 |title=Gambaran Kinerja Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) Di Kabupaten Pati |url=https://ejournal.bappeda.jatengprov.go.id/index.php/jurnaljateng/article/view/826 |journal=Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=131–146 |doi=10.36762/jurnaljateng.v18i2.826 |issn=2548-463X |s2cid=235084619 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; BUMDes sau da yawa ba su da riba, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ba su da kuɗin da ake bukata ko albarkatu don bunkasa kasuwancin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2021 |title=IRDA Subang Sebut Banyak BUMDES Bermasalah: Dari Mulai Tak Ada Kegiatan, Usaha Rugi Mlulu Hingga Masalah Penggunaan Dana |url=https://www.jabarpress.com/2021/05/16/irda-subang-sebut-banyak-bumdes-bermasalah-dari-mulai-tak-ada-kegiatan-usaha-rugi-mlulu-hingga-masalah-penggunaan-dana/ |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fitria |first=Fitria |date=2020-04-15 |title=Pember Ekonomi Masyarakat Malalui Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) |url=https://ejournal.steialfurqon.ac.id/index.php/adl/article/view/4 |journal=ADL Islamic Economic: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Islam |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.56644/adl.v1i1.4 |issn=2722-2810 |s2cid=229140334 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa suna da tsarin ciki mara daidaituwa saboda mazauna ƙauye da jami'an ƙauyen ne ke sarrafa su waɗanda ba su da ilimi a lissafi da kuɗi.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Posi |first=Sahrul HI |last2=Putra |first2=Sang Putu Angga Mahendra |date=2021-09-02 |title=Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan, Pemahaman Akuntansi Dan Pelatihan Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Terhadap Pelaporan Keuangan Bumdes Berdasarkan SAK ETAP |url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/S1ak/article/view/29591 |journal=JIMAT (Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Akuntansi) Undiksha |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=463–469 |doi=10.23887/jimat.v12i2.29591 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gumiwang |first=Ringkang |date=16 December 2019 |title=Kenapa Ribuan BUMDes Mangkrak Meski Dana Desa Triliunan Rupiah? |url=https://tirto.id/kenapa-ribuan-bumdes-mangkrak-meski-dana-desa-triliunan-rupiah-enpb |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=tirto.id |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan matsalolin suna haifar da rashin aiki ko rashin ƙarfi na BUMDes a wasu yankuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sulut |first=SKH Media |title=Deprov Kritisi Lemahnya Pengelolaan BUMDes di Sulut |url=https://www.mediasulut.co/berita-5822-deprov-kritisi-lemahnya-pengelolaan-bumdes-di-sulut.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.mediasulut.co |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Legislator Kotim Kritik Keras BUMDes, Desak Dilakukan Evaluasi |url=https://www.radarsampit.com/berita/legislator-kotim-kritik-keras-bumdes-desak-dilakukan-evaluasi.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=radarsampit.com |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tabbacin shari'a kuma matsala ce ga yawancin BUMDes, saboda yana hana ikon su neman masu saka hannun jari ko buɗe asusun banki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Purwanto |first=M. Yusuf |date=2021-12-22 |title=BUMDes Minim Badan Hukum, Kesulitan Akses Perbankan |url=https://radarbojonegoro.jawapos.com/daerah/bojonegoro/22/12/2021/bumdes-minim-badan-hukum-kesulitan-akses-perbankan/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Radar Bojonegoro |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ma'arif |first=Nurcholis |title=Mendes Jelaskan Cara BUMDes Bisa Berbadan Hukum |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5283263/mendes-jelaskan-cara-bumdes-bisa-berbadan-hukum |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126195510/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5283263/mendes-jelaskan-cara-bumdes-bisa-berbadan-hukum |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kokarin sauƙaƙe ƙalubalen da ƙauyuka ke fuskanta don kafa BUMDes ɗin su a matsayin ƙungiya ta doka, kawai 7,902 BUMDes, ko kusan kashi 10, an yi rajista a matsayin ƙungiyar doka tun daga shekara ta 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Percepatan Sertifikasi Badan Hukum BUM Desa, Solusi Konkrit Kebangkitan Ekonomi di Desa |url=https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/percepatan-sertifikasi-badan-hukum-bum-desa-solusi-konkrit-kebangkitan-ekonomi-di-desa |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.kemenkopmk.go.id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kasuwancin gari da ƙauyuka

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Deji Adeyanju</title>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
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'''Deji Adeyanju''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba 1979) lauya ne kuma mai fafutuka [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Ya kafa kungiyar dimokuradiyya mai suna Concerned Nigerians, wanda daga baya ya jagoranci a matsayin mai shirya taron, kuma abokin kafa ne na kamfanin lauya Deji Adeyanju &amp; Partners a [[Abuja]]. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka hada da zalunci na 'yan sanda da 'yanci na jama'a.

Adeyanju, tsohon shugaban kungiyar dalibai, ya fara gwagwarmayarsa a karkashin gwamnatin soja ta [[Sani Abacha]], kuma ya fuskanci kamawa akai-akai a tsawon shekaru saboda shirya zanga-zangar adawa da hukumomin jihar. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sabon Media na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), kafin ya bar ya bi aikin gwagwarmaya na cikakken lokaci a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://thewhistler.ng/breaking-police-arrests-former-pdp-social-media-director-deji-adeyanju/&lt;/ref&gt;Ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a tare da girmamawa na farko daga [[Jami'ar Baze]] a 2022 kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya jim kadan bayan haka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/multiple-arrests-trumped-up-charges-motivated-me-to-study-law-deji-adeyanju/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Adeyanju a [[Kabba]], a cikin Karamar Hukumar Kabba-Bunu ta [[Jihar Kogi]], arewa maso tsakiyar Najeriya. Shi ɗan asalin Ayere ne, wani gari a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Yankin Karamar Hukumar]] [[Ijumu]], kuma memba ne na Mutanen Okun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya girma ne a cikin dangi mai tsawo a Kabba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://thenationonlineng.net/i-dream-of-a-nigeria-where-there-is-justice-for-all/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar firamare daga Makarantar Firamare ta Kojola a Kabba (1986-1991), sannan ya kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] Capital a Kaduna (1993-1999), inda ya sami [[Ilimi a Najeriya|Babban Takardar Shaidar Sakandare]] (SSCE).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ya shiga [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero, Kano]] a shekara ta 2001 don nazarin Mass Communication, amma bai kammala digiri ba bayan ya fuskanci shari'a a lokacin shekarunsa na dalibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;A cikin 2019, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Baze]] da ke Abuja don nazarin doka, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Laws tare da girmamawa na farko a cikin 2022. Daga nan sai ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] a Abuja kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya. Daga baya ya kammala Master of Laws (LL.M) a Jami'ar Baze a shekarar 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://gazettengr.com/deji-adeyanju-bags-first-class-law-degree-from-top-nigerian-university/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yunkurin gwagwarmaya na farko ==
Adeyanju ya fara aikinsa na gwagwarmaya a kusan shekaru 16. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin tsohon shugaban kungiyar dalibai wanda rikice-rikice na farko da hukumomin jihar ya zo ne a karkashin gwamnatin soja ta [[Sani Abacha]] .

Yawancin ayyukan da ya rubuta a cikin ɗalibai suna da alaƙa da lokacinsa a [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero, Kano]], inda ya shiga cikin ayyukan ƙungiyar ɗalibai kafin a kama shi kuma a gurfanar da shi kan zargin kisan kai da ya nuna a matsayin mai motsa siyasa. An wanke shi kuma an warware shari'ar a shekara ta 2009; daga baya jihar ta farfado da wannan zargi a shekarar 2018 kafin a sake sallame shi bisa la'akari da haɗari biyu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/300983-activist-deji-adeyanju-arrested-again.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Kafin ya fara gwagwarmaya ta cikakken lokaci, Adeyanju ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sabon Media na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/ex-pdp-new-media-director-deji-adeyanju-arrested-over-freennamdikanu-protest/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bar rawar a shekarar 2017 don mayar da hankali ga cikakken lokaci kan gwagwarmaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/300983-activist-deji-adeyanju-arrested-again.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yan Najeriya da suka damu ==
Adeyanju ita ce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar mai shirya taron 'yan Najeriya masu damuwa don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da Dokar Shari'a, ƙungiyar jama'a da aka yi rajista a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2021-02-26 |title=Concerned Nigerians group gets CAC registration |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/concerned-nigerians-group-gets-cac-registration/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A karkashin jagorancin Adeyanju, 'yan Najeriya masu damuwa sun shirya zanga-zangar da zanga-zambe a Unity Fountain a Abuja - filin zanga-zaye na jama'a na Babban Birnin Tarayya - kuma sun ba da wasiƙu da korafe-korafe ga cibiyoyin gwamnati, gami da Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://saharareporters.com/2025/02/09/activist-adebayo-raphael-appointed-new-convener-concerned-nigerians-group-deji-adeyanju&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2025, Adeyanju ya sauka a matsayin mai shirya taron 'yan Najeriya masu damuwa don mayar da hankali kan aikinsa na lauya, ya mika jagorancin ga mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya Adebayo Raphael&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Yunkurin fafutuka ==


=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Sheikh el-Zakzaky (2017-2018) ===
Daga cikin kamfen din da ya fi dadewa shi ne turawa don sakin Sheikh [[Ibrahim el-Zakzaky]], shugaban kungiyar Musulunci a Najeriya (IMN), wanda gwamnatin [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]] ta tsare bayan kisan Zaria a watan Disamba na 2015. Adeyanju da 'yan Najeriya masu damuwa sun shirya wani tsawo na yau da kullun a Unity Fountain a Abuja suna kira ga sakin el-Zakzaky. A lokacin yakin, 'yan sanda sun kama shi, ciki har da wani abin da ya faru inda Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na [[Federal Capital Territory, Abuja|FCT]] da kansa ya jagoranci jami'an da suka watsar da masu zanga-zangar da iskar hawaye kuma suka tsare Adeyanju na sa'o'i da yawa ba tare da tuhuma ko gurfanar da su ba.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailypost.ng/2018/04/14/zakzaky-islamic-movement-comdems-attack-protesters-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, an kama Adeyanju a Abuja yayin da yake shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ke kira ga sakin [[Nnamdi Kanu]], shugaban 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB), wanda gwamnatin Buhari ta tsare. An tsare shi tare da wasu masu gwagwarmaya kuma daga baya aka sake shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/breaking-police-releases-deji/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kaddamarwa da tsare-tsare a karkashin gwamnatin Buhari (2018-2019) ===
A shekara ta 2018, Adeyanju ya kasance mai sukar murya ga gwamnatin Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. An kama shi sau da yawa saboda jagorancin zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

==== An kama shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018 ====
A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2018, an kama shi a Abuja yayin da yake jagorantar zanga-zangar da ake kira &quot;Yan sanda Ba 'yan siyasa ba ne, Ka ceci Dimokuradiyya tamu&quot;, wanda ya bukaci tsaka-tsaki na' yan sanda kafin Babban Zabe 2019. An kwace wayoyin hannu guda uku. An gurfanar da shi a wannan rana a Kotun Babban Majalisa a Karshi, Abuja, an ba shi belin, amma bai iya cika sharuɗɗa ba kuma an tura shi gidan yarin Keffi, inda ya kasance har zuwa 6 ga Disamba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;http://saharareporters.com/2018/11/28/breaking-police-arrest-deji-adeyanju-while-leading-protest-abuja&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Disamba 2018 sake kamawa da kuma kisan kai ====
A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Sufeto-Janar na Sashin Kula da 'yan sanda ya sake kama shi, tare da' yan sanda suna ambaton shari'ar kisan kai ta 2005 a matsayin dalilan, duk da ƙudurin da ya yi a shekara ta 2009. Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai [[Bukola Saraki]] da sauransu sun bayyana sake kamawa a matsayin siyasa fiye da shari'a.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/302450-deji-adeyanjus-arrest-more-political-than-judicial-saraki.html&lt;/ref&gt;

An canja shi daga Abuja zuwa [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2018, kuma an gurfanar da shi a ranar 21 ga Disamba a gaban Kotun Babban Majalisa a Kano, wanda ya gano cewa ba shi da [[Yanke hukunci|iko]] don gwada shari'o'in kisan kai kuma ya tsare shi har sai an tura shi zuwa babbar kotun. [[National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Najeriya]] ta fitar da sanarwar manema labarai da ta yi Allah wadai da abin da ta kira &quot;tsarin cin zarafi da tsoratar da hankali&quot; na Adeyanju,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/nhrc-media/press-release/62-press-release-on-the-arrest-detention-and-trial-of-deji-adeyanju.html&lt;/ref&gt;yayin da Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya ta ba da umarnin kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan 'yan sanda da shari'a su sake bincika sake kama shi.&lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/senate-orders-investigation-of-deji-adeyanju-detention-by-police/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2018/12/18/senate-orders-committee-to-investigate-deji-adeyanjus-rearrest/&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Saki da kuma wankewa ====
A watan Fabrairun 2019, Babban Kotun [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ta ba shi belin, kuma a ranar 1 ga Maris 2019 an sake shi daga [[Kano Central Prison|Kurkukun Tsakiya na Kano]] bayan fiye da watanni biyu a tsare.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/317026-breaking-activist-deji-adeyanju-released-from-prison.html&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2019, Babban Kotun Jihar Kano ta sallame shi kuma ta wanke shi daga zargin kisan kai, tana riƙe da cewa an riga an wanke shi a shekara ta 2009 kuma sake gwada shi ya keta haramcin kundin tsarin mulki game da haɗari biyu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/362329-again-court-clears-deji-adeyanju-of-murder-charges.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Harin a lokacin zanga-zangar #FreeSowore (2019) ===
A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Adeyanju yana jagorantar zanga-zangar a hedikwatar [[National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa]] a Abuja yana neman a saki dan jarida kuma mai fafutuka [[Omoyele Sowore]], wanda Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jiha (DSS) ta sake kama shi duk da umarnin kotu guda biyu da suka ba da umarnin a sake shi. Wani rukuni na masu zanga-zangar sun kai hari ga masu zanga-zanga; An doke Adeyanju kuma ya ji rauni, kuma daga baya aka kai shi Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa don magani. Kafofin yada labarai na Najeriya sun ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin mawuyacin hali.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2019/12/23/video-deji-adeyanju-beaten-up-as-sowore-supporters-counter-protesters-clash-despite-police-presence/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/12/24/deji-adeyanju-in-critical-condition-flown-abroad-after-brutal-attack-by-thugs/&lt;/ref&gt; Adeyanju daga baya ya yi zargin cewa DSS ta shirya harin ne don ramawa ga aikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;https://saharareporters.com/2019/12/29/dss-behind-attack-me-deji-adeyanju-alleges&lt;/ref&gt;

=== #EndSARS zanga-zangar (2020) ===
A watan Oktoba 2020, Adeyanju na daga cikin masu gwagwarmayar da suka jagoranci [[2020 Nigerian protests|zanga-zangar #EndSARS]] a Abuja, tare da Omoyele Sowore da sauransu. Adeyanju ya ce shi da Sowore sun kasance daga cikin masu shirya yunkurin #EndSARS, bayan sun shirya zanga-zangar da suka gabata game da zaluncin 'yan sanda na SARS kafin zanga-zambe na Oktoba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/30/endsars-sowore-and-i-started-protest-adeyanju-accuses-bisi-akande-of-lying/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/video-deji-adeyanju-sowore-lead-endsars-protest-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;.Ya kuma yi amfani da ikonsa na shari'a don kalubalantar karar da aka shigar a kan mutane 50 - ciki har da kansa, mawaƙi [[Davido]], da mai fafutuka [[Aisha Yesufu]] - saboda shiga cikin zanga-zangar. Babban Kotun FCT ta kori karar kuma ta amince da umarni na hana gurfanar da kara.&lt;ref&gt;https://saharareporters.com/2021/07/02/breaking-endsars-court-strikes-out-government-sponsored-motion-against-deji-adeyanju&lt;/ref&gt;

=== #EndBadGovernance zanga-zangar (2024) ===
A watan Agustan 2024, Adeyanju ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga masu zanga-zangar a lokacin zanga-zambe na #EndBadGovernance a duk faɗin Najeriya. Ya yi magana da [[CNN]] game da zanga-zangar adawa da kungiyoyin gwamnati a lokacin zanga-zambe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/01/africa/nigeria-mass-protests-against-hunger-intl/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami sakin masu zanga-zangar 26 da 'yan jarida da 'yan sanda da DSS suka tsare a Abuja bayan zanga-zambe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.naijanews.com/2024/08/12/26-arrested-endbadgovernance-protesters-journalists-regain-freedom/&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya wakilci masu zanga-zangar 124 - ciki har da kananan yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa 17 - da ake tuhuma da cin amana (duba aikin shari'a).

== Ayyukan shari'a da sanannun shari'o'i ==
Bayan kiran da ya yi wa lauyan Najeriya, Adeyanju ya kafa kamfanin lauya na Abuja Deji Adeyanju &amp; Partners, tare da aikin da aka mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokar aikata laifuka.&lt;ref&gt;https://dejiadeyanjuandpartners.com/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/2025/08/27/nba-spidel-breakout-session-on-access-to-justice-security-and-accountability/&lt;/ref&gt;

Adeyanju da kamfaninsa sun wakilci abokan ciniki da yawa a cikin shari'o'i masu rikitarwa na siyasa. Ya yi kira ga sakin ɗan jarida kuma mai fafutuka Omoyele Sowore a lokacin da aka tsare shi da DSS a shekarar 2019.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga mai fafutukar kafofin sada zumunta Martins Vincent Otse (VeryDarkMan) a duk faɗin kamawa da yawa daga 2024 zuwa 2025, gami da tsarewar Otse ta [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi]] (EFCC) a watan Mayu 2025 bayan ziyarar reshen Bankin Guaranty Trust a Abuja.&lt;ref&gt;https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/deji-adeyanju-why-verydarkman-was-arrested-at-gtb-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi da ta sami sakin rapper Darlington Achakpo (Speed Darlington), wanda aka kama shi sau biyu a cikin 2024-2025 biyo bayan takardar neman izinin ɗan'uwan mawaƙa Burna Boy.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/missing-speed-darlington-in-police-custody-deji-adeyanju/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://gazettengr.com/speed-darlington-released-from-kuje-prison-after-meeting-bail-conditions/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, ya wakilci masu zanga-zangar 124, ciki har da kananan yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa 17, wadanda aka kama su kuma aka tuhume su da cin amana bayan zanga-zambe na #EndBadGovernance; ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa yara da aka tsare sun bayyana ba su da abinci mai gina jiki kuma an hana su samun damar zuwa lauya kafin a gurfanar da su.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/06/nigeria-protesters-charged-treason&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'ar tilasta inshorar mota ta ɓangare na uku (2025-2026) ===
A cikin 2025, Adeyanju ya shigar da kara (FHC / ABJ / CS/291/2025) a Babban Kotun Tarayya a Abuja a kan Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda, Babban Lauyan Tarayya, da Kungiyar Tsaro ta Tarayya (FRSC), suna neman bayani game da aiwatar da dokokin inshorar mota ta ɓangare na uku a Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/court-bars-police-frsc-from-imposing-third-party-insurance-fines-on-motorists/&lt;/ref&gt;

Adeyanju ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da hukumomin tilasta bin doka suna da ikon bincika bin bukatun inshora, ba su da ikon doka don sanya tarar a kan masu motoci ba tare da amincewar shari'a ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, kotun, karkashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Hauwa Yilwa, ta yanke hukunci a madadinsa, tana mai cewa rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya da FRSC na iya tilasta bin doka amma ba za ta iya sanya tarar a kan masu motoci ba tare da umarnin kotu ba. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa kotun da ke da iko ne kawai za ta iya sanya irin wannan hukunci, ta bambanta tsakanin tilasta aiki da ikon ba da izini, kuma ta hana hukumomin karɓar tarar yayin binciken kan hanya.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thisdaylive.com/2026/04/24/third-party-insurance-court-restrains-police-frsc-from-imposing-fines-on-motorists/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin jama'a ==

=== Cibiyar 'Yanci ===
Adeyanju yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar 'Yanci, ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya da ke mai da hankali kan' yancin farar hula da kuma neman sauye-sauyen zabe.&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/niger-coup-kperogi-sandy-modibbo-others-to-speak-at-leadership-twitter-spaces/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yan Afirka suna tashi ===
Adeyanju ya yi aiki a matsayin Co-Chairman na African Rising daga Yuli 2021 zuwa 2023 (wanda ake kira African Rising), ƙungiyar Afirka da ke aiki don hadin kai, adalci, zaman lafiya, da mutunci, da hedikwata a [[Gambiya]]. An zabe shi a matsayin Co-Chairman a watan Yulin 2021 a lokacin taron gudanarwa na kungiyar Coordinating Collective a Arusha, Tanzania, tare da Co-C Chairman Farfesa Wangui wa Goro (Kenya / UK), yana aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref&gt;https://gna.org.gh/2021/08/africans-rising-gets-new-leadership/&lt;/ref&gt;.A wannan matsayin, ya shiga cikin hadin kai a Guinea, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kamaru, da sauran ƙasashe don tallafawa maido da mulkin demokraɗiyya.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220123224155/https://leadership.ng/african-rising-motivates-youth-with-awards-for-peace-democracy/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin jituwa ==

=== Sakamakon tare da Charly Boy da Our Mumu Don Do (2019) ===
Adeyanju ya kasance fitaccen memba na ƙungiyar Our Mumu Don Do, ƙungiyar farar hula da ke karkashin jagorancin mai nishadantarwa Charles Oputa (wanda aka sani da Charly Boy), wanda ya shirya zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Buhari tsakanin 2016 da 2019. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, jim kadan bayan da aka sake shi daga gidan yarin Kano, Adeyanju ya yi murabus a fili daga motsi, yana zargin Charly Boy da cin amanar lamarin yayin da aka tsare shi. Ya yi zargin cewa Charly Boy ya karbi kudi daga gwamnati kuma ya yi amfani da shi don samar da kayan kamfen akan dan takarar shugaban kasa na adawa Atiku Abubakar, da kuma dakatar da hare-hare kan gwamnatin Buhari.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/charly-boy-betrayed-us-while-i-was-in-prison-deji-adeyanju/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/deji-adeyanju-dumps-charly-boys-group-our-mumu-don-do/&lt;/ref&gt;

Charly Boy ya amsa ta hanyar ƙungiyar Our Mumu Don Do, ya amince da murabus ɗin kuma ya bayyana cewa kungiyar za ta sake duba shaidar kafin ta amsa zarge-zargen. Daga baya ya yi zargin cewa Adeyanju ya nemi rabon kuɗin da ya karɓa, wanda Adeyanju ya musanta.&lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/life/charly-boy-alleges-deji-adeyanju-wanted-part-of-money-from-festus-keyamo/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zargin cin hanci na DSS (2019) ===
Bayan harin da aka kai masa a lokacin zanga-zangar #FreeSowore a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Adeyanju ya yi zargin cewa Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Gwamnati (DSS) ta ba shi miliyan 1 don janyewa daga zanga-zambe kuma ta dakatar da shawararsa don sakin Sowore. Ya bayyana cewa ya ki amincewa da tayin, kuma ya yi zargin cewa DSS ta shirya wani hari a kansa a matsayin fansa saboda kin amincewarsa da kuma fallasa yunkurin cin hanci a fili.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; DSS ba ta amsa a fili ga zargin ba, wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba.

=== Rashin gafara na PDP (2024) ===
A ƙarshen 2024, Adeyanju ya bayyana a cikin kwasfan fayiloli kuma ya yi zargin cewa Shugaban PDP na kasa Umar Damagun da Sakataren Kasa Samuel Anyanwu suna aiki ne a matsayin masu kula da Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] a cikin jam'iyyar adawa. Dukkanin jami'an sun yi barazanar shari'ar farar hula da aikata laifuka don ɓata suna ta hanyar lauyan su. A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, kamfanin lauya na Adeyanju ya ba da wasika ta neman gafara da babban abokin tarayya Zainab Otega ya sanya hannu, yana janye maganganun kuma yana nuna nadama ga duk wani cin zarafin da aka gani.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/defamation-activist-deji-adeyanju-bows-to-pressure-begs-pdp-chairman-secretary/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== zargin cin hanci da rashawa na Peter Obi (2025) ===
A watan Agustan 2025, Adeyanju ya yi zargin a cikin wata hira ta kai tsaye a gidan talabijin na Channels cewa Peter Obi, dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar Labour a [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023|Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 2023]], ya ba shi ambulaf na tsabar kudi yayin wani taro na sirri a cikin gina zaben, wanda ya ce ya ki. Adeyanju ya ce da farko ya nuna ra'ayoyi masu kyau game da takarar Obi amma ya zama mai mahimmanci bayan taron.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.legit.ng/politics/1671649-peter-obi-offered-money-i-refused-adeyanju-speaks-fresh-video/&lt;/ref&gt;

deyanju is married. He is based in Abuja.

== Recognition ==
Adeyanju ta shiga a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma mai tattaunawa a abubuwan da suka faru na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya, gami da zaman da sashen Dokar Jama'a da Ci Gaban (NBA-SPIDEL) ya gudanar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

A watan Janairun 2019, DAAR Communications PLC, masu aiki da AIT da RayPower FM sun ba shi suna Mafi Girma Mai Girma na Shekara.&lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/life/daar-awards-2019-sets-internet-abuzz/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Membobin kwamitin ==
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, an nada Adeyanju a cikin kwamitin Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Katutu, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke New York.&lt;ref&gt;https://saharareporters.com/2026/05/15/nigerian-lawyer-deji-adeyanju-appointed-board-pan-african-katutu-civil-rights-center&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/05/deji-adeyanju-appointed-to-board-of-katutu-civil-rights-center/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kate Cayley</title>
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 {{Reflist|2}}'''Kate Cayley''' marubuciya ce  ta Kanada kuma darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance  darektan zane-zane na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stranger  kuma ta  kasance marubuciya mai zama a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tarragon na  Toronto daga 2009 zuwa 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCann-Armitage |first=Zachary |date=2018-08-26 |title='Superstitious about Self-Definition': A Q&amp;A with Kate Cayley |url=https://whitewallreview.com/superstitious-about-self-definition-a-qa-with-kate-cayley/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=White Wall Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta  na marubuciya, wasanninta sun hada da The Yellow Wallpaper Project,  The Hanging of Françoise  Laurent, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rainford |first=Lisa |date=2010-08-03 |title=Atwood poem inspires stage production |url=https://www.toronto.com/community-story/54441-atwood-poem-inspires-stage-production/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705225737/https://www.toronto.com/community-story/54441-atwood-poem-inspires-stage-production/ |archive-date=2019-07-05 |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=Toronto.com |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clown of God, And What Alice Found There,  The Counterfeit Marquise,  ''Bayan  Akhmatova''  da The Bakelite Masterpiece.

== Kyaututtuka ==
Ta lashe  lambar yabo ta Geoffrey Bilson a shekarar 2012 don  littafinta mai suna The Hangman in the Mirror,  da kuma lambar yabo ta Trillium Book a shekarar 2015 don tarin  gajerun labaran da ta wallafa How You Were Born.  A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Mitchell don  bangaskiya da waka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qiao |first=Vicky |date=September 16, 2021 |title=Toronto poet Kate Cayley wins $20K Mitchell Prize for Faith and Poetry |url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/toronto-poet-kate-cayley-wins-20k-mitchell-prize-for-faith-and-poetry-1.6177112}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya ta  cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar ReLit a shekarar 2014 don tarin waƙoƙinta How This World  Comes to an End, da kuma Kyautar Gwamna Janar don fiction na harshen  Ingilishi a Kyautar Gwamna Janar ta 2015 don ''Yadda aka haife ka''.

Littafinta na  farko, Property, an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don lambar yabo ta farko ta Amazon Canada ta shekarar 2026. 

== Ayyuka ==

=== Wasanni ===

* The Yellow Wallpaper Project (wanda aka kirkira daga &quot;The Yellow Wallpaper&quot; ta Charlotte Perkins Gilman) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yellow Wallpaper Project by Stranger Theatre at Artword Theatre |url=https://www.artword.net/website/Theatre/2002-2003/yellow_wallpaper_project.htm |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=www.artword.net |archive-date=2021-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129181040/https://www.artword.net/website/Theatre/2002-2003/yellow_wallpaper_project.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Clown na Allah''
* ''Gabashin Rana, Yammacin Wata'' (wanda ya dogara da Gabashin Rana da Yammacin Wata) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Friends of Dufferin Grove Park: East of the Sun Gallery 2003 |url=http://www.dufferinpark.ca/arts/eastofthesungallery.html |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=www.dufferinpark.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Counterfeit Marquise (wanda aka daidaita daga &quot;The Counterfeat Marquise&quot; na Charles Perrault) 
* ''Kuma Abin da Alice ta samu a can'' (bisa ga Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Through the Looking-Glass, da sauran rubuce-rubuce daga Lewis Carroll) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=And What Alice Found There |url=https://ttdb.ca/shows/and-what-alice-found-there/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=The Toronto Theatre Database |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The World Turned Upside Down (wanda aka daidaita daga Gerrard Winstanley da Christopher Hill (masanin tarihi) ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Friends of Dufferin Grove Park: Cooking Fire Theatre Festival 2005 |url=http://www.dufferinpark.ca/arts/theatrefestivalshows.html |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=www.dufferinpark.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Hanging of Françoise Laurent (bisa ga &quot;Auren Hangman&quot; na Margaret Atwood) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* ''Kyakkyawan Bakelite''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Bakelite Masterpiece |url=https://ttdb.ca/shows/the-bakelite-masterpiece/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=The Toronto Theatre Database |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Bayan Akhmatova''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=After Akhmatova |url=https://ttdb.ca/shows/after-akhmatova/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=The Toronto Theatre Database |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Wannan Babu A Wuri''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arsenault |first=Tim |date=2018-09-26 |title=Halifax's interactive play: bring your Fitbit and your phone |url=http://www.thechronicleherald.ca/lifestyles/halifaxs-interactive-play-bring-your-fitbit-and-your-phone-244896/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=The ChronicleHerald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tarihin Abubuwan da suka ɓace''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Archive of Missing Things |url=https://ttdb.ca/shows/the-archive-of-missing-things/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-11-01 |website=The Toronto Theatre Database |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waƙoƙi ===

* ''Sauran Gidaje'' (Littattafan Brick 2017; OCLC 961929434) 
* Lokacin da Wannan Duniya ta zo Ƙarshen (Littattafan Brick 2013; OCLC 823506493) 

=== Gajerun labaru ===

* ''Masu gida'' (Biblioasis 2021; OCLC 1240576635) 
* ''Yadda aka haife ka'' (Pedlar Press 2014; OCLC 879529181) 

=== Labarin matasa ===

* The Hangman in the Mirror (Annick Press 2011; OCLC 709668217) 

== gwagwaladaBayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>KB Brookins</title>
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 {{Reflist}}'''KB Brookins''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekara ta 1995) marubuci ne kuma mawaki na Black American. Brookins an ba shi lambar  yabo ta kasa ta 2023 don Kyautar Rubuce-rubucen Rubuce na Ayyuka kuma shine marubucin tarin shayari Yadda za a gano  kanka tare da Raunin da Freedom House da kuma tarihin Pretty: A Memoir, wanda ya lashe Lambda Literary Award na 2025 don  Transgender Nonfiction .  &lt;ref name=&quot;LammyWinners2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Announcing the Winners of the 2025 Lammy Awards |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2025/10/announcing-the-winners-of-the-2025-lammy-awards/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi  Brookins kuma ta girma a [[Fort Worth, Texas]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KB (Brookins) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2022019800.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=id.loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun sami BA daga Jami'ar Kirista ta Texas a shekarar 2017 sannan daga baya  suka kammala MFA a Jami'ar Texas an Austin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jeff |date=2023-05-10 |title=KB Brookins: How It Started ... How It's Going |url=https://magazine.tcu.edu/summer-2023/kb-brookins-identify-yourself-wound/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=TCU Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Rubutun Brookins ya haɗa da  shayari da ƙididdigar ƙira. Ayyukansu sun bayyana a wuraren da  suka hada da Poetry, ''Kenyon Review'', The Cincinnati Review, Electric  Literature, da kuma jerin ''Waƙoƙi'' waka na Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;PoetryMagazine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2023 |title=March 2023 |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/issue/159596/march-2023 |website=[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry Magazine]] |publisher=[[Poetry Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KB Brookins {{!}} Kenyon Review Author |url=https://kenyonreview.org/contributor/kb-brookins/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Kenyon Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=miCRo: &quot;What's on your mind, KB?&quot; by KB Brookins - The Cincinnati Review |url=https://www.cincinnatireview.com/micro/micro-whats-on-your-mind-kb-by-kb-brookins/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Cincinnati Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juarez |first=Alex |date=2022-05-02 |title=My Gender Won't Fit in the Family Car |url=https://electricliterature.com/two-poems-by-kb/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poets |first=Academy of American |title=Good Grief by KB Brookins - Poems {{!}} Academy of American Poets |url=https://poets.org/poem/good-grief |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Poets.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Freedom House yana bincika jigogi ciki har da  launin fata, asalin jinsi, da gentrification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Chaney |date=2023-04-12 |title=“Freedom House” Imagines a House for All |url=https://southernreviewofbooks.com/2023/04/12/freedom-house-kb-brookins-review/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Southern Review of Books |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Review: KB Brookins's FREEDOM HOUSE as Manifesto |url=https://www.honeyliterary.com/stickyfingers/brookinss-freedom-house-as-manifesto |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Honey Literary |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTw&quot;&gt;Vogue&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya bayyana tarin a gwagwalada matsayin gaggawa yayin da yake riƙe da sarari don ƙaddamar da kai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=The Best New Poetry Collections to Read (or Preorder) Now |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/the-best-new-poetry-collections-to-read-or-preorder-now-2023 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Stonewall Book Award ta 2024 (Barbara Gittings  Literature Award). &lt;ref name=&quot;Stonewall2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=RAGARCIA |date=2024-02-05 |title=&quot;Freedom House&quot; wins 2024 Stonewall Barbara Gittings Literature Award |url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2024/02/freedom-house-wins-2024-stonewall-barbara-gittings-literature-award |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=American Library Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Kyakkyawan: Abin Tunawa'' ===
Brookins ya gwagwalada fara rubuta Pretty: A Memoir bayan neman rubuce-rubucen transmasculine a lokacin  sauye-sauyen likita da kuma gano ayyukan da mutane masu launi suka yi. Sun yanke  shawarar rubuta game da kwarewarsu da na wasu mutanen da suka yi magana da su, kuma daga baya sun gyara waɗannan  rubutun don bugawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Belc |first=Krys Malcolm |date=June 14, 2024 |title=An Interview with KB Brookins, Author of Pretty |url=https://splitlipthemag.com/interviews/0624/interview-with-kb-brookins |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Split Lip Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin ya hada da rubutu da waka. Littafin ya bincika yarantakar Brookins da ƙuruciya, yana rufe  dangantakarsu da kasancewa, addini, kiɗa, jima'i, nuna jinsi, launin fata, da kuma nuna  bambanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pretty: A Memoir by KB Brookins |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780593537145 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Publishers Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, Pretty: A  Memoir ya lashe lambar yabo ta GLCA New Writers Award a cikin Creative Nonfiction . &lt;ref name=&quot;GLCANWA2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=GLCA Announces Winner of 2025 New Writers Award |url=https://www.glca.org/glca-announces-winner-of-2024-new-writers-award-2/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Great Lakes Colleges Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pretty kuma ta lashe lambar  yabo ta Lambda Literary Award na 2025 don Transgender Nonfiction . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 Winners |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/2025-winners/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=[[Lambda Literary]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Brookins ba binary ba ne kuma yana gwagwalada amfani da sunayen ''su / su''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Littattafai ===

* Kyakkyawan: A Memoir (Alfred A. Knopf, 2024). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780593537145&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PRHPretty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pretty by KB Brookins: 9780593537145 |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/724994/pretty-by-kb-brookins/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=PenguinRandomhouse.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Freedom House (Deep Vellum, 2023). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781646052639&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freedom House |url=https://store.deepvellum.org/products/freedom-house |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Deep Vellum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yadda za a gane kanka da rauni'' (Kallisto Gaia Press, 2022). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781952224133&lt;/nowiki&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to Identify Yourself with a Wound |url=https://www.kallistogaiapress.org/product/how-to-identify-yourself-with-a-wound/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Kallisto Gaia Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waƙoƙin da aka zaɓa ===

* &quot;Mai warkarwa na ya kira shi yanayin fidda gwani&quot; (Poetry, Maris 2023). &lt;ref name=&quot;PoetryMagazine&quot;/&gt;
* &quot;Notes Bayan Kula da Inauguration&quot; (''Waƙoƙi'', Maris 2023). &lt;ref name=&quot;PoetryMagazine&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Snake Plant&quot; (''Waƙoƙi'', Maris 2023). &lt;ref name=&quot;PoetryMagazine&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;T Shot #9: Ode to my Sharps Container&quot; (''Waƙoƙi'', Maris 2023). &lt;ref name=&quot;PoetryMagazine&quot; /&gt;
* &quot;Remix #2&quot; (''Kenyon Review'', 2023). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KB Brookins {{!}} Kenyon Review Author |url=https://kenyonreview.org/contributor/kb-brookins/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Kenyon Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Mene ne akan tunaninka, KB?&quot; (The Cincinnati Review, 2023). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=miCRo: &quot;What's on your mind, KB?&quot; by KB Brookins - The Cincinnati Review |url=https://www.cincinnatireview.com/micro/micro-whats-on-your-mind-kb-by-kb-brookins/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Cincinnati Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Love Machine&quot; (Rarraba Wannan Dutse, 2023). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Love Machine {{!}} Poetry Database {{!}} Split This Rock |url=https://www.splitthisrock.org/poetry-database/poem/love-machine |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Split This Rock |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Good Grief&quot; (Academy of American Poets, 2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poets |first=Academy of American |title=Good Grief by KB Brookins - Poems {{!}} Academy of American Poets |url=https://poets.org/poem/good-grief |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Poets.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===

* &quot;KB Brookins a kan 'T Shot #4'&quot; (Society of Poetry of America, 2023). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KB Brookins on &quot;T Shot #4&quot; |url=https://poetrysociety.org/poems-essays/in-their-own-words/kb-brookins-on-t-shot-4 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Poetry Society of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Freedom House: A Sonic Bibliography&quot; (''Oxford American'', 2023). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freedom House: A Sonic Bibliography |url=https://oxfordamerican.org/web-only/freedom-house-kb-brookins-playlist |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Oxford American |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;An sa ido kan mutanen Trans Texans, Wannan Matsalar Kowa ne&quot; (Autostraddle, 2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brookins |first=K. B. |date=2022-12-21 |title=Trans Texans Are Being Surveilled, This Is Everyone's Issue |url=https://www.autostraddle.com/trans-texans-are-being-surveilled-this-is-everyones-issue/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Autostraddle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Yadda Kendrick Lamar ya yi tuntuɓe zuwa ga Queer da Trans Allyship a kan 'Auntie Diaries'&quot; (Okayplayer, 2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Kendrick Lamar Stumbles Toward Queer And Trans Allyship On &quot;Auntie Diaries&quot; - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayplayer.com/originals/kendrick-lamar-auntie-diaries-review.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Okayplayer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Wannan shine Abin da yake Kamar Kasancewa ga Gynecologist Lokacin da kake Black, Trans da Texas&quot; (HuffPost, 2022). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=This Is What It's Like Going To The Gynecologist When You're Black, Trans And In Texas |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/black-trans-texas-abortion-gynecologist_n_61f7fe58e4b04f9a12c06a7a |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Me ya sa Fitowa zuwa Iyalina Ba a cikin Hotuna na Holiday To-Do List&quot; (Teen Vogue, 2021). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=Why I Won't Be Coming Out to My Family During the Holidays |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/why-coming-out-to-my-family-isnt-on-my-holiday-to-do-list |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zines ===

* ''Babu wani abu da ya haifar da mutuwarsu.''  (Winter Storm Project, 2023). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9798218222475&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* ''Sabon Dangantaka da Ciwo'' (LibroMobile, 2021). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A new relationship to pain : poems |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1296956995 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=WorldCat |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin Wani Rayuwa (2019). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=zines |url=https://earthtokb.com/zines |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=KB Brookins |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hotunan zane-zane ===

* Freedom House: Nunin (2024). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Carys |date=2024-04-05 |title=The Off Beat: KB Brookins' Poetry Book-Turned-Art Exhibit |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2024-04-05/the-off-beat-kb-brookins-poetry-book-turned-art-exhibit/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=The Austin Chronicle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da zumunci ==

* 2018 Lambda Literary Foundation Writer's Retreat for Emerging LGBTQ Voices Fellow (waƙoƙi). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nia KB |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/faculty_and_fellows/nia-kb/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322122843/https://lambdaliterary.org/faculty_and_fellows/nia-kb/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021 PEN America Emerging Voices Fellow (waƙoƙi). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Emerging Voices Fellows and Mentors |url=https://pen.org/2021-emerging-voices-fellows-mentors/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=PEN America}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 Kwalejin Waƙoƙin Amurka mai karɓar Kyautar Ayyukan Yanayi Treehouse . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Treehouse Climate Action Poem Prize |url=https://poets.org/academy-american-poets/prizes/treehouse-climate-action-poem-prize |website=Academy of American Poets}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 National Endowment for the Arts Creative Writing Fellow . 
* 2024 Stonewall Book Award (Barbara Gittings Literature Award). &lt;ref name=&quot;Stonewall2024&quot;/&gt;
* 2025 Lambda Literary Award a cikin Transgender Nonfiction . &lt;ref name=&quot;LammyWinners2025&quot;/&gt;
* 2025 Kyautar Sabbin Marubutan GLCA a cikin Creative Nonfiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;GLCANWA2025&quot;/&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://earthtokb.com/}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
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  <page>
    <title>Man kwakwa</title>
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      <text bytes="33108" sha1="5pl4oh14gmuozoskqs71ztvzfk99v2t" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Coconut_oil_making_Seychelles.jpg| alt=Traditional way of making coconut oil using an [[ox]]-powered mill in [[Seychelles]]
|thumb| Traditional manufacturing in [[Seychelles]] ]]
{{Bar box|title=Fatty acid content of coconut oil}} 

'''Man kwakwa''' (ko '''kitsen kwakwa''') mai ne mai cin abinci wanda aka samo daga nama na 'ya'yan itacen kwakwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Coconut oil |url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kokosoel/kokosoel.htm |publisher=Transport Information Service, German Insurance Association, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;harv2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Coconut Oil |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coconut-oil/ |publisher=The Nutrition Source, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; Man kwakwa fari ne mai ƙarfi a ƙasa da {{Convert|25|C|F}} ° C (77 ° F), da kuma mai mai mai laushi mai haske a yanayin zafi mafi girma. Hanyoyin da ba a tsabtace su ba suna da ƙanshin kwakwa na musamman.&lt;ref name=&quot;harv2&quot; /&gt; Ana amfani da man kwakwa a matsayin man abinci, kuma a aikace-aikacen masana'antu don [[Kwalliya|kayan shafawa]] da samar da kayan shafawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tis2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;harv2&quot; /&gt; Man yana da wadataccen matsakaiciyar sarkar mai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marina |first=A. M. |last2=Che Man |first2=Y. B. |last3=Amin |first3=I. |date=2009-10-01 |title=Virgin coconut oil: emerging functional food oil |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224409002052 |journal=Trends in Food Science &amp; Technology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=481–487 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2009.06.003 |issn=0924-2244 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda yawan kitse, hukumomin kiwon lafiya da yawa suna ba da shawarar iyakance amfani da shi azaman abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;harv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Coconut Oil |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coconut-oil/ |publisher=The Nutrition Source, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da man kwakwa sosai don [[dafa abinci]] da yin burodi saboda yawan hayaki da dandano na musamman.

== Masana'antu ==
Ana iya cire man kwakwa ta hanyar rigar ko bushewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Coconut oil |url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kokosoel/kokosoel.htm |publisher=Transport Information Service, German Insurance Association, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi sauki (amma watakila ba su da inganci), ana iya samar da mai ta hanyar dumama nama ta hanyar ruwan tafasa, rana ko wuta mai jinkiri.

=== Tsarin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:9129Processing_and_cooking_of_coconut_healing_oil_in_the_Philippines_43.jpg|thumb|Cirewa na gargajiya ({{Lang|tl|lana}}) kai tsaye daga [[Madara ta kwakwa|madara]] a [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Hakanan tsarin yana samar da ''latik'' (curds), wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman kayan ado a cikin kayan zaki na Filipino. 
]]
Tsarin duk ruwan inabi yana amfani da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] da aka cire daga kwakwa maimakon bushewar copra. Protein a cikin madarar kwakwa suna haifar da man fetur da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Umesh Patil, Soottawat Benjakul |date=July 13, 2018 |title=Coconut Milk and Coconut Oil: Their Manufacture Associated with Protein Functionality |journal=Concise Reviews &amp; Hypotheses in Food Science |volume=83 |issue=8 |pages=2019–2027 |doi=10.1111/1750-3841.14223 |pmid=30004125 |s2cid=51617929 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataki mafi matsala shine rushe emulsion don dawo da man. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar tafasa mai tsawo, amma wannan yana samar da man fetur mai launi kuma ba tattalin arziki ba ne. Hanyoyin zamani suna amfani da centrifuges da gyare-gyare da suka hada da sanyi, zafi, acid, gishiri, enzymes, electrolysis, raƙuman ruwa, tururi, ko wasu haɗuwa da su. Duk da bambance-bambance da fasaha da yawa, sarrafawa ba shi da ƙarfi fiye da sarrafawa mai bushe saboda ƙarancin amfanin gona 10-15%, har ma da la'akari da asarar saboda lalacewa da kwari tare da sarrafawa. Hanyoyin rigar kuma suna buƙatar saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aiki da makamashi, suna haifar da babban kuɗi da farashin aiki.

=== Tsarin bushewa ===
{{Vegetable oils, composition}}Girbi mai kyau na kwakwa (shekarun kwakwa na iya zama watanni 2 zuwa 20 lokacin da aka karɓa) yana haifar da bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin ingancin tsarin yin mai. Copra da aka yi daga kwayoyin da ba su manyanta ba ya fi wuya a yi aiki tare da shi kuma yana samar da samfurin da ba shi da kyau tare da ƙananan amfanin gona.

Masu sarrafa man kwakwa na al'ada suna amfani da hexane a matsayin mai narkewa don cire har zuwa 10% fiye da yadda aka samar da shi tare da ma'adanai masu juyawa da masu fitarwa kawai. Daga nan sai su tsaftace man don cire wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kyauta don rage saukin kamuwa da rancidification. Sauran matakai don kara rayuwar ajiya sun haɗa da amfani da copra tare da abun ciki na danshi a ƙasa da 6%, adana abun ciki na mai a ƙasa da 0.2%, dumama mai zuwa 130-150 ° C (266-302 ° F) da ƙara [[gishiri]] ko citric acid.

Ana iya samar da man kwakwa (VCO) daga madarar kwakwa, nama, ko raguwa. Samar da shi daga sabon nama ya haɗa da ko dai niƙa ruwa ko bushe ragowar, da kuma amfani da matattarar matattarar don cire mai. Hakanan ana iya cire VCO daga sabon nama ta hanyar gasa da bushewa zuwa abun ciki na danshi na 10-12%, sannan ta amfani da matattarar hannu don cire mai. Samar da shi daga madarar kwakwa ya haɗa da yayyafa kwakwa da gauraya shi da ruwa, sannan a matse man. Hakanan za'a iya fermented madara na tsawon sa'o'i 36-48, an cire man, kuma an dumama cream don cire duk wani man da ya rage. Zaɓin na uku ya haɗa da amfani da centrifuge don raba mai daga sauran ruwa. Hakanan ana iya cire man kwakwa daga busassun ragowar da aka bari daga samar da madarar kwakwa.

Kyakkyawan kwakwa guda dubu da ke da nauyin kimanin kilo 1,440 (furo 3,{{Convert|170|kg|lb}}) [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] yana samar da kusan 170   na copra daga abin da za'a iya cire kusan lita 70 (15   na man kwakwa. 

=== Mai mai mai tsabta ===
[[Fayil:Coconut-oil-on-wooden-spoon.jpg|thumb|Man kwakwa a kan cokali na katako]]
Ana yin man fetur mai mai tsabta, mai tsabta, da mai ƙanshi (RBD) daga copra da busassun kwakwa, waɗanda ake matsewa a cikin matattarar hydraulic mai zafi don cire man. Wannan yana samar da kusan duk man da ke akwai, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 60% na nauyin busassun kwakwa. Wannan man kwakwa ba ya dace da amfani saboda yana dauke da gurbataccen abu kuma dole ne a tsaftace shi tare da kara dumama da tacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foale2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foale, M. |year=2003 |title=The Coconut Odyssey: The Bounteous Possibilities of the Tree of Life |url=http://www.aciar.gov.au/files/node/453/mono101.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721231358/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/453/mono101.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-21 |access-date=2011-02-06 |publisher=[[Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research]] |pages=115–116}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita don cire man kwakwa ta ƙunshi aikin enzymatic na alpha-amylase, polygalacturonases, da proteases a kan maganin kwakwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McGlone OC, Canales A, Carter JV |year=1986 |title=Coconut oil extraction by a new enzymatic process |journal=J Food Sci |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=695–697 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb13914.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba kamar man kwakwa ba, man kwakwa mai tsabta ba shi da ɗanɗano ko ƙanshi. Ana amfani da man RBD don dafa abinci a gida, sarrafa abinci na kasuwanci, da kayan shafawa, masana'antu, da dalilai na magunguna.

=== Hydrogenation ===
RBD man kwakwa za a iya sarrafa shi a cikin wani ɓangare ko cikakken hydrogenated man don kara yawan narkewa. Tun da budurwa da man kwakwa na RBD sun narke a {{Convert|24|C|F}} ° C (75 ° F), abinci da ke dauke da man kwakwa suna narkewa a yanayin zafi. Matsayi mafi girma yana da kyau a cikin waɗannan yanayi masu dumi, don haka man yana da hydrogenated. Matsayin narkewar man kwakwa mai hydrogenated shine 36-40 ° C (97-104 ° F).

A cikin tsari na hydrogenation, ana haɗa kitsen da ba a cika su ba (monounsaturated da polyunsaturated fatty acids) tare da hydrogen a cikin tsari na catalytic don sanya su da yawa. Man kwakwa ya ƙunshi kashi 6% kawai monounsaturated da 2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. A cikin tsarin hydrogenation na ɓangare, wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna canzawa zuwa trans fatty acids.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=R. |last2=Williamson |first2=C.S. |last3=Lunn |first3=J. |year=2009 |title=Briefing Paper: Culinary Oils And Their Health Effects |journal=Nutrition Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=4–47 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-3010.2008.01738.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rarrabawar ===

=== Matsayi ===
Jagororin ''Codex Alimentarius'' na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya game da abinci, samar da abinci, da amincin abinci, wanda Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta buga, ya haɗa da ka'idoji ga abokan kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da man kwakwa don amfani da mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Codex Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (Codex Stan 210-1999, Revision 3) |url=http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/336/CXS_210e.pdf |access-date=2011-08-09 |website=Codex Alimentarius |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar Coconut ta Asiya da Pacific (APCC), wacce membobinta 18 ke samar da kusan kashi 90 cikin dari na kwakwa da aka sayar da ita ta kasuwanci, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.apccsec.org/about.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829220231/http://www.apccsec.org/about.html |archive-date=2011-08-29 |access-date=2011-08-09 |publisher=Asian and Pacific Coconut Community}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta buga ka'idodinta na man kwakwa budurwa (VCO), tana bayyana man kwakwa buduniya kamar yadda aka samu daga sabo, ƙwayoyin kwakwa masu tsufa ta hanyar da ba su &quot; haifar da canjin man&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=APCC Standards for Virgin Coconut Oil |url=http://www.apccsec.org/document/VCNO.PDF |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812014512/http://www.apccsec.org/document/VCNO.PDF |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-08-09 |publisher=Asian and Pacific Coconut Community}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingancin mai da samarwa sun dogara da noman dabino, wanda kwari na kwakwa ke barazana, kamar ''OryctesO. rhinoceros'' beetles - musamman Asian rhinoceres beetle (O. rhinocerus) - da kuma jan dabino weevil (''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus''). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio-Eco-Control&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal |last=Bedford |first=G. |year=1980 |title=Biology, Ecology, and Control of Palm Rhinoceros Beetles |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |language=en |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=309–339 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.001521 |issn=0066-4170 |eissn=1545-4487 |s2cid=85977665}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;width:12em; text-align:center;&quot;
|+Fitar da man kwakwa 2023, ton&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| Philippines
|1,212,900
|-
| Indonesia
|646,000
|-
|{{IND}}
|549,000
|-
|{{VNM}}
|182,000
|-
|{{MEX}}
|131,000
|-
|'''Duniya'''
|'''3,122,675'''^
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]]&lt;br&gt; of the [[United Nations]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Coconut oil production in 2024 (^ estimated total); Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year; from pick lists |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=9 March 2026 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Fitarwa ==
A cikin 2023, samar da man kwakwa a duniya ya kai tan miliyan 3.1, karkashin jagorancin [[Filipin|Philippines]] da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] tare da lissafin 59% na jimlar.&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Coconut oil production in 2024 (^ estimated total); Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year; from pick lists |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=9 March 2026 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halitta da kwatantawa ==
Man kwakwa ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kyauta (kimanin 0.03% ta hanyar taro). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kratzeisen |first=M. |date=2010 |title=Influence of free fatty acid content of coconut oil on deposit and performance of plant oil pressure stoves |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016236109003986 |journal=Fuel |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=1583–1589 |doi=10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.038 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin fatty acids suna nan a cikin nau'in esters. A cikin abubuwan da ke biyowa, maganganun &quot;acid mai&quot; da &quot;acid&quot; a ƙasa suna nufin esters maimakon [[Carboxylic acid|carboxylic acids]]. Lokacin da aka kafa ester, ana kiran man kwakwa a matsayin &quot;cocoyl&quot; inda tushen &quot;-yl&quot; ke nuna ƙungiyar aiki. Misali, sodium cocoyl isenthionate gishiri ne na sodium na ester wanda aka kafa ta man kwakwa da isethionic acid.

Kimanin yawan fatty acids a cikin man kwakwa (tsakiyar kewayon a cikin tushe): &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=Nutrient composition of coconut oil |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171412/nutrients |access-date=9 March 2026 |publisher=FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da bayani game da abun da ke cikin man kwakwa da kuma yadda yake kwatanta da sauran man kayan lambu.&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Body_soap_bar_virgin_coconut_oil3.jpg|Soap
Fayil:Coconutoiljf.JPG|Homemade oil products
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Damuwar lafiya ==
Kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da yawa suna ba da shawara game da amfani da man kwakwa saboda matakan da ke da yawa na kitse mai cike da kwayoyi, &lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; gami da Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-09-05 |title=Around the Block Nutrition Facts at a Glance: More on Nutrients to Get Less Of |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm282425.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201190357/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm282425.htm |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-25 |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Avoiding Heart Attacks and Strokes |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241546727.pdf |access-date=2011-04-06 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya, &lt;ref name=&quot;NHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Fat: the facts |url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-types/different-fats-nutrition/ |access-date=23 November 2025 |publisher=[[National Health Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Dietetic ta Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;ADA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada Offer Up-to-Date Guidance on Dietary Fat |url=http://www.eatright.org/Media/content.aspx?id=1590&amp;terms=coconut+oil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319155035/http://www.eatright.org/Media/content.aspx?id=1590&amp;terms=coconut+oil |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2011-03-16 |publisher=[[American Dietetic Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amirka, &lt;ref name=&quot;AHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tropical Oils |url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/FatsAndOils/Fats101/Tropical-Oils_UCM_306031_Article.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602015410/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/FatsAndOils/Fats101/Tropical-Oils_UCM_306031_Article.jsp |archive-date=2011-06-02 |access-date=2011-03-16 |publisher=[[American Heart Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidauniyar Abinci ta Burtaniya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Foster R, Williamson CS, Lunn J |year=2009 |title=Culinary oils and their health effects |journal=Nutrition Bulletin |volume=34 |pages=4–47 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-3010.2008.01738.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lockyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lockyer S, Stanner S |year=2016 |title=Coconut oil – a nutty idea? |journal=Nutrition Bulletin |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=42–54 |doi=10.1111/nbu.12188 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Masu Cin abinci na Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;DoC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-09-01 |title=Heart Healthy Eating: Cholesterol |url=http://www.dietitians.ca/Nutrition-Resources-A-Z/Factsheets/Heart-Health/Heart-Healthy-Eating--Cholesterol.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060009/http://www.dietitians.ca/Nutrition-Resources-A-Z/Factsheets/Heart-Health/Heart-Healthy-Eating--Cholesterol.aspx |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-07-05 |publisher=[[Dietitians of Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tallace-tallace na man kwakwa ya haifar da imani mara kyau cewa &quot;abinci ne mai lafiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;spiazzi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spiazzi BF, Duarte AC, Zingano CP, et al. |date=June 2023 |title=Coconut oil: an overview of cardiometabolic effects and the public health burden of misinformation |journal=Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=67 |issue=6 |doi=10.20945/2359-3997000000641 |pmc=10660992 |pmid=37364144 |quote=The use of coconut oil as a &quot;healthy&quot; component of the western diet is based on the major spread of misconceptions regarding it. The combination of the established knowledge on the negative effects of saturated fats on cardiovascular health and the lack of evidence from clinical trials showing a benefit from coconut oil intake in cardiovascular and metabolic disease advise against the consumption of this oil as a preferential source of dietary fat.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Abbasi2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abbasi |first=J |date=8 April 2020 |title=Coconut Oil's Health Halo a Mirage, Clinical Trials Suggest |journal=JAMA |volume=323 |issue=16 |pages=1540–1541 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.5186 |pmid=32267505 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, binciken ya gano cewa amfani da man kwakwa yana da tasirin kiwon lafiya kamar na sauran kitse marasa lafiya, gami da [[man shanu]], kitse na naman sa, da [[Manja|Man dabino]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;spiazzi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Coconut oil contains a high amount of lauric acid, a saturated fat that raises total blood cholesterol levels by increasing the amounts of both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neela&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neelakantan |first=Nithya |last2=Seah |first2=Jowy Yi Hoong |last3=van Dam |first3=Rob M. |date=2020-03-10 |title=The effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials |journal=Circulation |volume=141 |issue=10 |pages=803–814 |doi=10.1161/circulationaha.119.043052 |issn=0009-7322 |pmid=31928080 |s2cid=210195904 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eyres2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eyres |first=L |last2=Eyres |first2=MF |last3=Chisholm |first3=A |last4=Brown |first4=RC |date=April 2016 |title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=267–80 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002 |pmc=4892314 |pmid=26946252}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although lauric acid consumption may create a more favorable total blood cholesterol profile, this does not exclude the possibility that persistent consumption of coconut oil may actually increase the risk of [[Cutar zuciya|cardiovascular diseases]] through other mechanisms,&lt;ref name=&quot;Neela&quot; /&gt; particularly via the marked increase in total blood cholesterol induced by lauric acid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eyres2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mensink&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB |date=May 2003 |title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials |url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html |format=PDF |journal=Am J Clin Nutr |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=1146–55 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146 |pmid=12716665 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because the majority of saturated fat in coconut oil is lauric acid,&lt;ref name=&quot;Eyres2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mensink&quot; /&gt; coconut oil may be preferred over partially hydrogenated vegetable oil when solid fats are used in the diet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarrago&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tarrago-Trani |first=MT |last2=Phillips |first2=KM |last3=Lemar |first3=LE |last4=Holden |first4=JM |year=2006 |title=New and existing oils and fats used in products with reduced trans-fatty acid content |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Articles/JADA106_867-880.pdf |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=867–880 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2006.03.010 |pmid=16720128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Binciken asibiti ===
Binciken 2017 na binciken asibiti da masana da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amurka suka ba da shawarar game da amfani da man kwakwa saboda yaduwar sa don ƙara matakan jini na LDL a matsayin haɗari ga cututtukan zuciya.&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken tsari 2020 da meta-analysis na Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti kan ko amfani da man kwakwa na yau da kullun na iya shafar Abubuwan haɗari ga [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]] sun gano cewa ƙananan lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (amma kuma lipoprotein mai yawa (HDL)) sun fi girma idan aka kwatanta da mai na kayan lambu wanda ba na wurare masu zafi ba. Binciken ya bayyana cewa &quot;ba za a kalli man kwakwa a matsayin mai mai lafiya don rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya ba, da kuma iyakance amfani da man kwakwa saboda yawan kitsen da ke ciki ya dace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neela&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neelakantan |first=Nithya |last2=Seah |first2=Jowy Yi Hoong |last3=van Dam |first3=Rob M. |date=2020-03-10 |title=The effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials |journal=Circulation |volume=141 |issue=10 |pages=803–814 |doi=10.1161/circulationaha.119.043052 |issn=0009-7322 |pmid=31928080 |s2cid=210195904 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Man kwakwa yana da kashi 99% mai, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan kitse (82% na duka; tebur). A cikin adadin ma'auni na gram 100, man kwakwa yana samar da adadin kuzari 890. Rabin kitsen da ke cikin man kwakwa shine lauric acid (41.8 grams a kowace 100 grams na jimlar abun da ke ciki), yayin da wasu mahimman kitsen da aka cika su ne myristic acid (16.7g), palmitic acid (8.6g), da Caprylic acid (6.8g). &lt;ref name=&quot;USDA28&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2016 |title=Coconut oil; Nutrient content per 100 g |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171412/nutrients |access-date=1 September 2017 |publisher=USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fats monounsaturated ne 6% na jimlar abun da ke ciki, kuma polyunsaturated fats ne 2% (tebur). Man kwakwa ya ƙunshi [[Phytosterol|phytosterols]], yayin da babu micronutrients a cikin mahimman abun ciki (tebur).
[[Fayil:Coconut-butter.JPG|thumb|Kyakkyawan kitsen kwakwa]]

=== A cikin abinci ===
Man kwakwa yana da dogon tarihi a [[Asiya]], musamman a yankuna masu zafi inda shuka ke da yawa, inda aka yi amfani da shi don dafa abinci. Ita ce mai da aka zaba a cikin Abincin Sri Lanka, inda ake amfani da ita don sautéing da friting, a cikin kayan abinci masu dadi da masu dadi. Har ila yau, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin [[Tailan|Thailand]] da [[Kerala]].

An gabatar da man kwakwa kwanan nan ga yawancin abincin Yammacin Turai, kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan burodi, kek, da sautés, yana da ingancin kwai tare da ɗanɗano. Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi ta hanyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim don popcorn.

Sauran amfani da abinci sun haɗa da maye gurbin kitse mai ƙarfi da aka samar ta hanyar Hydrogenation a cikin kayan burodi da kayan kwalliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarrago&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tarrago-Trani |first=MT |last2=Phillips |first2=KM |last3=Lemar |first3=LE |last4=Holden |first4=JM |year=2006 |title=New and existing oils and fats used in products with reduced trans-fatty acid content |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Articles/JADA106_867-880.pdf |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=867–880 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2006.03.010 |pmid=16720128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da man kwakwa mai hydrogenated ko kuma wani ɓangare mai hydrogenated sau da yawa a cikin masu samar da madara da abinci mai cin abinci. A cikin soya, hayaki na man kwakwa shine {{Convert|177|°C|°F}} ° C (351 ° F).

Coconut oil has been tested for use as a feedstock for biodiesel to use as a diesel engine fuel. In this manner, it can be applied to power generators and transport using diesel engines. Since straight coconut oil has a high gelling temperature ({{Convert|22–25|°C|°F}}), a high viscosity, and a minimum combustion chamber temperature of {{Convert|500|C}} (to avoid polymerization of the fuel), coconut oil typically is transesterified to make biodiesel. Use of B100 (100% biodiesel) is possible only in temperate climates, as the gel point is approximately {{Convert|10|°C|°F}}. The oil must meet the Weihenstephan standard&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weihenstephan vegetable oil fuel standard (German Rapeseed Fuel Standard) |url=http://vegburner.co.uk/oils.htm |access-date=2011-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  to use pure vegetable oil as a fuel. Moderate to severe damage from carbonisation and clogging would occur in an unmodified engine.

The Philippines, [[Vanuatu]], [[Samoa]], and several other tropical island countries use coconut oil as an alternative fuel source to run automobiles, trucks, and buses, and to power generators.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Vanuatu, A Proving Ground for Coconut Oil As An Alternative Fuel |url=http://www.onecountry.org/e151/e15101as_Deamer_profile.htm |access-date=2011-08-09 |publisher=One Country}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2011)&quot;&gt;better&amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Biodiesel fuel derived from coconut oil is currently used as a fuel for transport in the Philippines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coconut fuel |url=http://www.pri.org/theworld/?q=node/7280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181336/http://www.pri.org/theworld/?q=node/7280 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=2011-08-09 |website=[[The World (radio program)|The World]] |publisher=[[Public Radio International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;investvine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Todd |date=1 August 2013 |title=Coconut biodiesel drives the Philippines |url=http://investvine.com/coconut-biodiesel-drives-the-philippines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809034419/http://investvine.com/coconut-biodiesel-drives-the-philippines/ |archive-date=9 August 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |website=Inside Investor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further research into the potential of coconut oil as a fuel for electricity generation is being carried out in the islands of the Pacific, although to date it appears that it is not useful as a fuel source due to the cost of labour and supply constraints.

An gwada man kwakwa don amfani da shi azaman mai shafawa  kuma a matsayin mai canzawa.  Ana amfani da man kwakwa (da abubuwan da aka samo asali, kamar su coconut fatty acid) a matsayin albarkatun kasa a cikin masana'antar surfactants kamar cocamidopropyl betaine, cocamide MEA, da cocamide DEA.

Ana iya amfani da acid da aka samo daga man kwakwa a matsayin magungunan herbicides.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=James |first=TK |last2=Rahman A |year=2005 |title=Efficacy of several organic herbicides and glyphosate formulations under simulated rainfall |url=http://www.nzpps.org/journal/58/nzpp_581570.pdf |journal=New Zealand Plant Protection |volume=58 |pages=157–163 |doi=10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4322 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin zuwan hasken lantarki, man kwakwa shine man farko da aka yi amfani da shi don haskakawa a Indiya kuma an fitar dashi azaman man cochin.

=== Sabulu ===
Man kwakwa muhimmin abu ne na asali don kera sabulu. Sabulu da aka yi da man kwakwa yana da wuya, kodayake yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da sabulu da aka sanya da wasu mai kuma ta haka ne yana ƙara yawan amfanin masana'anta. Yana da narkewa a cikin ruwa mai wuya da ruwan gishiri fiye da sauran sabulu yana ba shi damar yin lather cikin sauƙi.

=== Sauran amfani ===
Ana iya amfani da shi azaman man fetur don ƙonewa a cikin fitilar ko drip into fire don ƙirƙirar hayaki mai hana kwari. Hakanan yana kare ƙarfe daga lalatawa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

* KERAFED
* Fitar da cututtukan zuciya
* Butter na kwakwa

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Fats and oils}}{{Authority control}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
* Salunkhe, D.K., J.K. Chavan, R.N. Adsule, da SS Kadam. (1992). World Oilseeds: Chemistry, Technology, da Amfani. Mai ba da labari. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/978-0442001124|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0442001124&lt;/bdi&gt;]].{{ISBN|978-0442001124}}&amp;nbsp;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Coconut oil
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:Coconut_oil_making_Seychelles.jpg| alt=Traditional way of making coconut oil using an [[ox]]-powered mill in [[Seychelles]]
|thumb| Traditional manufacturing in [[Seychelles]] ]]
{{Bar box|title=Fatty acid content of coconut oil}} 

'''Man kwakwa''' (ko '''kitsen kwakwa''') mai ne mai cin abinci wanda aka samo daga nama na 'ya'yan itacen kwakwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Coconut oil |url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kokosoel/kokosoel.htm |publisher=Transport Information Service, German Insurance Association, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;harv2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Coconut Oil |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coconut-oil/ |publisher=The Nutrition Source, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; Man kwakwa fari ne mai ƙarfi a ƙasa da {{Convert|25|C|F}} ° C (77 ° F), da kuma mai mai mai laushi mai haske a yanayin zafi mafi girma. Hanyoyin da ba a tsabtace su ba suna da ƙanshin kwakwa na musamman.&lt;ref name=&quot;harv2&quot; /&gt; Ana amfani da man kwakwa a matsayin man abinci, kuma a aikace-aikacen masana'antu don [[Kwalliya|kayan shafawa]] da samar da kayan shafawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tis2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;harv2&quot; /&gt; Man yana da wadataccen matsakaiciyar sarkar mai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marina |first=A. M. |last2=Che Man |first2=Y. B. |last3=Amin |first3=I. |date=2009-10-01 |title=Virgin coconut oil: emerging functional food oil |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224409002052 |journal=Trends in Food Science &amp; Technology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=481–487 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2009.06.003 |issn=0924-2244 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda yawan kitse, hukumomin kiwon lafiya da yawa suna ba da shawarar iyakance amfani da shi azaman abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;harv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Coconut Oil |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coconut-oil/ |publisher=The Nutrition Source, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da man kwakwa sosai don [[dafa abinci]] da yin burodi saboda yawan hayaki da dandano na musamman.

== Masana'antu ==
Ana iya cire man kwakwa ta hanyar rigar ko bushewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Coconut oil |url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kokosoel/kokosoel.htm |publisher=Transport Information Service, German Insurance Association, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi sauki (amma watakila ba su da inganci), ana iya samar da mai ta hanyar dumama nama ta hanyar ruwan tafasa, rana ko wuta mai jinkiri.

=== Tsarin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:9129Processing_and_cooking_of_coconut_healing_oil_in_the_Philippines_43.jpg|thumb|Cirewa na gargajiya ({{Lang|tl|lana}}) kai tsaye daga [[Madara ta kwakwa|madara]] a [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Hakanan tsarin yana samar da ''latik'' (curds), wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman kayan ado a cikin kayan zaki na Filipino. 
]]
Tsarin duk ruwan inabi yana amfani da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] da aka cire daga kwakwa maimakon bushewar copra. Protein a cikin madarar kwakwa suna haifar da man fetur da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Umesh Patil, Soottawat Benjakul |date=July 13, 2018 |title=Coconut Milk and Coconut Oil: Their Manufacture Associated with Protein Functionality |journal=Concise Reviews &amp; Hypotheses in Food Science |volume=83 |issue=8 |pages=2019–2027 |doi=10.1111/1750-3841.14223 |pmid=30004125 |s2cid=51617929 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataki mafi matsala shine rushe emulsion don dawo da man. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar tafasa mai tsawo, amma wannan yana samar da man fetur mai launi kuma ba tattalin arziki ba ne. Hanyoyin zamani suna amfani da centrifuges da gyare-gyare da suka hada da sanyi, zafi, acid, gishiri, enzymes, electrolysis, raƙuman ruwa, tururi, ko wasu haɗuwa da su. Duk da bambance-bambance da fasaha da yawa, sarrafawa ba shi da ƙarfi fiye da sarrafawa mai bushe saboda ƙarancin amfanin gona 10-15%, har ma da la'akari da asarar saboda lalacewa da kwari tare da sarrafawa. Hanyoyin rigar kuma suna buƙatar saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aiki da makamashi, suna haifar da babban kuɗi da farashin aiki.

=== Tsarin bushewa ===
{{Vegetable oils, composition}}Girbi mai kyau na kwakwa (shekarun kwakwa na iya zama watanni 2 zuwa 20 lokacin da aka karɓa) yana haifar da bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin ingancin tsarin yin mai. Copra da aka yi daga kwayoyin da ba su manyanta ba ya fi wuya a yi aiki tare da shi kuma yana samar da samfurin da ba shi da kyau tare da ƙananan amfanin gona.

Masu sarrafa man kwakwa na al'ada suna amfani da hexane a matsayin mai narkewa don cire har zuwa 10% fiye da yadda aka samar da shi tare da ma'adanai masu juyawa da masu fitarwa kawai. Daga nan sai su tsaftace man don cire wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kyauta don rage saukin kamuwa da rancidification. Sauran matakai don kara rayuwar ajiya sun haɗa da amfani da copra tare da abun ciki na danshi a ƙasa da 6%, adana abun ciki na mai a ƙasa da 0.2%, dumama mai zuwa 130-150 ° C (266-302 ° F) da ƙara [[gishiri]] ko citric acid.

Ana iya samar da man kwakwa (VCO) daga madarar kwakwa, nama, ko raguwa. Samar da shi daga sabon nama ya haɗa da ko dai niƙa ruwa ko bushe ragowar, da kuma amfani da matattarar matattarar don cire mai. Hakanan ana iya cire VCO daga sabon nama ta hanyar gasa da bushewa zuwa abun ciki na danshi na 10-12%, sannan ta amfani da matattarar hannu don cire mai. Samar da shi daga madarar kwakwa ya haɗa da yayyafa kwakwa da gauraya shi da ruwa, sannan a matse man. Hakanan za'a iya fermented madara na tsawon sa'o'i 36-48, an cire man, kuma an dumama cream don cire duk wani man da ya rage. Zaɓin na uku ya haɗa da amfani da centrifuge don raba mai daga sauran ruwa. Hakanan ana iya cire man kwakwa daga busassun ragowar da aka bari daga samar da madarar kwakwa.

Kyakkyawan kwakwa guda dubu da ke da nauyin kimanin kilo 1,440 (furo 3,{{Convert|170|kg|lb}}) [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] yana samar da kusan 170   na copra daga abin da za'a iya cire kusan lita 70 (15   na man kwakwa. 

=== Mai mai mai tsabta ===
[[Fayil:Coconut-oil-on-wooden-spoon.jpg|thumb|Man kwakwa a kan cokali na katako]]
Ana yin man fetur mai mai tsabta, mai tsabta, da mai ƙanshi (RBD) daga copra da busassun kwakwa, waɗanda ake matsewa a cikin matattarar hydraulic mai zafi don cire man. Wannan yana samar da kusan duk man da ke akwai, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 60% na nauyin busassun kwakwa. Wannan man kwakwa ba ya dace da amfani saboda yana dauke da gurbataccen abu kuma dole ne a tsaftace shi tare da kara dumama da tacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foale2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foale, M. |year=2003 |title=The Coconut Odyssey: The Bounteous Possibilities of the Tree of Life |url=http://www.aciar.gov.au/files/node/453/mono101.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721231358/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/453/mono101.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-21 |access-date=2011-02-06 |publisher=[[Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research]] |pages=115–116}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita don cire man kwakwa ta ƙunshi aikin enzymatic na alpha-amylase, polygalacturonases, da proteases a kan maganin kwakwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McGlone OC, Canales A, Carter JV |year=1986 |title=Coconut oil extraction by a new enzymatic process |journal=J Food Sci |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=695–697 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb13914.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba kamar man kwakwa ba, man kwakwa mai tsabta ba shi da ɗanɗano ko ƙanshi. Ana amfani da man RBD don dafa abinci a gida, sarrafa abinci na kasuwanci, da kayan shafawa, masana'antu, da dalilai na magunguna.

=== Hydrogenation ===
RBD man kwakwa za a iya sarrafa shi a cikin wani ɓangare ko cikakken hydrogenated man don kara yawan narkewa. Tun da budurwa da man kwakwa na RBD sun narke a {{Convert|24|C|F}} ° C (75 ° F), abinci da ke dauke da man kwakwa suna narkewa a yanayin zafi. Matsayi mafi girma yana da kyau a cikin waɗannan yanayi masu dumi, don haka man yana da hydrogenated. Matsayin narkewar man kwakwa mai hydrogenated shine 36-40 ° C (97-104 ° F).

A cikin tsari na hydrogenation, ana haɗa kitsen da ba a cika su ba (monounsaturated da polyunsaturated fatty acids) tare da hydrogen a cikin tsari na catalytic don sanya su da yawa. Man kwakwa ya ƙunshi kashi 6% kawai monounsaturated da 2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. A cikin tsarin hydrogenation na ɓangare, wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna canzawa zuwa trans fatty acids.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=R. |last2=Williamson |first2=C.S. |last3=Lunn |first3=J. |year=2009 |title=Briefing Paper: Culinary Oils And Their Health Effects |journal=Nutrition Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=4–47 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-3010.2008.01738.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rarrabawar ===

=== Matsayi ===
Jagororin ''Codex Alimentarius'' na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya game da abinci, samar da abinci, da amincin abinci, wanda Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta buga, ya haɗa da ka'idoji ga abokan kasuwanci waɗanda ke samar da man kwakwa don amfani da mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Codex Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (Codex Stan 210-1999, Revision 3) |url=http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/336/CXS_210e.pdf |access-date=2011-08-09 |website=Codex Alimentarius |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar Coconut ta Asiya da Pacific (APCC), wacce membobinta 18 ke samar da kusan kashi 90 cikin dari na kwakwa da aka sayar da ita ta kasuwanci, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.apccsec.org/about.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829220231/http://www.apccsec.org/about.html |archive-date=2011-08-29 |access-date=2011-08-09 |publisher=Asian and Pacific Coconut Community}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta buga ka'idodinta na man kwakwa budurwa (VCO), tana bayyana man kwakwa buduniya kamar yadda aka samu daga sabo, ƙwayoyin kwakwa masu tsufa ta hanyar da ba su &quot; haifar da canjin man&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=APCC Standards for Virgin Coconut Oil |url=http://www.apccsec.org/document/VCNO.PDF |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812014512/http://www.apccsec.org/document/VCNO.PDF |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-08-09 |publisher=Asian and Pacific Coconut Community}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingancin mai da samarwa sun dogara da noman dabino, wanda kwari na kwakwa ke barazana, kamar ''OryctesO. rhinoceros'' beetles - musamman Asian rhinoceres beetle (O. rhinocerus) - da kuma jan dabino weevil (''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus''). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio-Eco-Control&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal |last=Bedford |first=G. |year=1980 |title=Biology, Ecology, and Control of Palm Rhinoceros Beetles |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |language=en |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=309–339 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.001521 |issn=0066-4170 |eissn=1545-4487 |s2cid=85977665}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;width:12em; text-align:center;&quot;
|+Fitar da man kwakwa 2023, ton&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| Philippines
|1,212,900
|-
| Indonesia
|646,000
|-
|{{IND}}
|549,000
|-
|{{VNM}}
|182,000
|-
|{{MEX}}
|131,000
|-
|'''Duniya'''
|'''3,122,675'''^
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]]&lt;br&gt; of the [[United Nations]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Coconut oil production in 2024 (^ estimated total); Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year; from pick lists |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=9 March 2026 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Fitarwa ==
A cikin 2023, samar da man kwakwa a duniya ya kai tan miliyan 3.1, karkashin jagorancin [[Filipin|Philippines]] da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] tare da lissafin 59% na jimlar.&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Coconut oil production in 2024 (^ estimated total); Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year; from pick lists |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=9 March 2026 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halitta da kwatantawa ==
Man kwakwa ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kyauta (kimanin 0.03% ta hanyar taro). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kratzeisen |first=M. |date=2010 |title=Influence of free fatty acid content of coconut oil on deposit and performance of plant oil pressure stoves |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016236109003986 |journal=Fuel |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=1583–1589 |doi=10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.038 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin fatty acids suna nan a cikin nau'in esters. A cikin abubuwan da ke biyowa, maganganun &quot;acid mai&quot; da &quot;acid&quot; a ƙasa suna nufin esters maimakon [[Carboxylic acid|carboxylic acids]]. Lokacin da aka kafa ester, ana kiran man kwakwa a matsayin &quot;cocoyl&quot; inda tushen &quot;-yl&quot; ke nuna ƙungiyar aiki. Misali, sodium cocoyl isenthionate gishiri ne na sodium na ester wanda aka kafa ta man kwakwa da isethionic acid.

Kimanin yawan fatty acids a cikin man kwakwa (tsakiyar kewayon a cikin tushe): &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=Nutrient composition of coconut oil |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171412/nutrients |access-date=9 March 2026 |publisher=FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da bayani game da abun da ke cikin man kwakwa da kuma yadda yake kwatanta da sauran man kayan lambu.&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Body_soap_bar_virgin_coconut_oil3.jpg|Soap
Fayil:Coconutoiljf.JPG|Homemade oil products
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Damuwar lafiya ==
Kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da yawa suna ba da shawara game da amfani da man kwakwa saboda matakan da ke da yawa na kitse mai cike da kwayoyi, &lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; gami da Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-09-05 |title=Around the Block Nutrition Facts at a Glance: More on Nutrients to Get Less Of |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm282425.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201190357/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm282425.htm |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-25 |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Avoiding Heart Attacks and Strokes |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241546727.pdf |access-date=2011-04-06 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya, &lt;ref name=&quot;NHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Fat: the facts |url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-types/different-fats-nutrition/ |access-date=23 November 2025 |publisher=[[National Health Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Dietetic ta Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;ADA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada Offer Up-to-Date Guidance on Dietary Fat |url=http://www.eatright.org/Media/content.aspx?id=1590&amp;terms=coconut+oil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319155035/http://www.eatright.org/Media/content.aspx?id=1590&amp;terms=coconut+oil |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2011-03-16 |publisher=[[American Dietetic Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amirka, &lt;ref name=&quot;AHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tropical Oils |url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/FatsAndOils/Fats101/Tropical-Oils_UCM_306031_Article.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602015410/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/FatsAndOils/Fats101/Tropical-Oils_UCM_306031_Article.jsp |archive-date=2011-06-02 |access-date=2011-03-16 |publisher=[[American Heart Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidauniyar Abinci ta Burtaniya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Foster R, Williamson CS, Lunn J |year=2009 |title=Culinary oils and their health effects |journal=Nutrition Bulletin |volume=34 |pages=4–47 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-3010.2008.01738.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lockyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lockyer S, Stanner S |year=2016 |title=Coconut oil – a nutty idea? |journal=Nutrition Bulletin |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=42–54 |doi=10.1111/nbu.12188 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Masu Cin abinci na Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;DoC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-09-01 |title=Heart Healthy Eating: Cholesterol |url=http://www.dietitians.ca/Nutrition-Resources-A-Z/Factsheets/Heart-Health/Heart-Healthy-Eating--Cholesterol.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060009/http://www.dietitians.ca/Nutrition-Resources-A-Z/Factsheets/Heart-Health/Heart-Healthy-Eating--Cholesterol.aspx |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-07-05 |publisher=[[Dietitians of Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tallace-tallace na man kwakwa ya haifar da imani mara kyau cewa &quot;abinci ne mai lafiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;spiazzi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spiazzi BF, Duarte AC, Zingano CP, et al. |date=June 2023 |title=Coconut oil: an overview of cardiometabolic effects and the public health burden of misinformation |journal=Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=67 |issue=6 |doi=10.20945/2359-3997000000641 |pmc=10660992 |pmid=37364144 |quote=The use of coconut oil as a &quot;healthy&quot; component of the western diet is based on the major spread of misconceptions regarding it. The combination of the established knowledge on the negative effects of saturated fats on cardiovascular health and the lack of evidence from clinical trials showing a benefit from coconut oil intake in cardiovascular and metabolic disease advise against the consumption of this oil as a preferential source of dietary fat.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Abbasi2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abbasi |first=J |date=8 April 2020 |title=Coconut Oil's Health Halo a Mirage, Clinical Trials Suggest |journal=JAMA |volume=323 |issue=16 |pages=1540–1541 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.5186 |pmid=32267505 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, binciken ya gano cewa amfani da man kwakwa yana da tasirin kiwon lafiya kamar na sauran kitse marasa lafiya, gami da [[man shanu]], kitse na naman sa, da [[Manja|Man dabino]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;spiazzi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Coconut oil contains a high amount of lauric acid, a saturated fat that raises total blood cholesterol levels by increasing the amounts of both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neela&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neelakantan |first=Nithya |last2=Seah |first2=Jowy Yi Hoong |last3=van Dam |first3=Rob M. |date=2020-03-10 |title=The effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials |journal=Circulation |volume=141 |issue=10 |pages=803–814 |doi=10.1161/circulationaha.119.043052 |issn=0009-7322 |pmid=31928080 |s2cid=210195904 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eyres2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eyres |first=L |last2=Eyres |first2=MF |last3=Chisholm |first3=A |last4=Brown |first4=RC |date=April 2016 |title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=267–80 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuw002 |pmc=4892314 |pmid=26946252}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although lauric acid consumption may create a more favorable total blood cholesterol profile, this does not exclude the possibility that persistent consumption of coconut oil may actually increase the risk of [[Cutar zuciya|cardiovascular diseases]] through other mechanisms,&lt;ref name=&quot;Neela&quot; /&gt; particularly via the marked increase in total blood cholesterol induced by lauric acid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eyres2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mensink&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB |date=May 2003 |title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials |url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html |format=PDF |journal=Am J Clin Nutr |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=1146–55 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146 |pmid=12716665 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because the majority of saturated fat in coconut oil is lauric acid,&lt;ref name=&quot;Eyres2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mensink&quot; /&gt; coconut oil may be preferred over partially hydrogenated vegetable oil when solid fats are used in the diet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarrago&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tarrago-Trani |first=MT |last2=Phillips |first2=KM |last3=Lemar |first3=LE |last4=Holden |first4=JM |year=2006 |title=New and existing oils and fats used in products with reduced trans-fatty acid content |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Articles/JADA106_867-880.pdf |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=867–880 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2006.03.010 |pmid=16720128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Binciken asibiti ===
Binciken 2017 na binciken asibiti da masana da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amurka suka ba da shawarar game da amfani da man kwakwa saboda yaduwar sa don ƙara matakan jini na LDL a matsayin haɗari ga cututtukan zuciya.&lt;ref name=&quot;circ&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |year=2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.full.pdf |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken tsari 2020 da meta-analysis na Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti kan ko amfani da man kwakwa na yau da kullun na iya shafar Abubuwan haɗari ga [[Cutar zuciya|Cututtukan zuciya]] sun gano cewa ƙananan lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (amma kuma lipoprotein mai yawa (HDL)) sun fi girma idan aka kwatanta da mai na kayan lambu wanda ba na wurare masu zafi ba. Binciken ya bayyana cewa &quot;ba za a kalli man kwakwa a matsayin mai mai lafiya don rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya ba, da kuma iyakance amfani da man kwakwa saboda yawan kitsen da ke ciki ya dace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neela&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neelakantan |first=Nithya |last2=Seah |first2=Jowy Yi Hoong |last3=van Dam |first3=Rob M. |date=2020-03-10 |title=The effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials |journal=Circulation |volume=141 |issue=10 |pages=803–814 |doi=10.1161/circulationaha.119.043052 |issn=0009-7322 |pmid=31928080 |s2cid=210195904 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Man kwakwa yana da kashi 99% mai, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan kitse (82% na duka; tebur). A cikin adadin ma'auni na gram 100, man kwakwa yana samar da adadin kuzari 890. Rabin kitsen da ke cikin man kwakwa shine lauric acid (41.8 grams a kowace 100 grams na jimlar abun da ke ciki), yayin da wasu mahimman kitsen da aka cika su ne myristic acid (16.7g), palmitic acid (8.6g), da Caprylic acid (6.8g). &lt;ref name=&quot;USDA28&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2016 |title=Coconut oil; Nutrient content per 100 g |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171412/nutrients |access-date=1 September 2017 |publisher=USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fats monounsaturated ne 6% na jimlar abun da ke ciki, kuma polyunsaturated fats ne 2% (tebur). Man kwakwa ya ƙunshi [[Phytosterol|phytosterols]], yayin da babu micronutrients a cikin mahimman abun ciki (tebur).
[[Fayil:Coconut-butter.JPG|thumb|Kyakkyawan kitsen kwakwa]]

=== A cikin abinci ===
Man kwakwa yana da dogon tarihi a [[Asiya]], musamman a yankuna masu zafi inda shuka ke da yawa, inda aka yi amfani da shi don dafa abinci. Ita ce mai da aka zaba a cikin Abincin Sri Lanka, inda ake amfani da ita don sautéing da friting, a cikin kayan abinci masu dadi da masu dadi. Har ila yau, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin [[Tailan|Thailand]] da [[Kerala]].

An gabatar da man kwakwa kwanan nan ga yawancin abincin Yammacin Turai, kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan burodi, kek, da sautés, yana da ingancin kwai tare da ɗanɗano. Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi ta hanyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim don popcorn.

Sauran amfani da abinci sun haɗa da maye gurbin kitse mai ƙarfi da aka samar ta hanyar Hydrogenation a cikin kayan burodi da kayan kwalliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarrago&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tarrago-Trani |first=MT |last2=Phillips |first2=KM |last3=Lemar |first3=LE |last4=Holden |first4=JM |year=2006 |title=New and existing oils and fats used in products with reduced trans-fatty acid content |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Articles/JADA106_867-880.pdf |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=867–880 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2006.03.010 |pmid=16720128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da man kwakwa mai hydrogenated ko kuma wani ɓangare mai hydrogenated sau da yawa a cikin masu samar da madara da abinci mai cin abinci. A cikin soya, hayaki na man kwakwa shine {{Convert|177|°C|°F}} ° C (351 ° F).

Coconut oil has been tested for use as a feedstock for biodiesel to use as a diesel engine fuel. In this manner, it can be applied to power generators and transport using diesel engines. Since straight coconut oil has a high gelling temperature ({{Convert|22–25|°C|°F}}), a high viscosity, and a minimum combustion chamber temperature of {{Convert|500|C}} (to avoid polymerization of the fuel), coconut oil typically is transesterified to make biodiesel. Use of B100 (100% biodiesel) is possible only in temperate climates, as the gel point is approximately {{Convert|10|°C|°F}}. The oil must meet the Weihenstephan standard&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weihenstephan vegetable oil fuel standard (German Rapeseed Fuel Standard) |url=http://vegburner.co.uk/oils.htm |access-date=2011-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  to use pure vegetable oil as a fuel. Moderate to severe damage from carbonisation and clogging would occur in an unmodified engine.

The Philippines, [[Vanuatu]], [[Samoa]], and several other tropical island countries use coconut oil as an alternative fuel source to run automobiles, trucks, and buses, and to power generators.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Vanuatu, A Proving Ground for Coconut Oil As An Alternative Fuel |url=http://www.onecountry.org/e151/e15101as_Deamer_profile.htm |access-date=2011-08-09 |publisher=One Country}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2011)&quot;&gt;better&amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Biodiesel fuel derived from coconut oil is currently used as a fuel for transport in the Philippines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coconut fuel |url=http://www.pri.org/theworld/?q=node/7280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181336/http://www.pri.org/theworld/?q=node/7280 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=2011-08-09 |website=[[The World (radio program)|The World]] |publisher=[[Public Radio International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;investvine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Todd |date=1 August 2013 |title=Coconut biodiesel drives the Philippines |url=http://investvine.com/coconut-biodiesel-drives-the-philippines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809034419/http://investvine.com/coconut-biodiesel-drives-the-philippines/ |archive-date=9 August 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |website=Inside Investor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further research into the potential of coconut oil as a fuel for electricity generation is being carried out in the islands of the Pacific, although to date it appears that it is not useful as a fuel source due to the cost of labour and supply constraints.

An gwada man kwakwa don amfani da shi azaman mai shafawa  kuma a matsayin mai canzawa.  Ana amfani da man kwakwa (da abubuwan da aka samo asali, kamar su coconut fatty acid) a matsayin albarkatun kasa a cikin masana'antar surfactants kamar cocamidopropyl betaine, cocamide MEA, da cocamide DEA.

Ana iya amfani da acid da aka samo daga man kwakwa a matsayin magungunan herbicides.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=James |first=TK |last2=Rahman A |year=2005 |title=Efficacy of several organic herbicides and glyphosate formulations under simulated rainfall |url=http://www.nzpps.org/journal/58/nzpp_581570.pdf |journal=New Zealand Plant Protection |volume=58 |pages=157–163 |doi=10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4322 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin zuwan hasken lantarki, man kwakwa shine man farko da aka yi amfani da shi don haskakawa a Indiya kuma an fitar dashi azaman man cochin.

=== Sabulu ===
Man kwakwa muhimmin abu ne na asali don kera sabulu. Sabulu da aka yi da man kwakwa yana da wuya, kodayake yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da sabulu da aka sanya da wasu mai kuma ta haka ne yana ƙara yawan amfanin masana'anta. Yana da narkewa a cikin ruwa mai wuya da ruwan gishiri fiye da sauran sabulu yana ba shi damar yin lather cikin sauƙi.

=== Sauran amfani ===
Ana iya amfani da shi azaman man fetur don ƙonewa a cikin fitilar ko drip into fire don ƙirƙirar hayaki mai hana kwari. Hakanan yana kare ƙarfe daga lalatawa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

* KERAFED
* Fitar da cututtukan zuciya
* Butter na kwakwa

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Fats and oils}}{{Authority control}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
* Salunkhe, D.K., J.K. Chavan, R.N. Adsule, da SS Kadam. (1992). World Oilseeds: Chemistry, Technology, da Amfani. Mai ba da labari. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/978-0442001124|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0442001124&lt;/bdi&gt;]].{{ISBN|978-0442001124}}&amp;nbsp;

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Coconut oil
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku</title>
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Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku, Owerri, wacce aka fi sani da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Alvan Ilimi ta tarayya, tana cikin Owerri، babban birnin Jihar Imo, Najeriya. An kafa shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1963 a matsayin Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Gabashin Najeriya a filin Old Shell Camp a Owerri . [1] Tun daga wannan lokacin, ma'aikatar ta fadada a fadin Orlu Road a bakin Kogin Nworie. Jami'ar tana ba da takardar shaidar kasa a fannin ilimi (NCE) da kuma Diploma na sana'a a fannin Ilimi (PDE) kuma, a cikin alaƙa da Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, tana ba da kyautar Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) tun 1984.[2] Jami'ar tana karkashin jagorancin Dokta (Mrs.) Stella Ngozi Lemchi, Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (Administration), wanda shine tsohon Provost na kwalejin. Ta maye gurbin Dr. Dan C. Anyawu a shekarar 2022.[3] Dokta Lemchi ita ce mace ta biyu a kwalejin, bayan Farfesa Blessing C. Ijioma . [4]

== Tarihi ==
An kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1963 a matsayin Kwalejin Horar da Malamai Masu Ci gaba tare da taimakon fasaha daga UNESCO.[1] An ɗora mata alhakin horar da malamai bisa ga rahoton Ashby kan Ilimi Mai Girma a Najeriya. A shekarar 1973, ta hanyar Dokar Lamba ta 11 da Shugaban Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiyar Najeriya, Ukpabi Asika ya fitar, Kwalejin Malamai ta zama Kwalejin Ilimi kuma an sanya mata suna don girmama Alvan Ikoku, malami kuma masanin ilimi, wanda ya kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko mallakar Afirka a Najeriya (Makarantar Grammar Tunawa da Aggrey) kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Najeriya (NUT) tsawon shekaru da yawa.


Kwalejin ta fara ne da dalibai 150 kuma a shekarar 2012 yawan dalibai ya karu zuwa sama da 13,000, tare da ma'aikatan ilimi sama da 600. Dalibai sun haɗa da dalibai na yau da kullun, daliban sandwich, daliban maraice da karshen mako da masu karatun digiri da ke karatun Diploma na Kwararru a Ilimi. A shekara ta 1976, an kafa harabar kwalejin da ke ba da abinci ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona a [[Umuahia]], yanzu babban birnin [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]]. Na gaba shine kafa harabar Orlu a cikin 1981, amma an kawo karshen tsarin harabar da yawa a cikin 1987, kuma kwalejin ya koma ga ma'aikatar harabar guda ɗaya.

A shekara ta 2007, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta karɓi kwalejin kuma ta zama Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku, Owerri .  Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kawo ingantaccen tallafin kudi, kuma kwalejin ta sami damar gyara tsoffin gine-gine, gina manyan ɗakunan ajiya, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da masauki da fadada ƙarfin ma'aikata. Har ila yau, ya ba kwalejin damar fara sabbin sassan da Makarantu da kafa sabbin kamfanoni. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2015, [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] a karkashin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta inganta makarantar zuwa jami'a da za a kira Jami'ar Ilimi ta Alvan Ikoku .  Koyaya, bayan 'yan watanni, gwamnatin [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ta sanya haɓakawa &quot;a kan dakatar&quot; A watan Oktoba na 2023, gwamnatin [[Bola Tinubu]] ta inganta kwalejin zuwa Jami'ar Ilimi.

=== Faculty ===
Kwalejin tana da fannoni shida wadanda suka hada da:

# Kwalejin Kwarewa da Fasaha
# Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Musamman
# Kwalejin Ilimi na Kwararru
# Kwalejin Kimiyya
# Kwalejin Fasaha
# Kwalejin Kimiyya da Gudanarwa

== Shugabannin / Provosts ==

* Mista A. J. Brooks
* Mista J. O. Wachukwu (1970) 
* Mista John Munonye (1970-1974) 
* Farfesa B. O. Ukeje (Mutumin Farko: 1974 - 1980) 
* Farfesa S. N. Nwosu (1980 - 1985) 
* Farfesa N. A Nwagwu (1986 - 1992) 
* Farfesa E. N. Emenyonu (1992 - 1995) 
* Dokta Dan Onwukwe (Aiki: 1995) 
* Farfesa A. E. Afigbo (Mai Gudanarwa: 1996 - 1997) 
* Farfesa L. E Amadi (1997 - 1999) 
* Dokta Dan Onwukwe (1999 - 2004) 
* Farfesa Ngozi Uwazurike (2004 - 2009) 
* Dokta H. C. Amadi (Aiki: 2009 - 2010) 
* Dokta (Mrs.) Albarka C. Ijioma (2010 - 2017) 
* Dokta Dan C. Anyanwu (2017 - 2022) 
* Dokta (Mrs.) Stella N. Lemchi (2022 - 2023) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-24 |title=NAWOJ Imo State Congratulates Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education 13th Substantive Provost – 9News Nigeria |url=https://9newsng.com/nawoj-imo-state-congratulates-alvan-ikoku-federal-college-of-education-13th-substantive-provost/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dokta (Mrs.) Stella N. Lemchi (Ag. Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (Admin): 2022 - Ranar) 

== Malamai ==
Kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku, Owerri a 1963, kawai shekaru uku bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tarihin ilimi a Najeriya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education |url=https://www.alvanikoku.edu.ng/history/ |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; musamman kudu maso gabas. A shekara ta 1984, kwalejin ta zama mai alaƙa da Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka don ba da digiri na farko a fannoni daban-daban. A cikin 2023, an inganta shi zuwa Jami'ar Ilimi.

Cibiyar tana da ɗalibai a cikin masauki da ake kira haruffa daga A-G. Kwalejin tana da dalibai daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar da kasashe da yawa daga [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], musamman ƙasashen da ke magana da Mutanen Espanya waɗanda 'yan ƙasa suka zo don nazarin Turanci a Cibiyar Nazarin Turanci ta Duniya (ICES). Kolejin yana da yawan ɗaliban mata tare da mata da suka kai sama da 80%. 

Shirin Sandwich yana kula da mutanen da ke neman aikin koyarwa waɗanda ke son inganta iliminsu. Wadannan dalibai suna karatu a lokacin bukukuwan lokacin da daliban karatun digiri na yau da kullun suka warwatse, kuma makarantun firamare da sakandare suna hutu. Dalibai suna da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Dalibai (SUG) karkashin jagorancin zababben shugaban kasa da Majalisar Wakilan Dalibai (SRC), ƙungiyar zababben dalibai. Duk da yawan mata masu yawa, Shugabannin SUG maza ne, ban da zaman ilimi na 2019-2020 lokacin da Comrade Ugonna Gloria Alozie ta lashe Shugabancin.

Cibiyar tana gudanar da cibiyoyin zanga-zangar. Su ne Ma'aikatar Kula da Yara / Makarantar Kula da Yara, Ma'aikalin Makarantar Ilimi ta Firamare da Makarantar Ilimin Ilimi ta Sakandare. An kafa makarantar firamare a 1983 kuma makarantar sakandare ta fara ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Frank Eke</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359259053|Frank Eke]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Frank Adiele Eke''' (27 Yunin 1931 zuwa 4 Janairu 2013), likita ne kuma ɗan siyasan a Najeriya. Ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna na farko na Jihar Rivers, yayi aiki daga 1979 zuwa 1983 a karkashin Gwamna  Melford Okilo&lt;ref name=&quot;eke&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Hart |first=Anderson |date=11 January 2014 |title=PHCCIMA President Mourns Passing Away of Father In-law &amp; Elder Statesman, Late Eze (Dr.) Frank Eke |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/134085/1/phccima-president-mourns-passing-away-of-father-in.html |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=The Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eke3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The story of a living legend : His Royal Majesty Eze Dr. Frank Adele Eke (J.P), Eze Gbakagbaka, Eze Oha Evo II|first=Felix|last=Lowen|publisher=International Youth Congress|year=2002|isbn=978-056-162-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
shi ne mutum na farko na Ikwerre da ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard ta Amurka, inda ya zama Jagoran Lafiya ta Jama'a a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;https://nigerianimage.com/2021/08/13/his-majesty-amb-king-prof-sir-dr-frank-adele-eke/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fito ne daga Woji. 

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013 bayan gajeren rashin lafiya. Kafin mutuwarsa, shi ne babban mai mulki na Evo Kingdom, yankin karamar hukumar Obio-Akpor.&lt;ref name=&quot;eke1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Onukwugha |first=Anayo |date=6 June 2014 |title=No Human Heads Needed For Burial Of Rivers Monarch, Police Insist |url=http://leadership.ng/news/373561/human-heads-needed-burial-rivers-monarch-police-insist |access-date=8 March 2015 |newspaper=[[Leadership (Nigeria)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cikakken sunansa shine HRM, Sarki Dr (Amb) Sir Frank Adiele Eke (Eze Gbakagbaka na ƙasar Evo).

== Iyali ==
Ya auri Evang. Beatrice Chiebonam Eke kuma tana da 'ya'ya 6 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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  {{Databox}} 

'''Frank Adiele Eke''' (27 Yunin 1931 zuwa 4 Janairu 2013), likita ne kuma ɗan siyasan a Najeriya. Ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna na farko na Jihar Rivers, yayi aiki daga 1979 zuwa 1983 a karkashin Gwamna  Melford Okilo&lt;ref name=&quot;eke&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Hart |first=Anderson |date=11 January 2014 |title=PHCCIMA President Mourns Passing Away of Father In-law &amp; Elder Statesman, Late Eze (Dr.) Frank Eke |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/134085/1/phccima-president-mourns-passing-away-of-father-in.html |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=The Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eke3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The story of a living legend : His Royal Majesty Eze Dr. Frank Adele Eke (J.P), Eze Gbakagbaka, Eze Oha Evo II|first=Felix|last=Lowen|publisher=International Youth Congress|year=2002|isbn=978-056-162-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
shi ne mutum na farko na Ikwerre da ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard ta Amurka, inda ya zama Jagoran Lafiya ta Jama'a a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;https://nigerianimage.com/2021/08/13/his-majesty-amb-king-prof-sir-dr-frank-adele-eke/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fito ne daga Woji. 

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013 bayan gajeren rashin lafiya. Kafin mutuwarsa, shi ne babban mai mulki na Evo Kingdom, yankin karamar hukumar Obio-Akpor.&lt;ref name=&quot;eke1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Onukwugha |first=Anayo |date=6 June 2014 |title=No Human Heads Needed For Burial Of Rivers Monarch, Police Insist |url=http://leadership.ng/news/373561/human-heads-needed-burial-rivers-monarch-police-insist |access-date=8 March 2015 |newspaper=[[Leadership (Nigeria)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cikakken sunansa shine HRM, Sarki Dr (Amb) Sir Frank Adiele Eke (Eze Gbakagbaka na ƙasar Evo).

== Iyali ==
Ya auri Evang. Beatrice Chiebonam Eke kuma tana da 'ya'ya 6 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin Atlantic</title>
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'''Kwalejin Atlantic''' ('''COA''') kwaleji ce mai zaman kanta ta fasaha mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Bar Harbor a Dutsen Desert Island, [[Maine (Tarayyar Amurka)|Maine]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1969, tana ba da digiri na farko da na biyu (M.Phil.)&lt;ref&gt;College of the Atlantic Course Catalog and Academic Handbook 2025–2026 (PDF). College of the Atlantic. 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  kawai a fannin [[Ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam|ilimin halittu na ɗan adam]], wata hanya ce ta ilmantarwa tsakanin fannoni daban-daban. Wuraren da aka mayar da hankali a kai sun haɗa da fasaha da ƙira, [[kimiyyar muhalli]], ilimin ɗan adam, nazarin ƙasashen duniya, [[Tsarin abinci mai ɗorewa|tsarin abinci mai dorewa]], takardar shaidar malamai da karatun ilimi, da kuma kasuwanci mai alhakin zamantakewa. Kwalejin Atlantic ta sami amincewa daga Hukumar Ilimi Mai Girma ta New England.&lt;ref&gt;Maine Institutions – NECHE, New England Commission of Higher Education, archived from the original on June 18, 2021, retrieved May 26, 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Harabar makarantar ta ƙunshi {{Convert|37|acre}} a kan Frenchman Bay, gonaki biyu na halitta, tashoshin bincike guda biyu na tsibiran da ke wajen teku, da kuma {{Convert|100|acre}} yanki mai kariya. Gonakin, Beech Hill Farms da Peggy Rockefeller Farms, dakunan gwaje-gwaje ne na rayuwa don azuzuwan karatu da binciken ɗalibai. Gonakin Peggy Rockefeller sun haɗa da dabbobi, amfanin gona, da gonakin 'ya'yan itace. Beech Hill Farm yana samar da amfanin gona. Dukansu suna ba wa zauren cin abinci kayan abinci na halitta, ƙwai, da nama. Gidajen tsibirin da ke wajen teku sun haɗa da Tashar Bincike ta Alice Eno Field a Tsibirin Great Duck inda ɗalibai ke gudanar da bincike kan ƙananan halittun Leach, guillemots, gulls, sparrows da sauran fannoni na tarihin halitta. Tashar Bincike ta Edward McCormick Blair da ke kan Dutsen Desert Rock cibiya ce ta nazarin dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa da batutuwan teku .

== Tarihi ==
Mazauna tsibirin Mount Desert ne suka ƙirƙiro Kwalejin Atlantic, waɗanda ke son ƙarfafa [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] tsibirin a lokacin hutun bazara, lokacin da kudaden shiga daga [[Yawon bude ido|yawon buɗe ido]] suka ragu, ta hanyar kafa cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi ta tsawon shekara guda, wacce za ta ɗauki tsawon shekaru huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Trotter, Bill (2012-12-17). &quot;COA co-founder, priest, James Gower, dies at age 90&quot;. Bangor Daily News. Archived from the original on 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2013-01-06.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 1968, James Gower, firist na Katolika kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, da tsohon abokin wasansa [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bar Harbor, ɗan kasuwa Les Brewer, sun ƙirƙiro ra'ayin Kwalejin Atlantic.  Brewer da Gower sun kafa makarantar a shekarar 1969,  lokacin da aka ba wa makarantar ilimin halittu ta ɗan adam izinin wucin gadi a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1969,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta hannun Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Maine. Wasu mazauna Mount Desert guda uku sun taimaka wajen kafa kwalejin: Bernard K. &quot;Sonny&quot; Cough, Richard Lewis da Robert Smith.&lt;ref name=&quot;bdn&quot; /&gt; Edward Kaelber, mataimakin shugaban makarantar digiri na Harvard a lokacin, ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko kuma Melville P. Cote ya haɗu da shi a shekarar 1970 a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa kuma Daraktan Shiga da Harkokin Dalibai.

Gower ya gabatar da &quot;Kwalejin Zaman Lafiya ta Acadia&quot; a matsayin sunan farko na makarantar, kodayake an ƙi amincewa da hakan don a ba da shi ga Kwalejin Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;bdn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kwalejin Atlantic ta fara bayar da azuzuwan farko a shekarar 1972 tare da ɗalibai 32 kacal. Cibiyar tana da ɗalibai kusan 300 a shekarar makaranta ta 2012-13. Kwalejin Atlantic tana ba da babban fanni na ilimi guda ɗaya kawai: [[Ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam|ilimin halittu na ɗan adam]]. Gower ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar manhajar karatu ga kwalejin da shirye-shiryenta na ilimi. 

An sayi mafi yawan harabar makarantar akan dala 1 daga Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate Seminary, waɗanda suka yi amfani da wurin a matsayin gidan ibada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COA Campus History |url=http://www.coa.edu/assets/landscapemasterplan07/sitehistory.pdf |access-date=2009-05-13}} {{Dead link|date=July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalan Bernard Cough, wanda ya kafa makarantar, sun bayar da gudummawar sassan harabar makarantar.

== Malamai ==
Manhajar makarantar ta dogara ne akan [[Ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam|ilimin halittu na ɗan adam]] kuma ana buƙatar duk ɗaliban da ke shekarar farko su ɗauki kwas ɗin gabatarwa a fannin ilimin halittu na ɗan adam. Sauran buƙatun sun haɗa da kwas biyu a kowane fanni mai da hankali (Nazarin Muhalli, Fasaha da Zane, Nazarin Ɗan Adam), kwas ɗaya na tunani mai yawa, kwas ɗaya na tarihi, da kwas ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi rubutu mai faɗi. Manufar ita ce ɗalibai su bincika da haɗa ra'ayoyi daga fannoni daban-daban kuma su gina fahimtarsu game da ilimin halittu na ɗan adam. Tare da mai da hankali kan koyo tsakanin fannoni daban-daban, Kwalejin Atlantic ba ta da sassa daban-daban, kuma duk membobin malamai suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin masana kimiyyar muhalli na ɗan adam ban da ƙwarewarsu ta yau da kullun.

A matsayin buƙatar kammala karatun digiri, dole ne dukkan ɗalibai su kammala aikin babban aji na tsawon lokaci da kuma muƙalar ilimin halittu na ɗan adam a shekararsu ta ƙarshe, ban da aikin horo na dole a cikin shekaru huɗu. Don wannan aikin babban aji, ɗalibai za su yanke shawara kan hanyoyin da abubuwan da ke ciki waɗanda masu ba su shawara kan ilimi za su gabatar don amincewa. Ayyuka sun bambanta kuma sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, takardun kimiyya, binciken al'adu, shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo, manhajojin ilimi, littattafai, nunin fasaha, littattafan wasiƙu, gyaran lambu, da kuma tattara waƙoƙi.

== Dalibai ==
Da yake ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya suna da matsakaicin kashi 17 cikin ɗari na ɗaliban, Kwalejin Atlantic tana cikin kwalejoji biyar na fasaha masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda ke da mafi yawan ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Liberal arts colleges usnews.com {{Cite web |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/liberal-arts-most-international |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-04 |archive-date=2010-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411075512/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/liberal-arts-most-international |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan ɗaliban galibi suna kammala karatunsu ne daga Kwalejin United World kuma ana ba su guraben karatu masu yawa ta hanyar Shirin Masana Kwalejin Davis United World.

== Dorewa ==
A shekara ta 2004, COA ita ce jami'ar farko da ta yi alƙawarin shekaru da yawa don samar da [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]] gaba ɗaya, inda ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 10 tare da [[Endless Energy Corporation]]. A shekara ta 2005, ita ce makaranta ta farko da ta gudanar da bikin kammala karatun digiri na babu ɓata. A watan Oktoba na 2006, COA ta yi alƙawarin zama [[Fitar da sifili|mai tsaka tsaki a cikin carbon]], tana rage duk hayakin carbon ɗinta, gami da waɗanda ɗaliban da suka ziyarta suka ƙirƙira; COA ta cika alƙawarin a watan Disamba na 2007 ta hanyar siyan rage hayakin carbon don hayakinsu ta hanyar [[Climate Trust of Oregon]].&lt;ref&gt;Private college nation's first carbon-neutral campus {{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/12/20/college.carbon.neutral.ap/index.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-04 |archive-date=2007-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222142658/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/12/20/college.carbon.neutral.ap/index.html |url-status=bot: unknown }} from Associated Press via CNN&lt;/ref&gt; Kwalejin a halin yanzu tana rage waɗannan hayakin da ba za ta iya ragewa ko gujewa ba ta hanyar dakatar da wutar lantarki ta manyan motoci ta hanyar Carbonfund.org. A shekara ta 2016, an sanya COA a matsayin kwalejin kore ta #1 ta The Princeton Review.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;College of the Atlantic Ranked #1 Green College&quot;. www.coa.edu. No. 2016–10–06.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai ==

* Anjali Appadurai, 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar Kanada
* Abigail Barrows, masanin kimiyyar binciken ruwa
* [[Jacquelyn Gill]], Masanin ilimin halittu
* Amy Goodman, 'yar jarida
* Nell Newman, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo
* Chellie Pingree, Wakiliyar Amurka daga Maine

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Sergiu Cătălin Hanca''' (  ; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1992) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Romania wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] ko kuma ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ligue I Petrolul Ploiești .

Hanca ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi da yin wasa a Snagov, Bihor Oradea, da kuma kulob dinsa na garinsu ASA Târgu Mureș, kafin ya yi suna a Dinamo București . Ya koma ƙasar waje a karon farko ta hanyar sanya hannu da Cracovia a shekarar 2019, inda ya buga wasanni sama da 100 a Ekstraklasa . Shekaru uku bayan haka, Hanca ya koma Romania a Universitatea Craiova .

A fagen wasanni, Hanca ya fara bugawa Romania wasa a watan Yunin 2017, a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Poland ta doke su da ci 1-3.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Hanca ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami a ƙungiyar FCM Târgu Mureș ta garinsu. A shekarar 2009, ya koma ƙungiyar La Liga II Snagov, inda ya tara wasanni 38 a gasar da kuma ƙwallo ɗaya. A farkon shekarar 2012, Hanca ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a Bihor Oradea .

=== Komawa zuwa Targu Mureș ===
A tsakiyar shekarar 2012, tsohuwar ƙungiyar matasansa FCM Târgu Mureș ta dawo da Hanca. Ya buga wasanni 22 kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu a kakar wasa ta 2013–14, yayin da ƙungiyarsa ta samu ci gaba zuwa gasar La Liga ta ɗaya .

A ranar 8 ga Yulin 2015, Hanca ya lashe kofinsa na farko a rayuwarsa bayan da kulob dinsa—wanda aka sake masa suna ASA Târgu Mureș—ya doke FC Steaua București da ci 1-0 a gasar Supercupa României . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=Dan Petrescu wins trophy in first game in charge of Targu Mures – then resigns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jul/09/dan-petrescu-trophy-targu-mures-resigns |access-date=14 May 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga gasar [[UEFA|Turai]] a ranar 6 ga Agustan 2015, inda ya fara da nasara a waje da Saint-Étienne da ci 2-1 a zagayen wasan share fage na gasar Europa League . 

=== Dinamo București ===
A ranar 8 ga Janairu 2016, Hanca ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi tare da sauran 'yan wasan ƙungiyar Ligue 1 Dinamo București . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=OFICIAL Sergiu Hanca a semnat cu Dinamo: &quot;Mi-am dorit foarte mult asta!&quot; |trans-title=OFFICIAL Sergiu Hanca signed with Dinamo: &quot;I wanted this very much&quot; |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Sport/FOTBAL/Competitii/Liga+1/OFICIAL+Sergiu+Hanca+a+semnat+cu+Dinamo+Mi-am+dorit+foarte+mult+ |access-date=6 March 2017 |publisher=[[Digi Sport (Romania)|Digi Sport]] |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a matsayin &quot;The Red Dogs&quot; a wasan da suka doke Botoșani da ci 1-0 a gasar, a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2016 |title=Dinamo - FC Botoşani, scor 1-0, în etapa a 24-a din Liga 1 |trans-title=Dinamo - FC Botoşani, score 1-0, counting for the 24th round of Liga 1 |url=http://www.mediafax.ro/sport/dinamo-fc-botosani-scor-1-0-in-etapa-a-24-a-din-liga-1-15074891 |access-date=7 March 2017 |publisher=[[Mediafax]] |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Mayu, ya fara wasan karshe na Cupa României da CFR Cluj, wanda Dinamo ta sha kashi 4-5 a bugun fenariti . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2016 |title=Magistrala CFR! Clujenii se impun cu 5-4 la penalty-uri după o finală dramatică, încheiată 2-2 în timpul regulamentar! |trans-title=The great CFR! The Cluj men win 5–4 on a penalty shootout after a 2–2 draw at the end of extra time! |url=http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/cupa-romaniei/video-foto-magistrala-cfr-clujenii-se-impun-cu-5-4-la-penalty-uri-dupa-o-finala-dramatica-incheiata-2-2-in-timpul-regulamentar-478221.html |access-date=27 August 2023 |publisher=[[Gazeta Sporturilor]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanca ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2016, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-1 a kan Universitatea Craiova a gasar La Liga ta 1. A ranar 30 ga wata mai zuwa, ya ci bugun fenariti a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun FC Steaua București da ci 3-1. A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, ya lashe kofin Cupa Ligii bayan da kungiyarsa ta doke ACS Poli Timișoara da ci 2-0 a wasan karshe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2017 |title=Primul trofeu după o pauză de cinci ani: Dinamo a învins ACS Poli Timişoara, scor 2-0, şi a câştigat Cupa Ligii |trans-title=First trophy after a pause of five years: Dinamo defeated ACS Poli Timișoara, score 2–0, and won the Cupa Ligii |url=https://www.mediafax.ro/sport/primul-trofeu-dupa-o-pauza-de-cinci-ani-dinamo-a-invins-acs-poli-timisoara-scor-2-0-si-a-castigat-cupa-ligii-16346717 |access-date=27 August 2023 |publisher=Mediafax |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cracovia ===
Sergiu Hanca ya koma Cracovia a watan Janairun 2019, inda ya koma daga Dinamo București kan kuɗi da aka ruwaito kusan €60,000. Wasansa na farko a Cracovia a watan Fabrairun 2019 ya zira kwallon da ta ba shi nasara a wasan da suka doke Piast Gliwice da ci 2-1. Wasannin da ya buga sun sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa a ƙungiyar, kuma kafin kakar wasa ta bana an naɗa shi kyaftin na Cracovia wanda ke nuna muhimmancinsa a filin wasa da kuma wajen filin wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-12 |title=FOTO Sergiu Hanca a fost prezentat oficial la Cracovia » S-a pozat alături de un ex-stelist |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/foto-sergiu-hanca-a-fost-prezentat-oficial-la-cracovia-s-a-pozat-alaturi-de-un-ex-stelist-557306.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=GSP.ro |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar shekarar 2022, bayan kimanin shekaru uku da rabi, ya buga wasanni kusan 115, ya zira kwallaye 19, kuma ya bayar da taimako sau 20 ga Cracovia a dukkan gasa, a cewar kafofin watsa labarai na Romania da suka ruwaito cewa ya bar kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vasile |first=Dragoș |date=2022-07-23 |title=Sergiu Hanca, tot mai aproape de Universitatea Craiova! Cracovia îi caută deja înlocuitor: ”Nu ne așteptam să plece!” |url=https://as.ro/fotbal/liga-1/sergiu-hanca-tot-mai-aproape-de-universitatea-craiova-cracovia-ii-cauta-deja-inlocuitor-nu-ne-asteptam-sa-plece-208683.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Antena Sport |language=ro-RO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin bazara na 2022, Hanca ya bar Cracovia ya koma Romania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vasile |first=Dragoș |date=2022-07-23 |title=Sergiu Hanca, tot mai aproape de Universitatea Craiova! Cracovia îi caută deja înlocuitor: ”Nu ne așteptam să plece!” |url=https://as.ro/fotbal/liga-1/sergiu-hanca-tot-mai-aproape-de-universitatea-craiova-cracovia-ii-cauta-deja-inlocuitor-nu-ne-asteptam-sa-plece-208683.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Antena Sport |language=ro-RO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jami'ar Craiova ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuli 2022, Hanca ya koma Romania da kuma gasar La Liga ta 1 ta hanyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da Universitatea Craiova. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ucv1948.ro/OFICIAL--Bun-venit-Sergiu-Hanca OFICIAL | Bun venit, Sergiu Hanca!] {{In lang|ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a wasan da suka doke FC U Craiova da ci 2-1 a ranar 7 ga Agusta.

Hanca ba da daɗewa ba ya rasa tagomashi a hannun babban kocinsa Mirel Rădoi da daraktocin ƙungiyar, inda aka tura shi zuwa ƙungiyar ajiyar kuɗi kuma ya shigar da ƙararsa kan Yuro miliyan 2. Ya soke kwangilarsa a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2023, bayan ya karɓi diyya ta Yuro 120,000. 

=== Petrolul Ploiești ===
A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2023, Hanca ya amince da kwangila tare da Petrolul Ploiești . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=Oficial: Sergiu Hanca este jucătorul Petrolului Ploiești |trans-title=Official: Sergiu Hanca is Petrolul Ploiești's player |url=https://fcpetrolul.ro/oficial-sergiu-hanca-este-jucatorul-petrolului-ploiesti/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=FC Petrolul Ploiești |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A watan Maris na 2017, manaja [[Christoph Daum]] ya zaɓi Hanca a cikin tawagar Romania don wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da Denmark . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2017 |title=În premieră la națională, Hanca e lăudat de un fost coleg: &quot;Se antrenează suplimentar, face totul ca la carte&quot; |trans-title=For the first time at the national team, Hanca is praised by a former colleague: &quot;He trains additionally, he does everything by the book&quot; |url=http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/in-premiera-la-nationala-hanca-e-laudat-de-un-fost-coleg-se-antreneaza-suplimentar-face-totul-ca-la-carte-503932.html |access-date=6 March 2017 |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, ya fara wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da Poland ta sha kashi da ci 1-3 a gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Ce nu s-a văzut la TV » &quot;Tricolorii&quot; au ieșit la antrenament chiar după meci, cu cine a făcut Hanca schimb de tricouri + Lewa a luat mingea acasă |trans-title=What you didn't see on TV » &quot;The Tricolours&quot; started training right after the match, with which player Hanca exchanged jerseys + Lewa took the ball home |url=http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/nationala/foto-ce-nu-s-a-vazut-la-tv-tricolorii-au-iesit-la-antrenament-chiar-dupa-meci-cu-cine-a-facut-hanca-schimb-de-tricouri-lewa-a-luat-mingea-acasa-513224.html |access-date=15 June 2017 |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Hanca ya auri budurwarsa Andreea a watan Mayun 2016, kuma an yi aurensu a Târgu Mureș a lokacin bazara na wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2017 |title=Povestea lui Sergiu Hanca! Cum a ajuns mureșeanul de la un fotbalist obscur la națională! Căsătoria i-a dat un imbold |trans-title=The story of Sergiu Hanca! How the Mureș native progressed from an unknown footballer to a national team squad member! Marriage gave him an impulse |url=http://www.libertatea.ro/detalii/articol/povestea-lui-sergiu-hanca-cum-a-ajuns-mureseanul-de-la-un-fotbalist-obscur-la-nationala-casatoria-i-a-dat-un-imbold-1764834 |access-date=7 March 2017 |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan sun shahara da ayyukan agaji . 

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 11 June 2022}}&lt;ref name=EU&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=29913|title=Sergiu Hanca|publisher=European Football|access-date=4 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania
|-
| 2017
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2020
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2022
| 2
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 7
! 0
|}

== Daraja ==
'''ASA Târgu Mureș''' &lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|sergiu-hanca/125582}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Supercupa României : 2015

'''Dinamo București''' &lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|sergiu-hanca/125582}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Cupa României ta zo ta biyu: 2015–16
* Cupa Ligii : 2016–17

'''Cracovia''' &lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|sergiu-hanca/125582}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kofin Poland : 2019–20
* Kofin Super na Poland : 2020

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Ƙungiyar Gasar La Liga ta Ɗaya: 2016–17
* Ɗan wasan Digi Sport Liga I na Watan: Afrilu 2017,  Agusta 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2017 |title=Fotbalistul lunii – August 2017 |trans-title=Player of the Month – August 2017 |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Fotbalistul+Lunii/August+2017/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213257/http://www.digisport.ro/Fotbalistul+Lunii/August+2017/ |archive-date=17 September 2017 |access-date=8 September 2017 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Sergiu Hanca at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian)
* {{UEFA player|250085499}}
{{FC Petrolul Ploiești squad}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>d5b0mlsyhxlji3i7qj1nz4x3q1bj8i6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lesley Manyathela</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
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      <text bytes="5513" sha1="2vybn2tlpiyy7sqar0s2cnvfxchw3lv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lesley Phuti Manyathela''' (4 Satumba 1981 - 9 Agusta 2003) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wadda ta buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League]] [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]] da kuma [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu]] .

An yi masa lakabi da &quot;Slow Poison&quot; saboda ƙarfinsa na zura kwallaye, Manyathela ya zira kwallaye 48 a wasanni 73 da ya buga wa Orlando Pirates kuma shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar a shekarar 2003. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya yi hatsarin mota mai hatsari. Bayan rasuwarsa, PSL ta sanya wa kyautar lambar yabo ta mafi yawan kwallaye a gasar suna, yayin da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta yi ritaya na ɗan lokaci daga rigar lamba 19 wadda ya saka a baya.

== Aikin kulob ==
Bayan ya wakilci Chelamoya da Dynamos a matakin matasa, Manyathela ya koma [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]] wanda ya fara buga wasa a babban kulob a watan Satumba na 2000, yana da shekaru 19.   A kakar wasa ta 2001-02 ta PSL, ya kawo karshen kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasa na biyu mafi zura kwallaye a gasar bayan Ishmael Maluleke .  A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot, inda ya zama na biyu kuma, har zuwa yau, dan wasan Pirates na baya-bayan nan da ya lashe kyautar, kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe gasar ta biyu a cikin shekaru uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;LM&quot; /&gt;  Tsarinsa na gida ya jawo hankalin kungiyoyi da dama na Turai kuma a karshen kakar wasa ya fuskanci gwaji tare da Lyon ta [[Ligue 1]] da kuma OFI Crete ta Girka. &lt;ref name=&quot;LM&quot; /&gt; A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2003, ya zura kwallo mai ban tausayi a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 Supa 8 a hannun Jomo Cosmos . Kwallon ta zama ta karshe, duk da haka, bayan wasan, ya mutu.  Daga ƙarshe ya buga wasanni 73 a ƙungiyar kuma ya zura kwallaye 48. 

== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ==
Manyathela ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20, inda ya zura kwallaye sau ɗaya a wasanni biyar, sannan kuma a [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kasa da shekaru 23|matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23]] inda ya zura kwallaye shida a wasanni 13. 

Ya fara buga wasa a matakin babban ɗan wasa a [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] a wasan da suka yi da Saudiyya a ranar 20 ga Maris 2002. Bayan kwana bakwai, ya sami katin jan kati na farko kuma na ɗaya tilo lokacin da aka kore shi a wasan sada zumunci da Georgia da ci 4-1.   Kwallonsa ta farko ta zo ne a wasan sada zumunci da Madagascar a watan Maris na 2003, wanda ya biyo baya da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Ƙasar Trinidad da Tobago|Trinidad &amp; Tobago]] da ci 3-1 a watan Yuni.   Bayan rasuwarsa daga baya a wannan shekarar, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yi ritaya daga rigar lamba 19 ta wucin gadi wadda ya saka a lokacin da yake tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa.  Ya zura kwallaye 3 a wasanni 9 na ƙasa da ƙasa kafin rasuwarsa.

== Mutuwa da gado ==
A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2003, jim kaɗan bayan rashin nasara a hannun Jomo Cosmos inda ya ci kwallo, Manyathela yana kan hanyarsa ta ziyartar mahaifiyarsa don bikin Ranar Mata lokacin da motarsa ta Volkswagen Golf Mk4 ta kauce a kan babbar hanyar N1 kusa da garinsu Musina, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa.  An ruwaito cewa bai sanya bel ɗin kariya ba, wanda hakan ya sa ba a sanya jakunkunan iska na motar ba.  Yana tuki ne tare da wani abokinsa a lokacin hatsarin, wanda ya samu ƙananan raunuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot; /&gt;

An yi la'akari da mutuwar Manyathela a matsayin bala'i na ƙasa kuma shugaban Afirka ta Kudu [[Thabo Mbeki]] ya yi tsokaci, wanda ya yi ta'aziyya ga iyalansa, abokansa da abokan aikinsa.  An binne shi a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2003, tare da shugaban Orlando Pirates Irvin Khoza da mai Mamelodi Sundowns Patrice Motsepe a cikin waɗanda suka ɗauki kabarin .  An buɗe kabarin nasa a wata mai zuwa, daidai ranar Ranar Gado . 

Kafin kakar wasan Premier Soccer League ta 2003–04, an sake wa kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar suna Manyathela. An kuma sanya wa filin wasan gundumar Musina suna don girmama shi. 

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 14 June 2003}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/13349/Lesley_Manyathela.html|title=Lesley Manyathela - National Football Teams|website=National Football Teams|accessdate=17 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]]
| 2002
| 5
| 0
|-
| 2003
| 4
| 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 9
! 3
|}

==== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!#
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| 1.
| 29 Maris 2003
| Filin Wasan Banki na Farko, [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]]
|{{Fb|MAD}}
| 2–0
| Nasara
| Aboki
|-
| 2.
| 14 Yuni 2003
| Filin wasa na Basil Kenyon, Gabashin London, Afirka ta Kudu
|{{Fb|TRI}}
| 2–1
| Nasara
| Aboki
|-
| 3.
| 14 Yuni 2003
| Filin wasa na Basil Kenyon, Gabashin London, Afirka ta Kudu
|{{Fb|TRI}}
| 2–1
| Nasara
| Aboki
|-
|}

== Nassoshi ==

* {{NFT player|13349}}
{{Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot Award}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="3765" sha1="8wc71oe3qmwin7s6y8vw0ea87gezjxi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

{{Infobox football club||||clubname=Singida United F.C.|image=Singida_United_F.C._Logo.png|fullname=Singida United Football Club|nickname=|founded={{Start date and age|df=yes|1972}}&lt;br&gt;(as ''Mto Sports club'')|ground=Namfua Stadium, [[Singida]]|capacity=|chairman=|coach=|league=[[Tanzanian Premier League]]|season=[[2022–23 Tanzanian Premier League|2022–23]]|position=4th|website={{URL|https://www.facebook.com/singidaunited/}}|leftarm1=0000FF|body1=0000FF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=0000FF|socks1=0000FF|pattern_la3=|pattern_b3=|pattern_ra3=|leftarm2=66BB55|body2=66BB55|rightarm2=66BB55|shorts2=66BB55|socks2=66BB55}}'''Singida United''' ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta ƙasar Tanzaniya da ke Singida wadda ke buga [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|gasar Premier ta ƙasar Tanzaniya]] . Suna buga wasanninsu na gida a filin wasa na Namfua da ke Singida. Singida United ta lashe gasar a jere inda ta lashe gasar rukuni na biyu ta Tanzania a rukunin A a shekarar 2016 da kuma gasar rukuni na farko ta Tanzania a rukunin C a shekarar 2017. An naɗa ɗan [[Serbiya|ƙasar Serbia]] Dragan Popadic a matsayin babban koci tare da mataimakin kocin Dusan Momcilovic a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singida United appoint former Express FC coach |url=http://www.swiftsportsug.com/blog/singida-united-appoint-former-express-fc-coach/ |access-date=2019-05-30 |website=swiftsportsug.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kungiyar ta fara ne a shekarar 1972 a matsayin Mto Sports Club &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singida Utd Team History |url=https://www.facebook.com/SportpesaKenya/photos/a.1442636822637171/2191806737720172/?type=1&amp;theater |access-date=2019-05-30 |website=SportPesa Care Facebook Page |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Singida da ke Tsakiyar Tanzania. Kungiyar ta fara da karama kuma ta fara samun karbuwa a idon jama'a a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A shekarar 2000, kungiyar ta fara fitowa a karon farko a gasar [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|Premier ta Tanzania]] . Wasan bai yi nasara ba kuma kungiyar ta fadi a shekarar 2001. Tun daga shekarar 2013, kungiyar ta samu ci gaba sosai a gasar Division Second na Tanzania da kuma gasar Division First na Tanzania .

A shekarar 2017, an mayar da kulob din zuwa gasar Premier ta Tanzania, kuma kulob din ya sami damar jawo hankalin manyan masu tallafawa. Da shigar SportPesa Tanzania, kulob din ya sami kwangilar daukar nauyin kamfanin yin fare, tare da Puma Energy Tanzania .  

Singida ta kammala kakar wasan Premier ta Tanzania ta 2018/19 a matsayi na 13 da maki 46 da kuma rikodin nasara 11, kunnen doki 13 da rashin nasara 14 daga wasanni 38.  Sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar Azam Sports Federation Cup Quarter Final, inda suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Lipuli FC .

== Nasarorin ==

* Wadanda suka lashe gasar rukunin C ta Tanzania a shekarar 2016
* Wadanda Suka Yi Nasarar Gasar Lig ta Biyu ta Tanzania a Rukunin A na 2017

== Tawagar da ke kan gaba a yanzu 2018/19 ==
 

== Bencin fasaha ==

* Babban koci:{{Flagicon|Serbia}} Dragan Popadic
* Mataimakin koci: Dusan Momcilovi

=== Manajoji ===

* Dragan Popadic (2019-yanzu)
* Hemed Seleman Ally 'Morocco' (2018–2019)
* Hans van der Pluijm (2017-2018) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hans van der Pluijm appointed head coach of newly-promoted Tanzanian side Singida United |url=http://ghanasoccernet.com/hans-van-der-pluijm-appointed-head-coach-of-newly-promoted-tanzanian-side-singida-united |access-date=2017-07-26 |website=GHANAsoccernet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Singida United F.C. on Facebook {{In lang|en|sw}}
* {{Twitter|Singidaunitedfc}}
* Singida United F.C. on Instagram
{{Tanzanian Premier League}}

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Arthur Zagré</title>
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      <id>877720</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:02:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>877720</origin>
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'''Arthur Rene Abdel Aziz Zagré''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] . An haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burkina Faso wasa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|arthur-zagre/506166}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FFF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FFF Profile |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2545109818-arthur-zagre |access-date=30 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Paris Saint-Germain ===
Zagré, wanda ya kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a [[Paris Saint-Germain]], ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru a watan Satumba na 2018, wanda hakan ya sa shi ya koma ƙungiyar har zuwa watan Yuni na 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;PSG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2018 |title=First professional contract |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/arthur-zagre-signs-first-professional-contract |access-date=30 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairu na 2019, ya lashe kyautar Titi d'Or, kyautar shekara-shekara da ake bai wa ƙwararrun 'yan wasa mafi hazaka a Kwalejin Matasa ta Paris Saint-Germain .  Zagré ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a gasar [[Ligue 1]] da suka doke Toulouse da ci 4-0 a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PSG vs. Toulouse - 25 August 2019 - Soccerway |url=https://ca.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/25/france/ligue-1/paris-saint-germain-fc/toulouse-fc/3030567/ |website=ca.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Monaco ===
A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2019, Zagré ya koma Monaco kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;monaco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arthur Zagre à l'AS Monaco |url=https://www.asmonaco.com/arthur-zagre-a-las-monaco/ |access-date=29 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahotanni sun ce kudin canja wurin ya kai Yuro miliyan 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Arthur Zagré to AS Monaco in an unexpected transfer |url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2019/08/arthur-zagre-to-as-monaco-in-an-unexpected-transfer/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Monaco Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Aron zuwa Dijon ====
A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2020, Dijon ya sanar da sayen Zagré a kan yarjejeniyar aro ta kakar wasa tare da zaɓin tsawaita kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ARTHUR ZAGRÉ EN PRÊT AU DFCO ! |url=https://www.dfco.fr/articles/39E42CE4-CB15-4CCB-8EB5-C9AB7CAC0DD6 |access-date=6 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da Marseille ta sha kashi a hannun 2-0 a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olympique Marseille vs. Dijon - 4 April 2021 - Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2021/04/04/france/ligue-1/olympique-de-marseille/dijon-football-cote-dor/3287699/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=us.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lamuni zuwa Utrecht ====
A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2021, kulob din Utrecht na Holland ya sanar da daukar aron Zagré na tsawon kakar wasa biyu tare da zabin siyan sa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2021 |title=FC Utrecht huurt 'man van tien miljoen' Arthur Zagre |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/sport/60281024/fc-utrecht-huurt-man-van-tien-miljoen-arthur-zagre |access-date=1 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Excelsior ===
A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2023, Zagré ya koma sabon aro zuwa Excelsior, wanda shi ma yake a Eredivisie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=LINKSBACK ARTHUR ZAGRE WORDT GEHUURD VAN AS MONACO |url=https://excelsiorrotterdam.nl/2023/01/linksback-arthur-zagre-wordt-gehuurd-van-as-monaco/ |access-date=3 February 2023 |publisher=Excelsior |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Yunin 2023, Excelsior ya sanya canja wurin na dindindin kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Zagré. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=EXCELSIOR WEET ARTHUR ZAGRE TE BEHOUDEN VOOR KOMENDE 3 JAAR |url=https://excelsiorrotterdam.nl/2023/06/excelsior-weet-arthur-zagre-te-behouden-voor-komende-3-jaar/ |publisher=Excelsior Rotterdam |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An haife shi a Faransa, Zagré ɗan asalin Burkinabe ne. Ya wakilci Faransa a matakin matasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SPORTDROME - Arthur Zagre n'oublie pas les Étalons |url=http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1123-arthur-zagre-n-oublie-pas-les-%C3%A9talons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814162513/http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1123-arthur-zagre-n-oublie-pas-les-%C3%A9talons.html |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=sportdrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2026, Zagré ya sami kiran farko zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|tawagar kasar Burkina Faso]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2026 |title=June FIFA window: Amir Abdou calls up 25 players |url=https://foot-africa.com/en/news/june-fifa-window-amir-abdou-calls-up-25-players-1211396/ |access-date=19 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 4 April 2021}}&lt;ref name=goal&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/player/arthur-zagre/5wwqe546ohp130rvi8x8pt0tm |title=STATS OVERVIEW |website=Goal |access-date=5 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin Ƙasa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turai
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Sashe
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Paris Saint-Germain B
| 2017–18
| Ƙasa ta 2
| 2
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2018–19
| Ƙasa ta 2
| 25
| 1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 25
| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 27
! 1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
! 27
! 1
|-
| [[Paris Saint-Germain]]
| 2019–20
| [[Ligue 1|Gasar Lig 1]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Monaco B
| 2019–20
| Ƙasa ta 2
| 3
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2020–21
| Ƙasa ta 2
| 2
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 2
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 5
! 0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
! 5
! 0
|-
| Monaco
| 2019–20
| Gasar Lig 1
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 0
|-
| Dijon (aron)
| 2020–21
| Gasar Lig 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 1
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar aiki
! 34
! 1
! 2
! 0
! 1
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 37
! 1
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 9 June 2026}}&lt;ref name=soccerway/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]]
| 2026
| 2
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 2
! 0
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Paris Saint-Germain'''

* [[Ligue 1|Gasar Ligue 1]] : 2019–20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=PSG named French champs as Ligue 1 called off |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/paris-saint-germain/story/4090528/psg-crowned-champions-as-ligue-1-cancelled-marseille-and-rennes-in-champions-league |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Trophée des Champions : 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Mbappé and Di Maria Earn PSG First 2019-20 Trophy |url=https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803150004/https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=www.ligue1.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Arthur Zagré at the French Football Federation (in French) 
{{Titi d'Or winners}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Nenad Brnović</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T11:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gyara</comment>
      <origin>877718</origin>
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'''Nenad Brnović''' ( Cyrillic : Ненад Брновић; an haife shi 18 Janairu 1980) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Montenegrin kuma tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] .

Babban ɗan'uwansa Bojan shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne.

== Aikin kulob ==
Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a ƙungiyar FK Zeta kafin ya koma FK Partizan a shekarar 2004. A lokacin wasan lig da FK Zeta a ranar 21 ga Maris 2006, ya samu rauni a ƙafarsa ta dama da kuma fibula bayan Jovan Markoski ya yi masa keta a minti na 6 na wasan. Wannan ya haifar da tiyata sau biyu da kuma yaƙin shekaru biyu da rabi na sake samun lafiya.

Bayan tiyatar farko a asibitin VMA na Belgrade, an gano cewa akwai yiwuwar yin tiyatar watanni 6-8 daga filin wasa, duk da haka, saboda jinkirin murmurewa, an sake yin tiyatar. Wannan ya faru ne a farkon watan Janairun 2007 a asibitin ƙashin baya da ke Belgrade.

Yayin da kwantiraginsa da Partizan ya ƙare a lokacin gyaransa, a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2008, shugabannin Partizan karkashin jagorancin babban sakatare Gordan Petrić da daraktan ƙwallon ƙafa Ivan Tomić sun yanke shawarar tsawaita kwantiragin Brnović har zuwa bazara ta 2009.  Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2008, Nenad ya buga wasansa na farko bayan raunin, inda ya buga na minti 15 a wasan sada zumunci da PAOK . Daga baya a kaka ta 2008, ya fito a wani wasan sada zumunci da FK Slavija Sarajevo . Zuwa Disamba 2008, Brnović ya bayyana cewa yana da ƙoshin lafiya kuma a shirye yake ya buga wasannin gasa. Daga baya a wannan watan, Partizan ya fara neman zaɓuɓɓukan ɗaukarsa aro na watanni shida na farko na dawowarsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nenad Brnović - novi početak :: Mondo |url=http://www.mtsmondo.com/sport/vesti/text.php?vest=119552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122224457/http://www.mtsmondo.com/sport/vesti/text.php?vest=119552 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |website=www.mtsmondo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Janairun 2009, an sanar da komawar Brnović aro zuwa FK Rad . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=..::: Oficijelna prezentacija FK RAD ::: |url=http://www.fcrad.co.rs/av/984.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006191059/http://www.fcrad.co.rs/av/984.htm |archive-date=2011-10-06 |access-date=2009-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin bazara na 2009, Brnović ya koma FK Budućnost Podgorica . Bayan shekaru biyu, ya koma Iran Mes Sarcheshmeh, inda ya shafe watanni shida a lokacin, inda ya buga wasanni 18 kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. A watan Janairun 2012, ya sanya hannu a kulob din Vlaznia na Albania, amma bayan karshen wannan kakar ya dawo gasar Montenegrin. A rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012–13, ya buga wa Mogren wasa, sannan a lokacin na biyu kuma ya buga wa Zeta wasa. A kakar wasa ta biyu ta ƙarshe a aikinsa na ƙwararren ɗan wasa (2013-15) ya yi a Lovćen, wanda ya lashe Kofin Montenegrin (2014).

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Brnović ya fara bugawa FR Yugoslavia (daga baya, Serbia da Montenegro) wasa a watan Afrilun 2002 a wasan sada zumunci da Lithuania kuma ya samu jimillar wasanni 16, bai zura kwallo ko daya ba. Wasansa na karshe a duniya shi ne wasan sada zumunci da Italiya a watan Yunin 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player Database |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=2659 |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=eu-football.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a kira shi ya buga wa tawagar Montenegro wasa ba a shekarar 2007.

== Aikin gudanarwa ==
Bayan kammala aikinsa na wasa a lokacin bazara na 2015, Brnović ya zama mataimakin koci a Zeta. Ya taimaka wa manaja Miodrag Martać, amma lokacin da aka kori Martać bayan jerin munanan sakamako, Brnović ya maye gurbinsa, wanda hakan ya kawo nasarar farko ta gasar Zeta bayan shan kashi sau hudu. Bayan nasarar lashe gasar sau biyu, kunnen doki daya, da kuma shan kashi biyu (na biyu ya faru ne da zakarun da suka zo daga baya Mladost), shugabannin kungiyar sun yanke shawarar daukar Dejan Vukićević, wanda ya fi kwarewa, kuma Brnović ya zama manajan kungiyar matasa ta Zeta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bivši igrač Partizana postao trener Zete |url=http://www.mozzartsport.com/vesti/bivsi-igrac-partizana-postao-trener-zete/117122 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121440/http://www.mozzartsport.com/vesti/bivsi-igrac-partizana-postao-trener-zete/117122 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |website=www.mozzartsport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

; Partizan

* Gasar Cin Kofin Serbia da Montenegro ta Farko : 2004–05
* SuperLiga ta Serbia : 2007–08
* Kofin Serbia : 2007–08

; Loven

* Kofin Montenegro : 2013–14


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Nenad Brnović at Reprezentacija.rs (in Serbian)
* {{NFT player|5876}}
{{FK Sutjeska Nikšić managers}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>New Village School</title>
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    <id>160933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877727</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aminabubakar640</username>
        <id>45094</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359379023|New Village School]]&quot;</comment>
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Makarantar New Village ('''NVS''') wata makaranta ce mai zaman kanta a Sausalito, California da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 tare da mai da hankali kan ilimi na mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberatore20092&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Liberatore |first=Paul |date=2009-09-20 |title=Sausalito school offers parents, kids something different |url=https://www.marinij.com/2009/09/20/sausalito-school-offers-parents-kids-something-different/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |newspaper=Marin Independent Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;Makarantar tana hidimtawa dalibai a kasar Marin da Arewacin San Francisco. Yana hidimtawa yara daga makarantar sakandare har zuwa aji na 8.

== Cibiyar ==
Cibiyar tana gefen Arewacin Sausalito a Martin Luther King, Jr. Park kuma tana ba da sarari waje masu zaman kansu ga kowane zamani da lambun kayan lambu da yara da malamai ke sarrafawa, da kuma samun damar zuwa babban filin ciyawa, filin wasan softball / backstop, da kuma yankin hanya na 1/3 mile. A watan Oktoba na 2021, Majalisar Birnin Sausalito ta amince da sabuwar makarantar ƙauyen don &quot;fadada shirin makarantar sakandare&quot; da kuma &quot;yi amfani da ƙarin sararin samaniya a harabar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Natalie |date=2021-10-02 |title=Sausalito approves expansion for private school |url=https://www.marinij.com/2021/10/02/sausalito-approves-expansion-for-private-school/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |newspaper=Marin Independent Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, Makarantar New Village tana da gona a Novato wanda ɗalibai ke ziyartar akai-akai a lokacin shirin Classroom Without Walls (ilimi na waje).

== Rayuwar dalibi ==
Makarantar tana gudanar da bikin Winter Fair da Cherry Blossom Festival, a tsakanin sauran bukukuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kushner, Eve |date=2010-03-25 |title=Cherry Blossom Festival: Tradition in Sausalito |url=http://www.sfgate.com/thingstodo/article/Cherry-Blossom-Festival-Tradition-in-Sausalito-3194608.php |accessdate=2017-01-26 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; {{Databox}} 

Makarantar New Village ('''NVS''') wata makaranta ce mai zaman kanta a Sausalito, California da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 tare da mai da hankali kan ilimi na mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liberatore20092&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Liberatore |first=Paul |date=2009-09-20 |title=Sausalito school offers parents, kids something different |url=https://www.marinij.com/2009/09/20/sausalito-school-offers-parents-kids-something-different/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |newspaper=Marin Independent Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;Makarantar tana hidimtawa dalibai a kasar Marin da Arewacin San Francisco. Yana hidimtawa yara daga makarantar sakandare har zuwa aji na 8.

== Cibiyar ==
Cibiyar tana gefen Arewacin Sausalito a Martin Luther King, Jr. Park kuma tana ba da sarari waje masu zaman kansu ga kowane zamani da lambun kayan lambu da yara da malamai ke sarrafawa, da kuma samun damar zuwa babban filin ciyawa, filin wasan softball / backstop, da kuma yankin hanya na 1/3 mile. A watan Oktoba na 2021, Majalisar Birnin Sausalito ta amince da sabuwar makarantar ƙauyen don &quot;fadada shirin makarantar sakandare&quot; da kuma &quot;yi amfani da ƙarin sararin samaniya a harabar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Natalie |date=2021-10-02 |title=Sausalito approves expansion for private school |url=https://www.marinij.com/2021/10/02/sausalito-approves-expansion-for-private-school/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |newspaper=Marin Independent Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, Makarantar New Village tana da gona a Novato wanda ɗalibai ke ziyartar akai-akai a lokacin shirin Classroom Without Walls (ilimi na waje).

== Rayuwar dalibi ==
Makarantar tana gudanar da bikin Winter Fair da Cherry Blossom Festival, a tsakanin sauran bukukuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Kushner, Eve |date=2010-03-25 |title=Cherry Blossom Festival: Tradition in Sausalito |url=http://www.sfgate.com/thingstodo/article/Cherry-Blossom-Festival-Tradition-in-Sausalito-3194608.php |accessdate=2017-01-26 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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        <username>Cabayi</username>
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      <comment>Cabayi moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Iangpowell]] to [[Tattaunawar user:IP4883]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Iangpowell|Iangpowell]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/IP4883|IP4883]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="37" sha1="f6n0rl3z1doda9u70mzgu00q60lhws0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:IP4883]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iskanduri Maxim</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355914460|Alexandru Maxim]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Alexandru Iulian Maxim''' (  ; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1990) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Romania wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Süper Lig]] Gaziantep, wadda shi ne kyaftin.

Maxim ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|Espanyol]] a shekarar 2009, kuma ya yi zaman aro a Badalona kafin ya koma Romania tare da Pandurii Târgu Jiu a shekarar 2011. Wasansa ya sa ya koma Jamus a farkon shekarar 2013, inda ya tara jimillar wasanni 140 a gasar Bundesliga da kwallaye 14 da ya zura a raga a wasanni 14 da ya buga wa VfB Stuttgart da Mainz 05. Bayan shekaru bakwai a ƙasar, Maxim ya koma ƙungiyar Gaziantep ta Turkiyya a shekarar 2020, da farko a matsayin aro.

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, Maxim ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Romania wasa a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Switzerland da ci 1-0 a watan Mayun 2012, kuma tun daga lokacin ya buga wasanni sama da 50.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikinsa da Espanyol ===
Maxim ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ƙungiyar Olimpia Piatra Neamț ta gida tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai kafin ya koma Ardealul Cluj a shekara ta 2004, inda ya raba ƙungiyoyi da Mihai Răduț da Vlad Chiricheș .   

Yana da shekaru 17, Maxim ya koma Spain tare da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|Espanyol]] .  Game da masaukinsa a ƙasar, ya ce &quot;ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba&quot;.  Bayan ya ci gaba a makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, sai ya buga wa ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Segunda División B. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maxim Spox 1&quot; /&gt; A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2010-11, an ba Maxim aro ga Badalona . 

=== Pandurii Târgu Jiu ===
A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2011, Maxim ya koma Romania don sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekaru biyu don Pandurii Târgu Jiu . 

Maxim ya fara buga wasa a gasar La Liga ta farko a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2011, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Mioveni da ci 5-1,  kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 18 ga Disamba a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț .  Ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2012, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Steaua București .  Daga baya Maxim ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Oțelul Galați da Concordia Chiajna .   Duk da cewa bai buga wasa a wasu lokutan ba,   Maxim ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a kungiyar da kwallaye hudu a wasanni 28 da ya buga.

A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Maxim ya taimaka wa Pandurii ya fara wasa da kyau bayan ya zura kwallo daya a ragar Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț da Oțelul Galați,   inda kungiyar ta samu nasara shida a wasanni bakwai na farko. A lokacin da rabin farko na kakar wasa ya kare, ya buga wasanni 20 kuma ya zura kwallaye uku.   

Kyakkyawan wasan Maxim ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi da dama na ƙasashen waje,   ciki har da Standard Liège,  da Steaua București sun kusa cimma yarjejeniya kan canja wurinsa.   Dangane da jita-jitar farko, babban kocin Petre Grigoraș ya bayyana cewa yana sa ran ɗan wasan zai ci gaba da zama a Pandurii har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara mai zuwa.  

=== VfB Stuttgart ===
[[Fayil:AlexandruMaxim_VfB.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px|Maxim yana bugawa VfB Stuttgart wasa a wasan da suka yi da FC Augsburg, a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2013]]
A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2013, Maxim ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus VfB Stuttgart kan kuɗin canja wuri na Yuro miliyan 1.5, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da rabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2013 |title=VfB verpflichtet Alexandru Maxim |trans-title=VfB signs Alexandru Maxim |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/vfb/aktuell/news-archiv/2013/292225-vfb-verpflichtet-alexandru-maxim/ |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=[[VfB Stuttgart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2013 |title=Alexandru Maxim a fost prezentat oficial la Stuttgart. Ce număr va purta și ce a declarat la Dolce |trans-title=Alexandru Maxim was officially presented at Stuttgart. The number he will wear and what he told for Dolce |url=http://www.dolce-sport.ro/fotbal/fotbal-international/alexandru-maxim-a-fost-prezentat-oficial-la-stuttgart-ce-num-r-va-purta-i-ce-a-spus-bobic-despre-el-18474/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213119/http://www.dolce-sport.ro/fotbal/fotbal-international/alexandru-maxim-a-fost-prezentat-oficial-la-stuttgart-ce-num-r-va-purta-i-ce-a-spus-bobic-despre-el-18474/ |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=9 April 2013 |publisher=[[Dolce (satellite television)|Dolce Sport]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maxim ya fara bugawa Stuttgart wasa a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2013, a wasan zagaye na 32 na gasar UEFA Europa League da Genk . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2013 |title=Last-gasp Genk denies Stuttgart win |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/match/2010042--stuttgart-vs-genk/ |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, ya buga wasansa na farko na Bundesliga da Nürnberg .  A ranar 30 ga Maris, Maxim ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kan zakarun Borussia Dortmund, inda ya rama a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 sakamakon kwallon da [[Robert Lewandowski]] ya ci a karshen wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2013 |title=Stuttgart – Dortmund 1-2, Maxim a înscris golul gazdelor! |trans-title=Suttgart – Dortmund 1–2, Maxim scored the goal of the home side! |url=http://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/video-stuttgart-dortmund-1-2-maxim-a-inscris-golul-gazdelor-bayern-mai-asteapta-o-etapa-pentru-a-sarbatori-titlul-394828.html |access-date=30 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da raunin da ya samu,  Maxim ya buga wasanni goma sha hudu a dukkan gasa kuma ya buga mintuna 62 kafin a maye gurbinsa a wasan karshe na gasar DFB-Pokal ta 2012-13, wanda ya sa Stuttgart ta sha kashi 3-2 a hannun [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] . 

A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2013, Maxim ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga a karon farko ga ƙungiyar, yayin da ya kuma bayar da taimako biyu a wasan da suka doke Hoffenheim da ci 6-2, wanda hakan ya bai wa Stuttgart nasarar farko ta Bundesliga a kakar wasa bayan wasanni huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2013 |title=O scoate pe Stuttgart din criză |url=http://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/video-o-scoate-pe-stuttgart-din-criza-doua-goluri-si-doua-pase-decisive-pentru-maxim-cu-hoffenheim-407489.html |access-date=14 September 2013 |website=[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da kyakkyawan salon wasansa ta hanyar taimakawa a wasan Bundesliga na gaba da Hertha BSC a wasan da suka yi da ci 1-0 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2013 |title=Maxim, rol important în victoria lui Stuttgart la Berlin! |url=http://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/maxim-rol-important-in-victoria-lui-stuttgart-la-berlin-408499.html |access-date=14 September 2013 |website=[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan Maxim ya sake zira kwallaye a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2013, a wasan da suka yi da Eintracht Braunschweig da ci 4-0  kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu bayan haka a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2013, a wasan da suka yi kunnen doki 3-3 da Hamburger SV .  Daidai da haka, Maxim ya zira kwallaye biyu a kansu a karo na biyu a wannan kakar a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2014  da kuma makonni biyu bayan haka a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014.  Ya zira kwallaye 9 a wasanni 26 a gasar Bundesliga ta 2013-14, inda ya kuma bayar da taimako 11.

A kakar wasa ta 2014-15, Maxim ya fara kakar wasa da kyau lokacin da ya zira kwallon farko ta ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Borussia Mönchengladbach . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Ein Punkt zum Auftakt |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2014-2015/bundesliga/spielberichte/1415-bl-1-spielbericht-mgladbach-vfb/page/8369-4-5-1432209242.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229202502/http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2014-2015/bundesliga/spielberichte/1415-bl-1-spielbericht-mgladbach-vfb/page/8369-4-5-1432209242.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Maxim ya ji rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa na tsawon mako guda  kuma bayan dawowarsa, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Bayer Leverkusen,  Maxim ya taka rawar gani a wasan da ke tafe, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka doke Eintracht Frankfurt da ci 5-4 a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2014  sannan kuma a wasan da suka yi a karo na biyu a ranar 21 ga Maris 2015, ya zira kwallaye kuma ya kafa ɗaya daga cikin kwallayen, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Duk da cewa ya ji wani rauni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title=Gute Wechselwirkung |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/aktuell/meldungen/news/2014/pk-vor-vfb-paderborn/page/9132-1-3-1421163405.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229205245/http://www.vfb.de/de/aktuell/meldungen/news/2014/pk-vor-vfb-paderborn/page/9132-1-3-1421163405.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maxim ya buga wasanni ashirin da shida kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu, haka kuma, ya taimaka sau shida a kakar wasa ta 2014-15.

Kafin kakar wasa ta 2015-16, an sanar a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2015 cewa Maxim ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da VfB Stuttgart har zuwa Yuni 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2015 |title=Baumgartl and Maxim sign long-term deals |url=http://www.vfb.de/en/aktuell/meldungen/news/2015/vertragsverlaengerung-alex-maxim,-timo-baumgartl/page/3850-1-1-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082801/http://www.vfb.de/en/aktuell/meldungen/news/2015/vertragsverlaengerung-alex-maxim%2C-timo-baumgartl/page/3850-1-1-.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=vfb.de |publisher=[[VfB Stuttgart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan da ya biyo baya a ranar 23 ga Satumba 2015, Maxim ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Hannover 96 da ci 3-1  sannan ya zira kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2015, a zagaye na biyu na DFB-Pokal, a wasan da suka doke Carl Zeiss Jena da ci 2-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2015 |title=Pflicht erfüllt |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2015-2016/dfb-pokal/spielberichte/pokal-2-runde-fc-carl-zeiss-jena-vfb/page/10669-4-5-1454946877.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229210623/http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2015-2016/dfb-pokal/spielberichte/pokal-2-runde-fc-carl-zeiss-jena-vfb/page/10669-4-5-1454946877.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan fama da rashin lafiya da ta hana shi buga wasa na tsawon mako guda,  Maxim ya zira kwallaye biyu a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2016, a wasan da suka sha kashi 6-2 a hannun Werder Bremen .  Yayin da aka mayar da kulob din zuwa gasar Bundesliga ta 2, Maxim ya zira kwallaye daya a wasanni 25 na gasar kuma ya taimaka masa sau shida a kakar wasa ta 2015-16.

Bayan faduwa daga gasar Bundesliga zuwa matsayi na 2, an bai wa Maxim riga mai lamba 10 daga riga mai lamba 44 da ta gabata &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2016 |title=Spielerprofil – Alexandru Maxim |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/teams/spieler/saison-2016-2017/10-alexandru-maxim/page/11710-1-4-1472291584.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229213257/http://www.vfb.de/de/teams/spieler/saison-2016-2017/10-alexandru-maxim/page/11710-1-4-1472291584.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya fara kakar wasa ta 2016-17 da kyau lokacin da ya ci kwallo a wasan farko na kakar wasa, tare da nasara 2-1 a kan St. Pauli . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2016, ya sake zura kwallo, a wasan da suka doke Karlsruher SC da ci 3-1.  Bayan ya ji rauni a wasa ɗaya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2016 |title=Der Kader für das Spiel in Aue |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/aktuell/meldungen/news/2016/kader-fc-erzgebirge-aue-vfb/page/12403-1-3-1483018843.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229212951/http://www.vfb.de/de/aktuell/meldungen/news/2016/kader-fc-erzgebirge-aue-vfb/page/12403-1-3-1483018843.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maxim ya dawo daga rauni a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2016, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin na biyu, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Hannover 96. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2016 |title=Niederlage in der Schlussphase |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2016-2017/2-bundesliga/spielberichte/1617-2-bl-16-spielbericht-vfb-hannover-96/page/12416-4-5-1481898695.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229213047/http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2016-2017/2-bundesliga/spielberichte/1617-2-bl-16-spielbericht-vfb-hannover-96/page/12416-4-5-1481898695.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala da kyau a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa akai-akai kuma ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye uku da kuma taimakawa wajen taimakawa Stuttgart ta haura zuwa Bundesliga. 

A cikin shekaru huɗu da rabi da ya yi a kulob ɗin, Maxim ya buga wasanni 131 tare da zura kwallaye 17 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye 35 a dukkan gasannin da ya buga. 

=== Mainz 05 ===
A watan Yunin 2017, Maxim ya koma Mainz 05 kan yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu. Kudin canja wurin da aka biya Stuttgart ya kai Yuro miliyan 3 tare da kari.  Ya fara buga gasar cin kofin da Lüneburger SK Hansa a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda ya bayar da taimako a wasan da suka ci 3-1 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2017 |title=S-a întors Alex Maxim! Românul a debutat într-un mare stil la Mainz: pasă de gol cu un lob peste toată apărarea adversă |trans-title=Alex Maxim is back! The Romanian had a big style debut for Mainz: assist over all the opposing defense |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/video-s-a-intors-alex-maxim-romanul-a-debutat-intr-un-mare-stil-la-mainz-pasa-de-gol-cu-un-lob-peste-toata-apararea-adversa-16692662 |access-date=3 September 2017 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2017, Maxim ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Mainz a wasan da suka doke Hamburger SV da ci 3-2 a gasar zakarun Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2017 |title=Alexandru Maxim, la primul gol în tricoul lui Mainz |trans-title=Alexandru Maxim, first goal for Mainz |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Sport/FOTBAL/Competitii/Bundesliga/Alexandru-Maxim-la-primul-gol-in-tricoul-lui-Mainz |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Algérie-Roumanie_-_20140604_-_Alexandru_Maxim.jpg|right|thumb|302x302px|Maxim yana shirin komawa Romania a watan Yunin 2014]]
Maxim ya bayyana cewa yana son wakiltar ƙasarsa ta asali a duniya,  duk da yiwuwar karɓar takardar zama ɗan ƙasar [[Ispaniya|Sipaniya]] . 

An gayyaci Maxim zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Romania a karon farko a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011  kuma ya fara buga wasa a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2011, a wasan da Faransa ta sha kashi da ci 2-0.  Wasansa na biyu a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2011, wanda hakan ya sa suka sha kashi da ci 3-0. 

Maxim ya fara buga wasa a ƙasar Romania a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2012, a wasan sada zumunci da Switzerland .   A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2012, ya zama ɗan wasan Romania na farko da aka haifa bayan juyin juya halin Romania da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ƙasa ƙwallo, bayan da suka ci Andorra 4-0.  Watanni biyu bayan haka a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2012, Maxim ya sake zura ƙwallo a wasan da suka ci Belgium 2-1,  amma daga baya aka ɗauke wasan a matsayin wanda ba a amince da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba bisa ga Dokokin Wasan (yawan adadin waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu).

Sai a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2015 lokacin da ya zura kwallonsa ta farko cikin shekaru uku, a wasan da suka doke Faroe Islands da ci 3-0.  A shekara mai zuwa, an saka Maxim cikin tawagar Romania don gasar UEFA Euro 2016.  Duk da haka, an cire shi daga cikin tawagar bayan an gama wasan.  Dangane da wannan, Maxim ya nuna bacin ransa amma duk da haka ya yi fatan kungiyar za ta samu nasara a gasar. 

A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017, Maxim ya zura kwallo da ta yi nasara a kan Armenia a wasansa na farko a karkashin kocinsa [[Christoph Daum]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2017 |title=Gest incredibil de urât făcut de Alex Maxim după ce a înscris cu Armenia. A mers către suporterii României şi le-a transmis: &quot;Tăceţi în p... mea!!!&quot; |trans-title=An incredibly ugly gesture made by Alex Maxim after scoring against Armenia. He went to the Romanian supporters and told them: &quot;Shut the f... up!!!&quot; |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/nationala/foto-gest-incredibil-de-urat-facut-de-alex-maxim-dupa-ce-a-inscris-cu-armenia-a-mers-catre-suporterii-romaniei-si-le-a-transmis-taceti-in-p-mea-16714836 |access-date=3 September 2017 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Baya ga asalinsa ɗan ƙasar Romania, Maxim yana iya magana da Turanci, Sifaniyanci da Jamusanci.  Ya ɗauki [[Zinedine Yazid Zidane|Zinedine Zidane]] da ɗan ƙasarsa Gheorghe Hagi a matsayin abin koyi a lokacin da yake girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maxim Spox 1&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played on 16 May 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{BDFutbol|300483|accessdate=27 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|maxim-alexandru-iulian/151771|accessdate=22 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Cupa României]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[Turkish Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Espanyol B
|2009–10
|Segunda División B
|26
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Segunda División B]] relegation play-outs}}
|0
|28
|0
|-
|Badalona (loan)
|2010–11
|Segunda División B
|5
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Pandurii Târgu Jiu
|2011–12
|Liga I
|25
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|28
|4
|-
|2012–13
|Liga I
|19
|5
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|20
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!44
!9
!4
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!48
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |VfB Stuttgart
|2012–13
|Bundesliga
|11
|1
|2
|0
|3{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|1
|-
|2013–14
|Bundesliga
|29
|7
|2
|0
|3[d]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|34
|7
|-
|2014–15
|Bundesliga
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|27
|2
|-
|2015–16
|Bundesliga
|25
|1
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|27
|2
|-
|2016–17
|2. Bundesliga
|25
|5
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|27
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!116
!16
!9
!1
!6
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!131
!17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Mainz 05
|2017–18
|Bundesliga
|22
|2
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|26
|2
|-
|2018–19
|Bundesliga
|22
|1
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|24
|3
|-
|2019–20
|Bundesliga
|5
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!49
!3
!7
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!56
!5
|-
|Gaziantep (loan)
|2019–20
|[[Süper Lig]]
|15
|7
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|7
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Gaziantep
|2020–21
|Süper Lig
|38
|15
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|41
|16
|-
|2021–22
|Süper Lig
|31
|14
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|34
|15
|-
|2022–23
|Süper Lig
|21
|4
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|25
|5
|-
|2023–24
|Süper Lig
|34
|3
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|38
|3
|-
|2024–25
|Süper Lig
|34
|7
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|37
|7
|-
|2025–26
|Süper Lig
|33
|5
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|37
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!206
!55
!21
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!227
!58
|-
|[[Beşiktaş]] (loan)
|2022–23
|Süper Lig
|11
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|11
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!457
!83
!41
!6
!6
!0
!2
!0
!506
!89
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 14 June 2022}}&lt;ref name=EU&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=27794|title=Alexandru Maxim|publisher=European Football|access-date=4 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NFT&gt;{{NFT|47762}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; | Romania
| 2012
| 3
| 1
|-
| 2013
| 9
| 0
|-
| 2014
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 6
| 1
|-
| 2016
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 2
| 1
|-
| 2018
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2019
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2020
| 7
| 2
|-
| 2021
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2022
| 4
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 55
! 6
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen Romania, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Maxim'' .  

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Alexandru Maxim ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! data-sort-type=&quot;date&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Hulba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1
| 11 Satumba 2012
| Arena Națională, [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
|{{Fb|Andorra}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''4''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–0
| Canjin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2
| 11 Oktoba 2015
| Torsvøllur, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 24
|{{Fb|Faroe Islands}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''3''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a 2016
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 3
| 1 Satumba 2017
| Arena Națională, Bucharest, Romania
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 28
|{{Fb|Armenia}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 4
| 11 Oktoba 2018
| Filin wasa na LFF, [[Vilnius]], Lithuania
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 31
|{{Fb|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Turai ta 2018–19
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 5
| 7 Satumba 2020
| Wörthersee Stadion, Klagenfurt, Austria
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 40
|{{Fb|AUT}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''3''' – 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–2
| Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2020–21
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 6
| 8 Oktoba 2020
| Laugardalsvöllur, [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]], Iceland
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 41
|{{Fb|ISL}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 2
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–2
| Wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2020
|}

== Daraja ==
'''VfB Stuttgart''' 

* 2. Bundesliga : 2016–17
* DFB-Pokal mai tsere: 2012–13

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na shekara na Romania ya zo na biyu: 2013; matsayi na biyar: 2020; &lt;ref name=&quot;winner_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=GALA GSP 2020. Dennis Man – &quot;Fotbalistul anului&quot; în Ancheta Gazetei Sporturilor: &quot;Știu că acest premiu vine cu obligații, sunt conștient&quot; |trans-title=GSP GALA 2020. Dennis Man – Footballer of the Year in the ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' superlatives: &quot;I know this prize comes with responsibilities, I am aware of that&quot; |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gala-gsp-2020-dennis-man-fotbalistul-anului-in-ancheta-gazetei-sporturilor-stiu-ca-acest-premiu-vine-cu-obligatii-sunt-constient-619241.html |access-date=22 December 2020 |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:tr:Team of the Year in Turkey|Ƙungiyar Gasar Süper ta Kakar Wasanni]] : 2021–22 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Konyaspor'dan Amir Hadziahmetoviç Altın Karma'da |url=https://markafutbol.com/konyaspor-dan-amir-hadziahmetovic-altin-karma-da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926193522/https://markafutbol.com/konyaspor-dan-amir-hadziahmetovic-altin-karma-da |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=markafutbol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Alexandru Maxim at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian)
* {{NFT player|47762}}
* Alexandru Maxim at WorldFootball.net
* {{UEFA player|250042125}}
* {{FIFA player|359581}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Alexandru Iulian Maxim''' (  ; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1990) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Romania wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na kai hari]] a ƙungiyar [[Süper Lig]] Gaziantep, wadda shi ne kyaftin.

Maxim ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|Espanyol]] a shekarar 2009, kuma ya yi zaman aro a Badalona kafin ya koma Romania tare da Pandurii Târgu Jiu a shekarar 2011. Wasansa ya sa ya koma Jamus a farkon shekarar 2013, inda ya tara jimillar wasanni 140 a gasar Bundesliga da kwallaye 14 da ya zura a raga a wasanni 14 da ya buga wa VfB Stuttgart da Mainz 05. Bayan shekaru bakwai a ƙasar, Maxim ya koma ƙungiyar Gaziantep ta Turkiyya a shekarar 2020, da farko a matsayin aro.

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, Maxim ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Romania wasa a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Switzerland da ci 1-0 a watan Mayun 2012, kuma tun daga lokacin ya buga wasanni sama da 50.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikinsa da Espanyol ===
Maxim ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ƙungiyar Olimpia Piatra Neamț ta gida tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai kafin ya koma Ardealul Cluj a shekara ta 2004, inda ya raba ƙungiyoyi da Mihai Răduț da Vlad Chiricheș .   

Yana da shekaru 17, Maxim ya koma Spain tare da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|Espanyol]] .  Game da masaukinsa a ƙasar, ya ce &quot;ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba&quot;.  Bayan ya ci gaba a makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, sai ya buga wa ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Segunda División B. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maxim Spox 1&quot; /&gt; A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2010-11, an ba Maxim aro ga Badalona . 

=== Pandurii Târgu Jiu ===
A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2011, Maxim ya koma Romania don sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekaru biyu don Pandurii Târgu Jiu . 

Maxim ya fara buga wasa a gasar La Liga ta farko a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2011, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Mioveni da ci 5-1,  kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 18 ga Disamba a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț .  Ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2012, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Steaua București .  Daga baya Maxim ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Oțelul Galați da Concordia Chiajna .   Duk da cewa bai buga wasa a wasu lokutan ba,   Maxim ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a kungiyar da kwallaye hudu a wasanni 28 da ya buga.

A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Maxim ya taimaka wa Pandurii ya fara wasa da kyau bayan ya zura kwallo daya a ragar Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț da Oțelul Galați,   inda kungiyar ta samu nasara shida a wasanni bakwai na farko. A lokacin da rabin farko na kakar wasa ya kare, ya buga wasanni 20 kuma ya zura kwallaye uku.   

Kyakkyawan wasan Maxim ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi da dama na ƙasashen waje,   ciki har da Standard Liège,  da Steaua București sun kusa cimma yarjejeniya kan canja wurinsa.   Dangane da jita-jitar farko, babban kocin Petre Grigoraș ya bayyana cewa yana sa ran ɗan wasan zai ci gaba da zama a Pandurii har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara mai zuwa.  

=== VfB Stuttgart ===
[[Fayil:AlexandruMaxim_VfB.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px|Maxim yana bugawa VfB Stuttgart wasa a wasan da suka yi da FC Augsburg, a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2013]]
A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2013, Maxim ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus VfB Stuttgart kan kuɗin canja wuri na Yuro miliyan 1.5, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da rabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2013 |title=VfB verpflichtet Alexandru Maxim |trans-title=VfB signs Alexandru Maxim |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/vfb/aktuell/news-archiv/2013/292225-vfb-verpflichtet-alexandru-maxim/ |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=[[VfB Stuttgart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2013 |title=Alexandru Maxim a fost prezentat oficial la Stuttgart. Ce număr va purta și ce a declarat la Dolce |trans-title=Alexandru Maxim was officially presented at Stuttgart. The number he will wear and what he told for Dolce |url=http://www.dolce-sport.ro/fotbal/fotbal-international/alexandru-maxim-a-fost-prezentat-oficial-la-stuttgart-ce-num-r-va-purta-i-ce-a-spus-bobic-despre-el-18474/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213119/http://www.dolce-sport.ro/fotbal/fotbal-international/alexandru-maxim-a-fost-prezentat-oficial-la-stuttgart-ce-num-r-va-purta-i-ce-a-spus-bobic-despre-el-18474/ |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=9 April 2013 |publisher=[[Dolce (satellite television)|Dolce Sport]] |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maxim ya fara bugawa Stuttgart wasa a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2013, a wasan zagaye na 32 na gasar UEFA Europa League da Genk . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2013 |title=Last-gasp Genk denies Stuttgart win |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/match/2010042--stuttgart-vs-genk/ |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, ya buga wasansa na farko na Bundesliga da Nürnberg .  A ranar 30 ga Maris, Maxim ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kan zakarun Borussia Dortmund, inda ya rama a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 sakamakon kwallon da [[Robert Lewandowski]] ya ci a karshen wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2013 |title=Stuttgart – Dortmund 1-2, Maxim a înscris golul gazdelor! |trans-title=Suttgart – Dortmund 1–2, Maxim scored the goal of the home side! |url=http://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/video-stuttgart-dortmund-1-2-maxim-a-inscris-golul-gazdelor-bayern-mai-asteapta-o-etapa-pentru-a-sarbatori-titlul-394828.html |access-date=30 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da raunin da ya samu,  Maxim ya buga wasanni goma sha hudu a dukkan gasa kuma ya buga mintuna 62 kafin a maye gurbinsa a wasan karshe na gasar DFB-Pokal ta 2012-13, wanda ya sa Stuttgart ta sha kashi 3-2 a hannun [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] . 

A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2013, Maxim ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga a karon farko ga ƙungiyar, yayin da ya kuma bayar da taimako biyu a wasan da suka doke Hoffenheim da ci 6-2, wanda hakan ya bai wa Stuttgart nasarar farko ta Bundesliga a kakar wasa bayan wasanni huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2013 |title=O scoate pe Stuttgart din criză |url=http://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/video-o-scoate-pe-stuttgart-din-criza-doua-goluri-si-doua-pase-decisive-pentru-maxim-cu-hoffenheim-407489.html |access-date=14 September 2013 |website=[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da kyakkyawan salon wasansa ta hanyar taimakawa a wasan Bundesliga na gaba da Hertha BSC a wasan da suka yi da ci 1-0 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2013 |title=Maxim, rol important în victoria lui Stuttgart la Berlin! |url=http://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/maxim-rol-important-in-victoria-lui-stuttgart-la-berlin-408499.html |access-date=14 September 2013 |website=[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan Maxim ya sake zira kwallaye a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2013, a wasan da suka yi da Eintracht Braunschweig da ci 4-0  kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu bayan haka a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2013, a wasan da suka yi kunnen doki 3-3 da Hamburger SV .  Daidai da haka, Maxim ya zira kwallaye biyu a kansu a karo na biyu a wannan kakar a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2014  da kuma makonni biyu bayan haka a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014.  Ya zira kwallaye 9 a wasanni 26 a gasar Bundesliga ta 2013-14, inda ya kuma bayar da taimako 11.

A kakar wasa ta 2014-15, Maxim ya fara kakar wasa da kyau lokacin da ya zira kwallon farko ta ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Borussia Mönchengladbach . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Ein Punkt zum Auftakt |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2014-2015/bundesliga/spielberichte/1415-bl-1-spielbericht-mgladbach-vfb/page/8369-4-5-1432209242.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229202502/http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2014-2015/bundesliga/spielberichte/1415-bl-1-spielbericht-mgladbach-vfb/page/8369-4-5-1432209242.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Maxim ya ji rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa na tsawon mako guda  kuma bayan dawowarsa, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Bayer Leverkusen,  Maxim ya taka rawar gani a wasan da ke tafe, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka doke Eintracht Frankfurt da ci 5-4 a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2014  sannan kuma a wasan da suka yi a karo na biyu a ranar 21 ga Maris 2015, ya zira kwallaye kuma ya kafa ɗaya daga cikin kwallayen, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Duk da cewa ya ji wani rauni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title=Gute Wechselwirkung |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/aktuell/meldungen/news/2014/pk-vor-vfb-paderborn/page/9132-1-3-1421163405.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229205245/http://www.vfb.de/de/aktuell/meldungen/news/2014/pk-vor-vfb-paderborn/page/9132-1-3-1421163405.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maxim ya buga wasanni ashirin da shida kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu, haka kuma, ya taimaka sau shida a kakar wasa ta 2014-15.

Kafin kakar wasa ta 2015-16, an sanar a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2015 cewa Maxim ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da VfB Stuttgart har zuwa Yuni 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2015 |title=Baumgartl and Maxim sign long-term deals |url=http://www.vfb.de/en/aktuell/meldungen/news/2015/vertragsverlaengerung-alex-maxim,-timo-baumgartl/page/3850-1-1-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082801/http://www.vfb.de/en/aktuell/meldungen/news/2015/vertragsverlaengerung-alex-maxim%2C-timo-baumgartl/page/3850-1-1-.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=vfb.de |publisher=[[VfB Stuttgart]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan da ya biyo baya a ranar 23 ga Satumba 2015, Maxim ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Hannover 96 da ci 3-1  sannan ya zira kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2015, a zagaye na biyu na DFB-Pokal, a wasan da suka doke Carl Zeiss Jena da ci 2-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2015 |title=Pflicht erfüllt |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2015-2016/dfb-pokal/spielberichte/pokal-2-runde-fc-carl-zeiss-jena-vfb/page/10669-4-5-1454946877.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229210623/http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2015-2016/dfb-pokal/spielberichte/pokal-2-runde-fc-carl-zeiss-jena-vfb/page/10669-4-5-1454946877.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan fama da rashin lafiya da ta hana shi buga wasa na tsawon mako guda,  Maxim ya zira kwallaye biyu a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2016, a wasan da suka sha kashi 6-2 a hannun Werder Bremen .  Yayin da aka mayar da kulob din zuwa gasar Bundesliga ta 2, Maxim ya zira kwallaye daya a wasanni 25 na gasar kuma ya taimaka masa sau shida a kakar wasa ta 2015-16.

Bayan faduwa daga gasar Bundesliga zuwa matsayi na 2, an bai wa Maxim riga mai lamba 10 daga riga mai lamba 44 da ta gabata &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2016 |title=Spielerprofil – Alexandru Maxim |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/teams/spieler/saison-2016-2017/10-alexandru-maxim/page/11710-1-4-1472291584.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229213257/http://www.vfb.de/de/teams/spieler/saison-2016-2017/10-alexandru-maxim/page/11710-1-4-1472291584.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya fara kakar wasa ta 2016-17 da kyau lokacin da ya ci kwallo a wasan farko na kakar wasa, tare da nasara 2-1 a kan St. Pauli . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2016, ya sake zura kwallo, a wasan da suka doke Karlsruher SC da ci 3-1.  Bayan ya ji rauni a wasa ɗaya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2016 |title=Der Kader für das Spiel in Aue |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/aktuell/meldungen/news/2016/kader-fc-erzgebirge-aue-vfb/page/12403-1-3-1483018843.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229212951/http://www.vfb.de/de/aktuell/meldungen/news/2016/kader-fc-erzgebirge-aue-vfb/page/12403-1-3-1483018843.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maxim ya dawo daga rauni a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2016, inda ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin na biyu, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Hannover 96. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2016 |title=Niederlage in der Schlussphase |url=http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2016-2017/2-bundesliga/spielberichte/1617-2-bl-16-spielbericht-vfb-hannover-96/page/12416-4-5-1481898695.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229213047/http://www.vfb.de/de/saison/vfb/saison-2016-2017/2-bundesliga/spielberichte/1617-2-bl-16-spielbericht-vfb-hannover-96/page/12416-4-5-1481898695.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |publisher=VfB Stuttgart |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala da kyau a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa akai-akai kuma ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye uku da kuma taimakawa wajen taimakawa Stuttgart ta haura zuwa Bundesliga. 

A cikin shekaru huɗu da rabi da ya yi a kulob ɗin, Maxim ya buga wasanni 131 tare da zura kwallaye 17 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye 35 a dukkan gasannin da ya buga. 

=== Mainz 05 ===
A watan Yunin 2017, Maxim ya koma Mainz 05 kan yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu. Kudin canja wurin da aka biya Stuttgart ya kai Yuro miliyan 3 tare da kari.  Ya fara buga gasar cin kofin da Lüneburger SK Hansa a ranar 12 ga Agusta, inda ya bayar da taimako a wasan da suka ci 3-1 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2017 |title=S-a întors Alex Maxim! Românul a debutat într-un mare stil la Mainz: pasă de gol cu un lob peste toată apărarea adversă |trans-title=Alex Maxim is back! The Romanian had a big style debut for Mainz: assist over all the opposing defense |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/video-s-a-intors-alex-maxim-romanul-a-debutat-intr-un-mare-stil-la-mainz-pasa-de-gol-cu-un-lob-peste-toata-apararea-adversa-16692662 |access-date=3 September 2017 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2017, Maxim ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Mainz a wasan da suka doke Hamburger SV da ci 3-2 a gasar zakarun Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2017 |title=Alexandru Maxim, la primul gol în tricoul lui Mainz |trans-title=Alexandru Maxim, first goal for Mainz |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Sport/FOTBAL/Competitii/Bundesliga/Alexandru-Maxim-la-primul-gol-in-tricoul-lui-Mainz |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Algérie-Roumanie_-_20140604_-_Alexandru_Maxim.jpg|right|thumb|302x302px|Maxim yana shirin komawa Romania a watan Yunin 2014]]
Maxim ya bayyana cewa yana son wakiltar ƙasarsa ta asali a duniya,  duk da yiwuwar karɓar takardar zama ɗan ƙasar [[Ispaniya|Sipaniya]] . 

An gayyaci Maxim zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Romania a karon farko a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011  kuma ya fara buga wasa a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2011, a wasan da Faransa ta sha kashi da ci 2-0.  Wasansa na biyu a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2011, wanda hakan ya sa suka sha kashi da ci 3-0. 

Maxim ya fara buga wasa a ƙasar Romania a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2012, a wasan sada zumunci da Switzerland .   A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2012, ya zama ɗan wasan Romania na farko da aka haifa bayan juyin juya halin Romania da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ƙasa ƙwallo, bayan da suka ci Andorra 4-0.  Watanni biyu bayan haka a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2012, Maxim ya sake zura ƙwallo a wasan da suka ci Belgium 2-1,  amma daga baya aka ɗauke wasan a matsayin wanda ba a amince da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba bisa ga Dokokin Wasan (yawan adadin waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu).

Sai a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2015 lokacin da ya zura kwallonsa ta farko cikin shekaru uku, a wasan da suka doke Faroe Islands da ci 3-0.  A shekara mai zuwa, an saka Maxim cikin tawagar Romania don gasar UEFA Euro 2016.  Duk da haka, an cire shi daga cikin tawagar bayan an gama wasan.  Dangane da wannan, Maxim ya nuna bacin ransa amma duk da haka ya yi fatan kungiyar za ta samu nasara a gasar. 

A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017, Maxim ya zura kwallo da ta yi nasara a kan Armenia a wasansa na farko a karkashin kocinsa [[Christoph Daum]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2017 |title=Gest incredibil de urât făcut de Alex Maxim după ce a înscris cu Armenia. A mers către suporterii României şi le-a transmis: &quot;Tăceţi în p... mea!!!&quot; |trans-title=An incredibly ugly gesture made by Alex Maxim after scoring against Armenia. He went to the Romanian supporters and told them: &quot;Shut the f... up!!!&quot; |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/nationala/foto-gest-incredibil-de-urat-facut-de-alex-maxim-dupa-ce-a-inscris-cu-armenia-a-mers-catre-suporterii-romaniei-si-le-a-transmis-taceti-in-p-mea-16714836 |access-date=3 September 2017 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Baya ga asalinsa ɗan ƙasar Romania, Maxim yana iya magana da Turanci, Sifaniyanci da Jamusanci.  Ya ɗauki [[Zinedine Yazid Zidane|Zinedine Zidane]] da ɗan ƙasarsa Gheorghe Hagi a matsayin abin koyi a lokacin da yake girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maxim Spox 1&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played on 16 May 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{BDFutbol|300483|accessdate=27 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|maxim-alexandru-iulian/151771|accessdate=22 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Cupa României]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[Turkish Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Espanyol B
|2009–10
|Segunda División B
|26
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Segunda División B]] relegation play-outs}}
|0
|28
|0
|-
|Badalona (loan)
|2010–11
|Segunda División B
|5
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Pandurii Târgu Jiu
|2011–12
|Liga I
|25
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|28
|4
|-
|2012–13
|Liga I
|19
|5
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|20
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!44
!9
!4
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!48
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |VfB Stuttgart
|2012–13
|Bundesliga
|11
|1
|2
|0
|3{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|1
|-
|2013–14
|Bundesliga
|29
|7
|2
|0
|3[d]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|34
|7
|-
|2014–15
|Bundesliga
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|27
|2
|-
|2015–16
|Bundesliga
|25
|1
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|27
|2
|-
|2016–17
|2. Bundesliga
|25
|5
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|27
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!116
!16
!9
!1
!6
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!131
!17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Mainz 05
|2017–18
|Bundesliga
|22
|2
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|26
|2
|-
|2018–19
|Bundesliga
|22
|1
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|24
|3
|-
|2019–20
|Bundesliga
|5
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!49
!3
!7
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!56
!5
|-
|Gaziantep (loan)
|2019–20
|[[Süper Lig]]
|15
|7
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|7
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Gaziantep
|2020–21
|Süper Lig
|38
|15
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|41
|16
|-
|2021–22
|Süper Lig
|31
|14
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|34
|15
|-
|2022–23
|Süper Lig
|21
|4
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|25
|5
|-
|2023–24
|Süper Lig
|34
|3
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|38
|3
|-
|2024–25
|Süper Lig
|34
|7
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|37
|7
|-
|2025–26
|Süper Lig
|33
|5
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|37
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!206
!55
!21
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!227
!58
|-
|[[Beşiktaş]] (loan)
|2022–23
|Süper Lig
|11
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|11
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!457
!83
!41
!6
!6
!0
!2
!0
!506
!89
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 14 June 2022}}&lt;ref name=EU&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=27794|title=Alexandru Maxim|publisher=European Football|access-date=4 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NFT&gt;{{NFT|47762}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; | Romania
| 2012
| 3
| 1
|-
| 2013
| 9
| 0
|-
| 2014
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 6
| 1
|-
| 2016
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 2
| 1
|-
| 2018
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2019
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2020
| 7
| 2
|-
| 2021
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2022
| 4
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 55
! 6
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen Romania, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Maxim'' .  

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Alexandru Maxim ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! data-sort-type=&quot;date&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Hulba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1
| 11 Satumba 2012
| Arena Națională, [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
|{{Fb|Andorra}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''4''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–0
| Canjin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2
| 11 Oktoba 2015
| Torsvøllur, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 24
|{{Fb|Faroe Islands}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''3''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a 2016
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 3
| 1 Satumba 2017
| Arena Națională, Bucharest, Romania
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 28
|{{Fb|Armenia}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 4
| 11 Oktoba 2018
| Filin wasa na LFF, [[Vilnius]], Lithuania
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 31
|{{Fb|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Turai ta 2018–19
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 5
| 7 Satumba 2020
| Wörthersee Stadion, Klagenfurt, Austria
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 40
|{{Fb|AUT}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''3''' – 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–2
| Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2020–21
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 6
| 8 Oktoba 2020
| Laugardalsvöllur, [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]], Iceland
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 41
|{{Fb|ISL}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 2
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–2
| Wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2020
|}

== Daraja ==
'''VfB Stuttgart''' 

* 2. Bundesliga : 2016–17
* DFB-Pokal mai tsere: 2012–13

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na shekara na Romania ya zo na biyu: 2013; matsayi na biyar: 2020; &lt;ref name=&quot;winner_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=GALA GSP 2020. Dennis Man – &quot;Fotbalistul anului&quot; în Ancheta Gazetei Sporturilor: &quot;Știu că acest premiu vine cu obligații, sunt conștient&quot; |trans-title=GSP GALA 2020. Dennis Man – Footballer of the Year in the ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' superlatives: &quot;I know this prize comes with responsibilities, I am aware of that&quot; |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gala-gsp-2020-dennis-man-fotbalistul-anului-in-ancheta-gazetei-sporturilor-stiu-ca-acest-premiu-vine-cu-obligatii-sunt-constient-619241.html |access-date=22 December 2020 |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:tr:Team of the Year in Turkey|Ƙungiyar Gasar Süper ta Kakar Wasanni]] : 2021–22 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Konyaspor'dan Amir Hadziahmetoviç Altın Karma'da |url=https://markafutbol.com/konyaspor-dan-amir-hadziahmetovic-altin-karma-da |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926193522/https://markafutbol.com/konyaspor-dan-amir-hadziahmetovic-altin-karma-da |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=markafutbol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Alexandru Maxim at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian)
* {{NFT player|47762}}
* Alexandru Maxim at WorldFootball.net
* {{UEFA player|250042125}}
* {{FIFA player|359581}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>d28xb18vfd9q58klpluiv2jav8cjuxb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nadia Al-Hindi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877734</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:07:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287038306|Nadia Al-Hindi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2267" sha1="3y6rh9sfk984av14p62s6u6cxwjkyoq" xml:space="preserve">
'''Nadia Al-Hindi''' ( Arabic   ; an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1972) 'yar wasan tennis ta tebur ce [[Jodan|ta Jordan]] a wasan Olympics. Ta wakilci Jordan a [[Wasannin Olympics na Barcelona|gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1992]] a [[Barcelona]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Nadia Al-Hindi|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/nadia-al-hindi-1.html|access-date=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu haka memba ce a cikin Shugaba na Hukumar Tennis ta Jordan. 

== Halartar Gasar Olympics ==

=== [[Wasannin Olympics na Barcelona|Barcelona 1992]] ===
Al-Hindi ita ce ƙarama kuma mace tilo da ta shiga gasar Jordan a wannan gasa tana da shekaru 20 da kwana 173 a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Jordan at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/JOR/summer/1992/|access-date=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wasan Tennis na Teburi – Wasan Mata na Single – Zagayen Farko'''&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Rukuni na A &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Table Tennis at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games: Women's Singles Preliminary Round|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1992/TTN/womens-singles-preliminary-round.html|access-date=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! width=&quot;40&quot; | Matsayi
! width=&quot;280&quot; | Ɗan wasa
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
! width=&quot;30&quot; | CHN
! width=&quot;30&quot; | Amurka
! width=&quot;30&quot; | CAN
! width=&quot;30&quot; | JOR
|- style=&quot;border-bottom:2px solid green;&quot;
| 1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Deng Yaping]]|CHN|1992 Summer}}
| 3
| 0
| 6
| 0
| 126
| 67
| X
| 2–0
| 2–0
| 2–0
|-
| 2
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{FlagIOCathlete|Insook Bhushan|USA|1992 Summer}}
| 2
| 1
| 4
| 2
| 110
| 89
| 0–2
| X
| 2–0
| 2–0
|-
| 3
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{FlagIOCathlete|Barbara Chiu|CAN|1992 Summer}}
| 1
| 2
| 2
| 4
| 104
| 96
| 0–2
| 0–2
| X
| 2–0
|-
| 4
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{FlagIOCathlete|Nadia Al-Hindi|JOR|1992 Summer}}
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 6
| 38
| 126
| 0–2
| 0–2
| 0–2
| X
|}

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Nadia Rashad Al-Hindi at Olympics.com
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>3y6rh9sfk984av14p62s6u6cxwjkyoq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877740</id>
      <parentid>877734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:16:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>877740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2279" sha1="rnkxphy0wusjtvb4zydnbnbdnyvlh4n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Nadia Al-Hindi''' ( Arabic   ; an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1972) 'yar wasan tennis ta tebur ce [[Jodan|ta Jordan]] a wasan Olympics. Ta wakilci Jordan a [[Wasannin Olympics na Barcelona|gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1992]] a [[Barcelona]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Nadia Al-Hindi|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/nadia-al-hindi-1.html|access-date=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu haka memba ce a cikin Shugaba na Hukumar Tennis ta Jordan. 

== Halartar Gasar Olympics ==

=== [[Wasannin Olympics na Barcelona|Barcelona 1992]] ===
Al-Hindi ita ce ƙarama kuma mace tilo da ta shiga gasar Jordan a wannan gasa tana da shekaru 20 da kwana 173 a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Jordan at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/JOR/summer/1992/|access-date=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wasan Tennis na Teburi – Wasan Mata na Single – Zagayen Farko'''&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Rukuni na A &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite sports-reference|title=Table Tennis at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games: Women's Singles Preliminary Round|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1992/TTN/womens-singles-preliminary-round.html|access-date=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! width=&quot;40&quot; | Matsayi
! width=&quot;280&quot; | Ɗan wasa
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! width=&quot;30&quot; | 
! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
! width=&quot;30&quot; | CHN
! width=&quot;30&quot; | Amurka
! width=&quot;30&quot; | CAN
! width=&quot;30&quot; | JOR
|- style=&quot;border-bottom:2px solid green;&quot;
| 1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Deng Yaping]]|CHN|1992 Summer}}
| 3
| 0
| 6
| 0
| 126
| 67
| X
| 2–0
| 2–0
| 2–0
|-
| 2
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{FlagIOCathlete|Insook Bhushan|USA|1992 Summer}}
| 2
| 1
| 4
| 2
| 110
| 89
| 0–2
| X
| 2–0
| 2–0
|-
| 3
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{FlagIOCathlete|Barbara Chiu|CAN|1992 Summer}}
| 1
| 2
| 2
| 4
| 104
| 96
| 0–2
| 0–2
| X
| 2–0
|-
| 4
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{FlagIOCathlete|Nadia Al-Hindi|JOR|1992 Summer}}
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 6
| 38
| 126
| 0–2
| 0–2
| 0–2
| X
|}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Nadia Rashad Al-Hindi at Olympics.com
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>rnkxphy0wusjtvb4zydnbnbdnyvlh4n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mirlind Daku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877735</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:10:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358133774|Mirlind Daku]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30274" sha1="qicu10dm8vioczk3vilcektexc0kemq" xml:space="preserve">
'''Mirlind Daku''' (  ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Rubin Kazan ta Rasha da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Albania .

Daku ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da Hajvalia, inda ya fara buga wasa a Kosovo Superleague kafin ya koma Llapi a shekarar 2017, inda kwarewarsa ta kai shi ƙasar waje zuwa Osijek a shekarar 2018. Daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Kukësi, Ballkani da [[NŠ Mura|Mura]], musamman ma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Slovenia ta PrvaLiga . Tun bayan da ya koma Rubin Kazan a shekarar 2023, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kai hari a gasar Premier ta Rasha .

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo a shekarun 2020 da 2021, kafin ya sauya sheƙa zuwa Albania a shekarar 2023. Bayan fara buga wasa, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Albania na yau da kullun a lokacin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024, inda ya ba da gudummawa ga cancantar ƙungiyar, sannan daga baya ya fara bugawa a wani babban gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024 .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikinta a Hajvalia ===
Daku ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu a garinsu, Gjilani, inda daga baya ya koma Hajvalia, wata ƙungiya da ke kusa da Pristina, inda aka gan shi yana ƙuruciya saboda ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha da kuma yadda yake kammala wasa.  Tun daga tsarin matasa na Hajvalia, ya ci gaba da sauri ta cikin jerin 'yan wasan ƙungiyar kuma ya fara horo da manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar tun yana matashi. Ayyukansa na farko a gasar matasa sun sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba mafi kyau a tsarin Kosovar. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2016-17, Daku ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Hajvalia a gasar Kosovo Superleague, inda ya yi wasanni uku kafin matsalolin kuɗi na ƙungiyar suka haifar da ficewar 'yan wasa da dama.  Duk da ƙarancin damarmaki a matakin manya, an san shi da yawan aikinsa da kuma motsa jiki a waje da ƙwallon, wanda ya jawo hankalin ma'aikatan leƙen asiri na Llapi . A ƙarshen shekarar 2016, Daku ya riga ya zira kwallaye da yawa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Hajvalia kuma ya fara jawo hankali daga sauran ƙungiyoyin Superleague. Ayyukansa a ƙarshe sun sa ya koma Llapi a watan Janairun 2017, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru ta dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Mirlind Daku: From his first career steps… |url=https://shkodrasport.com/mirlind-daku-nga-hapat-e-pare-te-karrieres-te-mundesia-per-tu-veshur-kuqezi/ |publisher=Shkodra Sport |language=en-sq}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Llapi ===
A ranar 24 ga Janairu 2017, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Kosovo Superleague Llapi .  Ya fara buga wa Llapi wasa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2017 a zagaye na biyar na Kosovar Cup da Feronikeli, inda ya maye gurbin Berat Hyseni a minti na 95, sannan ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a waje da ci 4-2 bayan bugun fanareti . 

A farkon kakarsa ta farko da ƙungiyar, Daku ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba mafi kyau a Kosovo Superleague, wanda aka san shi da saurinsa, motsinsa mai wayo, da kuma kammala wasansa na asibiti. Tsakanin 2017 da 2018, ya buga wasanni kusan 45 kuma ya zira kwallaye 23 a duk gasannin da ya buga wa Llapi, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fafatawa don samun matsayi mafi girma a teburin gasar. 

A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017-18, Daku ya ji daɗin kakar wasa mai ban mamaki, inda ya zira kwallaye 17 a gasar kuma ya kare a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Superleague. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Division Clubs in Europe 2018/19 – Kosovo Top Scorers |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0249-0f842e04cad1-7fc8332b4532-1000/first_division_clubs_in_europe_2018_19.pdf |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwallayensa sun taimaka wa Llapi samun matsayi na uku a gasar kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar Kosovar Cup. Godiya ga rawar da ya taka, kafofin watsa labarai na gida sun san shi sosai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da za su iya kai hari mafi ban sha'awa a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovar. 

Wasan da Daku ya yi a Llapi ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi da dama a ƙasashen waje, kuma salon cin kwallayensa na yau da kullun ya haifar da kiransa na farko zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Kosovo . A shekarun baya, lokacin da Daku ya koma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Osijek da Rubin Kazan, Llapi ya amfana da kuɗi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sayar da 'yan wasa, wanda aka ruwaito yana samun kusan €180,000 daga canja wurinsa zuwa gasar Premier ta Rasha. 

=== Osijek ===
A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2018, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da Osijek, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a gasar cin kofin Croatia ta farko, a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin babban ci gaba ga ɗan wasan Kosovar Superleague.   Da isowarsa, an tura Daku zuwa ƙungiyar ajiyar ƙungiyar, Osijek II, inda yake fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Croatia ta biyu . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2018 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Šibenik, inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 71 kafin a sauya shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Šibenik vs. Osijek II 2–2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/08/25/croatia/2-hnl/hnk-sibenik/osijek-ii/2858256/ |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanaki takwas bayan haka, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Osijek II a wasan da suka doke Sesvete da ci 1-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da nasarar farko da ƙungiyar ta samu a kakar wasa ta bana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Osijek II vs. Sesvete 1–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/02/croatia/2-hnl/osijek-ii/nk-radnik-sesvete/2858265/ |access-date=2 September 2018 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kakar wasa ta farko, Daku ya saba da babban matsayi na gasa, yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya amma wani lokacin ana tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba mai tallafawa. An yaba masa a gasar Croatia ta biyu saboda ƙarfinsa da kuma jajircewarsa, kodayake ya fuskanci ƙalubale sosai wajen samun gurbin farawa daga ƙwararrun 'yan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19, Daku ya buga wasanni 18 a gasar da kuma kwallaye 5 a raga ga Osijek II.  Daidaito mai kyau, daidaiton aikinsa da kuma ɗabi'ar aiki ya sa aka yi la'akari da haɓaka shi zuwa sansanin horo na ƙungiyar farko, inda ma'aikatan horarwa na Osijek suka nuna shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfin gwiwa na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Rok je prošao, Mirlind Daku se vraća u Osijek |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/sport/domaci-nogomet/rok-je-prosao-mirlind-daku-se-vraca-u-osijek/ |publisher=Slobodna Dalmacija |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Osijeku se ponavlja bizarna situacija... |url=https://sportske.jutarnji.hr/sn/nogomet/hnl/klubovi/osijek/osijeku-se-ponavlja-bizarna-situacija-najefikasniji-bjelicin-igrac-puni-mreze-ali-u-drugom-dresu-15232861 |publisher=Sportske Novosti |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Osijek reveal they could sell Mura’s top scorer… |url=https://footballplanet.si/news/osijek-reveal-they-could-sell-muras-top-scorer-mirlind-daku-was-of-interest-to-many-in-europe-and-in-mls/ |publisher=Football Planet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lamuni a Kukësi ====
A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2019, Daku ya koma ƙungiyar Kategoria Superiore Kukësi a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa.  Ya fara buga wasa a gasar cin kofin Albania a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2019 a gasar cin kofin Albania ta 2019 da Partizani Tirana, inda ya maye gurbin Vasil Shkurtaj a minti na 66.  Wata guda bayan haka, Daku ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasansa na shida, inda ya yi nasara a kan Shkumbini a waje da ci 3-1 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin Albania . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shkumbini Peqin vs. Kukësi 1–3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/09/18/albania/cup/ks-shkumbini-peqin/ks-perparimi-kukes/3162340/ |access-date=18 September 2019 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hutun rabin kakar wasa, Daku ya taka rawar gani a gasar lig da kofin saboda fafatawar da 'yan wasan gaba suka yi kamar Vasil Shkurtaj da [[Patrick friday Eze|Patrick Friday Eze]] . Ta amfani da damar aro don samun ƙwarewa a manyan ƙungiyoyin Albania, ya buga wasanni 10 jimilla kuma ya zira kwallaye ɗaya a duk gasa kafin ya koma Osijek. 

==== Aron kuɗi a Ballkani ====
A ranar 11 ga Janairun 2020, an ba Daku aro ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo Superleague Ballkani har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20 .  Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 29 ga Fabrairun 2020 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Prishtina, inda ya maye gurbin Artur Magani a minti na 59. 

Duk da cewa kakar wasa ta tsaya cak jim kaɗan bayan an dakatar da ita saboda annobar COVID-19, Daku ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin kai hari na Ballkani. Ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci da dama bayan sake fara gasar, wanda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta fafata don lashe gasar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, ya zira kwallaye 9 a wasanni 17 a dukkan gasa.  Ƙarfin aikinsa a Ballkani ya nuna wani sauyi a rayuwarsa, wanda ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje kuma ya sa aka sake kiransa zuwa NK Osijek a kakar wasa mai zuwa.

==== Dawowa daga aro a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar ====
Bayan wasanni biyu na aro a Kosovo da Albania, Daku ya koma babbar ƙungiyar Osijek kafin gasar cin kofin Croatia ta 2021-22 .  A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2021, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Hrvatski Dragovoljac a waje da ci 2-1, inda ya maye gurbin Antonio Mance a minti na 78. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hrvatski Dragovoljac vs. Osijek 1–2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/08/croatia/1-hnl/nk-hrvatski-dragovoljac/nk-osijek/3513747/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Washegari, Daku ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru huɗu tare da Osijek, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da ci gaba da zama babban ɗan wasan ƙungiyar na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Daku produžio ugovor |trans-title=Daku extended his contract |url=https://nk-osijek.hr/vijesti/30289/daku-produzio-ugovor/ |publisher=[[NK Osijek]] |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana uku, ya fara buga wasa a nahiyar Turai a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar da ƙungiyar CSKA Sofia ta Bulgaria, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Yevhen Cheberko a zagaye na biyu na gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Osijek vs. CSKA Sofia 1–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/12/europe/uefa-europa-conference-league/nk-osijek/pfc-cska-sofia/3568714/ |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2021, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Bednja Beletinec a waje da ci 3-0 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin Croatia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bednja vs. Osijek 0–3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/15/croatia/hr-nogometni-cup/bednja/nk-osijek/3630575/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2021, Daku ya fito daga benci ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Osijek ya yi nasara da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta sami maki uku a wasan lig mai cike da takaddama.  Ya kuma nuna natsuwa a wasannin knockout: a wasan Kofin Croatia da Slaven Belupo, ya shiga daga minti na 72 kuma ya zira kwallon da ta kai Osijek zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.  A kakar wasa ta 2021-22 ta Gasar Cin Kofin Croatia, Daku ya buga wasanni 12 ga Osijek, inda ya zira kwallaye 3 a gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku statistics 2021-22 Osijek |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/a04adf33/Mirlind-Daku |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=FBref}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa bai fara wasa akai-akai ba, tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa bazara ta 2024 ya nuna imanin da kulob din ke da shi game da damar da yake da ita na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Daku produžio ugovor |trans-title=Daku extended his contract |url=https://nk-osijek.hr/vijesti/30289/daku-produzio-ugovor/ |publisher=[[NK Osijek]] |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Aron kuɗi a Mura ====
A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2022, an ba Daku aro ga ƙungiyar [[NŠ Mura|Mura]] ta Slovenia ta PrvaLiga har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Mirlind Daku je čarno-bejli! |trans-title=Mirlind Daku is black and white! |url=https://www.nsmura.si/news/mirlind-daku-je-carno-bejli |publisher=[[NŠ Mura]] |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana shida, ya fara buga wasa da Bravo bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko, inda ya taimaka wajen taimakawa 'yan wasa biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 February 2022 |title=Končnica tekme odnesla dva gola prednosti in zmago |trans-title=The final minutes of the match took away two goals advantage and a victory |url=https://www.nsmura.si/news/koncnica-tekme-odnesla-dva-gola-prednosti-in-zmago |access-date=15 February 2022 |publisher=[[NŠ Mura]] |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daku ya saba da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Slovenia cikin sauri, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kai hari mafi tasiri na Mura a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni goma sha shida na gasar,  ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kammala rabin farko a teburin gasar. Bayan ƙarfin da ya nuna, Mura ya sanar a watan Yunin 2022 cewa za a tsawaita aro na Daku zuwa wani kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=R. Š. |date=21 June 2022 |title=Daku ponovno v črno-belem, iz Fazanerije strupene puščice uperili proti Koutru |trans-title=Daku again in black and white, Fazanerija’s deadly arrows aimed towards Koper |url=https://snportal.si/slovenska-tekmovanja/prva-liga/daku-ponovno-v-crno-belem-iz-fazanerije-strupene-puscice-uperili-proti-koutru/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Slovenski nogometni portal |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta biyu a Slovenia, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi hazaka a gasar. Ya kasance cikin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kai hari na Mura. A ranar 27 ga Agusta 2022, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a wasan da suka doke Gorica da ci 3-1 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mura vs. Gorica 3–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/08/27/slovenia/1-snl/mura/gorica/3828834/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daku ya ci gaba da nuna kwazo a duk tsawon kakar wasa, inda ya samu kwallaye da dama da kuma kwallaye masu kyau. A karshen kakar wasa, ya zura kwallaye 20 a wasanni 36 da ya buga a gasar, &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|mirlind-daka/459512}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar kuma ya samu karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka. 

Nasarorin da ya samu sun jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasashen waje, inda rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai suka danganta shi da yiwuwar komawa Croatia da Hungary. 

=== Rubin Kazan ===
A ranar 11 ga Yuli 2023, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din Rubin Kazan na gasar Premier ta Rasha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=&quot;Рубин&quot; объявил о переходе Мирлинда Даку |trans-title=Rubin announced the transfer of Mirlind Daku |url=https://sport.tatar-inform.ru/news/rubin-obyavil-o-perexode-mirlinda-daku-5884926 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=sport.tatar-inform.ru |language=ru-RU}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Новичок &quot;Рубина&quot; Даку выберет игровой номер по результатам голосования болельщиков |trans-title=New Rubin player Daku will choose his number by fan voting |url=https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/news/285990 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=sport.business-gazeta.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a Rubin a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2023 a wasan lig da Lokomotiv Moscow, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lokomotiv Moscow vs. Rubin Kazan 2–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/22/russia/premier-league/lokomotiv-moscow/rubin-kazan/4094925/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2023, Daku ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fakel Voronezh da ci 2-0 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rubin Kazan vs. Fakel 2–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/08/13/russia/premier-league/rubin-kazan/fakel/4094945/ |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsawon kakar wasa ta 2023-24, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafiya ƙarfin kai hari na Rubin, wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin aikinsa da kuma iya kammalawa. Ya ƙare kakar wasa da kwallaye 9 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura ƙwallo 5 a dukkan gasannin da suka fafata, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kammala a tsakiyar teburi a kakar wasa ta farko da ta fara komawa saman teburi. 

A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2025, bayan nasarar kamfen ɗin farko da ci gaba da ci gaba, an tsawaita kwangilar Daku har zuwa Yuni 2029, wanda ke nuna amincewar da kulob ɗin ya daɗe yana da shi ga ci gabansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2025 |title=Мирлинд Даку продлил контракт с &quot;Рубином&quot; до 2029 года |trans-title=Mirlind Daku extended his contract with Rubin until 2029 |url=https://www.rubin-kazan.ru/news/mirlind-daku-prodlil-kontrakt-s-rubinom-do-2029-goda/ |access-date=13 August 2025 |publisher=FC Rubin Kazan |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta 2024-25, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Rubin Kazan. Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar da kwallaye 15 sannan ya taimaka mata da kwallaye 6 a dukkan gasannin da suka gabata, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi inganci a gasar. 

Daga cikin lokutan da ya fi shahara akwai nasarar da ya samu a minti na ƙarshe a kan Akron Tolyatti a gasar lig ta 2-1 a watan Agusta na 2024, wanda ya jawo yabo daga kafofin watsa labarai na gida da magoya baya saboda natsuwarsa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba.  A ranar 21 ga Satumba 2024, Daku ya jagoranci Rubin Kazan a karon farko a wasan League da CSKA Moscow, inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa zuwa kunnen doki 1-1. 

Wani muhimmin wasa ya faru ne a watan Mayun 2025, lokacin da ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da CSKA Moscow a gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa, sannan ya ƙara tabbatar da kansa a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi yin fice a ƙungiyar. 

Saboda dagewarsa da kuma ɗabi'ar aikinsa, Daku ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harin Rubin, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar kammala wasanta na tsakiya a kakar wasa ta biyu a jere a gasar Firimiya ta Rasha. 

A kakar wasa ta 2025-26, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan gaba na Rubin Kazan. A farkon watan Oktoba na 2025, ya buga wasanni 10 a gasar, duk a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 kuma ya yi bugun ƙwallo 26 a raga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku Player Stats 2025–26 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/293400/mirlind-daku |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Akron Tolyatti da ci 3-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa, sannan ya kara karfafa sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi inganci a gasar. 

Kwarewarsa mai kyau ya sanya shi cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Firimiya ta Rasha, inda kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida suka nuna ingantaccen kammala wasansa, motsinsa a waje da ƙwallon, da kuma yawan aikinsa a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da suka taimaka wa Rubin ya samu nasara a farkon kakar wasa. 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==

=== Kosovo ===
A ranar 21 ga Maris 2017, Daku ya sami kiran farko na ƙasashen waje daga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Kosovo don shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta UEFA da Jamhuriyar Ireland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Lista e futbollistëve të Përfaqësueses U21 |trans-title=List of the players of the national U21 team |url=http://www.ffk-kosova.com/federata/?p=17931 |publisher=[[Football Federation of Kosovo]] |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2017 a wasan da Isra'ila ta sha kashi a gida da ci 0-4, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 54 a madadin Ardit Gashi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kosovo U21 vs. Israel U21 0–4 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/09/europe/uefa-u21-championship/kosovo-u21/israel-under-21/2429814/ |access-date=9 November 2017 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2018, an kira shi a karon farko zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Kosovo kafin wasan sada zumunci da Azerbaijan,  kodayake an soke wasan bayan an raba ƙungiyoyi biyu a cikin rukuni ɗaya na UEFA Nations League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Friendly match canceled |url=http://www.affa.az/index.php/news/friendly-match-cancelled/61160 |publisher=[[Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan]] |quote=According to the results of the UEFA Nations League draws held in Lausanne, Switzerland today, it was defined that Azerbaijan and Kosovo national teams will compete in the same group. Thereby, the match planned to be held between these teams in Antalya, Turkey on February 2 was canceled. Both football federations' officials met after the draw ceremony and reached a mutual agreement in this regard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe Daku ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Kosovo a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2020 a wasan sada zumunci da Albania, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 84 a madadin Florent Hadergjonaj . 

=== Albaniya ===
A watan Yunin 2023, Daku ya sami fasfo na Albania, wanda hakan ya sa ya cancanci wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Albania . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2023 |title=FOTO/ Një alternativë më shumë për Sylvinhon, lojtari dardan merr pasaportën shqiptare |trans-title=Another alternative for Sylvinho, the Dardanian player obtains the Albanian passport |url=https://top-channel.tv/2023/06/23/nje-alternative-me-shume-per-sylvinhon-lojtari-dardan-merr-pasaporten-shqiptare/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2023, ya sami kiran farko daga Albania don wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA da Jamhuriyar Czech da Poland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Kualifikueset e Euro 2024 / Sylvinho zbardh listën me emrat e 25 lojtarëve për sfidat me Çekinë &amp; Poloninë |trans-title=Euro 2024 Qualifiers / Sylvinho releases the list of the 25 players for the matches against Czechia and Poland |url=https://fshf.org/sq/kualifikueset-e-euro-2024-sylvinho-zbardh-listen-me-emrat-e-25-lojtareve-per-sfidat-me-cekine-polonine/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=[[Albanian Football Association]] |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 7 ga Satumba a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Jamhuriyar Czech, inda ya buga wasa a rabin lokaci na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Czech Republic vs Albania, 7 September 2023 |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=18386 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=EU-Football.info |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=EURO 2024/ Shqipëria barazon me Çekinë në Pragë |url=https://fshf.org/sq/euro-2024-shqiperia-barazon-me-cekine-ne-prage/ |access-date=8 September 2023 |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana uku, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa a wasan da suka doke Poland da ci 2-0 a gida, inda ya samu ƙwallo da bugun farko jim kaɗan bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Albania 2–0 Poland |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/2036414/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daku ya buga wasanni uku a jere yayin da Albania ta kammala a saman rukuninsu a karon farko a tarihi, inda ta tara maki 15—daidai da Jamhuriyar Czech amma tana kan gaba a tarihin kai-da-kai—don haka ta cancanci shiga gasar ƙarshe ta Gasar Cin Kofin Turai a karo na biyu kacal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group E standings |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/standings/#grp-2006669 |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2024, an saka shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 26 na Albania don gasar UEFA Euro 2024.  Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 19 ga Yuni, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Croatia a filin wasa na Volksparkstadion . Daku ya shiga wasan da aka maye gurbinsa a makare yayin da Albania ke kan gaba da ci 1-2, wanda hakan ya sa Klaus Gjasula ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar rama kwallo a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Croatia 2–2 Albania: UEFA Euro 2024 match report |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/match/2036160--croatia-vs-albania/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala wasan, an dauki bidiyon Daku - wanda ya nuna motsin rai bayan sakamakon tarihi - yana jagorantar magoya baya a cikin wakokin cin zarafi da aka yi wa [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]] da [[Serbiya|Serbia]] yayin da yake amfani da megaphone .  Daga baya Daku ya nemi afuwa ga abin da ya aikata,  amma UEFA ta dakatar da shi na wasanni biyu bayan an sake duba shi. 

A lokacin yakin neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 (UEFA), Daku ya buga wasanni kadan a rukunin K, musamman a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, wanda hakan ya dauki 'yan mintuna kadan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku – International Matches 2025/26 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe511723/mirlind-daku/co588/fifa-wc-qualifiers-europe/se83885/2025-2026/international-matches/ |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=WorldFootball.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albania ta samu damar shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar a karon farko a tarihinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=European Qualifiers standings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/qualifiers/uefa/standings |access-date=3 April 2026 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{GSA player|mirlind-daku/221103}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; &gt;{{NFT|80272}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Hajvalia
|2016–17
|Kosovo Superleague
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Llapi
|2016–17
|Kosovo Superleague
|15
|6
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|19
|7
|-
|2017–18
|Kosovo Superleague
|30
|17
|3
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|33
|20
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!45
!23
!7
!4
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!52
!27
|-
|Osijek II
|2018–19
|Croatian Second League
|15
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|2
|-
|Kukësi (loan)
|2019–20
|Kategoria Superiore
|13
|1
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Albanian Supercup]]}}
|0
|16
|2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ballkani (loan)
|2019–20
|Kosovo Superleague
|8
|4
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|11
|5
|-
|2020–21
|Kosovo Superleague
|34
|31
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|31
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!42
!35
!4
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!46
!36
|-
|Osijek
|2021–22
|Croatian First League
|12
|3
|3
|1
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[NŠ Mura|Mura]] (loan)
|2021–22
|Slovenian PrvaLiga
|16
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|5
|-
|2022–23
|Slovenian PrvaLiga
|33
|19
|2
|2
|3[b]
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|38
|23
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!49
!24
!2
!2
!3
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!54
!28
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Rubin Kazan
|2023–24
|Russian Premier League
|28
|10
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|33
|10
|-
|2024–25
|Russian Premier League
|26
|15
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|15
|-
|2025–26
|Russian Premier League
|24
|10
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|11
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!78
!35
!13
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!91
!36
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!257
!123
!31
!10
!4
!2
!1
!0
!293
!135
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 6 June 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{EU-Football.info|31203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Kosovo
|-
| 2020
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2021
| 4
| 0
|-
! Jimilla
! 5
! 0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Albaniya
|-
| 2023
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2024
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2025
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2026
| 2
| 0
|-
! Jimilla
! 17
! 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimillar aiki
! 22
! 1
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Albania ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Daku ta ci.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Mirlind Daku ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 10 Satumba 2023
| Arena Kombëtare, [[Tirana]], Albania
|{{Fb|POL}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| Wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2024 a UEFA
|}

== Nassoshi ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{FC Rubin Kazan squad}}{{Albania squad UEFA Euro 2024}}{{Football Superleague of Kosovo top scorers}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>qicu10dm8vioczk3vilcektexc0kemq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877739</id>
      <parentid>877735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:15:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>877739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30299" sha1="mnp04b77q3sn3jrxhfry795xb2kik7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Mirlind Daku''' (  ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Rubin Kazan ta Rasha da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Albania .

Daku ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da Hajvalia, inda ya fara buga wasa a Kosovo Superleague kafin ya koma Llapi a shekarar 2017, inda kwarewarsa ta kai shi ƙasar waje zuwa Osijek a shekarar 2018. Daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Kukësi, Ballkani da [[NŠ Mura|Mura]], musamman ma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Slovenia ta PrvaLiga . Tun bayan da ya koma Rubin Kazan a shekarar 2023, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kai hari a gasar Premier ta Rasha .

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo a shekarun 2020 da 2021, kafin ya sauya sheƙa zuwa Albania a shekarar 2023. Bayan fara buga wasa, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Albania na yau da kullun a lokacin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024, inda ya ba da gudummawa ga cancantar ƙungiyar, sannan daga baya ya fara bugawa a wani babban gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024 .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikinta a Hajvalia ===
Daku ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu a garinsu, Gjilani, inda daga baya ya koma Hajvalia, wata ƙungiya da ke kusa da Pristina, inda aka gan shi yana ƙuruciya saboda ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha da kuma yadda yake kammala wasa.  Tun daga tsarin matasa na Hajvalia, ya ci gaba da sauri ta cikin jerin 'yan wasan ƙungiyar kuma ya fara horo da manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar tun yana matashi. Ayyukansa na farko a gasar matasa sun sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba mafi kyau a tsarin Kosovar. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2016-17, Daku ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Hajvalia a gasar Kosovo Superleague, inda ya yi wasanni uku kafin matsalolin kuɗi na ƙungiyar suka haifar da ficewar 'yan wasa da dama.  Duk da ƙarancin damarmaki a matakin manya, an san shi da yawan aikinsa da kuma motsa jiki a waje da ƙwallon, wanda ya jawo hankalin ma'aikatan leƙen asiri na Llapi . A ƙarshen shekarar 2016, Daku ya riga ya zira kwallaye da yawa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Hajvalia kuma ya fara jawo hankali daga sauran ƙungiyoyin Superleague. Ayyukansa a ƙarshe sun sa ya koma Llapi a watan Janairun 2017, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru ta dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Mirlind Daku: From his first career steps… |url=https://shkodrasport.com/mirlind-daku-nga-hapat-e-pare-te-karrieres-te-mundesia-per-tu-veshur-kuqezi/ |publisher=Shkodra Sport |language=en-sq}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Llapi ===
A ranar 24 ga Janairu 2017, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Kosovo Superleague Llapi .  Ya fara buga wa Llapi wasa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2017 a zagaye na biyar na Kosovar Cup da Feronikeli, inda ya maye gurbin Berat Hyseni a minti na 95, sannan ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a waje da ci 4-2 bayan bugun fanareti . 

A farkon kakarsa ta farko da ƙungiyar, Daku ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba mafi kyau a Kosovo Superleague, wanda aka san shi da saurinsa, motsinsa mai wayo, da kuma kammala wasansa na asibiti. Tsakanin 2017 da 2018, ya buga wasanni kusan 45 kuma ya zira kwallaye 23 a duk gasannin da ya buga wa Llapi, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fafatawa don samun matsayi mafi girma a teburin gasar. 

A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017-18, Daku ya ji daɗin kakar wasa mai ban mamaki, inda ya zira kwallaye 17 a gasar kuma ya kare a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Superleague. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Division Clubs in Europe 2018/19 – Kosovo Top Scorers |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0249-0f842e04cad1-7fc8332b4532-1000/first_division_clubs_in_europe_2018_19.pdf |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwallayensa sun taimaka wa Llapi samun matsayi na uku a gasar kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar Kosovar Cup. Godiya ga rawar da ya taka, kafofin watsa labarai na gida sun san shi sosai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da za su iya kai hari mafi ban sha'awa a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovar. 

Wasan da Daku ya yi a Llapi ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi da dama a ƙasashen waje, kuma salon cin kwallayensa na yau da kullun ya haifar da kiransa na farko zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Kosovo . A shekarun baya, lokacin da Daku ya koma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Osijek da Rubin Kazan, Llapi ya amfana da kuɗi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sayar da 'yan wasa, wanda aka ruwaito yana samun kusan €180,000 daga canja wurinsa zuwa gasar Premier ta Rasha. 

=== Osijek ===
A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2018, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da Osijek, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a gasar cin kofin Croatia ta farko, a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin babban ci gaba ga ɗan wasan Kosovar Superleague.   Da isowarsa, an tura Daku zuwa ƙungiyar ajiyar ƙungiyar, Osijek II, inda yake fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Croatia ta biyu . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2018 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Šibenik, inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 71 kafin a sauya shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Šibenik vs. Osijek II 2–2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/08/25/croatia/2-hnl/hnk-sibenik/osijek-ii/2858256/ |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanaki takwas bayan haka, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Osijek II a wasan da suka doke Sesvete da ci 1-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da nasarar farko da ƙungiyar ta samu a kakar wasa ta bana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Osijek II vs. Sesvete 1–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/02/croatia/2-hnl/osijek-ii/nk-radnik-sesvete/2858265/ |access-date=2 September 2018 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kakar wasa ta farko, Daku ya saba da babban matsayi na gasa, yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya amma wani lokacin ana tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba mai tallafawa. An yaba masa a gasar Croatia ta biyu saboda ƙarfinsa da kuma jajircewarsa, kodayake ya fuskanci ƙalubale sosai wajen samun gurbin farawa daga ƙwararrun 'yan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19, Daku ya buga wasanni 18 a gasar da kuma kwallaye 5 a raga ga Osijek II.  Daidaito mai kyau, daidaiton aikinsa da kuma ɗabi'ar aiki ya sa aka yi la'akari da haɓaka shi zuwa sansanin horo na ƙungiyar farko, inda ma'aikatan horarwa na Osijek suka nuna shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfin gwiwa na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Rok je prošao, Mirlind Daku se vraća u Osijek |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/sport/domaci-nogomet/rok-je-prosao-mirlind-daku-se-vraca-u-osijek/ |publisher=Slobodna Dalmacija |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Osijeku se ponavlja bizarna situacija... |url=https://sportske.jutarnji.hr/sn/nogomet/hnl/klubovi/osijek/osijeku-se-ponavlja-bizarna-situacija-najefikasniji-bjelicin-igrac-puni-mreze-ali-u-drugom-dresu-15232861 |publisher=Sportske Novosti |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Osijek reveal they could sell Mura’s top scorer… |url=https://footballplanet.si/news/osijek-reveal-they-could-sell-muras-top-scorer-mirlind-daku-was-of-interest-to-many-in-europe-and-in-mls/ |publisher=Football Planet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lamuni a Kukësi ====
A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2019, Daku ya koma ƙungiyar Kategoria Superiore Kukësi a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa.  Ya fara buga wasa a gasar cin kofin Albania a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2019 a gasar cin kofin Albania ta 2019 da Partizani Tirana, inda ya maye gurbin Vasil Shkurtaj a minti na 66.  Wata guda bayan haka, Daku ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasansa na shida, inda ya yi nasara a kan Shkumbini a waje da ci 3-1 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin Albania . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shkumbini Peqin vs. Kukësi 1–3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/09/18/albania/cup/ks-shkumbini-peqin/ks-perparimi-kukes/3162340/ |access-date=18 September 2019 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin hutun rabin kakar wasa, Daku ya taka rawar gani a gasar lig da kofin saboda fafatawar da 'yan wasan gaba suka yi kamar Vasil Shkurtaj da [[Patrick friday Eze|Patrick Friday Eze]] . Ta amfani da damar aro don samun ƙwarewa a manyan ƙungiyoyin Albania, ya buga wasanni 10 jimilla kuma ya zira kwallaye ɗaya a duk gasa kafin ya koma Osijek. 

==== Aron kuɗi a Ballkani ====
A ranar 11 ga Janairun 2020, an ba Daku aro ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo Superleague Ballkani har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20 .  Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 29 ga Fabrairun 2020 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Prishtina, inda ya maye gurbin Artur Magani a minti na 59. 

Duk da cewa kakar wasa ta tsaya cak jim kaɗan bayan an dakatar da ita saboda annobar COVID-19, Daku ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin kai hari na Ballkani. Ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci da dama bayan sake fara gasar, wanda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta fafata don lashe gasar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, ya zira kwallaye 9 a wasanni 17 a dukkan gasa.  Ƙarfin aikinsa a Ballkani ya nuna wani sauyi a rayuwarsa, wanda ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje kuma ya sa aka sake kiransa zuwa NK Osijek a kakar wasa mai zuwa.

==== Dawowa daga aro a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar ====
Bayan wasanni biyu na aro a Kosovo da Albania, Daku ya koma babbar ƙungiyar Osijek kafin gasar cin kofin Croatia ta 2021-22 .  A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2021, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Hrvatski Dragovoljac a waje da ci 2-1, inda ya maye gurbin Antonio Mance a minti na 78. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hrvatski Dragovoljac vs. Osijek 1–2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/08/croatia/1-hnl/nk-hrvatski-dragovoljac/nk-osijek/3513747/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Washegari, Daku ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru huɗu tare da Osijek, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da ci gaba da zama babban ɗan wasan ƙungiyar na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Daku produžio ugovor |trans-title=Daku extended his contract |url=https://nk-osijek.hr/vijesti/30289/daku-produzio-ugovor/ |publisher=[[NK Osijek]] |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana uku, ya fara buga wasa a nahiyar Turai a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar da ƙungiyar CSKA Sofia ta Bulgaria, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Yevhen Cheberko a zagaye na biyu na gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Osijek vs. CSKA Sofia 1–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/12/europe/uefa-europa-conference-league/nk-osijek/pfc-cska-sofia/3568714/ |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2021, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Bednja Beletinec a waje da ci 3-0 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin Croatia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bednja vs. Osijek 0–3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/15/croatia/hr-nogometni-cup/bednja/nk-osijek/3630575/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2021, Daku ya fito daga benci ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Osijek ya yi nasara da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta sami maki uku a wasan lig mai cike da takaddama.  Ya kuma nuna natsuwa a wasannin knockout: a wasan Kofin Croatia da Slaven Belupo, ya shiga daga minti na 72 kuma ya zira kwallon da ta kai Osijek zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.  A kakar wasa ta 2021-22 ta Gasar Cin Kofin Croatia, Daku ya buga wasanni 12 ga Osijek, inda ya zira kwallaye 3 a gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku statistics 2021-22 Osijek |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/a04adf33/Mirlind-Daku |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=FBref}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa bai fara wasa akai-akai ba, tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa bazara ta 2024 ya nuna imanin da kulob din ke da shi game da damar da yake da ita na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Daku produžio ugovor |trans-title=Daku extended his contract |url=https://nk-osijek.hr/vijesti/30289/daku-produzio-ugovor/ |publisher=[[NK Osijek]] |language=hr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Aron kuɗi a Mura ====
A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2022, an ba Daku aro ga ƙungiyar [[NŠ Mura|Mura]] ta Slovenia ta PrvaLiga har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Mirlind Daku je čarno-bejli! |trans-title=Mirlind Daku is black and white! |url=https://www.nsmura.si/news/mirlind-daku-je-carno-bejli |publisher=[[NŠ Mura]] |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana shida, ya fara buga wasa da Bravo bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko, inda ya taimaka wajen taimakawa 'yan wasa biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 February 2022 |title=Končnica tekme odnesla dva gola prednosti in zmago |trans-title=The final minutes of the match took away two goals advantage and a victory |url=https://www.nsmura.si/news/koncnica-tekme-odnesla-dva-gola-prednosti-in-zmago |access-date=15 February 2022 |publisher=[[NŠ Mura]] |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daku ya saba da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Slovenia cikin sauri, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kai hari mafi tasiri na Mura a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni goma sha shida na gasar,  ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kammala rabin farko a teburin gasar. Bayan ƙarfin da ya nuna, Mura ya sanar a watan Yunin 2022 cewa za a tsawaita aro na Daku zuwa wani kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=R. Š. |date=21 June 2022 |title=Daku ponovno v črno-belem, iz Fazanerije strupene puščice uperili proti Koutru |trans-title=Daku again in black and white, Fazanerija’s deadly arrows aimed towards Koper |url=https://snportal.si/slovenska-tekmovanja/prva-liga/daku-ponovno-v-crno-belem-iz-fazanerije-strupene-puscice-uperili-proti-koutru/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Slovenski nogometni portal |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta biyu a Slovenia, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi hazaka a gasar. Ya kasance cikin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kai hari na Mura. A ranar 27 ga Agusta 2022, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a wasan da suka doke Gorica da ci 3-1 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mura vs. Gorica 3–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/08/27/slovenia/1-snl/mura/gorica/3828834/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daku ya ci gaba da nuna kwazo a duk tsawon kakar wasa, inda ya samu kwallaye da dama da kuma kwallaye masu kyau. A karshen kakar wasa, ya zura kwallaye 20 a wasanni 36 da ya buga a gasar, &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|mirlind-daka/459512}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar kuma ya samu karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka. 

Nasarorin da ya samu sun jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasashen waje, inda rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai suka danganta shi da yiwuwar komawa Croatia da Hungary. 

=== Rubin Kazan ===
A ranar 11 ga Yuli 2023, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din Rubin Kazan na gasar Premier ta Rasha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=&quot;Рубин&quot; объявил о переходе Мирлинда Даку |trans-title=Rubin announced the transfer of Mirlind Daku |url=https://sport.tatar-inform.ru/news/rubin-obyavil-o-perexode-mirlinda-daku-5884926 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=sport.tatar-inform.ru |language=ru-RU}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Новичок &quot;Рубина&quot; Даку выберет игровой номер по результатам голосования болельщиков |trans-title=New Rubin player Daku will choose his number by fan voting |url=https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/news/285990 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=sport.business-gazeta.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a Rubin a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2023 a wasan lig da Lokomotiv Moscow, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lokomotiv Moscow vs. Rubin Kazan 2–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/22/russia/premier-league/lokomotiv-moscow/rubin-kazan/4094925/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2023, Daku ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fakel Voronezh da ci 2-0 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rubin Kazan vs. Fakel 2–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/08/13/russia/premier-league/rubin-kazan/fakel/4094945/ |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsawon kakar wasa ta 2023-24, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafiya ƙarfin kai hari na Rubin, wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin aikinsa da kuma iya kammalawa. Ya ƙare kakar wasa da kwallaye 9 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura ƙwallo 5 a dukkan gasannin da suka fafata, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kammala a tsakiyar teburi a kakar wasa ta farko da ta fara komawa saman teburi. 

A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2025, bayan nasarar kamfen ɗin farko da ci gaba da ci gaba, an tsawaita kwangilar Daku har zuwa Yuni 2029, wanda ke nuna amincewar da kulob ɗin ya daɗe yana da shi ga ci gabansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2025 |title=Мирлинд Даку продлил контракт с &quot;Рубином&quot; до 2029 года |trans-title=Mirlind Daku extended his contract with Rubin until 2029 |url=https://www.rubin-kazan.ru/news/mirlind-daku-prodlil-kontrakt-s-rubinom-do-2029-goda/ |access-date=13 August 2025 |publisher=FC Rubin Kazan |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta 2024-25, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Rubin Kazan. Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar da kwallaye 15 sannan ya taimaka mata da kwallaye 6 a dukkan gasannin da suka gabata, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi inganci a gasar. 

Daga cikin lokutan da ya fi shahara akwai nasarar da ya samu a minti na ƙarshe a kan Akron Tolyatti a gasar lig ta 2-1 a watan Agusta na 2024, wanda ya jawo yabo daga kafofin watsa labarai na gida da magoya baya saboda natsuwarsa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba.  A ranar 21 ga Satumba 2024, Daku ya jagoranci Rubin Kazan a karon farko a wasan League da CSKA Moscow, inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa zuwa kunnen doki 1-1. 

Wani muhimmin wasa ya faru ne a watan Mayun 2025, lokacin da ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da CSKA Moscow a gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa, sannan ya ƙara tabbatar da kansa a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi yin fice a ƙungiyar. 

Saboda dagewarsa da kuma ɗabi'ar aikinsa, Daku ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harin Rubin, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar kammala wasanta na tsakiya a kakar wasa ta biyu a jere a gasar Firimiya ta Rasha. 

A kakar wasa ta 2025-26, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan gaba na Rubin Kazan. A farkon watan Oktoba na 2025, ya buga wasanni 10 a gasar, duk a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 kuma ya yi bugun ƙwallo 26 a raga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku Player Stats 2025–26 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/293400/mirlind-daku |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Akron Tolyatti da ci 3-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa, sannan ya kara karfafa sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi inganci a gasar. 

Kwarewarsa mai kyau ya sanya shi cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Firimiya ta Rasha, inda kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida suka nuna ingantaccen kammala wasansa, motsinsa a waje da ƙwallon, da kuma yawan aikinsa a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da suka taimaka wa Rubin ya samu nasara a farkon kakar wasa. 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==

=== Kosovo ===
A ranar 21 ga Maris 2017, Daku ya sami kiran farko na ƙasashen waje daga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Kosovo don shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta UEFA da Jamhuriyar Ireland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Lista e futbollistëve të Përfaqësueses U21 |trans-title=List of the players of the national U21 team |url=http://www.ffk-kosova.com/federata/?p=17931 |publisher=[[Football Federation of Kosovo]] |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2017 a wasan da Isra'ila ta sha kashi a gida da ci 0-4, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 54 a madadin Ardit Gashi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kosovo U21 vs. Israel U21 0–4 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/09/europe/uefa-u21-championship/kosovo-u21/israel-under-21/2429814/ |access-date=9 November 2017 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2018, an kira shi a karon farko zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Kosovo kafin wasan sada zumunci da Azerbaijan,  kodayake an soke wasan bayan an raba ƙungiyoyi biyu a cikin rukuni ɗaya na UEFA Nations League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Friendly match canceled |url=http://www.affa.az/index.php/news/friendly-match-cancelled/61160 |publisher=[[Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan]] |quote=According to the results of the UEFA Nations League draws held in Lausanne, Switzerland today, it was defined that Azerbaijan and Kosovo national teams will compete in the same group. Thereby, the match planned to be held between these teams in Antalya, Turkey on February 2 was canceled. Both football federations' officials met after the draw ceremony and reached a mutual agreement in this regard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe Daku ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Kosovo a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2020 a wasan sada zumunci da Albania, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 84 a madadin Florent Hadergjonaj . 

=== Albaniya ===
A watan Yunin 2023, Daku ya sami fasfo na Albania, wanda hakan ya sa ya cancanci wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Albania . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2023 |title=FOTO/ Një alternativë më shumë për Sylvinhon, lojtari dardan merr pasaportën shqiptare |trans-title=Another alternative for Sylvinho, the Dardanian player obtains the Albanian passport |url=https://top-channel.tv/2023/06/23/nje-alternative-me-shume-per-sylvinhon-lojtari-dardan-merr-pasaporten-shqiptare/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2023, ya sami kiran farko daga Albania don wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA da Jamhuriyar Czech da Poland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Kualifikueset e Euro 2024 / Sylvinho zbardh listën me emrat e 25 lojtarëve për sfidat me Çekinë &amp; Poloninë |trans-title=Euro 2024 Qualifiers / Sylvinho releases the list of the 25 players for the matches against Czechia and Poland |url=https://fshf.org/sq/kualifikueset-e-euro-2024-sylvinho-zbardh-listen-me-emrat-e-25-lojtareve-per-sfidat-me-cekine-polonine/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=[[Albanian Football Association]] |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 7 ga Satumba a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Jamhuriyar Czech, inda ya buga wasa a rabin lokaci na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Czech Republic vs Albania, 7 September 2023 |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=18386 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=EU-Football.info |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=EURO 2024/ Shqipëria barazon me Çekinë në Pragë |url=https://fshf.org/sq/euro-2024-shqiperia-barazon-me-cekine-ne-prage/ |access-date=8 September 2023 |language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana uku, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa a wasan da suka doke Poland da ci 2-0 a gida, inda ya samu ƙwallo da bugun farko jim kaɗan bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Albania 2–0 Poland |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/2036414/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daku ya buga wasanni uku a jere yayin da Albania ta kammala a saman rukuninsu a karon farko a tarihi, inda ta tara maki 15—daidai da Jamhuriyar Czech amma tana kan gaba a tarihin kai-da-kai—don haka ta cancanci shiga gasar ƙarshe ta Gasar Cin Kofin Turai a karo na biyu kacal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group E standings |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/standings/#grp-2006669 |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2024, an saka shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 26 na Albania don gasar UEFA Euro 2024.  Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 19 ga Yuni, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Croatia a filin wasa na Volksparkstadion . Daku ya shiga wasan da aka maye gurbinsa a makare yayin da Albania ke kan gaba da ci 1-2, wanda hakan ya sa Klaus Gjasula ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar rama kwallo a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Croatia 2–2 Albania: UEFA Euro 2024 match report |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/match/2036160--croatia-vs-albania/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala wasan, an dauki bidiyon Daku - wanda ya nuna motsin rai bayan sakamakon tarihi - yana jagorantar magoya baya a cikin wakokin cin zarafi da aka yi wa [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]] da [[Serbiya|Serbia]] yayin da yake amfani da megaphone .  Daga baya Daku ya nemi afuwa ga abin da ya aikata,  amma UEFA ta dakatar da shi na wasanni biyu bayan an sake duba shi. 

A lokacin yakin neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 (UEFA), Daku ya buga wasanni kadan a rukunin K, musamman a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, wanda hakan ya dauki 'yan mintuna kadan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku – International Matches 2025/26 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe511723/mirlind-daku/co588/fifa-wc-qualifiers-europe/se83885/2025-2026/international-matches/ |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=WorldFootball.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albania ta samu damar shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar a karon farko a tarihinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=European Qualifiers standings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/qualifiers/uefa/standings |access-date=3 April 2026 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{GSA player|mirlind-daku/221103}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; &gt;{{NFT|80272}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Hajvalia
|2016–17
|Kosovo Superleague
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Llapi
|2016–17
|Kosovo Superleague
|15
|6
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|19
|7
|-
|2017–18
|Kosovo Superleague
|30
|17
|3
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|33
|20
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!45
!23
!7
!4
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!52
!27
|-
|Osijek II
|2018–19
|Croatian Second League
|15
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|2
|-
|Kukësi (loan)
|2019–20
|Kategoria Superiore
|13
|1
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Albanian Supercup]]}}
|0
|16
|2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ballkani (loan)
|2019–20
|Kosovo Superleague
|8
|4
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|11
|5
|-
|2020–21
|Kosovo Superleague
|34
|31
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|31
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!42
!35
!4
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!46
!36
|-
|Osijek
|2021–22
|Croatian First League
|12
|3
|3
|1
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[NŠ Mura|Mura]] (loan)
|2021–22
|Slovenian PrvaLiga
|16
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|5
|-
|2022–23
|Slovenian PrvaLiga
|33
|19
|2
|2
|3[b]
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|38
|23
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!49
!24
!2
!2
!3
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!54
!28
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Rubin Kazan
|2023–24
|Russian Premier League
|28
|10
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|33
|10
|-
|2024–25
|Russian Premier League
|26
|15
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|15
|-
|2025–26
|Russian Premier League
|24
|10
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|11
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!78
!35
!13
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!91
!36
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!257
!123
!31
!10
!4
!2
!1
!0
!293
!135
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 6 June 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{EU-Football.info|31203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Kosovo
|-
| 2020
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2021
| 4
| 0
|-
! Jimilla
! 5
! 0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Albaniya
|-
| 2023
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2024
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2025
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2026
| 2
| 0
|-
! Jimilla
! 17
! 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimillar aiki
! 22
! 1
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Albania ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Daku ta ci.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Mirlind Daku ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 10 Satumba 2023
| Arena Kombëtare, [[Tirana]], Albania
|{{Fb|POL}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| Wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2024 a UEFA
|}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{FC Rubin Kazan squad}}{{Albania squad UEFA Euro 2024}}{{Football Superleague of Kosovo top scorers}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mnp04b77q3sn3jrxhfry795xb2kik7k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bradley Grobler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877736</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360198534|Bradley Grobler]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2335" sha1="m8uv2d4qbmabj3xt59rfhhbx4d7a4gz" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Bradley Allan Grobler''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1988) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar [[Sekhukhune United F.C.|Sekhukhune United]] [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|ta Premier League]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
Grobler ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Benoni kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan ƙarami a ƙungiyar Boksburg FC da BK Callies da ke wajen Johannesburg. Bradley ya fara aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar Platinum Stars . Bayan shekaru huɗu a Stars, ya koma ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu ta Turkiyya Göztepe A.Ş. a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2011. Shi ne ɗan wasa mafi tsada da Göztepe ya saya a lokacin.  

A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2012, Grobler ya koma Ajax Cape Town ta [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|Premier League]] kan yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu. 

Ya zura kwallaye sama da 8 a ragar Orlando Pirates, yayin da yake Supersport United.

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Grobler ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko a gasar kasa da kasa da Zimbabwe a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2011.

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!#
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| 1.
| 15 Nuwamba 2011
| [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]
|{{Fb|Zimbabwe}}
| 1–0
| 1–2
| Daidaito tsakanin abokai
|-
| 2.
| 15 Nuwamba 2016
| [[Maputo]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]
|{{Fb|Mozambique}}
| 1–1
| 1–1
| Daidaito tsakanin abokai
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haife shi a Sandton, Grobler ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan Moroka Swallows Les Grobler ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Five father and son duos who have graced the top flight – PSL |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/psl-five-father-and-son-duos-who-have-graced-the-top-flight/&amp;grqid=_11If11D&amp;s=1&amp;hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-02-28 |publisher=thesouthafrican.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

=== Kulob ===

; Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta SuperSport United

* [[Kofin Nedbank]] : [[2015–2016 Nedbank Cup|2015–16]], 2016–2017
* MTN 8 : 2017, 2019
* Kofin Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Telkom : 2014

; Mutum ɗaya

Takalmin Zinare na Lesley Manyathela : 2020-21

== Nassoshi ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Bradley Grobler at National-Football-Teams.com
* {{Twitter}}
{{Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot Award}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>m8uv2d4qbmabj3xt59rfhhbx4d7a4gz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877738</id>
      <parentid>877736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:14:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>877738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2357" sha1="5zhf5pxnft72v5n958jqp6gupc41ldo" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Bradley Allan Grobler''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1988) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar [[Sekhukhune United F.C.|Sekhukhune United]] [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|ta Premier League]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
Grobler ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Benoni kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan ƙarami a ƙungiyar Boksburg FC da BK Callies da ke wajen Johannesburg. Bradley ya fara aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar Platinum Stars . Bayan shekaru huɗu a Stars, ya koma ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu ta Turkiyya Göztepe A.Ş. a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2011. Shi ne ɗan wasa mafi tsada da Göztepe ya saya a lokacin.  

A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2012, Grobler ya koma Ajax Cape Town ta [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|Premier League]] kan yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu. 

Ya zura kwallaye sama da 8 a ragar Orlando Pirates, yayin da yake Supersport United.

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Grobler ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko a gasar kasa da kasa da Zimbabwe a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2011.

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!#
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| 1.
| 15 Nuwamba 2011
| [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]
|{{Fb|Zimbabwe}}
| 1–0
| 1–2
| Daidaito tsakanin abokai
|-
| 2.
| 15 Nuwamba 2016
| [[Maputo]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]
|{{Fb|Mozambique}}
| 1–1
| 1–1
| Daidaito tsakanin abokai
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haife shi a Sandton, Grobler ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan Moroka Swallows Les Grobler ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Five father and son duos who have graced the top flight – PSL |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/psl-five-father-and-son-duos-who-have-graced-the-top-flight/&amp;grqid=_11If11D&amp;s=1&amp;hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-02-28 |publisher=thesouthafrican.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

=== Kulob ===

; Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta SuperSport United

* [[Kofin Nedbank]] : [[2015–2016 Nedbank Cup|2015–16]], 2016–2017
* MTN 8 : 2017, 2019
* Kofin Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Telkom : 2014

; Mutum ɗaya

Takalmin Zinare na Lesley Manyathela : 2020-21


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Bradley Grobler at National-Football-Teams.com
* {{Twitter}}
{{Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot Award}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>5zhf5pxnft72v5n958jqp6gupc41ldo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877754</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:29:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Featherdiamond</username>
        <id>46529</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362616480|Russo-Ukrainian war]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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'''Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine''' ya fara ne a watan Fabrairun 2014 kuma yana ci gaba zuwa yanzu. Bayan wata zanga-zanga da aka sawa suna Juyin Juya Halin Girma da aka gudanar a Ukraine sai, Rasha ta mamaye Crimea tare da kwace yakin daga Ukraine. Daga nan sai ta goyi bayan Kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Rasha wadanda suka fara yaƙi da sojojin Ukraine a gabashin Donbas. A cikin 2018, Ukraine ta ayyana yankin da cewa Rasha ta mamaye. Shekaru takwas na farko rikicinan sami faruwar abubuwan da suka faru musamman tsakanin sojojin ruwan Rasha da Ukraine da kuma harin yanar gizo. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, Rasha ta kaddamar da cikakkiyar mamaya a Ukraine kuma ta fara mamaye wasu yankunan kasar Ukraine, wanda shine silar yakin dake faruwa har zuwa yanzu. Wannan yaki dai shine babban rikici a Turai tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Yaƙin ya haifar da Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira tare da haddasa mutuwar dubban mutane.

A farkon shekara ta 2014, zanga-zangar Euromaidan ta haifar da juyin juya halin girmamawa da kuma fitar da shugaban kasar Ukraine mai goyon bayan Rasha Viktor Yanukovych . Nan da nan bayan haka, sojojin Rasha suka mamaye Crimea. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Rasha ta mamaye Crimea bayan holokon zaben raba gardama. A wannan lokaci ne zanga-zangar goyon bayan Rasha ta fara a wasu sassan kudu maso gabashin Ukraine. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, 'yan ta'adda da ke goyon bayan Rasha suka kwace garuruwa da birane a gabashin yankin Donbas na Ukraine kuma sun ayyana Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk (DPR) da Jamhuriwar Jama'ar Luhansk (LPR) a matsayin jihohi masu zaman kansu, inda suka fara yakin Donbas. Rasha ta goyi bayan masu neman samun yanci ta kuma hadasu tare da dakarunta, tankunan yaki da bindigogi, domin su hana Ukraine sake dawo da yankin. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta yanke hukuncin cewa yakin ya kasance rikici ne na kasa da kasa wanda Rasha ke yi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2016 |title=Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016) |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319145943/https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=[[International Criminal Court]] |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin da cewa Rasha ta mallaki DPR da LPR daga 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&amp;id=003-7550165-10372782&amp;filename=Grand%20Chamber%20decision%20Ukraine%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20v.%20Russia%20-%20Flight%20MH17%20and%20eastern-Ukraine-conflict%20case%20partially%20admissible,%20will%20proceed%20to%20judgment.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319000419/https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&amp;id=003-7550165-10372782&amp;filename=Grand%20Chamber%20decision%20Ukraine%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20v.%20Russia%20-%20Flight%20MH17%20and%20eastern-Ukraine-conflict%20case%20partially%20admissible,%20will%20proceed%20to%20judgment.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2015, Rasha da Ukraine sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Minsk II, amma ba a taɓa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar duka ba. Yaƙin Donbas ya zama fagen daga mai tsauri wanda aka kwatanta da yaƙin sunkuru; an sha samun yarjejeniyr tsagaita wuta amma hakan bai hana yakin cigaba ba kuma fagen daga yana nan inda yake.

A farko-farkon shekarar 2021, an sami gungun sojojin Rasha kusa da iyakokin Ukraine, wasu a makwabciyar ta [[Belarus]]. Jami'an Rasha sun musanta shirye-shiryen kai hari kan Ukraine akai-akai. Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya bayyana Kudirin fadada iyakar Rasha  kuma ya wanzuwar Ukraine a matsayin kasa mai cing gashin kanta. Ya bukaci a hana Ukraine shiga kawancen soja na [[NATO]]. Ukraine ta kasance kasar da ke tsaka-tsaki a hukumance kan batun shiga NATO kafin rikicin ya fara, amma saboda hare-haren Rasha sai kasar farfado da shirye-shiryen da kuma kudurin shiga NATO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lutsevych |first=Orysia |date=27 June 2023 |title=How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/fallacy-3-ukraine-should-adopt-neutrality |publisher=[[Chatham House]] |doi=10.55317/9781784135782}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon 2022, Rasha ta amince da DPR da LPR a matsayin kasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayinda sojojin Rasha suka kewaye Ukraine, wakilan Rasha sun kai hare-hare kan sojojin Ukraine a cikin Donbas.

A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Putin ya ba da sanarwar &quot;aikin soja na musamman&quot; don “kwace karfin soji da kuma cire akidar Nazi&quot; a Ukraine, yana mai cewa Rasha ba ta da wani shiri na mamaye kasar.  Kasashen duniya sunyi Allah wadai da mamayar Rasha; kasashe da dama sun sanya takunkumi a kan Rasha, kuma sun aika da taimakon jin kai da na soja ga Ukraine. Saboda sojojin Rasha sun fuskanci tsananin juriya daga sojin Ukraine, Rasha ta watsar da yunkurin kama Kyiv a farkon watan Afrilu. A watan Agusta, sojojin Ukraine sun fara 'yantar da yankuna a arewa maso gabas da kudu. A watan Satumba, Rasha ta ayyana mamaye larduna huɗu da aka mamaye, wanda aka hukunta a duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, hare-haren Rasha da hare-haren ramuwa na Ukraine kowanne ya sami ƙananan yankuna. Har ila yau, mamayewar ta haifar da hare-hare a Rasha da sojojin Ukraine da ke goyon bayan su, daga cikinsu akwai wani hari na kan iyaka zuwa yankin Kursk na Rasha a watan Agustan 2024. Rasha ta sha kai hare-hare da gangan a kan fararen hula da ke nesa da fagen fama.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRMMU_Statement_March&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bogner |first=Matilda |date=25 March 2022 |title=Situation in Ukraine. Statement delivered by the Head of Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine on the situation in Ukraine |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/situation-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325133227/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/situation-ukraine |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=18 August 2024 |publisher=[[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa Rasha tana aikata mummunan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Ukraine da ta mamaye. ICC ta bude bincike kan Laifukan yaki kuma ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da sauran jami'an Rasha da yawa. Rasha ta ki amincewa da kira ga tsagaita wuta lokuta da dama.
[[Fayil:Presidents_after_signing_the_Trilateral_Statement,_Moscow,_1994.png|left|thumb|Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]], shugaban Rasha [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]], da shugaban Ukraine Kravchuk bayan sanya hannu kan Sanarwar Trilateral (1994). Rasha da Amurka sun amince da mutunta ikon mallakar Ukraine a madadin Ukraine ta ba da makaman nukiliya.]]
Bayan rushewa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (USSR) a cikin 1991, Ukraine da Rasha sun ci gaba da dangantaka. A shekara ta 1994, Ukraine ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Rashin Yaduwar Makaman Nukiliya kuma ta amince da barin tsoffin makaman nukiliya na Soviet a Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |date=21 May 2021 |title=Revisiting Ukraine's Nuclear Past Will Not Help Secure Its Future |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/revisiting-ukraines-nuclear-past-will-not-help-secure-its-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113122700/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/revisiting-ukraines-nuclear-past-will-not-help-secure-its-future |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Lawfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |title=Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305203527/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon haka, Rasha, Ingila, da Amurka sun amince da tabbatar da amincin yankin da 'yancin kan Ukraine ta hanyar taron yajejeniyar tabbatar da tsaro da akayi a Budapest, wato babban birnin Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harahan |first=Joseph P. |date=2014 |title=With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs |url=https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/History/With%20Courage%20and%20Persistence%20CTR.pdf?ver=2016-05-09-102902-893 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228153820/https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/History/With%20Courage%20and%20Persistence%20CTR.pdf?ver=2016-05-09-102902-893 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=DTRA History Series |publisher=Defense Threat Reduction Agency |asin=B01LYEJ56H}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997, Rasha ta sanya hannu kan [[NATO]]-Russia_Founding_Act&quot; Wannan daftari kowa ya amince cewa &quot;NATO da Rasha ba sa daukar juna a matsayin abokan gaba&quot; kuma za su yi aiki tare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1997 |title=Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510220117/https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=20 July 2025 |publisher=NATO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowa ya yarda cewa &quot;NATO ta fadada kuma za ta ci gaba da fadada ayyukanta na siyasa&quot;.  A cikin 1999, Rasha na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniya ta Tsaron Turai|Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Turai]], suna tabbatar da haƙƙin kowace kasa &quot;don zaɓar ko canza shirye-shiryen tsaro&quot; da kuma shiga kawancen soja idan suna so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 1999 |title=Istanbul Document 1999 |url=https://www.osce.org/node/39569 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601124042/https://www.osce.org/node/39569 |archive-date=1 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin tsoffin kasashen da ada suke Tarayyar Soviet galibi dake gabashin turai sun shiga NATO, wani bangare don mayar da martani ga Barazanar tsaro ta yanki da ta shafi Rasha. A shekara ta 2005, Putin ya ce idan Ukraine da sauran tsoffin kasashen dake tarayyar Soviet sun so su shiga NATO, &quot;za mu mutunta zaɓin su, saboda haƙƙinsu ne na cin gashin kansu su yanke shawarar manufofin tsaro, kuma wannan ba zai shafi dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashenmu ba&quot;. Putin daga baya ya ce kasashen yamma sun karya alkawura ta hanyar fadada NATO zuwa gabas, duk da cewa ba a yi yarjejeniya ko alkawari game da wannan sakamako ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Gavin E. L. |date=14 February 2022 |title=Ukraine: the history behind Russia's claim that Nato promised not to expand to the east |url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-the-history-behind-russias-claim-that-nato-promised-not-to-expand-to-the-east-177085 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315083547/https://theconversation.com//ukraine-the-history-behind-russias-claim-that-nato-promised-not-to-expand-to-the-east-177085 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Morning_first_day_of_Orange_Revolution.jpg|right|thumb|Masu zanga-zangar a filin Independence a [[Kiev|Kyiv]] a lokacin juyin juya halin Orange, Nuwamba 2004]]
An sami kace-nace a zaben shugaban kasar Ukraine na 2004. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, dan takarar adawa na dake da goyon bayan kasashen yammacin Turai Viktor Yushchenko ya sha guba daga TCDD dioxin;  daga baya ya zargi Rasha da kokarin kashe shi ta amfani da guba.  An ayyana dan takarar da ya fi dacewa da Rasha Viktor Yanukovych a matsayin wanda ya lashe, duk da zargin da masu lura da zabe suka yi na yin magudi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2004 |title=The Supreme Court findings |url=https://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725230449/http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] |language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watanni biyu wanda aka fi sani da Orange Revolution, ‘yan Ukraine sun gudanar da  zanga-zangar lumana wanda suka sami nasarar kalubalantar sakamakon zaben, kuma Kotun Koli ta Ukraine ta soke sakamakon zaben saboda samun tabbacin magudin zabe. Yushchenko ya sake lashe zaben.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; Gwamnatin Rasha tayi amannar cewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine |archive-date=15 January 2008 |access-date=14 January 2008 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Rasha ta ga Juyin Juya Halin Orange a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;Juyin juya halin launi&quot; a tsoffin jihohin Soviet. A cewar Anthony Cordesman, jami'an soja na Rasha sun kalli irin wannan &quot;juyin juya halin launi&quot; a matsayin yunkurin da Amurka da kasashen Turai suka yi na nuna gazawar Rasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |date=28 May 2014 |title=Russia and the 'Color Revolution' |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-and-%E2%80%9Ccolor-revolution%E2%80%9D |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224124048/https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-and-%E2%80%9Ccolor-revolution%E2%80%9D |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cikakken mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine (2022) ===
[[Fayil:2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_animated.gif|thumb|Taswirar raye-raye na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine har zuwa 5 ga Disamba 2022 (danna don kunna raye-rayen) ]]
Rasha ta fara mamaye Ukraine a safiyar 24 ga Fabrairu 2022 a cikin babban tashin hankali na yakin. Ya fara ne bayan sanarwar Putin na &quot;aiki na soja na musamman&quot; don “kwace karfin soji da cire ra’ayin Nazi” a Ukraine. Minti kaɗan bayan haka masu linzami da hare-haren sama sun kai hari a duk faɗin Ukraine, gami da [[Kiev|Kyiv]], ba da daɗewa ba babban mamayewar ƙasa tare da bangarori da yawa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russia attacks Ukraine |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22#h_ec5f24d5accb8f8503aabdc63e3fd22d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224073725/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_ec5f24d5accb8f8503aabdc63e3fd22d |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[CNN International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zelenskyy ya ayyana dokar soja da kuma tattara dukkan mazajen Ukraine tsakanin 18 zuwa 60, wadanda aka dakatar da su barin kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Interfax 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225113724/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rasha ta fara kai harin ne zuwa Kyiv ta bangaren arewa daga kasar  [[Belarus]] towards Kyiv, sai kuma ta kudu daga Crimea,  sai kuma ta kudu masa gabas  na daga Luhansk da [[Donetsk]] da [[Kharkiv]]. IDakarun sojin Rasha basu sun sami tasgaron da mummunar asara a bangaren arewa inda sukai kokarin zuwa Kyiv wanda ya tilasta su janyewa a watan Maris wanda daga bisani a watan Afrilu suka ja da baya baki daya. A takwas ga watan Afrilu Rasha ta nadaAleksandr Dvornikov, a matsayain kwamandan sojin Rasha a kudanci da gabashin Ukraine, aka kuma janye wasu sassan sojin daga arewacin Ukraine zuwa Donbas.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustannewshub.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Trending news: BBC: Putin replaces military commander in Ukraine – The Moscow Times |url=https://hindustannewshub.com/russia-ukraine-news/bbc-putin-replaces-military-commander-in-ukraine-the-moscow-times/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409085406/https://hindustannewshub.com/russia-ukraine-news/bbc-putin-replaces-military-commander-in-ukraine-the-moscow-times/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=Hindustan News Hub}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19  ga watan Afrilu Rasha ta kaddamar da sabon hari a sabbin hari a yankunan da suka kai kilomita 480 daga Kharkiv zuwa Donetsk da Luhansk. A 13 ga watan Mayu, Ukraine ta yi harin ramuwar gayya tare da korar su daga Kharkiv. Zuwa 20 ga watan Mayu Garin Mariupol ya fada hannun sojin Rasha bayan dogon lokaci ana fafatawa a Azovstal steel works. Sojojin Rasha sun ci gaba da kai hare-haren bama-bamai ga jami’an sojin Ukraine dama farern hula dake nesa da filin daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Russia hits Lviv again as Putin's campaign of terror focuses on Ukraine's shell-shocked east |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-news-russia-war-lviv-attack-mariupol-evacuations-putin-offensive-in-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707203026/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-news-russia-war-lviv-attack-mariupol-evacuations-putin-offensive-in-east/ |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yaki ya haddan matsalar bada agaji  da 'yan gudun hijira mafi grima a Turai tun bayan [[Yugoslav Wars|yakin Yugoslav]] a shekarun 1990s;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jill |date=7 March 2022 |title=Protecting Ukrainian refugees: What can we learn from the response to Kosovo in the 90s? |url=https://www.britishfuture.org/protecting-ukrainian-refugees-what-can-we-learn-from-kosovo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307205755/https://www.britishfuture.org/protecting-ukrainian-refugees-what-can-we-learn-from-kosovo/ |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[British Future]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=IntelBrief: China Seeks to Balance Its Interests as Russia's War on Ukraine Intensifies |url=https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310014844/https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-4/ |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[The Soufan Center]] |quote=Over a week into the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the war has raged on, spurring the most serious humanitarian crisis in Europe since the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana cewa yakin shine mafi saurin yaduwa tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=6 March 2022 |title=Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/ukraine-fastest-growing-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309104950/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/ukraine-fastest-growing-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-war |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makon farko na mamayar Majilisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da samuwar sama da ‘yan gudun hijira miliyan daya wadanda suka tsere daga Ukraine, daga bisani Majalisar Dinkin Duniyar ta bayyana cewa sun kai sama da miliyan takwas amma a ranar 24 ga watan satumba yawan ya dawo miliyan bakwai da dubu dari hudu da dubu biyar da casa’in ( 7,405,590)  bayan da wasu suka koma Ukraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNHCR-Ukraine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=&lt;!--kept up-to-date--&gt; |title=Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310051210/https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2022 |title=Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/liz-truss-mulls-seizure-of-russian-assets-in-uk-to-give-to-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709193036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/liz-truss-mulls-seizure-of-russian-assets-in-uk-to-give-to-ukraine |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasashen duniya da dama sunyi Allah wadai da mamayar da Rasha tayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scheffer |first=David J. |date=17 March 2022 |title=Can Russia Be Held Accountable for War Crimes in Ukraine? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/can-russia-be-held-accountable-war-crimes-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322152314/https://www.cfr.org/article/can-russia-be-held-accountable-war-crimes-ukraine |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=Russia's invasion of Ukraine constitutes the crime of aggression under international law.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaman kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an bukaci cikakken janyewar sojojin Rasha, [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] ta umarci Rasha da ta dakatar da ayyukan soja kuma Majalisar Turai ta kori Rasha. Kasashe da yawa sun sanya sabbin takunkumi, wanda ya shafi tattalin arziki Rasha da duniya,  kuma ya ba da taimakon jin kai da na soja ga Ukraine.  A watan Satumbar 2022, Putin ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da za ta hukunta duk wanda ya ki shiga aikin soja tare da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 wanda ya haddasa samuwar kiraye-kirayen kasa da kasa don ba da izinin bada mafaka ga 'yan Rasha da ke tserewa daga shiga aikin soja na dole. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=It's a Mistake To Turn Away Russian Civilians Fleeing Conscription |url=https://reason.com/2022/09/26/its-a-mistake-to-turn-away-russian-civilians-fleeing-conscription/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126174310/https://reason.com/2022/09/26/its-a-mistake-to-turn-away-russian-civilians-fleeing-conscription/ |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine''' ya fara ne a watan Fabrairun 2014 kuma yana ci gaba zuwa yanzu. Bayan wata zanga-zanga da aka sawa suna [[:en:Revolution_of_Dignity|Juyin Juya Halin Girma]] da aka gudanar a Ukraine sai, [[:en:Russian_occupation_of_Crimea|Rasha ta mamaye]] Crimea tare da kwace [[:en:Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation|yakin]] daga Ukraine. Daga nan sai ta goyi bayan Kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Rasha wadanda suka fara yaƙi da sojojin Ukraine a gabashin Donbas. A cikin 2018, Ukraine ta ayyana yankin da cewa Rasha ta mamaye. Shekaru takwas na farko rikicinan sami faruwar abubuwan da suka faru musamman tsakanin sojojin ruwan Rasha da Ukraine da kuma harin yanar gizo. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, Rasha ta kaddamar da cikakkiyar mamaya a Ukraine kuma ta fara mamaye wasu yankunan kasar Ukraine, wanda shine silar yakin dake faruwa har zuwa yanzu. Wannan yaki dai shine babban rikici a Turai tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Yaƙin ya haifar da Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira tare da haddasa mutuwar dubban mutane.

A farkon shekara ta 2014, zanga-zangar Euromaidan ta haifar da juyin juya halin girmamawa da kuma fitar da shugaban kasar Ukraine mai goyon bayan Rasha Viktor Yanukovych . Nan da nan bayan haka, sojojin Rasha suka mamaye Crimea. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Rasha ta mamaye Crimea bayan holokon zaben raba gardama. A wannan lokaci ne zanga-zangar goyon bayan Rasha ta fara a wasu sassan kudu maso gabashin Ukraine. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, 'yan ta'adda da ke goyon bayan Rasha suka kwace garuruwa da birane a gabashin yankin Donbas na Ukraine kuma sun ayyana Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk (DPR) da Jamhuriwar Jama'ar Luhansk (LPR) a matsayin jihohi masu zaman kansu, inda suka fara yakin Donbas. Rasha ta goyi bayan masu neman samun yanci ta kuma hadasu tare da dakarunta, tankunan yaki da bindigogi, domin su hana Ukraine sake dawo da yankin. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta yanke hukuncin cewa yakin ya kasance rikici ne na kasa da kasa wanda Rasha ke yi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2016 |title=Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016) |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319145943/https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=[[International Criminal Court]] |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin da cewa Rasha ta mallaki DPR da LPR daga 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&amp;id=003-7550165-10372782&amp;filename=Grand%20Chamber%20decision%20Ukraine%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20v.%20Russia%20-%20Flight%20MH17%20and%20eastern-Ukraine-conflict%20case%20partially%20admissible,%20will%20proceed%20to%20judgment.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319000419/https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&amp;id=003-7550165-10372782&amp;filename=Grand%20Chamber%20decision%20Ukraine%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20v.%20Russia%20-%20Flight%20MH17%20and%20eastern-Ukraine-conflict%20case%20partially%20admissible,%20will%20proceed%20to%20judgment.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2015, Rasha da Ukraine sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Minsk II, amma ba a taɓa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar duka ba. Yaƙin Donbas ya zama fagen daga mai tsauri wanda aka kwatanta da yaƙin sunkuru; an sha samun yarjejeniyr tsagaita wuta amma hakan bai hana yakin cigaba ba kuma fagen daga yana nan inda yake.

A farko-farkon shekarar 2021, an sami gungun sojojin Rasha kusa da iyakokin Ukraine, wasu a makwabciyar ta [[Belarus]]. Jami'an Rasha sun musanta shirye-shiryen kai hari kan Ukraine akai-akai. Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya bayyana Kudirin fadada iyakar Rasha  kuma ya wanzuwar Ukraine a matsayin kasa mai cing gashin kanta. Ya bukaci a hana Ukraine shiga kawancen soja na [[NATO]]. Ukraine ta kasance kasar da ke tsaka-tsaki a hukumance kan batun shiga NATO kafin rikicin ya fara, amma saboda hare-haren Rasha sai kasar farfado da shirye-shiryen da kuma kudurin shiga NATO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lutsevych |first=Orysia |date=27 June 2023 |title=How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/fallacy-3-ukraine-should-adopt-neutrality |publisher=[[Chatham House]] |doi=10.55317/9781784135782}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon 2022, Rasha ta amince da DPR da LPR a matsayin kasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayinda sojojin Rasha suka kewaye Ukraine, wakilan Rasha sun kai hare-hare kan sojojin Ukraine a cikin Donbas.

A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Putin ya ba da sanarwar &quot;aikin soja na musamman&quot; don “kwace karfin soji da kuma cire akidar Nazi&quot; a Ukraine, yana mai cewa Rasha ba ta da wani shiri na mamaye kasar.  Kasashen duniya sunyi Allah wadai da mamayar Rasha; kasashe da dama sun sanya takunkumi a kan Rasha, kuma sun aika da taimakon jin kai da na soja ga Ukraine. Saboda sojojin Rasha sun fuskanci tsananin juriya daga sojin Ukraine, Rasha ta watsar da yunkurin kama Kyiv a farkon watan Afrilu. A watan Agusta, sojojin Ukraine sun fara 'yantar da yankuna a arewa maso gabas da kudu. A watan Satumba, Rasha ta ayyana mamaye larduna huɗu da aka mamaye, wanda aka hukunta a duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, hare-haren Rasha da hare-haren ramuwa na Ukraine kowanne ya sami ƙananan yankuna. Har ila yau, mamayewar ta haifar da hare-hare a Rasha da sojojin Ukraine da ke goyon bayan su, daga cikinsu akwai wani hari na kan iyaka zuwa yankin Kursk na Rasha a watan Agustan 2024. Rasha ta sha kai hare-hare da gangan a kan fararen hula da ke nesa da fagen fama.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRMMU_Statement_March&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bogner |first=Matilda |date=25 March 2022 |title=Situation in Ukraine. Statement delivered by the Head of Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine on the situation in Ukraine |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/situation-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325133227/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/situation-ukraine |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=18 August 2024 |publisher=[[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa Rasha tana aikata mummunan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Ukraine da ta mamaye. ICC ta bude bincike kan Laifukan yaki kuma ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da sauran jami'an Rasha da yawa. Rasha ta ki amincewa da kira ga tsagaita wuta lokuta da dama.
[[Fayil:Presidents_after_signing_the_Trilateral_Statement,_Moscow,_1994.png|left|thumb|Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]], shugaban Rasha [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]], da shugaban Ukraine Kravchuk bayan sanya hannu kan Sanarwar Trilateral (1994). Rasha da Amurka sun amince da mutunta ikon mallakar Ukraine a madadin Ukraine ta ba da makaman nukiliya.]]
Bayan rushewa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (USSR) a cikin 1991, Ukraine da Rasha sun ci gaba da dangantaka. A shekara ta 1994, Ukraine ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Rashin Yaduwar Makaman Nukiliya kuma ta amince da barin tsoffin makaman nukiliya na Soviet a Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |date=21 May 2021 |title=Revisiting Ukraine's Nuclear Past Will Not Help Secure Its Future |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/revisiting-ukraines-nuclear-past-will-not-help-secure-its-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113122700/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/revisiting-ukraines-nuclear-past-will-not-help-secure-its-future |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Lawfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |title=Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305203527/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon haka, Rasha, Ingila, da Amurka sun amince da tabbatar da amincin yankin da 'yancin kan Ukraine ta hanyar taron yajejeniyar tabbatar da tsaro da akayi a Budapest, wato babban birnin Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harahan |first=Joseph P. |date=2014 |title=With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs |url=https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/History/With%20Courage%20and%20Persistence%20CTR.pdf?ver=2016-05-09-102902-893 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228153820/https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/History/With%20Courage%20and%20Persistence%20CTR.pdf?ver=2016-05-09-102902-893 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=DTRA History Series |publisher=Defense Threat Reduction Agency |asin=B01LYEJ56H}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997, Rasha ta sanya hannu kan [[NATO]]-Russia_Founding_Act&quot; Wannan daftari kowa ya amince cewa &quot;NATO da Rasha ba sa daukar juna a matsayin abokan gaba&quot; kuma za su yi aiki tare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1997 |title=Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510220117/https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=20 July 2025 |publisher=NATO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowa ya yarda cewa &quot;NATO ta fadada kuma za ta ci gaba da fadada ayyukanta na siyasa&quot;.  A cikin 1999, Rasha na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniya ta Tsaron Turai|Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Turai]], suna tabbatar da haƙƙin kowace kasa &quot;don zaɓar ko canza shirye-shiryen tsaro&quot; da kuma shiga kawancen soja idan suna so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 1999 |title=Istanbul Document 1999 |url=https://www.osce.org/node/39569 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601124042/https://www.osce.org/node/39569 |archive-date=1 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin tsoffin kasashen da ada suke Tarayyar Soviet galibi dake gabashin turai sun shiga NATO, wani bangare don mayar da martani ga Barazanar tsaro ta yanki da ta shafi Rasha. A shekara ta 2005, Putin ya ce idan Ukraine da sauran tsoffin kasashen dake tarayyar Soviet sun so su shiga NATO, &quot;za mu mutunta zaɓin su, saboda haƙƙinsu ne na cin gashin kansu su yanke shawarar manufofin tsaro, kuma wannan ba zai shafi dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashenmu ba&quot;. Putin daga baya ya ce kasashen yamma sun karya alkawura ta hanyar fadada NATO zuwa gabas, duk da cewa ba a yi yarjejeniya ko alkawari game da wannan sakamako ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Gavin E. L. |date=14 February 2022 |title=Ukraine: the history behind Russia's claim that Nato promised not to expand to the east |url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-the-history-behind-russias-claim-that-nato-promised-not-to-expand-to-the-east-177085 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315083547/https://theconversation.com//ukraine-the-history-behind-russias-claim-that-nato-promised-not-to-expand-to-the-east-177085 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Morning_first_day_of_Orange_Revolution.jpg|right|thumb|Masu zanga-zangar a filin Independence a [[Kiev|Kyiv]] a lokacin juyin juya halin Orange, Nuwamba 2004]]
An sami kace-nace a zaben shugaban kasar Ukraine na 2004. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, dan takarar adawa na dake da goyon bayan kasashen yammacin Turai Viktor Yushchenko ya sha guba daga TCDD dioxin;  daga baya ya zargi Rasha da kokarin kashe shi ta amfani da guba.  An ayyana dan takarar da ya fi dacewa da Rasha Viktor Yanukovych a matsayin wanda ya lashe, duk da zargin da masu lura da zabe suka yi na yin magudi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2004 |title=The Supreme Court findings |url=https://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725230449/http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] |language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watanni biyu wanda aka fi sani da Orange Revolution, ‘yan Ukraine sun gudanar da  zanga-zangar lumana wanda suka sami nasarar kalubalantar sakamakon zaben, kuma Kotun Koli ta Ukraine ta soke sakamakon zaben saboda samun tabbacin magudin zabe. Yushchenko ya sake lashe zaben.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; Gwamnatin Rasha tayi amannar cewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine |archive-date=15 January 2008 |access-date=14 January 2008 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Rasha ta ga Juyin Juya Halin Orange a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;Juyin juya halin launi&quot; a tsoffin jihohin Soviet. A cewar Anthony Cordesman, jami'an soja na Rasha sun kalli irin wannan &quot;juyin juya halin launi&quot; a matsayin yunkurin da Amurka da kasashen Turai suka yi na nuna gazawar Rasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |date=28 May 2014 |title=Russia and the 'Color Revolution' |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-and-%E2%80%9Ccolor-revolution%E2%80%9D |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224124048/https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-and-%E2%80%9Ccolor-revolution%E2%80%9D |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cikakken mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine (2022) ===
[[Fayil:2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_animated.gif|thumb|Taswirar raye-raye na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine har zuwa 5 ga Disamba 2022 (danna don kunna raye-rayen) ]]
Rasha ta fara mamaye Ukraine a safiyar 24 ga Fabrairu 2022 a cikin babban tashin hankali na yakin. Ya fara ne bayan sanarwar Putin na &quot;aiki na soja na musamman&quot; don “kwace karfin soji da cire ra’ayin Nazi” a Ukraine. Minti kaɗan bayan haka masu linzami da hare-haren sama sun kai hari a duk faɗin Ukraine, gami da [[Kiev|Kyiv]], ba da daɗewa ba babban mamayewar ƙasa tare da bangarori da yawa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russia attacks Ukraine |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22#h_ec5f24d5accb8f8503aabdc63e3fd22d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224073725/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_ec5f24d5accb8f8503aabdc63e3fd22d |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[CNN International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zelenskyy ya ayyana dokar soja da kuma tattara dukkan mazajen Ukraine tsakanin 18 zuwa 60, wadanda aka dakatar da su barin kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Interfax 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225113724/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rasha ta fara kai harin ne zuwa Kyiv ta bangaren arewa daga kasar  [[Belarus]] towards Kyiv, sai kuma ta kudu daga Crimea,  sai kuma ta kudu masa gabas  na daga Luhansk da [[Donetsk]] da [[Kharkiv]]. IDakarun sojin Rasha basu sun sami tasgaron da mummunar asara a bangaren arewa inda sukai kokarin zuwa Kyiv wanda ya tilasta su janyewa a watan Maris wanda daga bisani a watan Afrilu suka ja da baya baki daya. A takwas ga watan Afrilu Rasha ta nadaAleksandr Dvornikov, a matsayain kwamandan sojin Rasha a kudanci da gabashin Ukraine, aka kuma janye wasu sassan sojin daga arewacin Ukraine zuwa Donbas.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustannewshub.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Trending news: BBC: Putin replaces military commander in Ukraine – The Moscow Times |url=https://hindustannewshub.com/russia-ukraine-news/bbc-putin-replaces-military-commander-in-ukraine-the-moscow-times/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409085406/https://hindustannewshub.com/russia-ukraine-news/bbc-putin-replaces-military-commander-in-ukraine-the-moscow-times/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=Hindustan News Hub}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19  ga watan Afrilu Rasha ta kaddamar da sabon hari a sabbin hari a yankunan da suka kai kilomita 480 daga Kharkiv zuwa Donetsk da Luhansk. A 13 ga watan Mayu, Ukraine ta yi harin ramuwar gayya tare da korar su daga Kharkiv. Zuwa 20 ga watan Mayu Garin Mariupol ya fada hannun sojin Rasha bayan dogon lokaci ana fafatawa a Azovstal steel works. Sojojin Rasha sun ci gaba da kai hare-haren bama-bamai ga jami’an sojin Ukraine dama farern hula dake nesa da filin daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Russia hits Lviv again as Putin's campaign of terror focuses on Ukraine's shell-shocked east |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-news-russia-war-lviv-attack-mariupol-evacuations-putin-offensive-in-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707203026/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-news-russia-war-lviv-attack-mariupol-evacuations-putin-offensive-in-east/ |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yaki ya haddan matsalar bada agaji  da 'yan gudun hijira mafi grima a Turai tun bayan [[Yugoslav Wars|yakin Yugoslav]] a shekarun 1990s;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jill |date=7 March 2022 |title=Protecting Ukrainian refugees: What can we learn from the response to Kosovo in the 90s? |url=https://www.britishfuture.org/protecting-ukrainian-refugees-what-can-we-learn-from-kosovo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307205755/https://www.britishfuture.org/protecting-ukrainian-refugees-what-can-we-learn-from-kosovo/ |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[British Future]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=IntelBrief: China Seeks to Balance Its Interests as Russia's War on Ukraine Intensifies |url=https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310014844/https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-4/ |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[The Soufan Center]] |quote=Over a week into the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the war has raged on, spurring the most serious humanitarian crisis in Europe since the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana cewa yakin shine mafi saurin yaduwa tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=6 March 2022 |title=Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/ukraine-fastest-growing-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309104950/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/ukraine-fastest-growing-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-war |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makon farko na mamayar Majilisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da samuwar sama da ‘yan gudun hijira miliyan daya wadanda suka tsere daga Ukraine, daga bisani Majalisar Dinkin Duniyar ta bayyana cewa sun kai sama da miliyan takwas amma a ranar 24 ga watan satumba yawan ya dawo miliyan bakwai da dubu dari hudu da dubu biyar da casa’in ( 7,405,590)  bayan da wasu suka koma Ukraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNHCR-Ukraine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=&lt;!--kept up-to-date--&gt; |title=Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310051210/https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2022 |title=Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/liz-truss-mulls-seizure-of-russian-assets-in-uk-to-give-to-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709193036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/liz-truss-mulls-seizure-of-russian-assets-in-uk-to-give-to-ukraine |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasashen duniya da dama sunyi Allah wadai da mamayar da Rasha tayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scheffer |first=David J. |date=17 March 2022 |title=Can Russia Be Held Accountable for War Crimes in Ukraine? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/can-russia-be-held-accountable-war-crimes-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322152314/https://www.cfr.org/article/can-russia-be-held-accountable-war-crimes-ukraine |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=Russia's invasion of Ukraine constitutes the crime of aggression under international law.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaman kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an bukaci cikakken janyewar sojojin Rasha, [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] ta umarci Rasha da ta dakatar da ayyukan soja kuma Majalisar Turai ta kori Rasha. Kasashe da yawa sun sanya sabbin takunkumi, wanda ya shafi tattalin arziki Rasha da duniya,  kuma ya ba da taimakon jin kai da na soja ga Ukraine.  A watan Satumbar 2022, Putin ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da za ta hukunta duk wanda ya ki shiga aikin soja tare da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 wanda ya haddasa samuwar kiraye-kirayen kasa da kasa don ba da izinin bada mafaka ga 'yan Rasha da ke tserewa daga shiga aikin soja na dole. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=It's a Mistake To Turn Away Russian Civilians Fleeing Conscription |url=https://reason.com/2022/09/26/its-a-mistake-to-turn-away-russian-civilians-fleeing-conscription/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126174310/https://reason.com/2022/09/26/its-a-mistake-to-turn-away-russian-civilians-fleeing-conscription/ |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine''' ya fara ne a watan Fabrairun 2014 kuma yana ci gaba zuwa yanzu. Bayan wata zanga-zanga da aka sawa suna [[:en:Revolution_of_Dignity|Juyin Juya Halin Girma]] da aka gudanar a Ukraine sai, [[:en:Russian_occupation_of_Crimea|Rasha ta mamaye]] Crimea tare da kwace [[:en:Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation|yakin]] daga Ukraine. Daga nan sai ta goyi bayan Kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Rasha wadanda suka fara yaƙi da sojojin Ukraine a gabashin Donbas. A cikin 2018, Ukraine ta ayyana yankin da cewa [[:en:Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine|Rasha ta mamaye]]. Shekaru takwas na farko rikicinan sami faruwar abubuwan da suka faru musamman tsakanin [[:en:List_of_Black_Sea_incidents_involving_Russia_and_Ukraine|sojojin ruwan Rasha]] da Ukraine da kuma [[:en:Russo-Ukrainian_cyberwarfare|harin yanar gizo]].

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, Rasha ta [[:en:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine|kaddamar da cikakkiyar]] mamaya a Ukraine kuma ta fara mamaye wasu yankunan kasar Ukraine, wanda shine silar yakin dake faruwa har zuwa yanzu. Wannan yaki dai shine babban rikici a Turai tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Yaƙin ya haifar da Rikicin '[[Yan Gudun Hijira Na Duniya|yan gudun hijira]] tare da haddasa mutuwar dubban mutane.

A farkon shekara ta 2014, zanga-zangar [[:en:Euromaidan|Euromaidan]] ta haifar da juyin juya halin girmamawa da kuma fitar da shugaban kasar Ukraine mai goyon bayan Rasha [[:en:Viktor_Yanukovych|Viktor Yanukovych]] . Nan da nan bayan haka, [[sojojin Rasha]] suka mamaye [[:en:Crimea|Crimea]]. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Rasha ta mamaye Crimea bayan [[:en:2014_Crimean_status_referendum|holokon zaben]] raba gardama. A wannan lokaci ne [[:en:2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine|zanga-zangar goyon bayan Rasha]] ta fara a wasu sassan kudu maso gabashin Ukraine. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, 'yan ta'adda da ke goyon bayan Rasha suka [[:en:War_in_Donbas#Militants_seize_towns|kwace garuruwa da birane]] a gabashin yankin [[:en:Donbas|Donbas]] na Ukraine kuma sun ayyana Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk ([[:en:Donetsk_People's_Republic|DPR]] ) da Jamhuriwar Jama'ar Luhansk ([[:en:Luhansk_People's_Republic|LPR]]) a matsayin jihohi masu zaman kansu, inda suka fara yakin Donbas. Rasha ta goyi bayan masu neman samun yanci ta kuma hadasu tare da dakarunta, tankunan yaki da bindigogi, domin su hana Ukraine sake dawo da yankin. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ([[:en:International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine|ICC]]) ta yanke hukuncin cewa yakin ya kasance rikici ne na kasa da kasa wanda Rasha ke yi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2016 |title=Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016) |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319145943/https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=[[International Criminal Court]] |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin da cewa Rasha ta mallaki [[:en:Donetsk_People's_Republic|DPR]] da [[:en:Luhansk_People's_Republic|LPR]] daga 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&amp;id=003-7550165-10372782&amp;filename=Grand%20Chamber%20decision%20Ukraine%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20v.%20Russia%20-%20Flight%20MH17%20and%20eastern-Ukraine-conflict%20case%20partially%20admissible,%20will%20proceed%20to%20judgment.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319000419/https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&amp;id=003-7550165-10372782&amp;filename=Grand%20Chamber%20decision%20Ukraine%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20v.%20Russia%20-%20Flight%20MH17%20and%20eastern-Ukraine-conflict%20case%20partially%20admissible,%20will%20proceed%20to%20judgment.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2015, Rasha da Ukraine sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Minsk II, amma ba a taɓa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar duka ba. Yaƙin Donbas ya zama fagen daga mai tsauri wanda aka kwatanta da yaƙin sunkuru; an sha samun yarjejeniyr tsagaita wuta amma hakan bai hana yakin cigaba ba kuma fagen daga yana nan inda yake.

A farko-farkon shekarar 2021, an sami gungun sojojin Rasha kusa da iyakokin Ukraine, wasu a makwabciyar ta [[Belarus]]. Jami'an Rasha sun musanta shirye-shiryen kai hari kan Ukraine akai-akai. Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] ya bayyana Kudirin fadada iyakar Rasha  kuma ya wanzuwar Ukraine a matsayin kasa mai cing gashin kanta. Ya bukaci a hana Ukraine shiga kawancen soja na [[NATO]]. Ukraine ta kasance kasar da ke tsaka-tsaki a hukumance kan batun shiga NATO kafin rikicin ya fara, amma saboda hare-haren Rasha sai kasar farfado da shirye-shiryen da kuma kudurin shiga NATO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lutsevych |first=Orysia |date=27 June 2023 |title=How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/fallacy-3-ukraine-should-adopt-neutrality |publisher=[[Chatham House]] |doi=10.55317/9781784135782}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon 2022, Rasha ta amince da DPR da LPR a matsayin kasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayinda sojojin Rasha suka kewaye Ukraine, wakilan Rasha sun kai hare-hare kan sojojin Ukraine a cikin Donbas.

A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Putin ya ba da sanarwar &quot;aikin soja na musamman&quot; don “kwace karfin soji da kuma cire akidar Nazi&quot; a Ukraine, yana mai cewa Rasha ba ta da wani shiri na mamaye kasar.  Kasashen duniya sunyi Allah wadai da mamayar Rasha; kasashe da dama sun sanya takunkumi a kan Rasha, kuma sun aika da taimakon jin kai da na soja ga Ukraine. Saboda sojojin Rasha sun fuskanci tsananin juriya daga sojin Ukraine, Rasha ta watsar da yunkurin kama Kyiv a farkon watan Afrilu. A watan Agusta, sojojin Ukraine sun fara 'yantar da yankuna a arewa maso gabas da kudu. A watan Satumba, Rasha ta ayyana mamaye larduna huɗu da aka mamaye, wanda aka hukunta a duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, hare-haren Rasha da hare-haren ramuwa na Ukraine kowanne ya sami ƙananan yankuna. Har ila yau, mamayewar ta haifar da hare-hare a Rasha da sojojin Ukraine da ke goyon bayan su, daga cikinsu akwai wani hari na kan iyaka zuwa yankin Kursk na Rasha a watan Agustan 2024. Rasha ta sha kai hare-hare da gangan a kan fararen hula da ke nesa da fagen fama.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRMMU_Statement_March&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bogner |first=Matilda |date=25 March 2022 |title=Situation in Ukraine. Statement delivered by the Head of Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine on the situation in Ukraine |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/situation-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325133227/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/situation-ukraine |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=18 August 2024 |publisher=[[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa Rasha tana aikata mummunan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Ukraine da ta mamaye. ICC ta bude bincike kan Laifukan yaki kuma ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da sauran jami'an Rasha da yawa. Rasha ta ki amincewa da kira ga tsagaita wuta lokuta da dama.
[[Fayil:Presidents_after_signing_the_Trilateral_Statement,_Moscow,_1994.png|left|thumb|Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]], shugaban Rasha [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]], da shugaban Ukraine Kravchuk bayan sanya hannu kan Sanarwar Trilateral (1994). Rasha da Amurka sun amince da mutunta ikon mallakar Ukraine a madadin Ukraine ta ba da makaman nukiliya.]]
Bayan rushewa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] (USSR) a cikin 1991, Ukraine da Rasha sun ci gaba da dangantaka. A shekara ta 1994, Ukraine ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Rashin Yaduwar Makaman Nukiliya kuma ta amince da barin tsoffin makaman nukiliya na Soviet a Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |date=21 May 2021 |title=Revisiting Ukraine's Nuclear Past Will Not Help Secure Its Future |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/revisiting-ukraines-nuclear-past-will-not-help-secure-its-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113122700/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/revisiting-ukraines-nuclear-past-will-not-help-secure-its-future |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Lawfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |title=Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305203527/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon haka, Rasha, Ingila, da Amurka sun amince da tabbatar da amincin yankin da 'yancin kan Ukraine ta hanyar taron yajejeniyar tabbatar da tsaro da akayi a Budapest, wato babban birnin Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harahan |first=Joseph P. |date=2014 |title=With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs |url=https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/History/With%20Courage%20and%20Persistence%20CTR.pdf?ver=2016-05-09-102902-893 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228153820/https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/History/With%20Courage%20and%20Persistence%20CTR.pdf?ver=2016-05-09-102902-893 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=DTRA History Series |publisher=Defense Threat Reduction Agency |asin=B01LYEJ56H}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997, Rasha ta sanya hannu kan [[NATO]]-Russia_Founding_Act&quot; Wannan daftari kowa ya amince cewa &quot;NATO da Rasha ba sa daukar juna a matsayin abokan gaba&quot; kuma za su yi aiki tare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1997 |title=Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510220117/https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=20 July 2025 |publisher=NATO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowa ya yarda cewa &quot;NATO ta fadada kuma za ta ci gaba da fadada ayyukanta na siyasa&quot;.  A cikin 1999, Rasha na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniya ta Tsaron Turai|Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Turai]], suna tabbatar da haƙƙin kowace kasa &quot;don zaɓar ko canza shirye-shiryen tsaro&quot; da kuma shiga kawancen soja idan suna so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 1999 |title=Istanbul Document 1999 |url=https://www.osce.org/node/39569 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601124042/https://www.osce.org/node/39569 |archive-date=1 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin tsoffin kasashen da ada suke Tarayyar Soviet galibi dake gabashin turai sun shiga NATO, wani bangare don mayar da martani ga Barazanar tsaro ta yanki da ta shafi Rasha. A shekara ta 2005, Putin ya ce idan Ukraine da sauran tsoffin kasashen dake tarayyar Soviet sun so su shiga NATO, &quot;za mu mutunta zaɓin su, saboda haƙƙinsu ne na cin gashin kansu su yanke shawarar manufofin tsaro, kuma wannan ba zai shafi dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashenmu ba&quot;. Putin daga baya ya ce kasashen yamma sun karya alkawura ta hanyar fadada NATO zuwa gabas, duk da cewa ba a yi yarjejeniya ko alkawari game da wannan sakamako ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Gavin E. L. |date=14 February 2022 |title=Ukraine: the history behind Russia's claim that Nato promised not to expand to the east |url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-the-history-behind-russias-claim-that-nato-promised-not-to-expand-to-the-east-177085 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315083547/https://theconversation.com//ukraine-the-history-behind-russias-claim-that-nato-promised-not-to-expand-to-the-east-177085 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Morning_first_day_of_Orange_Revolution.jpg|right|thumb|Masu zanga-zangar a filin Independence a [[Kiev|Kyiv]] a lokacin juyin juya halin Orange, Nuwamba 2004]]
An sami kace-nace a zaben shugaban kasar Ukraine na 2004. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, dan takarar adawa na dake da goyon bayan kasashen yammacin Turai Viktor Yushchenko ya sha guba daga TCDD dioxin;  daga baya ya zargi Rasha da kokarin kashe shi ta amfani da guba.  An ayyana dan takarar da ya fi dacewa da Rasha Viktor Yanukovych a matsayin wanda ya lashe, duk da zargin da masu lura da zabe suka yi na yin magudi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2004 |title=The Supreme Court findings |url=https://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725230449/http://www.skubi.net/ukraine/judgment-december-3.html |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of Ukraine]] |language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watanni biyu wanda aka fi sani da Orange Revolution, ‘yan Ukraine sun gudanar da  zanga-zangar lumana wanda suka sami nasarar kalubalantar sakamakon zaben, kuma Kotun Koli ta Ukraine ta soke sakamakon zaben saboda samun tabbacin magudin zabe. Yushchenko ya sake lashe zaben.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; Gwamnatin Rasha tayi amannar cewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=Ukraine-Independent Ukraine |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052653/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30090/Ukraine |archive-date=15 January 2008 |access-date=14 January 2008 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Rasha ta ga Juyin Juya Halin Orange a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;Juyin juya halin launi&quot; a tsoffin jihohin Soviet. A cewar Anthony Cordesman, jami'an soja na Rasha sun kalli irin wannan &quot;juyin juya halin launi&quot; a matsayin yunkurin da Amurka da kasashen Turai suka yi na nuna gazawar Rasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |date=28 May 2014 |title=Russia and the 'Color Revolution' |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-and-%E2%80%9Ccolor-revolution%E2%80%9D |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224124048/https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-and-%E2%80%9Ccolor-revolution%E2%80%9D |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cikakken mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine (2022) ===
[[Fayil:2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine_animated.gif|thumb|Taswirar raye-raye na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine har zuwa 5 ga Disamba 2022 (danna don kunna raye-rayen) ]]
Rasha ta fara mamaye Ukraine a safiyar 24 ga Fabrairu 2022 a cikin babban tashin hankali na yakin. Ya fara ne bayan sanarwar Putin na &quot;aiki na soja na musamman&quot; don “kwace karfin soji da cire ra’ayin Nazi” a Ukraine. Minti kaɗan bayan haka masu linzami da hare-haren sama sun kai hari a duk faɗin Ukraine, gami da [[Kiev|Kyiv]], ba da daɗewa ba babban mamayewar ƙasa tare da bangarori da yawa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russia attacks Ukraine |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22#h_ec5f24d5accb8f8503aabdc63e3fd22d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224073725/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_ec5f24d5accb8f8503aabdc63e3fd22d |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[CNN International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zelenskyy ya ayyana dokar soja da kuma tattara dukkan mazajen Ukraine tsakanin 18 zuwa 60, wadanda aka dakatar da su barin kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Interfax 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225113724/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rasha ta fara kai harin ne zuwa Kyiv ta bangaren arewa daga kasar  [[Belarus]] towards Kyiv, sai kuma ta kudu daga [[:en:Crimea|Crimea]],  sai kuma ta kudu masa gabas  na daga Luhansk da [[Donetsk]] da [[Kharkiv]]. IDakarun sojin Rasha basu sun sami tasgaron da mummunar asara a bangaren arewa inda sukai kokarin zuwa Kyiv wanda ya tilasta su janyewa a watan Maris wanda daga bisani a watan Afrilu suka ja da baya baki daya. A takwas ga watan Afrilu Rasha ta nadaAleksandr Dvornikov, a matsayain kwamandan sojin Rasha a kudanci da gabashin Ukraine, aka kuma janye wasu sassan sojin daga arewacin Ukraine zuwa Donbas.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustannewshub.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Trending news: BBC: Putin replaces military commander in Ukraine – The Moscow Times |url=https://hindustannewshub.com/russia-ukraine-news/bbc-putin-replaces-military-commander-in-ukraine-the-moscow-times/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409085406/https://hindustannewshub.com/russia-ukraine-news/bbc-putin-replaces-military-commander-in-ukraine-the-moscow-times/ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=Hindustan News Hub}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19  ga watan Afrilu Rasha ta kaddamar da sabon hari a sabbin hari a yankunan da suka kai kilomita 480 daga Kharkiv zuwa Donetsk da Luhansk. A 13 ga watan Mayu, Ukraine ta yi harin ramuwar gayya tare da korar su daga Kharkiv. Zuwa 20 ga watan Mayu Garin Mariupol ya fada hannun sojin Rasha bayan dogon lokaci ana fafatawa a Azovstal steel works. Sojojin Rasha sun ci gaba da kai hare-haren bama-bamai ga jami’an sojin Ukraine dama farern hula dake nesa da filin daga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Russia hits Lviv again as Putin's campaign of terror focuses on Ukraine's shell-shocked east |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-news-russia-war-lviv-attack-mariupol-evacuations-putin-offensive-in-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707203026/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-news-russia-war-lviv-attack-mariupol-evacuations-putin-offensive-in-east/ |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yaki ya haddan matsalar bada agaji  da 'yan gudun hijira mafi grima a Turai tun bayan [[Yugoslav Wars|yakin Yugoslav]] a shekarun 1990s;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jill |date=7 March 2022 |title=Protecting Ukrainian refugees: What can we learn from the response to Kosovo in the 90s? |url=https://www.britishfuture.org/protecting-ukrainian-refugees-what-can-we-learn-from-kosovo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307205755/https://www.britishfuture.org/protecting-ukrainian-refugees-what-can-we-learn-from-kosovo/ |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[British Future]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=IntelBrief: China Seeks to Balance Its Interests as Russia's War on Ukraine Intensifies |url=https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310014844/https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-4/ |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[The Soufan Center]] |quote=Over a week into the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the war has raged on, spurring the most serious humanitarian crisis in Europe since the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana cewa yakin shine mafi saurin yaduwa tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=6 March 2022 |title=Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/ukraine-fastest-growing-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309104950/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/ukraine-fastest-growing-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-war |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makon farko na mamayar Majilisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da samuwar sama da ‘yan gudun hijira miliyan daya wadanda suka tsere daga Ukraine, daga bisani Majalisar Dinkin Duniyar ta bayyana cewa sun kai sama da miliyan takwas amma a ranar 24 ga watan satumba yawan ya dawo miliyan bakwai da dubu dari hudu da dubu biyar da casa’in ( 7,405,590)  bayan da wasu suka koma Ukraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNHCR-Ukraine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=&lt;!--kept up-to-date--&gt; |title=Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310051210/https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2022 |title=Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/liz-truss-mulls-seizure-of-russian-assets-in-uk-to-give-to-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709193036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/liz-truss-mulls-seizure-of-russian-assets-in-uk-to-give-to-ukraine |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasashen duniya da dama sunyi Allah wadai da mamayar da Rasha tayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scheffer |first=David J. |date=17 March 2022 |title=Can Russia Be Held Accountable for War Crimes in Ukraine? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/can-russia-be-held-accountable-war-crimes-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322152314/https://www.cfr.org/article/can-russia-be-held-accountable-war-crimes-ukraine |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=Russia's invasion of Ukraine constitutes the crime of aggression under international law.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zaman kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an bukaci cikakken janyewar sojojin Rasha, [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] ta umarci Rasha da ta dakatar da ayyukan soja kuma Majalisar Turai ta kori Rasha. Kasashe da yawa sun sanya sabbin takunkumi, wanda ya shafi tattalin arziki Rasha da duniya,  kuma ya ba da taimakon jin kai da na soja ga Ukraine.  A watan Satumbar 2022, Putin ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da za ta hukunta duk wanda ya ki shiga aikin soja tare da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 wanda ya haddasa samuwar kiraye-kirayen kasa da kasa don ba da izinin bada mafaka ga 'yan Rasha da ke tserewa daga shiga aikin soja na dole. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=It's a Mistake To Turn Away Russian Civilians Fleeing Conscription |url=https://reason.com/2022/09/26/its-a-mistake-to-turn-away-russian-civilians-fleeing-conscription/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126174310/https://reason.com/2022/09/26/its-a-mistake-to-turn-away-russian-civilians-fleeing-conscription/ |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Regina Mogolola</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361727647|Regina Mogolola]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Regina Keresi Mogolola''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1993) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' [[Mai buga tsakiya|yar wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] JVW FC da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu .

Ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta farko tare da Mamelodi Sundowns . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Matan Sundowns ===
Mogolola ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF tare da Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title &quot;CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title&quot;]. ''GhanaSoccernet''. 19 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma lashe gasar SAFA Women's League tare da kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=FARPost |date=8 June 2022 |title=Regina Mogolola relishes tough First Touch Ladies test |url=https://farpost.co.za/2022/06/08/regina-mogolola-relishes-tough-first-touch-ladies-test/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=FARPost |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== JVW ===
Mogolola ya shiga JVW a farkon kakar wasa ta 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CentreCircle |date=21 May 2025 |title=My Banyana Banyana call-up is a perfect lesson of not giving up – Regina Mogolola |url=https://centrecircle.online/my-banyana-banyana-call-up-is-a-perfect-lesson-of-not-giving-up-regina-mogolola%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Centre Circle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ta kasance cikin manyan ' yan wasan ƙungiyar COSAFA ta 2017 .

Mogolola ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka zo na huɗu a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2024 da aka yi a Morocco. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=Teamwork key in quest to retain WAFCON title - Regina Mogolola {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/teamwork-key-in-quest-to-retain-wafcon-title-regina-mogolola |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=SABC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta kammala a matsayi na biyu a gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA ta 2025 .

== Daraja ==
'''Afirka ta Kudu'''

* Gasar Mata ta COSAFA: 2025

'''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns'''

* Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF : 2021, 2023
* [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024

== Nassoshi ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{South Africa squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877770</id>
      <parentid>877758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:46:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>877770</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3479" sha1="0mq42bnpa47fw9hp0mgdj5kxfjl948z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Regina Keresi Mogolola''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1993) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' [[Mai buga tsakiya|yar wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] JVW FC da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu .

Ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta farko tare da Mamelodi Sundowns . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Matan Sundowns ===
Mogolola ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF tare da Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title &quot;CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title&quot;]. ''GhanaSoccernet''. 19 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma lashe gasar SAFA Women's League tare da kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=FARPost |date=8 June 2022 |title=Regina Mogolola relishes tough First Touch Ladies test |url=https://farpost.co.za/2022/06/08/regina-mogolola-relishes-tough-first-touch-ladies-test/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=FARPost |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== JVW ===
Mogolola ya shiga JVW a farkon kakar wasa ta 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CentreCircle |date=21 May 2025 |title=My Banyana Banyana call-up is a perfect lesson of not giving up – Regina Mogolola |url=https://centrecircle.online/my-banyana-banyana-call-up-is-a-perfect-lesson-of-not-giving-up-regina-mogolola%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Centre Circle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ta kasance cikin manyan ' yan wasan ƙungiyar COSAFA ta 2017 .

Mogolola ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka zo na huɗu a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2024 da aka yi a Morocco. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=Teamwork key in quest to retain WAFCON title - Regina Mogolola {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/teamwork-key-in-quest-to-retain-wafcon-title-regina-mogolola |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=SABC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta kammala a matsayi na biyu a gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA ta 2025 .

== Daraja ==
'''Afirka ta Kudu'''

* Gasar Mata ta COSAFA: 2025

'''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns'''

* Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF : 2021, 2023
* [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024

&lt;references /&gt;
{{South Africa squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877781</id>
      <parentid>877770</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:51:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gyara</comment>
      <origin>877781</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3480" sha1="szsrojq4dacut7d3x0vy0byw7l3aokh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Regina Keresi Mogolola''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1993) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' [[Mai buga tsakiya|yar wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta SAFA]] JVW FC da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu .

Ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta farko tare da Mamelodi Sundowns . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Matan Sundowns ===
Mogolola ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF tare da Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ghanasoccernet.com/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-hasaacas-ladies-in-final-to-win-maiden-edition-title &quot;CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas Ladies in final to win maiden edition title&quot;]. ''GhanaSoccernet''. 19 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma lashe gasar SAFA Women's League tare da kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=FARPost |date=8 June 2022 |title=Regina Mogolola relishes tough First Touch Ladies test |url=https://farpost.co.za/2022/06/08/regina-mogolola-relishes-tough-first-touch-ladies-test/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=FARPost |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== JVW ===
Mogolola ya shiga JVW a farkon kakar wasa ta 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CentreCircle |date=21 May 2025 |title=My Banyana Banyana call-up is a perfect lesson of not giving up – Regina Mogolola |url=https://centrecircle.online/my-banyana-banyana-call-up-is-a-perfect-lesson-of-not-giving-up-regina-mogolola%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Centre Circle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ta kasance cikin manyan ' yan wasan ƙungiyar COSAFA ta 2017 .

Mogolola ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka zo na huɗu a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta 2024 da aka yi a Morocco. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=Teamwork key in quest to retain WAFCON title - Regina Mogolola {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/teamwork-key-in-quest-to-retain-wafcon-title-regina-mogolola |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=SABC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta kammala a matsayi na biyu a gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA ta 2025 .

== Daraja ==
'''Afirka ta Kudu'''

* Gasar Mata ta COSAFA: 2025

'''Matan Mamelodi Sundowns'''

* Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF : 2021, 2023
* [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024


{{South Africa squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andy Najar</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362397090|Andy Najar]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Andy Ariel Najar Rodríguez''' ( / nə ˈhɑːr / nə- nə- ;   ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Honduras wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar MLS Nashville SC .

== Rayuwar farko ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Najar ya ƙaura da iyalinsa daga Honduras zuwa Amurka yana da shekaru goma sha uku, inda ya zauna a yankin birnin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] . Najar ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Thomas A. Edison da ke Alexandria, Virginia kuma ya shiga makarantar matasa ta DC United a shekarar 2008. A lokacin da yake tare da shirin makarantar, Najar ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa saboda rawar da ya taka a baya, inda aka sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar USSF Development Academy Starting XI a shekarar 2009. Shi ne kuma babban ɗan wasan da ya zira kwallaye a gasar ƙarshe ta US Developmental Academy a shekarar 2009 a Los Angeles.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== DC United ===
Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar Generation Adidas tare da DC United a ranar 22 ga Maris 2010. Da zarar ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar MLS, ƙungiyar da ƙungiyarsa sun zama masu alhakin karatunsa.  Ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu da ya kammala karatunsa kai tsaye daga Kwalejin United zuwa ƙungiyar farko, bayan mai tsaron gida Bill Hamid, wanda ya sanya hannu a watan Satumba na 2009.
[[Fayil:Andy-najar.jpg|right|thumb|Najar yana shirin buga kwallo a lokacin wasan kakar wasa ta yau da kullun a filin wasa na Columbus Crew a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun United.]]
Najar ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris 2010, a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta MLS ta DC a kakar wasa ta 2010 da Kansas City Wizards .  Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2010 a wasan US Open Cup da FC Dallas .  Kwarewar da ya nuna a kakar wasa ta 2010 ta sa ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a gasar MLS, a gaban Tim Ream da Danny Mwanga . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simon Borg |date=3 November 2010 |title=Teen phenom Najar takes MLS Rookie of the Year |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/teen-phenom-najar-takes-mls-rookie-year |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Masana kamar Paul Gardner na Soccer America sun dauki Najar a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan DC United yana da shekaru 17.  Ya samu sha'awar buga wasa daga kungiyoyin Turai, a cewar wakilinsa, kuma ana sa ran zai koma can daga baya a aikinsa, watakila a karshen kakar wasa ta 2010.  Duk da haka, an sanar a watan Disamba na 2010 cewa Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru da yawa da DC United . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travis Clark |date=21 December 2010 |title=DC sign top rookie Najar to multi-year deal |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/dc-sign-top-rookie-najar-multi-year-deal |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Najar shi ne ɗan wasa ɗaya tilo daga Kwalejin DC United da aka gayyata don halartar gasar Olympics ta 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Salazar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Sebastian |title=Najar's call-up a source of pride around club |url=http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626141947/http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=26 June 2012 |publisher=DC United |quote=&quot;I can only thank God for this,&quot; Najar said in a Spanish language interview Thursday. &quot;I'll be representing not only my country, but my family as well. The Olympics are a dream for every player and I get the chance to live it.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anderlecht ===
A ranar 7 ga Janairun 2013, Najar ya koma zakarun gasar Belgian Pro League Anderlecht a kan aro na wata ɗaya.  A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2013, Anderlecht ta kammala cinikin Najar gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2013 |title=United's Andy Najar transferred to Belgian side R.S.C. Anderlecht |url=http://www.dcunited.com/post/2013/01/30/united's-andy-najar-transferred-belgian-side-rsc-anderlecht |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=[[D.C. United]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa kuɗin canja wurin ya kai dala miliyan 3.  Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Cercle Brugge a ranar 2 ga Agustan 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 79.  A ranar 22 ga Oktoban 2014, Najar ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Anderlecht a rabin na biyu na wasansu na gasar zakarun Turai da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] amma kwallaye biyu da aka ci wa ƙungiyar Ingila a ƙarshen lokaci sun haifar da rashin nasara 2-1 ga zakarun Belgium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=Arsene Wenger celebrated his 65th birthday with a vital Champions League win as Arsenal scored twice in the final two minutes to beat Anderlecht. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29362790 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin bazara na 2019, Najar bai buga wa Anderlecht wasa ba fiye da shekara guda.

=== Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Los Angeles FC ===
A watan Fabrairun 2020, Najar ya yi atisaye da LAFC a lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 17 ga Yunin 2020, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya sanya hannu da Los Angeles FC, wacce a farkon shekarar ta sayar da dala $350,000 a matsayin kudin da aka ware wa Nashville SC a matsayin madadin wurin da za a fara zaba a jadawalin rabon kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Najar Joins LAFC With Right Blend Of Talent &amp; Experience |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/06/16/najar-joins-lafc-right-blend-talent-experience |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=LAFC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar wasa ta 2020, LAFC ta ki amincewa da zabin kwantiragin da za ta yi da Najar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAFC Announces Roster Moves for 2021 Season &amp;#124; Los Angeles Football Club |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/12/01/lafc-announces-roster-moves-2021-season}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa DC United ===
Bayan da LAFC ta sallame shi, Najar ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta DC United na tsawon makonni shida na gwaji. Dan wasan Black-and-Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya tare da zabin karin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Former Black-and-Red Standout Andy Najar |url=https://www.dcunited.com/post/2021/04/16/dc-united-sign-former-black-and-red-standout-andy-najar |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=D.C. United}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2021, Najar ya shigo wasa a minti na 88 a wasan da suka doke New York City FC da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jason |date=17 April 2021 |title=D.C. United open 2021 by fighting their way past NYCFC in 2-1 win |url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/2021/4/17/22389614/dc-united-nycfc-mls-2021-recap-final-score-highlights |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Black and Red United}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a MLS tun bayan dawowarsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta a wasan da suka doke [[CF Montreal|CF Montréal]] da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Razo |first=Eduardo |date=8 August 2021 |title=See it: DC United's Najar scores first MLS goal since 2011 |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/dc-united/see-it-dc-uniteds-andy-najar-scores-first-mls-goal-ten-years?cid=Yahoo&amp;partner=ya4nbcs&amp;chrcontext=WRC |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=NBC Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Andy_Najar_Revolution_Nashville_6.25.25-143.jpg|thumb|Andy Najar tare da Nashville SC a shekarar 2025]]
Kungiyar ta yi amfani da zabin Najar don haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar na tsawon shekaru 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Andy Najar to Multi-Year Contract Extension through 2023 |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-sign-andy-najar-to-multi-year-contract-extension-through-2023 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=D.C. United}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin kocin kungiyar Hernan Losada da kuma tsaron Wayne Rooney, wani lokacin yana taka rawa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, wani lokacin kuma a matsayin dan wasan baya na tsakiya tare da Fred Brilliant, Steve Birnbaum, Hines-Ike da Donovan Pines. Kwarewarsa ta dribbling da kuma kwarewarsa sau da yawa sun bude damar cin kwallaye ga United. Magoya bayan United da yawa sun yarda da shawarar sakinsa saboda raunuka da kuma bukatar sake ginawa, amma za a ci gaba da tunawa da shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasa na baki da ja a RFK da Buzzard Point. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Umaña |first=José |date=2 December 2023 |title=DC United releases Northern Va. product Andy Najar, 8 other players to start rebuild |url=https://wtop.com/dc-united/2023/12/dc-united-releases-northern-va-product-andy-najar-8-other-players-to-start-rebuild/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=wtop news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Olympia ===
A cikin Janairu 2024, Najar ya koma kulob din Liga Nacional de Honduras Olimpia kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=¡ANDY ES DEL LEÓN! |trans-title=ANDY IS FROM THE LION! |url=http://clubolimpia.com/2024/01/23/andy-es-del-leon/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=clubolimpia.com |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nashville SC ===
A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2025, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya koma Nashville SC kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SC |first=Nashville |title=Nashville Soccer Club Signs Honduran Defender Andy Najar |url=https://www.nashvillesc.com/news/nashville-sc-signs-honduran-defender-andy-najar |website=Nashville SC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Andy_Najar.jpg|thumb|Najar da Honduras a shekarar 2015]]
A ranar 6 ga Afrilun 2011, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai buga wa tawagar ƙasar Honduras wasa, inda ya zaɓi ƙasar da aka haife shi maimakon ƙasar Amurka, wadda har yanzu bai sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasa ba.  Ya fara buga wa Honduras wasa a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011 da Colombia, inda ya shiga cikin minti na 67. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2011 |title=D.C. United International Round-Up: Andy Najar Debuts For Honduras |url=http://www.blackandredunited.com/2011/9/3/2401781/dc-united-international-round-up-andy-najar-debuts-honduras-bill-hamid-chris-pontius-usmnt |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=Black and Red United}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kira Najar zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Honduras 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a gasar Olympics ta 2012 .

A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2013, Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa ga Honduras a matakin knockout na gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2013 da Costa Rica a wasan da suka tashi 1-0 wanda ya kai Honduras ga wasan kusa da na karshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/goldcup/news/article/2013/07/21/gold-cup-andy-najar-nets-first-intl-goal-honduras-top-costa-rica-book-semi-u |access-date=22 July 2013 |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2025, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan kammala wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026, ko kuma bayan [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=cronologia/-/meta/mario-figueroa |title=Andy Nájar le pone fecha a su retiro con la Selección de Honduras y pone en duda su participación en Copa Oro |url=https://www.diez.hn/laseleccion/andy-najar-fecha-a-su-retiro-con-la-seleccion-de-honduras-y-pone-en-duda-su-participacion-en-copa-oro-CG25988831 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.diez.hn |language=es-HN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2025, kwana guda bayan da Honduras ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, Najar ya yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan da Honduras ta tashi kunnen doki babu ci a wasanta da Costa Rica . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Honduras con nuevo técnico y adiós a varios futbolistas: Ellos no volverán a jugar una eliminatoria |trans-title=Honduras with a new coach and farewell to several players: They won’t play in another qualifying round |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/fotogalerias/deportes/honduras-seleccion-reinaldo-rueda-mundial-2026-eliminatoria-salida-copa-mundo-DN28255732 |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=[[La Prensa (Honduras)|La Prensa]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|17 April 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental{{Efn|Includes appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], [[UEFA Europa League]] and [[CONCACAF Central American Cup]].}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other{{Efn|Appearances in league playoffs}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |D.C. United
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |MLS
|26
|5
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|28
|5
|-
|2011
|31
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|31
|5
|-
|2012
|25
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|28
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!82
!10
!4
!0
!0
!0
!1
!0
!87
!10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Anderlecht
|{{Nowrap|[[2013–14 R.S.C. Anderlecht season|2013–14]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Belgian Pro League
|15
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
|10
|1
|27
|3
|-
|2014–15
|26
|2
|6
|1
|7
|1
|9
|4
|48
|8
|-
|2015–16
|24
|2
|2
|0
|9
|1
|3
|0
|38
|3
|-
|2016–17
|9
|0
|1
|0
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|0
|-
|2017–18
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|6
|0
|-
|2018–19
|18
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|0
|0
|23
|0
|-
|2019–20
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!93
!6
!11
!1
!27
!2
!26
!5
!157
!14
|-
|Los Angeles FC
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |MLS
|8
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |D.C. United
|2021
|26
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|26
|1
|-
|2022
|23
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|23
|0
|-
|2023
|21
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!70
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!71
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Olimpia
|2023–24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Honduran Liga Nacional
|18
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|18
|1
|-
|2024–25
|17
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|21
|1
|-
!
!
!35
!2
!0
!0
!4
!0
!0
!0
!39
!2
|-
|Nashville
|2025
|MLS
|7
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|7
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!308
!19
!16
!1
!31
!2
!27
!5
!382
!27
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 16 June 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFTPLAYER&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|44931|access-date=11 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta yi da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | Honduras
| 2011
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2012
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2013
| 12
| 1
|-
| 2014
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 9
| 3
|-
| 2016
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2021
| 5
| 0
|-
| 2022
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2023
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2024
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2025
| 2
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 53
! 5
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Honduras ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Najar.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Andy Najar ya zura a gasar cin kofin duniya 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1
| 21 July 2013
| Filin Wasan M&amp;amp;amp;T Bank, Baltimore, Amurka
|{{Fb|Costa Rica}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2013
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Costa Rica |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/8465/Honduras_Costa_Rica.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 29 March 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|French Guiana}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 3–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar cin Kofin Zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. French Guiana |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/12816/Honduras_French_Guiana.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 4
| 10 July 2015
| Filin wasa na Gillette, Foxborough, Amurka
|{{Fb|Panama}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2015
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Panama |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/13383/Honduras_Panama.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 5
| 9 June 2024
| Filin Wasan Kasa na Bermuda, Devonshire Parish, Bermuda
|{{Fb|Bermuda}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 5–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 6–1
| Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bermuda vs. Honduras |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39112/Bermuda_Honduras.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Anderlecht''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Belgium : 2012–13, 2013–14, 2016–17
* Kofin Super Cup na Belgium : 2013, 2014

'''Nashville SC'''

* Kofin Buɗewa na Amurka : 2025 

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Gwarzon Shekara na MLS : 2010 
* Ɗan wasan RSC Anderlecht na kakar wasa: 2015–16, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Andy Najar verkozen tot speler van het seizoen (01 jun 16) |url=https://www.anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/142866 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=www.anderlecht-online.be}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–17 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Wie werd verkozen tot MVP? (08 jun 17) |url=https://anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/156225 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=anderlecht-online.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tauraron MLS : 2025

== Bayanan kula ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

== Nassoshi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>gan25s3opqn01t968hhbc274r1w7j7l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877765</id>
      <parentid>877761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>877765</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18733" sha1="ez45fn1r6awhirz687bd19cumv5d0kx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Andy Ariel Najar Rodríguez''' ( / nə ˈhɑːr / nə- nə- ;   ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Honduras wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar MLS Nashville SC .

== Rayuwar farko ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Najar ya ƙaura da iyalinsa daga Honduras zuwa Amurka yana da shekaru goma sha uku, inda ya zauna a yankin birnin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] . Najar ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Thomas A. Edison da ke Alexandria, Virginia kuma ya shiga makarantar matasa ta DC United a shekarar 2008. A lokacin da yake tare da shirin makarantar, Najar ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa saboda rawar da ya taka a baya, inda aka sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar USSF Development Academy Starting XI a shekarar 2009. Shi ne kuma babban ɗan wasan da ya zira kwallaye a gasar ƙarshe ta US Developmental Academy a shekarar 2009 a Los Angeles.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== DC United ===
Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar Generation Adidas tare da DC United a ranar 22 ga Maris 2010. Da zarar ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar MLS, ƙungiyar da ƙungiyarsa sun zama masu alhakin karatunsa.  Ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu da ya kammala karatunsa kai tsaye daga Kwalejin United zuwa ƙungiyar farko, bayan mai tsaron gida Bill Hamid, wanda ya sanya hannu a watan Satumba na 2009.
[[Fayil:Andy-najar.jpg|right|thumb|Najar yana shirin buga kwallo a lokacin wasan kakar wasa ta yau da kullun a filin wasa na Columbus Crew a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun United.]]
Najar ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris 2010, a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta MLS ta DC a kakar wasa ta 2010 da Kansas City Wizards .  Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2010 a wasan US Open Cup da FC Dallas .  Kwarewar da ya nuna a kakar wasa ta 2010 ta sa ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a gasar MLS, a gaban Tim Ream da Danny Mwanga . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simon Borg |date=3 November 2010 |title=Teen phenom Najar takes MLS Rookie of the Year |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/teen-phenom-najar-takes-mls-rookie-year |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Masana kamar Paul Gardner na Soccer America sun dauki Najar a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan DC United yana da shekaru 17.  Ya samu sha'awar buga wasa daga kungiyoyin Turai, a cewar wakilinsa, kuma ana sa ran zai koma can daga baya a aikinsa, watakila a karshen kakar wasa ta 2010.  Duk da haka, an sanar a watan Disamba na 2010 cewa Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru da yawa da DC United . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travis Clark |date=21 December 2010 |title=DC sign top rookie Najar to multi-year deal |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/dc-sign-top-rookie-najar-multi-year-deal |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Najar shi ne ɗan wasa ɗaya tilo daga Kwalejin DC United da aka gayyata don halartar gasar Olympics ta 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Salazar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Sebastian |title=Najar's call-up a source of pride around club |url=http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626141947/http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=26 June 2012 |publisher=DC United |quote=&quot;I can only thank God for this,&quot; Najar said in a Spanish language interview Thursday. &quot;I'll be representing not only my country, but my family as well. The Olympics are a dream for every player and I get the chance to live it.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anderlecht ===
A ranar 7 ga Janairun 2013, Najar ya koma zakarun gasar Belgian Pro League Anderlecht a kan aro na wata ɗaya.  A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2013, Anderlecht ta kammala cinikin Najar gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2013 |title=United's Andy Najar transferred to Belgian side R.S.C. Anderlecht |url=http://www.dcunited.com/post/2013/01/30/united's-andy-najar-transferred-belgian-side-rsc-anderlecht |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=[[D.C. United]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa kuɗin canja wurin ya kai dala miliyan 3.  Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Cercle Brugge a ranar 2 ga Agustan 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 79.  A ranar 22 ga Oktoban 2014, Najar ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Anderlecht a rabin na biyu na wasansu na gasar zakarun Turai da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] amma kwallaye biyu da aka ci wa ƙungiyar Ingila a ƙarshen lokaci sun haifar da rashin nasara 2-1 ga zakarun Belgium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=Arsene Wenger celebrated his 65th birthday with a vital Champions League win as Arsenal scored twice in the final two minutes to beat Anderlecht. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29362790 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin bazara na 2019, Najar bai buga wa Anderlecht wasa ba fiye da shekara guda.

=== Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Los Angeles FC ===
A watan Fabrairun 2020, Najar ya yi atisaye da LAFC a lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 17 ga Yunin 2020, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya sanya hannu da Los Angeles FC, wacce a farkon shekarar ta sayar da dala $350,000 a matsayin kudin da aka ware wa Nashville SC a matsayin madadin wurin da za a fara zaba a jadawalin rabon kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Najar Joins LAFC With Right Blend Of Talent &amp; Experience |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/06/16/najar-joins-lafc-right-blend-talent-experience |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=LAFC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar wasa ta 2020, LAFC ta ki amincewa da zabin kwantiragin da za ta yi da Najar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAFC Announces Roster Moves for 2021 Season &amp;#124; Los Angeles Football Club |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/12/01/lafc-announces-roster-moves-2021-season}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa DC United ===
Bayan da LAFC ta sallame shi, Najar ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta DC United na tsawon makonni shida na gwaji. Dan wasan Black-and-Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya tare da zabin karin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Former Black-and-Red Standout Andy Najar |url=https://www.dcunited.com/post/2021/04/16/dc-united-sign-former-black-and-red-standout-andy-najar |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=D.C. United}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2021, Najar ya shigo wasa a minti na 88 a wasan da suka doke New York City FC da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jason |date=17 April 2021 |title=D.C. United open 2021 by fighting their way past NYCFC in 2-1 win |url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/2021/4/17/22389614/dc-united-nycfc-mls-2021-recap-final-score-highlights |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Black and Red United}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a MLS tun bayan dawowarsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta a wasan da suka doke [[CF Montreal|CF Montréal]] da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Razo |first=Eduardo |date=8 August 2021 |title=See it: DC United's Najar scores first MLS goal since 2011 |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/dc-united/see-it-dc-uniteds-andy-najar-scores-first-mls-goal-ten-years?cid=Yahoo&amp;partner=ya4nbcs&amp;chrcontext=WRC |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=NBC Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Andy_Najar_Revolution_Nashville_6.25.25-143.jpg|thumb|Andy Najar tare da Nashville SC a shekarar 2025]]
Kungiyar ta yi amfani da zabin Najar don haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar na tsawon shekaru 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Andy Najar to Multi-Year Contract Extension through 2023 |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-sign-andy-najar-to-multi-year-contract-extension-through-2023 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=D.C. United}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin kocin kungiyar Hernan Losada da kuma tsaron Wayne Rooney, wani lokacin yana taka rawa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, wani lokacin kuma a matsayin dan wasan baya na tsakiya tare da Fred Brilliant, Steve Birnbaum, Hines-Ike da Donovan Pines. Kwarewarsa ta dribbling da kuma kwarewarsa sau da yawa sun bude damar cin kwallaye ga United. Magoya bayan United da yawa sun yarda da shawarar sakinsa saboda raunuka da kuma bukatar sake ginawa, amma za a ci gaba da tunawa da shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasa na baki da ja a RFK da Buzzard Point. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Umaña |first=José |date=2 December 2023 |title=DC United releases Northern Va. product Andy Najar, 8 other players to start rebuild |url=https://wtop.com/dc-united/2023/12/dc-united-releases-northern-va-product-andy-najar-8-other-players-to-start-rebuild/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=wtop news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Olympia ===
A cikin Janairu 2024, Najar ya koma kulob din Liga Nacional de Honduras Olimpia kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=¡ANDY ES DEL LEÓN! |trans-title=ANDY IS FROM THE LION! |url=http://clubolimpia.com/2024/01/23/andy-es-del-leon/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=clubolimpia.com |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nashville SC ===
A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2025, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya koma Nashville SC kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SC |first=Nashville |title=Nashville Soccer Club Signs Honduran Defender Andy Najar |url=https://www.nashvillesc.com/news/nashville-sc-signs-honduran-defender-andy-najar |website=Nashville SC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Andy_Najar.jpg|thumb|Najar da Honduras a shekarar 2015]]
A ranar 6 ga Afrilun 2011, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai buga wa tawagar ƙasar Honduras wasa, inda ya zaɓi ƙasar da aka haife shi maimakon ƙasar Amurka, wadda har yanzu bai sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasa ba.  Ya fara buga wa Honduras wasa a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011 da Colombia, inda ya shiga cikin minti na 67. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2011 |title=D.C. United International Round-Up: Andy Najar Debuts For Honduras |url=http://www.blackandredunited.com/2011/9/3/2401781/dc-united-international-round-up-andy-najar-debuts-honduras-bill-hamid-chris-pontius-usmnt |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=Black and Red United}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kira Najar zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Honduras 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a gasar Olympics ta 2012 .

A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2013, Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa ga Honduras a matakin knockout na gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2013 da Costa Rica a wasan da suka tashi 1-0 wanda ya kai Honduras ga wasan kusa da na karshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/goldcup/news/article/2013/07/21/gold-cup-andy-najar-nets-first-intl-goal-honduras-top-costa-rica-book-semi-u |access-date=22 July 2013 |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2025, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan kammala wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026, ko kuma bayan [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=cronologia/-/meta/mario-figueroa |title=Andy Nájar le pone fecha a su retiro con la Selección de Honduras y pone en duda su participación en Copa Oro |url=https://www.diez.hn/laseleccion/andy-najar-fecha-a-su-retiro-con-la-seleccion-de-honduras-y-pone-en-duda-su-participacion-en-copa-oro-CG25988831 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.diez.hn |language=es-HN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2025, kwana guda bayan da Honduras ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, Najar ya yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan da Honduras ta tashi kunnen doki babu ci a wasanta da Costa Rica . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Honduras con nuevo técnico y adiós a varios futbolistas: Ellos no volverán a jugar una eliminatoria |trans-title=Honduras with a new coach and farewell to several players: They won’t play in another qualifying round |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/fotogalerias/deportes/honduras-seleccion-reinaldo-rueda-mundial-2026-eliminatoria-salida-copa-mundo-DN28255732 |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=[[La Prensa (Honduras)|La Prensa]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|17 April 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental{{Efn|Includes appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], [[UEFA Europa League]] and [[CONCACAF Central American Cup]].}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other{{Efn|Appearances in league playoffs}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |D.C. United
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |MLS
|26
|5
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|28
|5
|-
|2011
|31
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|31
|5
|-
|2012
|25
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|28
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!82
!10
!4
!0
!0
!0
!1
!0
!87
!10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Anderlecht
|{{Nowrap|[[2013–14 R.S.C. Anderlecht season|2013–14]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Belgian Pro League
|15
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
|10
|1
|27
|3
|-
|2014–15
|26
|2
|6
|1
|7
|1
|9
|4
|48
|8
|-
|2015–16
|24
|2
|2
|0
|9
|1
|3
|0
|38
|3
|-
|2016–17
|9
|0
|1
|0
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|0
|-
|2017–18
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|6
|0
|-
|2018–19
|18
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|0
|0
|23
|0
|-
|2019–20
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!93
!6
!11
!1
!27
!2
!26
!5
!157
!14
|-
|Los Angeles FC
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |MLS
|8
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |D.C. United
|2021
|26
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|26
|1
|-
|2022
|23
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|23
|0
|-
|2023
|21
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!70
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!71
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Olimpia
|2023–24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Honduran Liga Nacional
|18
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|18
|1
|-
|2024–25
|17
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|21
|1
|-
!
!
!35
!2
!0
!0
!4
!0
!0
!0
!39
!2
|-
|Nashville
|2025
|MLS
|7
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|7
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!308
!19
!16
!1
!31
!2
!27
!5
!382
!27
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 16 June 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFTPLAYER&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|44931|access-date=11 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta yi da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | Honduras
| 2011
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2012
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2013
| 12
| 1
|-
| 2014
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 9
| 3
|-
| 2016
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2021
| 5
| 0
|-
| 2022
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2023
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2024
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2025
| 2
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 53
! 5
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Honduras ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Najar.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Andy Najar ya zura a gasar cin kofin duniya 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1
| 21 July 2013
| Filin Wasan M&amp;amp;amp;T Bank, Baltimore, Amurka
|{{Fb|Costa Rica}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2013
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Costa Rica |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/8465/Honduras_Costa_Rica.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 29 March 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|French Guiana}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 3–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar cin Kofin Zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. French Guiana |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/12816/Honduras_French_Guiana.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 4
| 10 July 2015
| Filin wasa na Gillette, Foxborough, Amurka
|{{Fb|Panama}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2015
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Panama |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/13383/Honduras_Panama.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 5
| 9 June 2024
| Filin Wasan Kasa na Bermuda, Devonshire Parish, Bermuda
|{{Fb|Bermuda}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 5–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 6–1
| Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bermuda vs. Honduras |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39112/Bermuda_Honduras.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Anderlecht''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Belgium : 2012–13, 2013–14, 2016–17
* Kofin Super Cup na Belgium : 2013, 2014

'''Nashville SC'''

* Kofin Buɗewa na Amurka : 2025 

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Gwarzon Shekara na MLS : 2010 
* Ɗan wasan RSC Anderlecht na kakar wasa: 2015–16, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Andy Najar verkozen tot speler van het seizoen (01 jun 16) |url=https://www.anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/142866 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=www.anderlecht-online.be}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–17 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Wie werd verkozen tot MVP? (08 jun 17) |url=https://anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/156225 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=anderlecht-online.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tauraron MLS : 2025

== Bayanan kula ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>ez45fn1r6awhirz687bd19cumv5d0kx</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>877767</id>
      <parentid>877765</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:41:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18662" sha1="fg4wni1t40mqnpx9zwmx8dr724ei771" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Andy Ariel Najar Rodríguez''' ( / nə ˈhɑːr / nə- nə- ;   ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Honduras wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar MLS Nashville SC .

== Rayuwar farko ==
Najar ya ƙaura da iyalinsa daga Honduras zuwa Amurka yana da shekaru goma sha uku, inda ya zauna a yankin birnin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] . Najar ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Thomas A. Edison da ke Alexandria, Virginia kuma ya shiga makarantar matasa ta DC United a shekarar 2008. A lokacin da yake tare da shirin makarantar, Najar ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa saboda rawar da ya taka a baya, inda aka sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar USSF Development Academy Starting XI a shekarar 2009. Shi ne kuma babban ɗan wasan da ya zira kwallaye a gasar ƙarshe ta US Developmental Academy a shekarar 2009 a Los Angeles.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== DC United ===
Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar Generation Adidas tare da DC United a ranar 22 ga Maris 2010. Da zarar ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar MLS, ƙungiyar da ƙungiyarsa sun zama masu alhakin karatunsa.  Ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu da ya kammala karatunsa kai tsaye daga Kwalejin United zuwa ƙungiyar farko, bayan mai tsaron gida Bill Hamid, wanda ya sanya hannu a watan Satumba na 2009.
[[Fayil:Andy-najar.jpg|right|thumb|Najar yana shirin buga kwallo a lokacin wasan kakar wasa ta yau da kullun a filin wasa na Columbus Crew a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun United.]]
Najar ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris 2010, a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta MLS ta DC a kakar wasa ta 2010 da Kansas City Wizards .  Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2010 a wasan US Open Cup da FC Dallas .  Kwarewar da ya nuna a kakar wasa ta 2010 ta sa ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a gasar MLS, a gaban Tim Ream da Danny Mwanga . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simon Borg |date=3 November 2010 |title=Teen phenom Najar takes MLS Rookie of the Year |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/teen-phenom-najar-takes-mls-rookie-year |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Masana kamar Paul Gardner na Soccer America sun dauki Najar a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan DC United yana da shekaru 17.  Ya samu sha'awar buga wasa daga kungiyoyin Turai, a cewar wakilinsa, kuma ana sa ran zai koma can daga baya a aikinsa, watakila a karshen kakar wasa ta 2010.  Duk da haka, an sanar a watan Disamba na 2010 cewa Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru da yawa da DC United . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travis Clark |date=21 December 2010 |title=DC sign top rookie Najar to multi-year deal |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/dc-sign-top-rookie-najar-multi-year-deal |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Najar shi ne ɗan wasa ɗaya tilo daga Kwalejin DC United da aka gayyata don halartar gasar Olympics ta 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Salazar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Sebastian |title=Najar's call-up a source of pride around club |url=http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626141947/http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=26 June 2012 |publisher=DC United |quote=&quot;I can only thank God for this,&quot; Najar said in a Spanish language interview Thursday. &quot;I'll be representing not only my country, but my family as well. The Olympics are a dream for every player and I get the chance to live it.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anderlecht ===
A ranar 7 ga Janairun 2013, Najar ya koma zakarun gasar Belgian Pro League Anderlecht a kan aro na wata ɗaya.  A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2013, Anderlecht ta kammala cinikin Najar gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2013 |title=United's Andy Najar transferred to Belgian side R.S.C. Anderlecht |url=http://www.dcunited.com/post/2013/01/30/united's-andy-najar-transferred-belgian-side-rsc-anderlecht |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=[[D.C. United]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa kuɗin canja wurin ya kai dala miliyan 3.  Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Cercle Brugge a ranar 2 ga Agustan 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 79.  A ranar 22 ga Oktoban 2014, Najar ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Anderlecht a rabin na biyu na wasansu na gasar zakarun Turai da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] amma kwallaye biyu da aka ci wa ƙungiyar Ingila a ƙarshen lokaci sun haifar da rashin nasara 2-1 ga zakarun Belgium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=Arsene Wenger celebrated his 65th birthday with a vital Champions League win as Arsenal scored twice in the final two minutes to beat Anderlecht. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29362790 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin bazara na 2019, Najar bai buga wa Anderlecht wasa ba fiye da shekara guda.

=== Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Los Angeles FC ===
A watan Fabrairun 2020, Najar ya yi atisaye da LAFC a lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 17 ga Yunin 2020, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya sanya hannu da Los Angeles FC, wacce a farkon shekarar ta sayar da dala $350,000 a matsayin kudin da aka ware wa Nashville SC a matsayin madadin wurin da za a fara zaba a jadawalin rabon kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Najar Joins LAFC With Right Blend Of Talent &amp; Experience |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/06/16/najar-joins-lafc-right-blend-talent-experience |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=LAFC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar wasa ta 2020, LAFC ta ki amincewa da zabin kwantiragin da za ta yi da Najar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAFC Announces Roster Moves for 2021 Season &amp;#124; Los Angeles Football Club |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/12/01/lafc-announces-roster-moves-2021-season}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa DC United ===
Bayan da LAFC ta sallame shi, Najar ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta DC United na tsawon makonni shida na gwaji. Dan wasan Black-and-Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya tare da zabin karin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Former Black-and-Red Standout Andy Najar |url=https://www.dcunited.com/post/2021/04/16/dc-united-sign-former-black-and-red-standout-andy-najar |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=D.C. United}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2021, Najar ya shigo wasa a minti na 88 a wasan da suka doke New York City FC da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jason |date=17 April 2021 |title=D.C. United open 2021 by fighting their way past NYCFC in 2-1 win |url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/2021/4/17/22389614/dc-united-nycfc-mls-2021-recap-final-score-highlights |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Black and Red United}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a MLS tun bayan dawowarsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta a wasan da suka doke [[CF Montreal|CF Montréal]] da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Razo |first=Eduardo |date=8 August 2021 |title=See it: DC United's Najar scores first MLS goal since 2011 |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/dc-united/see-it-dc-uniteds-andy-najar-scores-first-mls-goal-ten-years?cid=Yahoo&amp;partner=ya4nbcs&amp;chrcontext=WRC |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=NBC Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Andy_Najar_Revolution_Nashville_6.25.25-143.jpg|thumb|Andy Najar tare da Nashville SC a shekarar 2025]]
Kungiyar ta yi amfani da zabin Najar don haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar na tsawon shekaru 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Andy Najar to Multi-Year Contract Extension through 2023 |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-sign-andy-najar-to-multi-year-contract-extension-through-2023 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=D.C. United}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin kocin kungiyar Hernan Losada da kuma tsaron Wayne Rooney, wani lokacin yana taka rawa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, wani lokacin kuma a matsayin dan wasan baya na tsakiya tare da Fred Brilliant, Steve Birnbaum, Hines-Ike da Donovan Pines. Kwarewarsa ta dribbling da kuma kwarewarsa sau da yawa sun bude damar cin kwallaye ga United. Magoya bayan United da yawa sun yarda da shawarar sakinsa saboda raunuka da kuma bukatar sake ginawa, amma za a ci gaba da tunawa da shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasa na baki da ja a RFK da Buzzard Point. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Umaña |first=José |date=2 December 2023 |title=DC United releases Northern Va. product Andy Najar, 8 other players to start rebuild |url=https://wtop.com/dc-united/2023/12/dc-united-releases-northern-va-product-andy-najar-8-other-players-to-start-rebuild/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=wtop news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Olympia ===
A cikin Janairu 2024, Najar ya koma kulob din Liga Nacional de Honduras Olimpia kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=¡ANDY ES DEL LEÓN! |trans-title=ANDY IS FROM THE LION! |url=http://clubolimpia.com/2024/01/23/andy-es-del-leon/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=clubolimpia.com |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nashville SC ===
A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2025, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya koma Nashville SC kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SC |first=Nashville |title=Nashville Soccer Club Signs Honduran Defender Andy Najar |url=https://www.nashvillesc.com/news/nashville-sc-signs-honduran-defender-andy-najar |website=Nashville SC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Andy_Najar.jpg|thumb|Najar da Honduras a shekarar 2015]]
A ranar 6 ga Afrilun 2011, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai buga wa tawagar ƙasar Honduras wasa, inda ya zaɓi ƙasar da aka haife shi maimakon ƙasar Amurka, wadda har yanzu bai sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasa ba.  Ya fara buga wa Honduras wasa a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011 da Colombia, inda ya shiga cikin minti na 67. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2011 |title=D.C. United International Round-Up: Andy Najar Debuts For Honduras |url=http://www.blackandredunited.com/2011/9/3/2401781/dc-united-international-round-up-andy-najar-debuts-honduras-bill-hamid-chris-pontius-usmnt |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=Black and Red United}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kira Najar zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Honduras 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a gasar Olympics ta 2012 .

A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2013, Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa ga Honduras a matakin knockout na gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2013 da Costa Rica a wasan da suka tashi 1-0 wanda ya kai Honduras ga wasan kusa da na karshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/goldcup/news/article/2013/07/21/gold-cup-andy-najar-nets-first-intl-goal-honduras-top-costa-rica-book-semi-u |access-date=22 July 2013 |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2025, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan kammala wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026, ko kuma bayan [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=cronologia/-/meta/mario-figueroa |title=Andy Nájar le pone fecha a su retiro con la Selección de Honduras y pone en duda su participación en Copa Oro |url=https://www.diez.hn/laseleccion/andy-najar-fecha-a-su-retiro-con-la-seleccion-de-honduras-y-pone-en-duda-su-participacion-en-copa-oro-CG25988831 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.diez.hn |language=es-HN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2025, kwana guda bayan da Honduras ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, Najar ya yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan da Honduras ta tashi kunnen doki babu ci a wasanta da Costa Rica . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Honduras con nuevo técnico y adiós a varios futbolistas: Ellos no volverán a jugar una eliminatoria |trans-title=Honduras with a new coach and farewell to several players: They won’t play in another qualifying round |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/fotogalerias/deportes/honduras-seleccion-reinaldo-rueda-mundial-2026-eliminatoria-salida-copa-mundo-DN28255732 |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=[[La Prensa (Honduras)|La Prensa]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|17 April 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental{{Efn|Includes appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], [[UEFA Europa League]] and [[CONCACAF Central American Cup]].}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other{{Efn|Appearances in league playoffs}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |D.C. United
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |MLS
|26
|5
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|28
|5
|-
|2011
|31
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|31
|5
|-
|2012
|25
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|28
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!82
!10
!4
!0
!0
!0
!1
!0
!87
!10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Anderlecht
|{{Nowrap|[[2013–14 R.S.C. Anderlecht season|2013–14]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Belgian Pro League
|15
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
|10
|1
|27
|3
|-
|2014–15
|26
|2
|6
|1
|7
|1
|9
|4
|48
|8
|-
|2015–16
|24
|2
|2
|0
|9
|1
|3
|0
|38
|3
|-
|2016–17
|9
|0
|1
|0
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|0
|-
|2017–18
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|6
|0
|-
|2018–19
|18
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|0
|0
|23
|0
|-
|2019–20
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!93
!6
!11
!1
!27
!2
!26
!5
!157
!14
|-
|Los Angeles FC
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |MLS
|8
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |D.C. United
|2021
|26
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|26
|1
|-
|2022
|23
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|23
|0
|-
|2023
|21
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!70
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!71
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Olimpia
|2023–24
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Honduran Liga Nacional
|18
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|18
|1
|-
|2024–25
|17
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|21
|1
|-
!
!
!35
!2
!0
!0
!4
!0
!0
!0
!39
!2
|-
|Nashville
|2025
|MLS
|7
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|7
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!308
!19
!16
!1
!31
!2
!27
!5
!382
!27
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
{{Updated|match played 16 June 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFTPLAYER&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|44931|access-date=11 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta yi da kuma shekarar da ta gabata
! Tawagar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | Honduras
| 2011
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2012
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2013
| 12
| 1
|-
| 2014
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 9
| 3
|-
| 2016
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2021
| 5
| 0
|-
| 2022
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2023
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2024
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2025
| 2
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 53
! 5
|}

: ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Honduras ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Najar.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen da Andy Najar ya zura a gasar cin kofin duniya 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasar
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1
| 21 July 2013
| Filin Wasan M&amp;amp;amp;T Bank, Baltimore, Amurka
|{{Fb|Costa Rica}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2013
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Costa Rica |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/8465/Honduras_Costa_Rica.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 29 March 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|French Guiana}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 3–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar cin Kofin Zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. French Guiana |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/12816/Honduras_French_Guiana.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 4
| 10 July 2015
| Filin wasa na Gillette, Foxborough, Amurka
|{{Fb|Panama}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2015
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Panama |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/13383/Honduras_Panama.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 5
| 9 June 2024
| Filin Wasan Kasa na Bermuda, Devonshire Parish, Bermuda
|{{Fb|Bermuda}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 5–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 6–1
| Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bermuda vs. Honduras |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39112/Bermuda_Honduras.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Daraja ==
'''Anderlecht''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Belgium : 2012–13, 2013–14, 2016–17
* Kofin Super Cup na Belgium : 2013, 2014

'''Nashville SC'''

* Kofin Buɗewa na Amurka : 2025 

'''Mutum ɗaya'''

* Gwarzon Shekara na MLS : 2010 
* Ɗan wasan RSC Anderlecht na kakar wasa: 2015–16, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Andy Najar verkozen tot speler van het seizoen (01 jun 16) |url=https://www.anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/142866 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=www.anderlecht-online.be}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016–17 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Wie werd verkozen tot MVP? (08 jun 17) |url=https://anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/156225 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=anderlecht-online.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tauraron MLS : 2025

== Bayanan kula ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>fg4wni1t40mqnpx9zwmx8dr724ei771</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marilyn Neufville</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877762</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361935027|Marilyn Neufville]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877762</origin>
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'''Marilyn Fay Neufville''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952) 'Yar tseren gudu ce mai ritaya wadda ta kasance mai himma tsakanin 1967 da 1971. Neufville ta karya tarihin duniya a tseren mita 400&amp;nbsp;kuma ta lashe lambobin zinare huɗu da tagulla ɗaya a gasar zakarun yankuna daban-daban. An haife ta a Jamaica, ta yi ƙaura tana da shekaru takwas zuwa Burtaniya.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2015)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Shekarun Birtaniya ==
Neufville ta lashe kambun AAA na mata uku a matsayin ƙaramar yarinya a gasar 100&amp;nbsp;yadi da 150&amp;nbsp;Yadi a cikin rukunin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 a shekarar 1967 kuma ya lashe 220&amp;nbsp;Yadi a cikin rukunin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a 1968. A 1969, Neufville ta kasance ta biyu bayan Dorothy Hyman a gasar mita 200 a gasar WAAA ta 1969, inda ta kammala a cikin lokaci na 24.3.&amp;nbsp;daƙiƙa. 

Neufville ta fara bayyana a fagen kasa da kasa a watan Satumba na shekarar 1969, lokacin da ta yi tseren 4 × 400.&amp;nbsp;a wasan Burtaniya da [[Yammacin Jamus]] a [[Hamburg]] . A watan Maris na 1970, ta fafata a gasar cin kofin wasannin motsa jiki na cikin gida ta Turai kuma ta lashe zinare sama da 400&amp;nbsp;m a cikin 53.01&amp;nbsp;s,  ta karya PB ɗinta na waje na 54.2&amp;nbsp;da kuma rikodin cikin gida na duniya, da kuma rikodin cikin gida na ƙasa na Burtaniya wanda ya tsaya har zuwa watan Fabrairun 2019 lokacin da Amber Anning ta yi nasarar da maki 53.00&amp;nbsp;ya mutu.

Daga baya a shekarar 1970, Neufville ya zama zakaran tseren mita 400 na kasa bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun Birtaniya WAAA a gasar WAAA ta 1970 a cikin gudun mita 52.6.&amp;nbsp;s. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAA, WAAA and National Championships Medallists |url=https://www.nuts.org.uk/Champs/AAA/index.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=National Union of Track Statisticians}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAA Championships (women) |url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/bc/waaa.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=GBR Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shekarun Jamaica ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]
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        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361935027|Marilyn Neufville]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Marilyn Fay Neufville''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952) 'Yar tseren gudu ce mai ritaya wadda ta kasance mai himma tsakanin 1967 da 1971. Neufville ta karya tarihin duniya a tseren mita 400&amp;nbsp;kuma ta lashe lambobin zinare huɗu da tagulla ɗaya a gasar zakarun yankuna daban-daban. An haife ta a Jamaica, ta yi ƙaura tana da shekaru takwas zuwa Burtaniya.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2015)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Shekarun Birtaniya ==
Neufville ta lashe kambun AAA na mata uku a matsayin ƙaramar yarinya a gasar 100&amp;nbsp;yadi da 150&amp;nbsp;Yadi a cikin rukunin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 a shekarar 1967 kuma ya lashe 220&amp;nbsp;Yadi a cikin rukunin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a 1968. A 1969, Neufville ta kasance ta biyu bayan Dorothy Hyman a gasar mita 200 a gasar WAAA ta 1969, inda ta kammala a cikin lokaci na 24.3.&amp;nbsp;daƙiƙa. 

Neufville ta fara bayyana a fagen kasa da kasa a watan Satumba na shekarar 1969, lokacin da ta yi tseren 4 × 400.&amp;nbsp;a wasan Burtaniya da [[Yammacin Jamus]] a [[Hamburg]] . A watan Maris na 1970, ta fafata a gasar cin kofin wasannin motsa jiki na cikin gida ta Turai kuma ta lashe zinare sama da 400&amp;nbsp;m a cikin 53.01&amp;nbsp;s,  ta karya PB ɗinta na waje na 54.2&amp;nbsp;da kuma rikodin cikin gida na duniya, da kuma rikodin cikin gida na ƙasa na Burtaniya wanda ya tsaya har zuwa watan Fabrairun 2019 lokacin da Amber Anning ta yi nasarar da maki 53.00&amp;nbsp;ya mutu.

Daga baya a shekarar 1970, Neufville ya zama zakaran tseren mita 400 na kasa bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun Birtaniya WAAA a gasar WAAA ta 1970 a cikin gudun mita 52.6.&amp;nbsp;s. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAA, WAAA and National Championships Medallists |url=https://www.nuts.org.uk/Champs/AAA/index.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=National Union of Track Statisticians}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAA Championships (women) |url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/bc/waaa.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=GBR Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shekarun Jamaica ==
A lokacin bazara, kafin wasannin Commonwealth na Burtaniya na 1970 a [[Edinburgh]], Neufville ta zaɓi wakiltar ƙasar haihuwarta, Jamaica a kan ƙasar da take zaune. Wannan ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce mai yawa tare da jama'ar Birtaniya da yawa suna cewa ta ci amanar inda aka horar da ita kuma ta ɗauki canjinta a matsayin cin amanar ƙasa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A wasannin Commonwealth, Neufville ta kafa sabon tarihi a duniya ta hanyar inganta maki da ya gabata wanda Colette Besson da Nicole Duclos mata 'yan Faransa suka riƙe a baya da maki 51.0&amp;nbsp;s (an tsara lokacin lantarki kamar 51.02&amp;nbsp;s)  tana da shekaru 17. Wannan ya sanya ta zama 'yar wasa mace ta farko kuma har yanzu ita kaɗai 'yar Jamaica da ta karya tarihin duniya a waje.

A shekarar 1970, ta sami karɓuwa sosai a taron ISTAF athletics meet da aka yi a Berlin fiye da gasar AAA Championships da ta yi nasara da maki 52.6.&amp;nbsp;s a gaban Christel Frese na Jamus da Inge Eckhoff .

A shekarar 1971, a gasar cin kofin AAA ta cikin gida, Jannette Champion ta doke Neufville, wanda hakan ya sauya sakamakon shekarar da ta gabata. A wannan shekarar, a gasar cin kofin Pan-American Championships da aka yi a Cali, ta lashe lambar zinare ta uku da tagulla a tseren 4 × 400.&amp;nbsp;m relay.  A gasar cin kofin Amurka ta Tsakiya da Caribbean ta 1971, ta lashe lambar zinare ta huɗu. Nasarorin da ta samu sun sa ta lashe kyaututtuka biyu na 'yar wasan Jamaica ta shekara a 1970 da 1971.

A shekarar 1972, ta yi rajista a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Har yanzu tana matsayi na 3 a jerin waɗanda suka fi kowa a makarantar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.calbears.com/fls/30100/old_site/pdf/c-otrack/pdf-06TF36to45-041906.pdf?DB_OEM_ID%3D30100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412184820/http://www.calbears.com/fls/30100/old_site/pdf/c-otrack/pdf-06TF36to45-041906.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30100 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan fama da raunuka, Neufville ta dawo gasar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya ta 1974 amma ta kasance inuwar tsohuwar kanta - ta kare ne kawai a matsayi na shida a gasar 400.&amp;nbsp;m ƙarshe.

Neufville ta fara shiga gasar Olympics a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1976. Ta kare a matsayi na hudu a gasar amma ta janye daga gasar zagaye na biyu saboda rauni. 

== Tambayoyi Masu Muhimmanci ==

* Duk da cewa ta kasance mai rike da rikodin duniya kuma zakaran Commonwealth a lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ba ta fara shiga gasar Olympics ba sai da ta kai shekaru 24.
* Ta kasance memba a Cambridge Harriers kuma har zuwa watan Mayu na 2021, har yanzu tana riƙe da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 400.&amp;nbsp;rikodin m na 51&amp;nbsp;An shirya gasar Commonwealth a Edinburgh a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1970.

== Daraja ==

=== Gasar Wasannin Cikin Gida ta Turai ===
Gasar Wasannin Cikin Gida ta Turai ta 1970 a [[Vienna|Vienna, Austria]]

* Lambar zinare 400&amp;nbsp;m 

=== Wasannin Commonwealth na Burtaniya ===
Wasannin Commonwealth na Burtaniya na 1970 a [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]

* Lambar zinare 400&amp;nbsp;m
* Wuri na 5 4 × 100&amp;nbsp;m

Wasannin Commonwealth na Burtaniya na 1974 a Christchurch, New Zealand

* Kashi na 6 cikin 400&amp;nbsp;m

=== Wasannin Pan-American ===
Wasannin Pan American na 1971 a Cali, Colombia

* Lambar zinare 400&amp;nbsp;m  
* Lambar tagulla 4 × 400&amp;nbsp;na'urar juyawa ta m 

=== Gasar Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean ===
Gasar Wasannin Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean ta 1971 a [[Kingston, Jamaica]]

* Lambar Zinare 400&amp;nbsp;m  

=== Tarihin duniya ===

* 400 ɗin&amp;nbsp;rikodin duniya na 51.02&amp;nbsp;s a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1970 a Edinburgh (wani ci gaba na tarihin duniya da Colette Besson da Nicole Duclos suka kafa) an daidaita su da Monika Zehrt da Mona-Lisa Pursiainen sannan Irena Szewińska ta doke su a 1974. 
* 400&amp;nbsp;rikodin cikin gida na duniya na m a cikin 53.01&amp;nbsp;s a watan Maris na 1971 a Vienna wanda Nadezhda Ilyina ta karya a shekarar 1974.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2015)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Wasannin motsa jiki a Gasar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya ta 1970 - tseren mita 400 na mata

== Nassoshi ==
 

== Ƙarin karatu ==

*

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=2882 Marilyn Neufville a cikin Jaruman Wasanni]
* [http://www.todor66.com/olim/1972/index.html Sakamakon Gasar Olympics]
* {{YouTube|WgpPWnAwiM4|Video of Neufville's world record}}  
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]
[[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]]
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        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
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'''Marilyn Fay Neufville''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952) 'Yar tseren gudu ce mai ritaya wadda ta kasance mai himma tsakanin 1967 da 1971. Neufville ta karya tarihin duniya a tseren mita 400&amp;nbsp;kuma ta lashe lambobin zinare huɗu da tagulla ɗaya a gasar zakarun yankuna daban-daban. An haife ta a Jamaica, ta yi ƙaura tana da shekaru takwas zuwa Burtaniya.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2015)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Shekarun Birtaniya ==
Neufville ta lashe kambun AAA na mata uku a matsayin ƙaramar yarinya a gasar 100&amp;nbsp;yadi da 150&amp;nbsp;Yadi a cikin rukunin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 a shekarar 1967 kuma ya lashe 220&amp;nbsp;Yadi a cikin rukunin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a 1968. A 1969, Neufville ta kasance ta biyu bayan Dorothy Hyman a gasar mita 200 a gasar WAAA ta 1969, inda ta kammala a cikin lokaci na 24.3.&amp;nbsp;daƙiƙa. 

Neufville ta fara bayyana a fagen kasa da kasa a watan Satumba na shekarar 1969, lokacin da ta yi tseren 4 × 400.&amp;nbsp;a wasan Burtaniya da [[Yammacin Jamus]] a [[Hamburg]] . A watan Maris na 1970, ta fafata a gasar cin kofin wasannin motsa jiki na cikin gida ta Turai kuma ta lashe zinare sama da 400&amp;nbsp;m a cikin 53.01&amp;nbsp;s,  ta karya PB ɗinta na waje na 54.2&amp;nbsp;da kuma rikodin cikin gida na duniya, da kuma rikodin cikin gida na ƙasa na Burtaniya wanda ya tsaya har zuwa watan Fabrairun 2019 lokacin da Amber Anning ta yi nasarar da maki 53.00&amp;nbsp;ya mutu.

Daga baya a shekarar 1970, Neufville ya zama zakaran tseren mita 400 na kasa bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun Birtaniya WAAA a gasar WAAA ta 1970 a cikin gudun mita 52.6.&amp;nbsp;s. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAA, WAAA and National Championships Medallists |url=https://www.nuts.org.uk/Champs/AAA/index.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=National Union of Track Statisticians}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AAA Championships (women) |url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/bc/waaa.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=GBR Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shekarun Jamaica ==
A lokacin bazara, kafin wasannin Commonwealth na Burtaniya na 1970 a [[Edinburgh]], Neufville ta zaɓi wakiltar ƙasar haihuwarta, Jamaica a kan ƙasar da take zaune. Wannan ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce mai yawa tare da jama'ar Birtaniya da yawa suna cewa ta ci amanar inda aka horar da ita kuma ta ɗauki canjinta a matsayin cin amanar ƙasa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A wasannin Commonwealth, Neufville ta kafa sabon tarihi a duniya ta hanyar inganta maki da ya gabata wanda Colette Besson da Nicole Duclos mata 'yan Faransa suka riƙe a baya da maki 51.0&amp;nbsp;s (an tsara lokacin lantarki kamar 51.02&amp;nbsp;s)  tana da shekaru 17. Wannan ya sanya ta zama 'yar wasa mace ta farko kuma har yanzu ita kaɗai 'yar Jamaica da ta karya tarihin duniya a waje.

A shekarar 1970, ta sami karɓuwa sosai a taron ISTAF athletics meet da aka yi a Berlin fiye da gasar AAA Championships da ta yi nasara da maki 52.6.&amp;nbsp;s a gaban Christel Frese na Jamus da Inge Eckhoff .

A shekarar 1971, a gasar cin kofin AAA ta cikin gida, Jannette Champion ta doke Neufville, wanda hakan ya sauya sakamakon shekarar da ta gabata. A wannan shekarar, a gasar cin kofin Pan-American Championships da aka yi a Cali, ta lashe lambar zinare ta uku da tagulla a tseren 4 × 400.&amp;nbsp;m relay.  A gasar cin kofin Amurka ta Tsakiya da Caribbean ta 1971, ta lashe lambar zinare ta huɗu. Nasarorin da ta samu sun sa ta lashe kyaututtuka biyu na 'yar wasan Jamaica ta shekara a 1970 da 1971.

A shekarar 1972, ta yi rajista a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Har yanzu tana matsayi na 3 a jerin waɗanda suka fi kowa a makarantar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.calbears.com/fls/30100/old_site/pdf/c-otrack/pdf-06TF36to45-041906.pdf?DB_OEM_ID%3D30100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412184820/http://www.calbears.com/fls/30100/old_site/pdf/c-otrack/pdf-06TF36to45-041906.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30100 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan fama da raunuka, Neufville ta dawo gasar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya ta 1974 amma ta kasance inuwar tsohuwar kanta - ta kare ne kawai a matsayi na shida a gasar 400.&amp;nbsp;m ƙarshe.

Neufville ta fara shiga gasar Olympics a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1976. Ta kare a matsayi na hudu a gasar amma ta janye daga gasar zagaye na biyu saboda rauni. 

== Tambayoyi Masu Muhimmanci ==

* Duk da cewa ta kasance mai rike da rikodin duniya kuma zakaran Commonwealth a lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ba ta fara shiga gasar Olympics ba sai da ta kai shekaru 24.
* Ta kasance memba a Cambridge Harriers kuma har zuwa watan Mayu na 2021, har yanzu tana riƙe da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 400.&amp;nbsp;rikodin m na 51&amp;nbsp;An shirya gasar Commonwealth a Edinburgh a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1970.

== Daraja ==

=== Gasar Wasannin Cikin Gida ta Turai ===
Gasar Wasannin Cikin Gida ta Turai ta 1970 a [[Vienna|Vienna, Austria]]

* Lambar zinare 400&amp;nbsp;m 

=== Wasannin Commonwealth na Burtaniya ===
Wasannin Commonwealth na Burtaniya na 1970 a [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]

* Lambar zinare 400&amp;nbsp;m
* Wuri na 5 4 × 100&amp;nbsp;m

Wasannin Commonwealth na Burtaniya na 1974 a Christchurch, New Zealand

* Kashi na 6 cikin 400&amp;nbsp;m

=== Wasannin Pan-American ===
Wasannin Pan American na 1971 a Cali, Colombia

* Lambar zinare 400&amp;nbsp;m  
* Lambar tagulla 4 × 400&amp;nbsp;na'urar juyawa ta m 

=== Gasar Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean ===
Gasar Wasannin Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean ta 1971 a [[Kingston, Jamaica]]

* Lambar Zinare 400&amp;nbsp;m  

=== Tarihin duniya ===

* 400 ɗin&amp;nbsp;rikodin duniya na 51.02&amp;nbsp;s a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1970 a Edinburgh (wani ci gaba na tarihin duniya da Colette Besson da Nicole Duclos suka kafa) an daidaita su da Monika Zehrt da Mona-Lisa Pursiainen sannan Irena Szewińska ta doke su a 1974. 
* 400&amp;nbsp;rikodin cikin gida na duniya na m a cikin 53.01&amp;nbsp;s a watan Maris na 1971 a Vienna wanda Nadezhda Ilyina ta karya a shekarar 1974.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2015)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Wasannin motsa jiki a Gasar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya ta 1970 - tseren mita 400 na mata


== Ƙarin karatu ==

*

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=2882 Marilyn Neufville a cikin Jaruman Wasanni]
* [http://www.todor66.com/olim/1972/index.html Sakamakon Gasar Olympics]
* {{YouTube|WgpPWnAwiM4|Video of Neufville's world record}}  
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]]
[[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877773</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:48:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877773</origin>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>877774</origin>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</text>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877776</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877777</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:49:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:49:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]
Kamar yadda Yemen ba ta isa ta iska ba saboda yankin da ba a tashi ba, Indiya ta zaɓi [[Djibouti]]_(city)&quot; id=&quot;mwcg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Djibouti (city)&quot;&gt;Djibouti a matsayin cibiyar fitarwa ta farko ta teku. An shawarci Indiyawa a Yemen da su isa [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Aden. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta sake tura Jirgin sintiri na INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweA&quot;&gt;Sumitra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (P59)  daga ayyukan yaki da satar teku a bakin tekun [[Lakshadweep]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yemen ta Aden. Bugu da kari, ya aika da mai hallaka [[Mumbai]]_(D62)&quot; id=&quot;mwew&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;INS Mumbai (D62)&quot;&gt;INS ''Mumbai'' (D62)  (Kapitan Rajesh Dhankhar) da kuma jirgin ruwa INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgQ&quot;&gt;Tarkash&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (F50)  (Kapitan Pradeep Singh) daga Mumbai don samar da kariya da tallafi ga jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na Indiya a yankin rikici. Dukansu sun yi tafiyar kilomita 1,350 (2,500 km; 1,550  a cikin kwanaki hudu don isa Yemen. Sojojin Sama na Indiya sun tura jiragen C-17 Globemaster guda biyu tare da damar fasinjoji 600 zuwa Djibouti.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]
Kamar yadda Yemen ba ta isa ta iska ba saboda yankin da ba a tashi ba, Indiya ta zaɓi [[Djibouti]] Djibouti a matsayin cibiyar fitarwa ta farko ta teku. An shawarci Indiyawa a Yemen da su isa [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Aden. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta sake tura Jirgin sintiri na INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweA&quot;&gt;Sumitra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (P59)  daga ayyukan yaki da satar teku a bakin tekun [[Lakshadweep]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yemen ta Aden. Bugu da kari, ya aika da mai hallaka [[Mumbai]]_(D62)&quot; id=&quot;mwew&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;INS Mumbai (D62)&quot;&gt;INS ''Mumbai'' (D62)  (Kapitan Rajesh Dhankhar) da kuma jirgin ruwa INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgQ&quot;&gt;Tarkash&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (F50)  (Kapitan Pradeep Singh) daga Mumbai don samar da kariya da tallafi ga jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na Indiya a yankin rikici. Dukansu sun yi tafiyar kilomita 1,350 (2,500 km; 1,550  a cikin kwanaki hudu don isa Yemen. Sojojin Sama na Indiya sun tura jiragen C-17 Globemaster guda biyu tare da damar fasinjoji 600 zuwa Djibouti.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:51:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]
Kamar yadda Yemen ba ta isa ta iska ba saboda yankin da ba a tashi ba, Indiya ta zaɓi [[Djibouti]] Djibouti a matsayin cibiyar fitarwa ta farko ta teku. An shawarci Indiyawa a Yemen da su isa [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Aden. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta sake tura Jirgin sintiri na INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweA&quot;&gt;Sumitra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (P59)  daga ayyukan yaki da satar teku a bakin tekun [[Lakshadweep]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yemen ta Aden. Bugu da kari, ya aika da mai hallaka [[Mumbai]]_(D62)&quot;  ''Mumbai'' (D62)  (Kapitan Rajesh Dhankhar) da kuma jirgin ruwa INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgQ&quot;&gt;Tarkash&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (F50)  (Kapitan Pradeep Singh) daga Mumbai don samar da kariya da tallafi ga jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na Indiya a yankin rikici. Dukansu sun yi tafiyar kilomita 1,350 (2,500 km; 1,550  a cikin kwanaki hudu don isa Yemen. Sojojin Sama na Indiya sun tura jiragen C-17 Globemaster guda biyu tare da damar fasinjoji 600 zuwa Djibouti.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358033995|Operation Raahat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]
Kamar yadda Yemen ba ta isa ta iska ba saboda yankin da ba a tashi ba, Indiya ta zaɓi [[Djibouti]] Djibouti a matsayin cibiyar fitarwa ta farko ta teku. An shawarci Indiyawa a Yemen da su isa [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Aden. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta sake tura Jirgin sintiri na INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweA&quot;&gt;Sumitra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (P59)  daga ayyukan yaki da satar teku a bakin tekun [[Lakshadweep]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yemen ta Aden. Bugu da kari, ya aika da mai hallaka [[Mumbai]]_(D62)&quot;  ''Mumbai'' (D62)  (Kapitan Rajesh Dhankhar) da kuma jirgin ruwa INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgQ&quot;&gt;Tarkash&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (F50)  (Kapitan Pradeep Singh) daga Mumbai don samar da kariya da tallafi ga jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na Indiya a yankin rikici. Dukansu sun yi tafiyar kilomita 1,350 (2,500 km; 1,550  a cikin kwanaki hudu don isa Yemen. Sojojin Sama na Indiya sun tura jiragen C-17 Globemaster guda biyu tare da damar fasinjoji 600 zuwa Djibouti.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A cikin kwanaki fiye da 4,640 [[Indiya]] na kasashen waje an kwashe su tare da 960 'yan kasashen waje daga kasashe sama da 41.&lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html &quot;India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen&quot;]. ''www.oneindia.com''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html Archived] from the original on 29 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKumar2015&quot;&gt;Kumar, Hari (10 April 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 &quot;India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 Archived] from the original on 20 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikinsu ba su da ikon aiki don gudanar da aikin ceto, don haka sun nemi taimakon Indiya. Wadannan ƙasashe sun haɗa da: [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Kanada]], [[Cuba]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], Masar, [[Faransa]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], Ireland, [[Italiya]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Lebanon]], [[Maldives]], Morocco, [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Romainiya|Romania]], [[Rasha]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Sweden]], [[Siriya]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Uganda]], Ingila, da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Daga cikin jimlar mutane 5,600, an kwashe Indiyawa 2,900 ta jiragen sama na musamman 18 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Indiyawa 1,670 ta jiragen ruwa na Indiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ &quot;Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Indian Express]]''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 232 foreigners including Americans, Europeans from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407231603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PRAGUE POST2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=Czechs seek help from India in Yemen |url=http://www.praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408095547/http://praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[Prague Post]] &amp; The Voice of Prague}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11 Indiyawan da jirgin ruwa na Pakistan PNS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw8Q&quot;&gt;Aslat&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya kwashe daga Mukalla, ya isa [[Karachi]], kuma an dawo da su Indiya a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms &quot;India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 8 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=4,000 Indians rescued so far, Yemen air evacuation op to end on Wed |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407190743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=hindustantimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gudun iska ya ƙare a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewar teku ya ƙare a kan 11 ga Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India Pulls Off Great Escape in Yemen, 4000 Evacuated From War Zone |url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408174044/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indiyawa 200 sun ki barin Yemen saboda dalilai daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2015 |title=Yemen: India ends Operation 'Rahat', 200 refuse to leave |url=http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415032203/http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]
Kamar yadda Yemen ba ta isa ta iska ba saboda yankin da ba a tashi ba, Indiya ta zaɓi [[Djibouti]] Djibouti a matsayin cibiyar fitarwa ta farko ta teku. An shawarci Indiyawa a Yemen da su isa [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Aden. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta sake tura Jirgin sintiri na (P59)  daga ayyukan yaki da satar teku a bakin tekun [[Lakshadweep]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yemen ta Aden. Bugu da kari, ya aika da mai hallaka [[Mumbai]]_(D62)&quot;  ''Mumbai'' (D62)  (Kapitan Rajesh Dhankhar) da kuma jirgin ruwa INS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgQ&quot;&gt;Tarkash&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (F50)  (Kapitan Pradeep Singh) daga Mumbai don samar da kariya da tallafi ga jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na Indiya a yankin rikici. Dukansu sun yi tafiyar kilomita 1,350 (2,500 km; 1,550  a cikin kwanaki hudu don isa Yemen. Sojojin Sama na Indiya sun tura jiragen C-17 Globemaster guda biyu tare da damar fasinjoji 600 zuwa Djibouti.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A cikin kwanaki fiye da 4,640 [[Indiya]] na kasashen waje an kwashe su tare da 960 'yan kasashen waje daga kasashe sama da 41.&lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html &quot;India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen&quot;]. ''www.oneindia.com''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html Archived] from the original on 29 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKumar2015&quot;&gt;Kumar, Hari (10 April 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 &quot;India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 Archived] from the original on 20 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikinsu ba su da ikon aiki don gudanar da aikin ceto, don haka sun nemi taimakon Indiya. Wadannan ƙasashe sun haɗa da: [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Kanada]], [[Cuba]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], Masar, [[Faransa]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], Ireland, [[Italiya]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Lebanon]], [[Maldives]], Morocco, [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Romainiya|Romania]], [[Rasha]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Sweden]], [[Siriya]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Uganda]], Ingila, da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Daga cikin jimlar mutane 5,600, an kwashe Indiyawa 2,900 ta jiragen sama na musamman 18 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Indiyawa 1,670 ta jiragen ruwa na Indiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ &quot;Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Indian Express]]''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 232 foreigners including Americans, Europeans from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407231603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PRAGUE POST2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=Czechs seek help from India in Yemen |url=http://www.praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408095547/http://praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[Prague Post]] &amp; The Voice of Prague}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11 Indiyawan da jirgin ruwa na Pakistan PNS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw8Q&quot;&gt;Aslat&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya kwashe daga Mukalla, ya isa [[Karachi]], kuma an dawo da su Indiya a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms &quot;India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 8 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=4,000 Indians rescued so far, Yemen air evacuation op to end on Wed |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407190743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=hindustantimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gudun iska ya ƙare a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewar teku ya ƙare a kan 11 ga Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India Pulls Off Great Escape in Yemen, 4000 Evacuated From War Zone |url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408174044/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indiyawa 200 sun ki barin Yemen saboda dalilai daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2015 |title=Yemen: India ends Operation 'Rahat', 200 refuse to leave |url=http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415032203/http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]
Kamar yadda Yemen ba ta isa ta iska ba saboda yankin da ba a tashi ba, Indiya ta zaɓi [[Djibouti]] Djibouti a matsayin cibiyar fitarwa ta farko ta teku. An shawarci Indiyawa a Yemen da su isa [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Aden. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta sake tura Jirgin sintiri na (P59)  daga ayyukan yaki da satar teku a bakin tekun [[Lakshadweep]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yemen ta Aden. Bugu da kari, ya aika da mai hallaka [[Mumbai]]_(D62)&quot;  ''Mumbai'' (D62)  (Kapitan Rajesh Dhankhar) da kuma jirgin ruwa   (Kapitan Pradeep Singh) daga Mumbai don samar da kariya da tallafi ga jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na Indiya a yankin rikici. Dukansu sun yi tafiyar kilomita 1,350 (2,500 km; 1,550  a cikin kwanaki hudu don isa Yemen. Sojojin Sama na Indiya sun tura jiragen C-17 Globemaster guda biyu tare da damar fasinjoji 600 zuwa Djibouti.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A cikin kwanaki fiye da 4,640 [[Indiya]] na kasashen waje an kwashe su tare da 960 'yan kasashen waje daga kasashe sama da 41.&lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html &quot;India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen&quot;]. ''www.oneindia.com''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html Archived] from the original on 29 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKumar2015&quot;&gt;Kumar, Hari (10 April 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 &quot;India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 Archived] from the original on 20 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikinsu ba su da ikon aiki don gudanar da aikin ceto, don haka sun nemi taimakon Indiya. Wadannan ƙasashe sun haɗa da: [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Kanada]], [[Cuba]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], Masar, [[Faransa]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], Ireland, [[Italiya]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Lebanon]], [[Maldives]], Morocco, [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Romainiya|Romania]], [[Rasha]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Sweden]], [[Siriya]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Uganda]], Ingila, da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Daga cikin jimlar mutane 5,600, an kwashe Indiyawa 2,900 ta jiragen sama na musamman 18 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Indiyawa 1,670 ta jiragen ruwa na Indiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ &quot;Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Indian Express]]''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 232 foreigners including Americans, Europeans from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407231603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PRAGUE POST2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=Czechs seek help from India in Yemen |url=http://www.praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408095547/http://praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[Prague Post]] &amp; The Voice of Prague}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11 Indiyawan da jirgin ruwa na Pakistan  ya kwashe daga Mukalla, ya isa [[Karachi]], kuma an dawo da su Indiya a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms &quot;India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 8 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=4,000 Indians rescued so far, Yemen air evacuation op to end on Wed |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407190743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=hindustantimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gudun iska ya ƙare a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewar teku ya ƙare a kan 11 ga Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India Pulls Off Great Escape in Yemen, 4000 Evacuated From War Zone |url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408174044/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indiyawa 200 sun ki barin Yemen saboda dalilai daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2015 |title=Yemen: India ends Operation 'Rahat', 200 refuse to leave |url=http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415032203/http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]
Kamar yadda Yemen ba ta isa ta iska ba saboda yankin da ba a tashi ba, Indiya ta zaɓi [[Djibouti]] Djibouti a matsayin cibiyar fitarwa ta farko ta teku. An shawarci Indiyawa a Yemen da su isa [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Aden. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta sake tura Jirgin sintiri na (P59)  daga ayyukan yaki da satar teku a bakin tekun [[Lakshadweep]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yemen ta Aden. Bugu da kari, ya aika da mai hallaka [[Mumbai]]_(D62)&quot;  ''Mumbai'' (D62)  (Kapitan Rajesh Dhankhar) da kuma jirgin ruwa   (Kapitan Pradeep Singh) daga Mumbai don samar da kariya da tallafi ga jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na Indiya a yankin rikici. Dukansu sun yi tafiyar kilomita 1,350 (2,500 km; 1,550  a cikin kwanaki hudu don isa Yemen. Sojojin Sama na Indiya sun tura jiragen C-17 Globemaster guda biyu tare da damar fasinjoji 600 zuwa Djibouti.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A cikin kwanaki fiye da 4,640 [[Indiya]] na kasashen waje an kwashe su tare da 960 'yan kasashen waje daga kasashe sama da 41.&lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html &quot;India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen&quot;]. ''www.oneindia.com''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html Archived] from the original on 29 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKumar2015&quot;&gt;Kumar, Hari (10 April 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 &quot;India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 Archived] from the original on 20 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikinsu ba su da ikon aiki don gudanar da aikin ceto, don haka sun nemi taimakon Indiya. Wadannan ƙasashe sun haɗa da: [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Kanada]], [[Cuba]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], Masar, [[Faransa]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], Ireland, [[Italiya]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Lebanon]], [[Maldives]], Morocco, [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Romainiya|Romania]], [[Rasha]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Sweden]], [[Siriya]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Uganda]], Ingila, da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Daga cikin jimlar mutane 5,600, an kwashe Indiyawa 2,900 ta jiragen sama na musamman 18 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Indiyawa 1,670 ta jiragen ruwa na Indiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ &quot;Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Indian Express]]''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 232 foreigners including Americans, Europeans from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407231603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PRAGUE POST2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=Czechs seek help from India in Yemen |url=http://www.praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408095547/http://praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[Prague Post]] &amp; The Voice of Prague}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11 Indiyawan da jirgin ruwa na Pakistan  ya kwashe daga Mukalla, ya isa [[Karachi]], kuma an dawo da su Indiya a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms &quot;India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 8 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=4,000 Indians rescued so far, Yemen air evacuation op to end on Wed |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407190743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=hindustantimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gudun iska ya ƙare a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewar teku ya ƙare a kan 11 ga Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India Pulls Off Great Escape in Yemen, 4000 Evacuated From War Zone |url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408174044/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indiyawa 200 sun ki barin Yemen saboda dalilai daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2015 |title=Yemen: India ends Operation 'Rahat', 200 refuse to leave |url=http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415032203/http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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'''Operation Raahat''' ( Hindi         ) wani aiki ne da Rundunar Sojin Indiya ta yi don kwashe 'yan asalin [[Indiya]] da 'yan ƙasashen waje daga [[Yemen]] a lokacin da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da kawayenta suka shiga tsakani a shekarar 2015 a lokacin rikicin Yemen .  An fara kwashe mutanen ta teku a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aden . Rundunar sojin saman Indiya da [[Air India]] sun fara kwashe jiragen sama a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] . An kwashe 'yan ƙasar Indiya sama da 4,640 a Yemen tare da 'yan ƙasashen waje 960 daga ƙasashe 41. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala kwashe 'yan ƙasar daga sama a ranar 9 ga Afrilu.&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewa ta hanyar teku ya ƙare a ranar 11 ga Afrilu&amp;nbsp;Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Firstposta2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=1000 nationals from 41 countries: India's Yemen evacuation finally ends and the world is floored |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411190901/http://www.firstpost.com/india/1000-nationals-41-countries-indias-yemen-evacuation-finally-ends-world-floored-2192271.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Harkokin soja na 2015 a [[Yemen]] ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga Maris 2015 lokacin da Royal Saudi Air Force ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar kasashen Larabawa wajen kai hari kan 'yan tawayen [[Shi'a]] Houthi. Wannan ya riga ya wuce makonni na rikici a lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Houthi suka hambarar da gwamnatin Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] kuma suka karɓi manyan sassan ƙasar.&amp;nbsp;

Da yake tsammanin ƙarin tashin hankali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta [[Indiya]] (MEA) ta ba da shawara a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2015 ga 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya a Yemen don barin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travel Advisory for Indian Nationals travelling to Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26588/Travel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830173046/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26588%2FTravel_Advisory_for_Indian_Nationals_travelling_to_Yemen |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye na biyu da ke roƙon Indiyawa da su guji tafiya zuwa Yemen, kuma su bar ƙasar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;mea-helpline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 Feb 2015 |title=Helpline of Indian Embassy in Yemen and travel advisory |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/701/Helpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202340/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F701%2FHelpline+of+Indian+Embassy+in+Yemen+and+travel+advisory |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Maris, kwana biyu kafin harin da hadin gwiwar Larabawa suka kai, MEA ta ba da shawara ta gaggawa tana roƙon dukkan 'yan Indiya su fice da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, fiye da 'yan Indiya 5000 ba su saurari gargadi ba kuma sun makale a Yemen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Amsa ==
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_lining_up_for_embarking_INS_Sumitra_during_Operation_Raahat_(1).jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da aka kwashe suna tafiya a kan ''INS Sumitra''.]]
[[Fayil:Indian_evacuees_from_Yemen_along_with_their_belongings_at_jetty_before_embarking_during_Operation_Raahat.jpg|thumb|'Yan Indiya da suka kwashe tare da kayansu a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin su fara ''INS Sumitra''.]]
Kamar yadda Yemen ba ta isa ta iska ba saboda yankin da ba a tashi ba, Indiya ta zaɓi [[Djibouti]] Djibouti a matsayin cibiyar fitarwa ta farko ta teku. An shawarci Indiyawa a Yemen da su isa [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Aden. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta sake tura Jirgin sintiri na (P59)  daga ayyukan yaki da satar teku a bakin tekun [[Lakshadweep]] zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yemen ta Aden. Bugu da kari, ya aika da mai hallaka [[Mumbai]]_(D62)&quot;  ''Mumbai'' (D62)  (Kapitan Rajesh Dhankhar) da kuma jirgin ruwa   (Kapitan Pradeep Singh) daga Mumbai don samar da kariya da tallafi ga jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na Indiya a yankin rikici. Dukansu sun yi tafiyar kilomita 1,350 (2,500 km; 1,550  a cikin kwanaki hudu don isa Yemen. Sojojin Sama na Indiya sun tura jiragen C-17 Globemaster guda biyu tare da damar fasinjoji 600 zuwa Djibouti.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A cikin kwanaki fiye da 4,640 [[Indiya]] na kasashen waje an kwashe su tare da 960 'yan kasashen waje daga kasashe sama da 41.&lt;ref name=&quot;onein2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=www.oneindia.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html &quot;India evacuates 4,640 nationals, 960 others from Yemen&quot;]. ''www.oneindia.com''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150429092021/http://www.oneindia.com/india/india-evacuates-4640-nationals-960-others-from-yemen-1711703.html Archived] from the original on 29 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=10 April 2015 |title=India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKumar2015&quot;&gt;Kumar, Hari (10 April 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 &quot;India Concludes Evacuation of Its Citizens From Yemen&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150420010009/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/asia/india-concludes-evacuation-of-its-citizens-from-yemen.html?nytmobile=0 Archived] from the original on 20 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikinsu ba su da ikon aiki don gudanar da aikin ceto, don haka sun nemi taimakon Indiya. Wadannan ƙasashe sun haɗa da: [[Baharen|Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Kanada]], [[Cuba]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], Masar, [[Faransa]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], Ireland, [[Italiya]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Lebanon]], [[Maldives]], Morocco, [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Romainiya|Romania]], [[Rasha]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Sweden]], [[Siriya]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Uganda]], Ingila, da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Daga cikin jimlar mutane 5,600, an kwashe Indiyawa 2,900 ta jiragen sama na musamman 18 daga [[Sanaa|Sana'a]] da Indiyawa 1,670 ta jiragen ruwa na Indiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;IX2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ &quot;Explained: How India evacuated 5000 stranded in Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Indian Express]]''. 10 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412201028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-leaving-yemen/ Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=India evacuates 232 foreigners including Americans, Europeans from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407231603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-232-foreigners-including-Americans-Europeans-from-Yemen/articleshow/46839994.cms |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PRAGUE POST2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=Czechs seek help from India in Yemen |url=http://www.praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408095547/http://praguepost.com/czech-news/46678-czechs-seek-help-from-india-in-yemen |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[Prague Post]] &amp; The Voice of Prague}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11 Indiyawan da jirgin ruwa na Pakistan  ya kwashe daga Mukalla, ya isa [[Karachi]], kuma an dawo da su Indiya a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms &quot;India appreciates Pakistan's gesture of evacuating its nationals from Yemen&quot;]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 8 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-appreciates-Pakistans-gesture-of-evacuating-its-nationals-from-Yemen/articleshow/46852396.cms Archived] from the original on 12 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=4,000 Indians rescued so far, Yemen air evacuation op to end on Wed |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407190743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4-000-indians-rescued-so-far-yemen-air-evacuation-op-to-end-on-wed/article1-1334906.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=hindustantimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gudun iska ya ƙare a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 yayin da kwashewar teku ya ƙare a kan 11 ga Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=India Pulls Off Great Escape in Yemen, 4000 Evacuated From War Zone |url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408174044/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/government-expected-to-wrap-up-yemen-evacuation-operation-today-4000-indians-rescued-so-far-753135 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indiyawa 200 sun ki barin Yemen saboda dalilai daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2015 |title=Yemen: India ends Operation 'Rahat', 200 refuse to leave |url=http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415032203/http://www.sify.com/mobile/news/yemen-india-ends-operation-rahat-200-refuse-to-leave-news-nri-pekwEyiajibif.html |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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    <title>Duniya ta Mata (fim na 1954)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339382858|Woman's World (1954 film)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Duniya ta Mata''''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''''Duniya ta Mata''''') fim ne na Amurka na CinemaScope na 1954 kuma an buga shi ta hanyar Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Technicolor game da Amurka mai kamfanoni wanda Jean Negulesco ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Clifton Webb, Yuni Allyson, Van Heflin, Lauren Bacall, Fred MacMurray, Arlene Dahl da Cornel Wilde . Shirin ya shafi maza uku da ke gasa don babban aiki a babban kamfani.

== Makirci ==
Lokacin da janar manajan Gifford Motors ya mutu, mai kamfanin Ernest Gifford ([[Clifton Webb]]) ya gayyaci 'yan takara uku don matsayi zuwa [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] don haka zai iya kimanta su da matansu da kansa. Bill da Katie Baxter ([[Cornel Wilde]] da [[June Allyson|Yuni Allyson]]) ma'aurata ne masu ƙauna daga Kansas City. Elizabeth Burns ([[Lauren Bacall]]) ta rabu da mijinta Sidney ([[Fred MacMurray]]) saboda aikinsa yana cinye shi kuma yana lalata lafiyarsa; tana tsoron ci gaba zai kashe shi. Jerry Talbot ([[Van Heflin]]), wanda ke da mace mai ban sha'awa, mai martaba, Carol ([[Arlene Dahl]]), ya zagaya da uku.

Yayin da lokaci ke wucewa, Katie ta nuna ta kasance mai ɗanɗano, a zahiri da kuma zamantakewa. A gefe guda, Elizabeth tana da kwanciyar hankali kuma tana da alheri. Duk da bambance-bambance, ita da Katie suna da kyau. Lokacin da aka gayyaci ma'aurata ba zato ba tsammani don yin karshen mako a gidan 'yar'uwar Gifford Evelyn Andrews, (Margalo Gillmore), Elizabeth ta taimaka wa Katie ta sayi tufafi masu dacewa a kan iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗi.

A halin yanzu, Carol ta yi iya kokarinta don &quot;taimaka&quot; mijinta ta hanyar yin wasa da Gifford mai godiya a kowane damar, duk da bukatun Jerry cewa ta daina tsoma baki. Ya zama a bayyane ga Gifford cewa dan takara mafi kyau da matar da ta fi dacewa ba su da aure. Ya sanar da cewa zai bayyana shawarar da ya yanke bayan abincin dare. Carol ta yi ƙoƙari na ƙarshe don rinjayar zaɓinsa kuma ta yi mamakin sanin cewa, yayin da Jerry shine wanda Gifford ya fi so, ba zai sami aikin ba saboda mummunan nakasa. Lokacin da ta sanar da mijinta da kuma yadda ta taimaka masa a baya, Jerry ya tabbatar da cewa ya sami akalla babban ci gaba daya a kan kansa, ba saboda kyawawan halayenta ba. Daga nan sai ya gaya mata cewa sun wuce kuma ya gaya mata ta tara kuma ta tafi. Lokacin da Gifford ya gano, ya yi farin ciki. Ya yi fatan cewa Jerry zai ga matarsa don abin da take. Gifford ya taya sabon janar manajansa murna saboda ya wuce gwajin. Sauran ma'aurata biyu sun sami sauki.

== Masu ba da labari ==

* Clifton Webb a matsayin Ernest Gifford
* Yuni Allyson a matsayin Katie Baxter
* Van Heflin a matsayin Jerry Talbot
* Lauren Bacall a matsayin Elizabeth Burns
* Fred MacMurray a matsayin Sidney Burns
* Arlene Dahl a matsayin Carol Talbot
* Cornel Wilde a matsayin Bill Baxter
* Elliott Reid a matsayin Tony Andrews, ɗan'uwan Gifford
* Margalo Gillmore a matsayin Evelyn Andrews, 'yar'uwar Gifford

== Fitarwa ==
Fim din ya samo asali ne daga gajeren labarin Mona Williams &quot;Bari Mafi Kyawun Matar Ya Ci&quot;, wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar ''McCall na'' 1950. 20th Century Fox ta sayi haƙƙin fim ɗin, tana da niyyar yin fim tare da layin ''Wasika ga Mata Uku'' da Duk Game da Hauwa'u.

A watan Janairun 1952 Julian Blaustein ya samar kuma fim din zai kasance ga tauraron Jeanne Crain, Corinne Calvet, [[Marilyn Monroe]] da Joanne Dru. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1953 Claude Binyon zai jagoranci kuma Raymond Klune ya samar da Jeanne Crain kuma mai yiwuwa Gloria Grahame ya zama tauraro. Sauran simintin da aka ambata sun hada da Susan Hayward da Michael Rennie .  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1953 Binyon ya gama rubutun.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 1954 furodusa Charles Brackett ya sanar da cewa ƙungiyar Lindsay da Crouse za su rubuta rubutun. Brackett yana so ya jefa taurari shida kuma yana da niyyar fara yin fim a watan Afrilu.

Filin fim na wuri ya fara ne a New York a watan Fabrairu yayin da ake rubuta rubutun. A wannan matakin darektan shine Jean Negulesco kuma taurari sun kasance Clifton Webb, Yuni Allyson, Eleanor Parker, Glenn Ford, Lauren Bacall da Charlton Heston. Har ila yau akwai mota, &quot;Ford of Tomorrow&quot;, wanda Ford ya gina a farashin $ 180,000. Akwai makonni uku na yin fim, sannan wasu wuraren aiki a wani kamfanin kera motoci na Detroit, kafin yin fim ya fara a wani ɗakin karatu daga baya.

A watan Afrilu taurari da aka sanya hannu sune Clifton Webb, Jean Peters, Gloria Grahame, Yuni Allyson da Cornel Wilde. Wilde ya yi fim din a matsayin fim na karshe a karkashin tsohon sadaukarwa tare da Fox. Daga ƙarshe Van Heflin da Fred MacMurray sun shiga aikin, kuma Lauren Bacall ya maye gurbin Grahame kuma Arlene Dahl ya maye gurbi Peters. Fim din ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga Mayu.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Executive Suite, irin wannan fim ɗin da aka fitar a wannan shekarar, tare da Yuni Allyson ya sake yin wasa da matar da ba ta son rai ba, amma mai aminci.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''''Duniya ta Mata''''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''''Duniya ta Mata''''') fim ne na Amurka na CinemaScope na 1954 kuma an buga shi ta hanyar Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Technicolor game da Amurka mai kamfanoni wanda Jean Negulesco ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Clifton Webb, Yuni Allyson, Van Heflin, Lauren Bacall, Fred MacMurray, Arlene Dahl da Cornel Wilde . Shirin ya shafi maza uku da ke gasa don babban aiki a babban kamfani.

== Makirci ==
Lokacin da janar manajan Gifford Motors ya mutu, mai kamfanin Ernest Gifford ([[Clifton Webb]]) ya gayyaci 'yan takara uku don matsayi zuwa [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] don haka zai iya kimanta su da matansu da kansa. Bill da Katie Baxter ([[Cornel Wilde]] da [[June Allyson|Yuni Allyson]]) ma'aurata ne masu ƙauna daga Kansas City. Elizabeth Burns ([[Lauren Bacall]]) ta rabu da mijinta Sidney ([[Fred MacMurray]]) saboda aikinsa yana cinye shi kuma yana lalata lafiyarsa; tana tsoron ci gaba zai kashe shi. Jerry Talbot ([[Van Heflin]]), wanda ke da mace mai ban sha'awa, mai martaba, Carol ([[Arlene Dahl]]), ya zagaya da uku.

Yayin da lokaci ke wucewa, Katie ta nuna ta kasance mai ɗanɗano, a zahiri da kuma zamantakewa. A gefe guda, Elizabeth tana da kwanciyar hankali kuma tana da alheri. Duk da bambance-bambance, ita da Katie suna da kyau. Lokacin da aka gayyaci ma'aurata ba zato ba tsammani don yin karshen mako a gidan 'yar'uwar Gifford Evelyn Andrews, (Margalo Gillmore), Elizabeth ta taimaka wa Katie ta sayi tufafi masu dacewa a kan iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗi.

A halin yanzu, Carol ta yi iya kokarinta don &quot;taimaka&quot; mijinta ta hanyar yin wasa da Gifford mai godiya a kowane damar, duk da bukatun Jerry cewa ta daina tsoma baki. Ya zama a bayyane ga Gifford cewa dan takara mafi kyau da matar da ta fi dacewa ba su da aure. Ya sanar da cewa zai bayyana shawarar da ya yanke bayan abincin dare. Carol ta yi ƙoƙari na ƙarshe don rinjayar zaɓinsa kuma ta yi mamakin sanin cewa, yayin da Jerry shine wanda Gifford ya fi so, ba zai sami aikin ba saboda mummunan nakasa. Lokacin da ta sanar da mijinta da kuma yadda ta taimaka masa a baya, Jerry ya tabbatar da cewa ya sami akalla babban ci gaba daya a kan kansa, ba saboda kyawawan halayenta ba. Daga nan sai ya gaya mata cewa sun wuce kuma ya gaya mata ta tara kuma ta tafi. Lokacin da Gifford ya gano, ya yi farin ciki. Ya yi fatan cewa Jerry zai ga matarsa don abin da take. Gifford ya taya sabon janar manajansa murna saboda ya wuce gwajin. Sauran ma'aurata biyu sun sami sauki.

== Masu ba da labari ==

* Clifton Webb a matsayin Ernest Gifford
* Yuni Allyson a matsayin Katie Baxter
* Van Heflin a matsayin Jerry Talbot
* Lauren Bacall a matsayin Elizabeth Burns
* Fred MacMurray a matsayin Sidney Burns
* Arlene Dahl a matsayin Carol Talbot
* Cornel Wilde a matsayin Bill Baxter
* Elliott Reid a matsayin Tony Andrews, ɗan'uwan Gifford
* Margalo Gillmore a matsayin Evelyn Andrews, 'yar'uwar Gifford

== Fitarwa ==
Fim din ya samo asali ne daga gajeren labarin Mona Williams &quot;Bari Mafi Kyawun Matar Ya Ci&quot;, wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar ''McCall na'' 1950. 20th Century Fox ta sayi haƙƙin fim ɗin, tana da niyyar yin fim tare da layin ''Wasika ga Mata Uku'' da Duk Game da Hauwa'u.

A watan Janairun 1952 Julian Blaustein ya samar kuma fim din zai kasance ga tauraron Jeanne Crain, Corinne Calvet, [[Marilyn Monroe]] da Joanne Dru. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1953 Claude Binyon zai jagoranci kuma Raymond Klune ya samar da Jeanne Crain kuma mai yiwuwa Gloria Grahame ya zama tauraro. Sauran simintin da aka ambata sun hada da Susan Hayward da Michael Rennie .  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1953 Binyon ya gama rubutun.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 1954 furodusa Charles Brackett ya sanar da cewa ƙungiyar Lindsay da Crouse za su rubuta rubutun. Brackett yana so ya jefa taurari shida kuma yana da niyyar fara yin fim a watan Afrilu.

Filin fim na wuri ya fara ne a New York a watan Fabrairu yayin da ake rubuta rubutun. A wannan matakin darektan shine Jean Negulesco kuma taurari sun kasance Clifton Webb, Yuni Allyson, Eleanor Parker, Glenn Ford, Lauren Bacall da Charlton Heston. Har ila yau akwai mota, &quot;Ford of Tomorrow&quot;, wanda Ford ya gina a farashin $ 180,000. Akwai makonni uku na yin fim, sannan wasu wuraren aiki a wani kamfanin kera motoci na Detroit, kafin yin fim ya fara a wani ɗakin karatu daga baya.

A watan Afrilu taurari da aka sanya hannu sune Clifton Webb, Jean Peters, Gloria Grahame, Yuni Allyson da Cornel Wilde. Wilde ya yi fim din a matsayin fim na karshe a karkashin tsohon sadaukarwa tare da Fox. Daga ƙarshe Van Heflin da Fred MacMurray sun shiga aikin, kuma Lauren Bacall ya maye gurbin Grahame kuma Arlene Dahl ya maye gurbi Peters. Fim din ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga Mayu.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Executive Suite, irin wannan fim ɗin da aka fitar a wannan shekarar, tare da Yuni Allyson ya sake yin wasa da matar da ba ta son rai ba, amma mai aminci.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Christian Agyare</title>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
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      <comment>Kirkira shafi</comment>
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      <text bytes="1465" sha1="tolc82i0cnfe1tvua8i3kngmbupgzfa" xml:space="preserve">Christian Agyare ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne, masani a fannin harhaɗa magunguna (pharmacist), kuma farfesa ne a fannin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta da suka shafi magunguna (pharmaceutical microbiology) da kuma binciken kayayyakin halitta (natural products) a Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). An naɗa shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) na 13 na KNUST a shekarar 2026, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban College of Health Sciences tun daga shekarar 2020.
==Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
An haifi Christian Agyare a garin Koneyaw da ke Yankin Ashanti Region na ƙasar Ghana. Ya halarci makarantun Armed Forces Basic Schools da ke Kumasi kafin ya wuce zuwa Prempeh College. Ya samu digirin Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) da kuma Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) daga Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, sannan ya sami digirin Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) daga University of Münster a ƙasar Germany. Daga baya, ya gudanar da binciken bayan kammala digirin digirgir (postdoctoral research) a University of California, San Francisco da kuma Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research da ke birnin Boston.&lt;ref&gt;https://noticeboardgh.info/prof-christian-agyare-provost-for-college-of-health-sciences-chs-at-knust-has-been-appointed-new-vice-chancellor-of-knust-which-will-take-effectively-1st-august-2026/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://pharmacy.knust.edu.gh/staff/tea/prof-dr-christian-agyare&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Helmut Newton</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362290234|Helmut Newton]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Helmut 31 ga Oktoba 1920 - 23 ga Janairu 2004) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Jamus da Australiya. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai daukar hoto mai yawa, wanda aka yi koyi da shi sosai, wanda hotunan baki da fari masu ban sha'awa suka kasance babban abin da ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' da sauran wallafe-wallafen suka kasance. &quot;{{Spaced en dash}}'''

(an haife shi '''Neustädter'''; 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==


An haifi Newton a Berlin, ɗan Klara &quot;Claire&quot; (née Marquis) da Max Neustädter, mai mallakar maɓallin maɓallin. Iyalinsa [[Yahudawa]] ne. Newton ya halarci Heinrich-von-Treitschke-Realgymnasium da Makarantar Amurka a Berlin. Yana sha'awar daukar hoto tun yana da shekaru 12, lokacin da ya sayi kyamararsa ta farko, ya yi aiki ga mai daukar hoto na Jamus Yva (Elsie Neuländer Simon) daga 1936.

Ƙarin ƙuntatawa da aka sanya wa Yahudawa a ƙarƙashin [[Nuremberg Laws|Dokokin Nuremberg]], yana nufin cewa mahaifinsa ya rasa iko da masana'antar da yake ƙera maɓallan da buckles. An tsare shi a takaice a [[Concentration camp|sansanin fursuna]] a [[Kristallnacht]], 9 ga Nuwamba 1938, wanda a ƙarshe ya tilasta wa iyalin su bar Jamus. Iyayen Newton sun gudu zuwa Argentina. An ba Newton fasfo bayan ya cika shekaru 18 kuma ya bar Jamus a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1938. A [[Trieste]], ya shiga Conte Rosso, tare da wasu kimanin 200 da suka tsere wa [[Nazi|Nazis]], da niyyar tafiya zuwa [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Bayan ya isa [[Singafora|Singapore]], Newton ya sami damar kasancewa a can, da farko a takaice a matsayin mai daukar hoto na Straits Times sannan kuma a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto.

== Daga 1940: Rayuwa a Ostiraliya ==
Hukumomin Burtaniya sun tsare Newton yayin da yake Singapore kuma an tura shi Ostiraliya a cikin Queen Mary, ya isa Sydney a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1940.  An kai fursunoni zuwa sansani a Tatura ta jirgin kasa a karkashin tsaro. An saki Newton daga tsare-tsare a 1942 kuma ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mai karɓar 'ya'yan itace a Arewacin Victoria. A watan Agustan 1942, ya shiga cikin Sojojin Australiya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin direban mota. Bayan yakin a shekara ta 1945, ya zama dan Birtaniya, kuma ya canza sunansa zuwa Newton a shekara ta 1946.
[[File:Helmut_Newton_1950._Model_June_Browne._Myer's_Department_store_contract,_Hat_of_the_Week.png|left|thumb|Hoton Helmut Newton na 1950 na matarsa Yuni, yana yin samfurin &quot;hat na mako&quot; don Shagon Sashen Myer's &lt;ref name=&quot;R5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helmut Newton's Australian years. Latrobe Journal, 2005 |url=http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403221659/http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A shekara ta 1948, ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Yuni Browne, wacce ta yi aiki a karkashin sunan June Brunell . Daga baya, ta zama mai daukar hoto mai cin nasara, a karkashin sunan Alice Springs, bayan Alice Springs, garin da ke Tsakiyar Ostiraliya.

A shekara ta 1946, Newton ya kafa ɗakin karatu a cikin Flinders Lane mai salo a [[Melbourne]] kuma ya yi aiki a kan kayan ado, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da hotunan masana'antu a cikin shekaru masu arziki bayan yakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;R6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helmut Newton's Australian years - Guy Featherstone. The Latrobe Journal, No 76 Spring 2005 |url=http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403221659/http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu 1953, ya raba nune-nunen farko tare da Wolfgang Sievers, ɗan gudun hijirar Jamus kamar kansa, [[Landan]] shi ma ya yi aiki a cikin wannan kamfani. Nunin, &quot;New Visions in Photography&quot;, an nuna shi a Otal din Tarayya a Collins Street kuma mai yiwuwa shine gabatarwar farko ta New Objectivity photography a Ostiraliya. Newton ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Henry Talbot, ɗan'uwansa Bayahude na Jamus, wanda shi ma aka tsare shi a Tatura, kuma haɗin gwiwarsa da ɗakin ya ci gaba har ma bayan 1957, lokacin da Newton ya bar Australia zuwa London. An sake sunan ɗakin studio ɗin Helmut Newton da Henry Talbot .

== Ƙarshen shekarun 1950: zuwa London, Turai, dawowa zuwa Ostiraliya ==
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton,_Portrait_of_Laurel_Martyn,_1952.jpg|thumb|Hoton Laurel Martyn, 1952]]
An ba da lada ga karuwar Newton a matsayin mai daukar hoto na zamani lokacin da ya sami kwamiti don kwatanta kayan ado a cikin wani kari na musamman na Australiya don mujallar ''Vogue'', wanda aka buga a watan Janairun 1956. Ya lashe kwangilar watanni 12 tare da British Vogue kuma ya tafi London a watan Fabrairun 1957, ya bar Talbot don gudanar da kasuwancin. Newton ya bar mujallar kafin ƙarshen kwangilarsa ya tafi Paris, inda ya yi aiki ga mujallu na Faransa da Jamusanci. Ya koma Melbourne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1959 zuwa kwangila ga Australian Vogue .

== 1961: zuwa Paris ==
Newton da matarsa sun zauna a Paris a 1961 kuma aikinsa a matsayin mai daukar hoto ya ci gaba. Hotunansa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu ciki har da fitowar Faransanci na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwbQ&quot;&gt;Vogue&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da ''Harper's Bazaar'' .

Newton ya kafa wani salon, wanda aka yi alama da hotuna masu ban sha'awa, sau da yawa tare da [[Sadomasochism|Sadomasochistic]] da fetishistic subtexts. Ciwon zuciya a cikin 1970 ya rage fitarwarsa, amma ƙarfafawar matarsa ya haifar da ci gaba da fadada bayanansa, musamman tare da ƙarshen studio na 1980 na jerin &quot;Big Nudes&quot;. Ya biyo bayan &quot;Naked and Dressed&quot; kuma, a cikin 1992, &quot;Domestic Nudes&quot;, wanda ya nuna alamar salon sa na lalata. An kafa jerin ne tare da ƙwarewar ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha. Newton ya kuma yi aiki a cikin hotuna da kuma ƙarin karatu mai ban mamaki.

Newton shot a number of pictorials for ''Playboy'', including Nastassja Kinski and Kristine DeBell. Original prints of the photographs from his August 1976 pictorial of DeBell, &quot;200 Motels, or How I Spent My Summer Vacation&quot;, were sold at auctions of ''Playboy'' archives by Bonhams in 2002 for $21,075, and by Christie's in December 2003 for $26,290.&lt;ref name=&quot;R10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2003 |title=Christie's Lot 257/Sale 1325 |url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?from=salesummary&amp;intObjectID=4204899&amp;sid=4a99703f-3b61-48c6-9022-fea3afd5ef0d |access-date=13 June 2013 |publisher=Christies.com}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== &quot;Yara Uku daga Pasadena&quot; ==
A shekara ta 2009, Yuni Browne ya tsara baje kolin haraji ga Newton, wanda ke nuna masu daukar hoto uku waɗanda suka yi abota da Newton a [[Los Angeles]] a 1980: Mark Arbeit, Just Loomis, da George Holz . Dukansu uku sun kasance daliban daukar hoto a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fasaha a Pasadena, California. Dukansu uku sun zama abokai tare da Helmut da Yuni Newton kuma, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun taimaka wa Helmut Newton. Kowannensu ya ci gaba da aiki mai zaman kansa. An fara baje kolin ne a Gidauniyar Helmut Newton a Berlin kuma ya haɗu da aikin duka uku tare da hotunan mutum, takardun tuntuɓar, da haruffa daga lokacin su tare da Newton.

== Polaroids ==
Daga shekarun 1970s, Newton a kai a kai yana amfani da kyamarori na Polaroid da fim don samun hangen nesa na abun da ke ciki da hasken wuta, musamman don hotunan sa. Don harbi na jerin &quot;Naked and Dressed&quot; wanda ya fara a 1981 don ''Vogue'' na Italiya da Faransanci, ya ce ya yi amfani da fim din Polaroid &quot;ta hanyar akwatin&quot;. Polaroids kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin zane-zane, inda ya rubuta bayanin kula game da samfurin, abokin ciniki, wuri da kwanan wata. A shekara ta 1992, Newton ya wallafa Pola Woman, littafin da ya kunshi kawai Polaroids. Fiye da ayyukan 300 da suka danganci asalin Polaroids an nuna su a baje kolin 2011 &quot;Helmut Newton Polaroids&quot;, a Museum für Fotografie a Berlin . &lt;ref name=&quot;R12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helmut Newton: Polaroids |url=https://helmut-newton-foundation.org/en/ausstellungen/helmut-newton-polaroids/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=HELMUT NEWTON FOUNDATION |language=en-US}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
[[Fayil:Grave_of_Helmut_and_June_Newton,_Berlin_Friedenau.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Helmut da Yuni Newton a Berlin, Kabari na Friedenau]]
JoDaga baya, Newton ya zauna a Monte Carlo da Los Angeles, California, inda ya yi hunturu a Chateau Marmont, wanda ya yi kowace shekara tun 1957. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, ya kamu da mummunar ciwon zuciya  yayin da yake tuka Marmont Lane daga Chateau Marmont zuwa Sunset Boulevard . An kai shi Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cedars-Sinai amma likitoci ba su iya cetonsa ba, kuma an bayyana shi ya mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;R14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Katherine Oktober |date=May 29, 2013 |title=Man In the High Castle |url=http://www.gupmagazine.com/articles/man-in-the-high-castle |website=GUP Magazine}}
&lt;/ref&gt; An binne tokarsa a Städtischer Friedhof III a Berlin.

== Kyauta ==
A cikin 2025 aikin Helmut Newton mai yawa daga kamfen ɗin talla na 1980s Pomellato ya gabatar da shi a tsakiyar yankin tufafi na Tokyo's Omotesandō Crossing Park . 
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton_Plaque_-_Chateau_Marmont.jpg|thumb|Alamar tunawa a wurin hatsarin Helmut Newton a otal din Chateau Marmont a Los Angeles, yana nuna wurin da motarsa ta buga bango]]
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton_Museum.jpg|thumb|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Helmut Newton a Gidan kayan tarihi na Fotografie, Berlin&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwxQ&quot;&gt;Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fotografie&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, Berlin]]

== Ayyukan da aka buga, a lokacin rayuwarsa ==

* Helmut Newton, White Women, New York: Congreve, 1976.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
* Helmut Newton, &quot;Sie kommen&quot; (&quot;Sun zo&quot;), Paris: Faransanci Vogue, 1981.
* Helmut Newton, ''Duniya Ba tare da Maza ba'', New York: Xavier Moreau, 1984.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Marshall Blonsky &amp; Helmut Newton, Kasuwanci Mai zaman kansa, Schirmer Art Books, 1989.
* Helmut Newton, Naked and Dressed in Hollywood, tare da gabatarwa ta Jan van der Marck, Los Angeles: Pascal de Sarthe Gallery, 1992 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=''Helmut Newton: Naked in Hollywood'' Catalogue |url=https://heyzine.com/flip-book/e33e29db8f.html#page/1 |access-date=2026-06-30 |publisher=DE SARTHE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=''Helmut Newton: Naked in Hollywood'' Exhibition |url=https://www.desarthe.com/exhibitions/naked-in-hollywood |access-date=2026-06-30 |publisher=DE SARTHE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Helmut Newton da Yuni Newton, Helmut Newton Aikin, wanda Manfred Heiting ya shirya, Taschen, 2000.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]

== Ayyukan da aka buga, bayan mutuwarsa ==

* Helmut Newton, A Gun for Hire, edited by June Newton, Taschen, 2005.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Guy Featherstone, &quot;Helmut Newton's Australian Years&quot;, a cikin ''Jaridar La Trobe'', The State Library of Victoria Foundation, No 76, Spring, 2005.
* Klaus Neumann, In the Interest of National Security: Civilian Internment a Australia a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Canberra: National Archives of Australia, 2006.

== Dubi kuma ==
 

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{{Databox}}

'''Helmut 31 ga Oktoba 1920 - 23 ga Janairu 2004) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Jamus da Australiya. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai daukar hoto mai yawa, wanda aka yi koyi da shi sosai, wanda hotunan baki da fari masu ban sha'awa suka kasance babban abin da ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' da sauran wallafe-wallafen suka kasance. &quot;{{Spaced en dash}}'''

(an haife shi '''Neustädter'''; 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==


An haifi Newton a Berlin, ɗan Klara &quot;Claire&quot; (née Marquis) da Max Neustädter, mai mallakar maɓallin maɓallin. Iyalinsa [[Yahudawa]] ne. Newton ya halarci Heinrich-von-Treitschke-Realgymnasium da Makarantar Amurka a Berlin. Yana sha'awar daukar hoto tun yana da shekaru 12, lokacin da ya sayi kyamararsa ta farko, ya yi aiki ga mai daukar hoto na Jamus Yva (Elsie Neuländer Simon) daga 1936.

Ƙarin ƙuntatawa da aka sanya wa Yahudawa a ƙarƙashin [[Nuremberg Laws|Dokokin Nuremberg]], yana nufin cewa mahaifinsa ya rasa iko da masana'antar da yake ƙera maɓallan da buckles. An tsare shi a takaice a [[Concentration camp|sansanin fursuna]] a [[Kristallnacht]], 9 ga Nuwamba 1938, wanda a ƙarshe ya tilasta wa iyalin su bar Jamus. Iyayen Newton sun gudu zuwa Argentina. An ba Newton fasfo bayan ya cika shekaru 18 kuma ya bar Jamus a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1938. A [[Trieste]], ya shiga Conte Rosso, tare da wasu kimanin 200 da suka tsere wa [[Nazi|Nazis]], da niyyar tafiya zuwa [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Bayan ya isa [[Singafora|Singapore]], Newton ya sami damar kasancewa a can, da farko a takaice a matsayin mai daukar hoto na Straits Times sannan kuma a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto.

== Daga 1940: Rayuwa a Ostiraliya ==
Hukumomin Burtaniya sun tsare Newton yayin da yake Singapore kuma an tura shi Ostiraliya a cikin Queen Mary, ya isa Sydney a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1940.  An kai fursunoni zuwa sansani a Tatura ta jirgin kasa a karkashin tsaro. An saki Newton daga tsare-tsare a 1942 kuma ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mai karɓar 'ya'yan itace a Arewacin Victoria. A watan Agustan 1942, ya shiga cikin Sojojin Australiya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin direban mota. Bayan yakin a shekara ta 1945, ya zama dan Birtaniya, kuma ya canza sunansa zuwa Newton a shekara ta 1946.
[[File:Helmut_Newton_1950._Model_June_Browne._Myer's_Department_store_contract,_Hat_of_the_Week.png|left|thumb|Hoton Helmut Newton na 1950 na matarsa Yuni, yana yin samfurin &quot;hat na mako&quot; don Shagon Sashen Myer's &lt;ref name=&quot;R5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helmut Newton's Australian years. Latrobe Journal, 2005 |url=http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403221659/http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A shekara ta 1948, ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Yuni Browne, wacce ta yi aiki a karkashin sunan June Brunell . Daga baya, ta zama mai daukar hoto mai cin nasara, a karkashin sunan Alice Springs, bayan Alice Springs, garin da ke Tsakiyar Ostiraliya.

A shekara ta 1946, Newton ya kafa ɗakin karatu a cikin Flinders Lane mai salo a [[Melbourne]] kuma ya yi aiki a kan kayan ado, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da hotunan masana'antu a cikin shekaru masu arziki bayan yakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;R6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helmut Newton's Australian years - Guy Featherstone. The Latrobe Journal, No 76 Spring 2005 |url=http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403221659/http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu 1953, ya raba nune-nunen farko tare da Wolfgang Sievers, ɗan gudun hijirar Jamus kamar kansa, [[Landan]] shi ma ya yi aiki a cikin wannan kamfani. Nunin, &quot;New Visions in Photography&quot;, an nuna shi a Otal din Tarayya a Collins Street kuma mai yiwuwa shine gabatarwar farko ta New Objectivity photography a Ostiraliya. Newton ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Henry Talbot, ɗan'uwansa Bayahude na Jamus, wanda shi ma aka tsare shi a Tatura, kuma haɗin gwiwarsa da ɗakin ya ci gaba har ma bayan 1957, lokacin da Newton ya bar Australia zuwa London. An sake sunan ɗakin studio ɗin Helmut Newton da Henry Talbot .

== Ƙarshen shekarun 1950: zuwa London, Turai, dawowa zuwa Ostiraliya ==
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton,_Portrait_of_Laurel_Martyn,_1952.jpg|thumb|Hoton Laurel Martyn, 1952]]
An ba da lada ga karuwar Newton a matsayin mai daukar hoto na zamani lokacin da ya sami kwamiti don kwatanta kayan ado a cikin wani kari na musamman na Australiya don mujallar ''Vogue'', wanda aka buga a watan Janairun 1956. Ya lashe kwangilar watanni 12 tare da British Vogue kuma ya tafi London a watan Fabrairun 1957, ya bar Talbot don gudanar da kasuwancin. Newton ya bar mujallar kafin ƙarshen kwangilarsa ya tafi Paris, inda ya yi aiki ga mujallu na Faransa da Jamusanci. Ya koma Melbourne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1959 zuwa kwangila ga Australian Vogue .

== 1961: zuwa Paris ==
Newton da matarsa sun zauna a Paris a 1961 kuma aikinsa a matsayin mai daukar hoto ya ci gaba. Hotunansa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu ciki har da fitowar Faransanci na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwbQ&quot;&gt;Vogue&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da ''Harper's Bazaar'' .

Newton ya kafa wani salon, wanda aka yi alama da hotuna masu ban sha'awa, sau da yawa tare da [[Sadomasochism|Sadomasochistic]] da fetishistic subtexts. Ciwon zuciya a cikin 1970 ya rage fitarwarsa, amma ƙarfafawar matarsa ya haifar da ci gaba da fadada bayanansa, musamman tare da ƙarshen studio na 1980 na jerin &quot;Big Nudes&quot;. Ya biyo bayan &quot;Naked and Dressed&quot; kuma, a cikin 1992, &quot;Domestic Nudes&quot;, wanda ya nuna alamar salon sa na lalata. An kafa jerin ne tare da ƙwarewar ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha. Newton ya kuma yi aiki a cikin hotuna da kuma ƙarin karatu mai ban mamaki.

Newton shot a number of pictorials for ''Playboy'', including Nastassja Kinski and Kristine DeBell. Original prints of the photographs from his August 1976 pictorial of DeBell, &quot;200 Motels, or How I Spent My Summer Vacation&quot;, were sold at auctions of ''Playboy'' archives by Bonhams in 2002 for $21,075, and by Christie's in December 2003 for $26,290.&lt;ref name=&quot;R10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2003 |title=Christie's Lot 257/Sale 1325 |url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?from=salesummary&amp;intObjectID=4204899&amp;sid=4a99703f-3b61-48c6-9022-fea3afd5ef0d |access-date=13 June 2013 |publisher=Christies.com}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== &quot;Yara Uku daga Pasadena&quot; ==
A shekara ta 2009, Yuni Browne ya tsara baje kolin haraji ga Newton, wanda ke nuna masu daukar hoto uku waɗanda suka yi abota da Newton a [[Los Angeles]] a 1980: Mark Arbeit, Just Loomis, da George Holz . Dukansu uku sun kasance daliban daukar hoto a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fasaha a Pasadena, California. Dukansu uku sun zama abokai tare da Helmut da Yuni Newton kuma, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun taimaka wa Helmut Newton. Kowannensu ya ci gaba da aiki mai zaman kansa. An fara baje kolin ne a Gidauniyar Helmut Newton a Berlin kuma ya haɗu da aikin duka uku tare da hotunan mutum, takardun tuntuɓar, da haruffa daga lokacin su tare da Newton.

== Polaroids ==
Daga shekarun 1970s, Newton a kai a kai yana amfani da kyamarori na Polaroid da fim don samun hangen nesa na abun da ke ciki da hasken wuta, musamman don hotunan sa. Don harbi na jerin &quot;Naked and Dressed&quot; wanda ya fara a 1981 don ''Vogue'' na Italiya da Faransanci, ya ce ya yi amfani da fim din Polaroid &quot;ta hanyar akwatin&quot;. Polaroids kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin zane-zane, inda ya rubuta bayanin kula game da samfurin, abokin ciniki, wuri da kwanan wata. A shekara ta 1992, Newton ya wallafa Pola Woman, littafin da ya kunshi kawai Polaroids. Fiye da ayyukan 300 da suka danganci asalin Polaroids an nuna su a baje kolin 2011 &quot;Helmut Newton Polaroids&quot;, a Museum für Fotografie a Berlin . &lt;ref name=&quot;R12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helmut Newton: Polaroids |url=https://helmut-newton-foundation.org/en/ausstellungen/helmut-newton-polaroids/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=HELMUT NEWTON FOUNDATION |language=en-US}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
[[Fayil:Grave_of_Helmut_and_June_Newton,_Berlin_Friedenau.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Helmut da Yuni Newton a Berlin, Kabari na Friedenau]]
JoDaga baya, Newton ya zauna a Monte Carlo da Los Angeles, California, inda ya yi hunturu a Chateau Marmont, wanda ya yi kowace shekara tun 1957. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, ya kamu da mummunar ciwon zuciya  yayin da yake tuka Marmont Lane daga Chateau Marmont zuwa Sunset Boulevard . An kai shi Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cedars-Sinai amma likitoci ba su iya cetonsa ba, kuma an bayyana shi ya mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;R14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Katherine Oktober |date=May 29, 2013 |title=Man In the High Castle |url=http://www.gupmagazine.com/articles/man-in-the-high-castle |website=GUP Magazine}}
&lt;/ref&gt; An binne tokarsa a Städtischer Friedhof III a Berlin.

== Kyauta ==
A cikin 2025 aikin Helmut Newton mai yawa daga kamfen ɗin talla na 1980s Pomellato ya gabatar da shi a tsakiyar yankin tufafi na Tokyo's Omotesandō Crossing Park . 
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton_Plaque_-_Chateau_Marmont.jpg|thumb|Alamar tunawa a wurin hatsarin Helmut Newton a otal din Chateau Marmont a Los Angeles, yana nuna wurin da motarsa ta buga bango]]
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton_Museum.jpg|thumb|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Helmut Newton a Gidan kayan tarihi na Fotografie, Berlin&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwxQ&quot;&gt;Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fotografie&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, Berlin]]

== Ayyukan da aka buga, a lokacin rayuwarsa ==

* Helmut Newton, White Women, New York: Congreve, 1976.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
* Helmut Newton, &quot;Sie kommen&quot; (&quot;Sun zo&quot;), Paris: Faransanci Vogue, 1981.
* Helmut Newton, ''Duniya Ba tare da Maza ba'', New York: Xavier Moreau, 1984.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Marshall Blonsky &amp; Helmut Newton, Kasuwanci Mai zaman kansa, Schirmer Art Books, 1989.
* Helmut Newton, Naked and Dressed in Hollywood, tare da gabatarwa ta Jan van der Marck, Los Angeles: Pascal de Sarthe Gallery, 1992 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=''Helmut Newton: Naked in Hollywood'' Catalogue |url=https://heyzine.com/flip-book/e33e29db8f.html#page/1 |access-date=2026-06-30 |publisher=DE SARTHE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=''Helmut Newton: Naked in Hollywood'' Exhibition |url=https://www.desarthe.com/exhibitions/naked-in-hollywood |access-date=2026-06-30 |publisher=DE SARTHE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Helmut Newton da Yuni Newton, Helmut Newton Aikin, wanda Manfred Heiting ya shirya, Taschen, 2000.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]

== Ayyukan da aka buga, bayan mutuwarsa ==

* Helmut Newton, A Gun for Hire, edited by June Newton, Taschen, 2005.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Guy Featherstone, &quot;Helmut Newton's Australian Years&quot;, a cikin ''Jaridar La Trobe'', The State Library of Victoria Foundation, No 76, Spring, 2005.
* Klaus Neumann, In the Interest of National Security: Civilian Internment a Australia a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Canberra: National Archives of Australia, 2006.

== Dubi kuma ==
 

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{{Databox}}

'''Helmut''' (an haife shi Neustädte 31 ga Oktoba 1920 - 23 ga Janairu 2004) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Jamus da Australiya. Jaridar New York Times ta bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai daukar hoto mai yawa, wanda aka yi koyi da shi sosai, wanda hotunan baki da fari masu ban sha'awa suka kasance babban abin da Vogue da sauran wallafe-wallafen suka kasance.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

An haifi Newton a Berlin, ɗan Klara &quot;Claire&quot; (née Marquis) da Max Neustädter, mai mallakar maɓallin maɓallin. Iyalinsa [[Yahudawa]] ne. Newton ya halarci Heinrich-von-Treitschke-Realgymnasium da Makarantar Amurka a Berlin. Yana sha'awar daukar hoto tun yana da shekaru 12, lokacin da ya sayi kyamararsa ta farko, ya yi aiki ga mai daukar hoto na Jamus Yva (Elsie Neuländer Simon) daga 1936.

Ƙarin ƙuntatawa da aka sanya wa Yahudawa a ƙarƙashin [[Nuremberg Laws|Dokokin Nuremberg]], yana nufin cewa mahaifinsa ya rasa iko da masana'antar da yake ƙera maɓallan da buckles. An tsare shi a takaice a [[Concentration camp|sansanin fursuna]] a [[Kristallnacht]], 9 ga Nuwamba 1938, wanda a ƙarshe ya tilasta wa iyalin su bar Jamus. Iyayen Newton sun gudu zuwa Argentina. An ba Newton fasfo bayan ya cika shekaru 18 kuma ya bar Jamus a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1938. A [[Trieste]], ya shiga Conte Rosso, tare da wasu kimanin 200 da suka tsere wa [[Nazi|Nazis]], da niyyar tafiya zuwa [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Bayan ya isa [[Singafora|Singapore]], Newton ya sami damar kasancewa a can, da farko a takaice a matsayin mai daukar hoto na Straits Times sannan kuma a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto.

== Daga 1940: Rayuwa a Ostiraliya ==
Hukumomin Burtaniya sun tsare Newton yayin da yake Singapore kuma an tura shi Ostiraliya a cikin Queen Mary, ya isa Sydney a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1940.  An kai fursunoni zuwa sansani a Tatura ta jirgin kasa a karkashin tsaro. An saki Newton daga tsare-tsare a 1942 kuma ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mai karɓar 'ya'yan itace a Arewacin Victoria. A watan Agustan 1942, ya shiga cikin Sojojin Australiya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin direban mota. Bayan yakin a shekara ta 1945, ya zama dan Birtaniya, kuma ya canza sunansa zuwa Newton a shekara ta 1946.

A shekara ta 1948, ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Yuni Browne, wacce ta yi aiki a karkashin sunan June Brunell . Daga baya, ta zama mai daukar hoto mai cin nasara, a karkashin sunan Alice Springs, bayan Alice Springs, garin da ke Tsakiyar Ostiraliya.

A shekara ta 1946, Newton ya kafa ɗakin karatu a cikin Flinders Lane mai salo a [[Melbourne]] kuma ya yi aiki a kan kayan ado, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da hotunan masana'antu a cikin shekaru masu arziki bayan yakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;R6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helmut Newton's Australian years - Guy Featherstone. The Latrobe Journal, No 76 Spring 2005 |url=http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403221659/http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-76/t1-g-t8.html#n105 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu 1953, ya raba nune-nunen farko tare da Wolfgang Sievers, ɗan gudun hijirar Jamus kamar kansa, [[Landan]] shi ma ya yi aiki a cikin wannan kamfani. Nunin, &quot;New Visions in Photography&quot;, an nuna shi a Otal din Tarayya a Collins Street kuma mai yiwuwa shine gabatarwar farko ta New Objectivity photography a Ostiraliya. Newton ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Henry Talbot, ɗan'uwansa Bayahude na Jamus, wanda shi ma aka tsare shi a Tatura, kuma haɗin gwiwarsa da ɗakin ya ci gaba har ma bayan 1957, lokacin da Newton ya bar Australia zuwa London. An sake sunan ɗakin studio ɗin Helmut Newton da Henry Talbot .

== Ƙarshen shekarun 1950: zuwa London, Turai, dawowa zuwa Ostiraliya ==
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton,_Portrait_of_Laurel_Martyn,_1952.jpg|thumb|Hoton Laurel Martyn, 1952]]
An ba da lada ga karuwar Newton a matsayin mai daukar hoto na zamani lokacin da ya sami kwamiti don kwatanta kayan ado a cikin wani kari na musamman na Australiya don mujallar ''Vogue'', wanda aka buga a watan Janairun 1956. Ya lashe kwangilar watanni 12 tare da British Vogue kuma ya tafi London a watan Fabrairun 1957, ya bar Talbot don gudanar da kasuwancin. Newton ya bar mujallar kafin ƙarshen kwangilarsa ya tafi Paris, inda ya yi aiki ga mujallu na Faransa da Jamusanci. Ya koma Melbourne a watan Maris na shekara ta 1959 zuwa kwangila ga Australian Vogue .

== 1961: zuwa Paris ==
Newton da matarsa sun zauna a Paris a 1961 kuma aikinsa a matsayin mai daukar hoto ya ci gaba. Hotunansa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu ciki har da fitowar Faransanci na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwbQ&quot;&gt;Vogue&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da ''Harper's Bazaar'' .

Newton ya kafa wani salon, wanda aka yi alama da hotuna masu ban sha'awa, sau da yawa tare da [[Sadomasochism|Sadomasochistic]] da fetishistic subtexts. Ciwon zuciya a cikin 1970 ya rage fitarwarsa, amma ƙarfafawar matarsa ya haifar da ci gaba da fadada bayanansa, musamman tare da ƙarshen studio na 1980 na jerin &quot;Big Nudes&quot;. Ya biyo bayan &quot;Naked and Dressed&quot; kuma, a cikin 1992, &quot;Domestic Nudes&quot;, wanda ya nuna alamar salon sa na lalata. An kafa jerin ne tare da ƙwarewar ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha. Newton ya kuma yi aiki a cikin hotuna da kuma ƙarin karatu mai ban mamaki.

Newton shot a number of pictorials for ''Playboy'', including Nastassja Kinski and Kristine DeBell. Original prints of the photographs from his August 1976 pictorial of DeBell, &quot;200 Motels, or How I Spent My Summer Vacation&quot;, were sold at auctions of ''Playboy'' archives by Bonhams in 2002 for $21,075, and by Christie's in December 2003 for $26,290.&lt;ref name=&quot;R10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2003 |title=Christie's Lot 257/Sale 1325 |url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?from=salesummary&amp;intObjectID=4204899&amp;sid=4a99703f-3b61-48c6-9022-fea3afd5ef0d |access-date=13 June 2013 |publisher=Christies.com}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== &quot;Yara Uku daga Pasadena&quot; ==
A shekara ta 2009, Yuni Browne ya tsara baje kolin haraji ga Newton, wanda ke nuna masu daukar hoto uku waɗanda suka yi abota da Newton a [[Los Angeles]] a 1980: Mark Arbeit, Just Loomis, da George Holz . Dukansu uku sun kasance daliban daukar hoto a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fasaha a Pasadena, California. Dukansu uku sun zama abokai tare da Helmut da Yuni Newton kuma, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun taimaka wa Helmut Newton. Kowannensu ya ci gaba da aiki mai zaman kansa. An fara baje kolin ne a Gidauniyar Helmut Newton a Berlin kuma ya haɗu da aikin duka uku tare da hotunan mutum, takardun tuntuɓar, da haruffa daga lokacin su tare da Newton.

== Polaroids ==
Daga shekarun 1970s, Newton a kai a kai yana amfani da kyamarori na Polaroid da fim don samun hangen nesa na abun da ke ciki da hasken wuta, musamman don hotunan sa. Don harbi na jerin &quot;Naked and Dressed&quot; wanda ya fara a 1981 don ''Vogue'' na Italiya da Faransanci, ya ce ya yi amfani da fim din Polaroid &quot;ta hanyar akwatin&quot;. Polaroids kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin zane-zane, inda ya rubuta bayanin kula game da samfurin, abokin ciniki, wuri da kwanan wata. A shekara ta 1992, Newton ya wallafa Pola Woman, littafin da ya kunshi kawai Polaroids. Fiye da ayyukan 300 da suka danganci asalin Polaroids an nuna su a baje kolin 2011 &quot;Helmut Newton Polaroids&quot;, a Museum für Fotografie a Berlin . &lt;ref name=&quot;R12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helmut Newton: Polaroids |url=https://helmut-newton-foundation.org/en/ausstellungen/helmut-newton-polaroids/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=HELMUT NEWTON FOUNDATION |language=en-US}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
[[Fayil:Grave_of_Helmut_and_June_Newton,_Berlin_Friedenau.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Helmut da Yuni Newton a Berlin, Kabari na Friedenau]]
JoDaga baya, Newton ya zauna a Monte Carlo da Los Angeles, California, inda ya yi hunturu a Chateau Marmont, wanda ya yi kowace shekara tun 1957. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, ya kamu da mummunar ciwon zuciya  yayin da yake tuka Marmont Lane daga Chateau Marmont zuwa Sunset Boulevard . An kai shi Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cedars-Sinai amma likitoci ba su iya cetonsa ba, kuma an bayyana shi ya mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;R14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Katherine Oktober |date=May 29, 2013 |title=Man In the High Castle |url=http://www.gupmagazine.com/articles/man-in-the-high-castle |website=GUP Magazine}}
&lt;/ref&gt; An binne tokarsa a Städtischer Friedhof III a Berlin.

== Kyauta ==
A cikin 2025 aikin Helmut Newton mai yawa daga kamfen ɗin talla na 1980s Pomellato ya gabatar da shi a tsakiyar yankin tufafi na Tokyo's Omotesandō Crossing Park . 
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton_Plaque_-_Chateau_Marmont.jpg|thumb|Alamar tunawa a wurin hatsarin Helmut Newton a otal din Chateau Marmont a Los Angeles, yana nuna wurin da motarsa ta buga bango]]
[[Fayil:Helmut_Newton_Museum.jpg|thumb|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Helmut Newton a Gidan kayan tarihi na Fotografie, Berlin&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwxQ&quot;&gt;Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fotografie&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, Berlin]]

== Ayyukan da aka buga, a lokacin rayuwarsa ==

* Helmut Newton, White Women, New York: Congreve, 1976.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
* Helmut Newton, &quot;Sie kommen&quot; (&quot;Sun zo&quot;), Paris: Faransanci Vogue, 1981.
* Helmut Newton, ''Duniya Ba tare da Maza ba'', New York: Xavier Moreau, 1984.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Marshall Blonsky &amp; Helmut Newton, Kasuwanci Mai zaman kansa, Schirmer Art Books, 1989.
* Helmut Newton, Naked and Dressed in Hollywood, tare da gabatarwa ta Jan van der Marck, Los Angeles: Pascal de Sarthe Gallery, 1992 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=''Helmut Newton: Naked in Hollywood'' Catalogue |url=https://heyzine.com/flip-book/e33e29db8f.html#page/1 |access-date=2026-06-30 |publisher=DE SARTHE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=''Helmut Newton: Naked in Hollywood'' Exhibition |url=https://www.desarthe.com/exhibitions/naked-in-hollywood |access-date=2026-06-30 |publisher=DE SARTHE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Helmut Newton da Yuni Newton, Helmut Newton Aikin, wanda Manfred Heiting ya shirya, Taschen, 2000.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]

== Ayyukan da aka buga, bayan mutuwarsa ==

* Helmut Newton, A Gun for Hire, edited by June Newton, Taschen, 2005.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Guy Featherstone, &quot;Helmut Newton's Australian Years&quot;, a cikin ''Jaridar La Trobe'', The State Library of Victoria Foundation, No 76, Spring, 2005.
* Klaus Neumann, In the Interest of National Security: Civilian Internment a Australia a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Canberra: National Archives of Australia, 2006.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adrián Marín (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1997)</title>
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        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362551226|Adrián Marín (footballer, born 1997)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Adrián Marín Gómez''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Janairu 1997) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Major League ta Orlando City .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Villarreal ===
An haife shi a Torre-Pacheco, Yankin Murcia, Marín ya shiga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Villarreal CF ta gida a shekarar 2009 yana da shekaru 12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=El futuro, en la cantera |trans-title=The future, in the youth system |url=https://villarrealcf.es/adrian-marin-la-nueva-perla-del-submarino/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a babbar kungiyar C a kakar wasa ta 2013–14 a gasar Tercera División,  kuma ya fito tare da 'yan wasan da ke cikin kungiyar a gasar Segunda División B a wannan shekarar.

A watan Mayun 2014, manaja Marcelino García Toral ya kira Marín zuwa babban tawagar 'yan wasa domin tafiya zuwa Asiya kafin kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2014 |title=Lista de convocados para la gira asiática |trans-title=List of called up to the Asian tour |url=https://villarrealcf.es/lista-de-convocados-para-la-gira-asiatica/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, ya buga wasannin sada zumunta da CF Reus Deportiu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2014 |title=Debut con victoria para el Submarino (0–2) |trans-title=Debut with victory for the Submarine (0–2) |url=https://villarrealcf.es/cronica-reus-villarreal/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2014 |title=Gran victòria groga en Middlesbrough |trans-title=Great win for the yellows in Middlesbrough |url=https://villarrealcf.es/val/gran-victoria-amarilla-en-middlesbrough-2/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Catalan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marín ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin ƙwararre a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2014, inda ya maye gurbin Jaume Costa a minti na 57 na wasan da suka doke FC Astana da ci 4-0 a gida a zagaye na play-off na gasar UEFA Europa League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 August 2014 |title=¡Europa, ya estamos aquí! (4–0) |trans-title=Europe, we have arrived! (4–0) |url=https://villarrealcf.es/cronica-vuelta-villarreal-astana/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasansa na farko [[La Liga|a La Liga]] ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Satumba, yayin da ya fara a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Granada CF. 

A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2016, an ba Marín aro ga ƙungiyar CD Leganés ta ƙungiyar a cikin yarjejeniyar kakar wasa ta bana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Adrián Marín, talento y juventud para el lateral izquierdo |trans-title=Adrián Marín, talent and youth to the left back |url=https://www.cdleganes.com/noticias/adrian-marin-talento-y-juventud-para-el-lateral-izquierdo |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=CD Leganés |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya dawo, ya tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2021 kuma tabbas an ɗaga shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Alavés ===
A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2018, Marín ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da Deportivo Alavés . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2018 |title=El Deportivo Alavés incorpora al lateral izquierdo Adrián Marín |trans-title=Deportivo Alavés add left-back Adrián Marín |url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/el-deportivo-alaves-incorpora-al-lateral-izquierdo-adrian-marin |access-date=11 August 2018 |publisher=Deportivo Alavés |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin shekaru biyu da rabi da ya yi a filin wasa na Mendizorrotza, ya buga wasanni 28 kacal a gasa. 

=== Granada ===
Marín ya koma Granada CF a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2021, kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=Adrián Marín nuevo jugador del Granada CF |trans-title=Adrián Marín new Granada CF player |url=https://www.granadacf.es/noticia/adrian-marin-nuevo-jugador-del-granada-cf |access-date=1 February 2021 |publisher=Granada CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Agusta, ya koma ƙungiyar Primeira Liga FC Famalicão a kan aro na shekara ɗaya tare da yarjejeniyar siyan ƙwallo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Adrián Marín jugará cedido en el Famalicao portugués |trans-title=Adrián Marín will play on loan at Portugal's Famalicão |url=https://www.granadacf.es/noticia/adrian-marin-jugara-cedido-en-el-famalicao-portugues |access-date=30 August 2021 |publisher=Granada CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni 33 jimilla a lokacin da yake buga wasa a baya, inda ya zira kwallaye huɗu. 

=== Gil Vicente ===
A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2022, Marín ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a Gil Vicente FC shi ma a gasar Portugal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=OFICIAL: Granada anuncia Adrián Marín no Gil Vicente |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Granada announce Adrián Marín at Gil Vicente |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/mercado/oficial-granada-anuncia-adrian-marin-no-gil-vicente |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, an kore shi daga wasan a cikin daƙiƙa na ƙarshe na rabin farko inda ƙungiyarsa ta yi nasara 1-0, wanda hakan ya ba wa mai masaukin baki GD Chaves damar dawowa daga baya su yi nasara da ci 3-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=Liga: Desp. Chaves-Gil Vicente, 3–1 (crónica) |trans-title=League: Desp. Chaves-Gil Vicente, 3–1 (report) |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/desp-chaves/liga-desp-chaves-gil-vicente-3-1-cronica |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Braga ===
Marín ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da SC Braga ta ƙasa ɗaya da kuma lig a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Adrián Marín é Gverreiro até 2026 |trans-title=Adrián Marín is a Warrior until 2026 |url=https://scbraga.pt/adrian-marin-e-gverreiro-ate-2026/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=S.C. Braga |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni 37 a dukkan gasannin da ya yi a lokacin aikinsa,  ya zura ƙwallonsa ɗaya tilo a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2024 a wasan da suka doke Maccabi Petah Tikva FC da ci 5-0 a zagaye na biyu na neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2024 |title=SC Braga goleia na Liga Europa |trans-title=SC Braga thrash in Europa League |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/News/Todas-as-not%C3%ADcias/Not%C3%ADcia/news/45685 |access-date=26 June 2025 |publisher=[[Portuguese Football Federation]] |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Orlando ===
A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2025, Marín ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Major League Soccer ta Orlando City SC kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, tare da zaɓin kakar wasa ta 2027. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Orlando City SC acquires defender Adrián Marín |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-city-sc-acquires-defender-adrian-marin |access-date=7 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa bayan kwana 16, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara sosai wanda ya sha kashi 5-1 a Nashville SC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David |first=Austin |date=23 August 2025 |title=Orlando City Starting XI: The Lions' lineup and bench ahead of the road match at Nashville SC |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-city-starting-xi-the-lions-lineup-and-bench-ahead-of-the-road-match-at-nashville-sc |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2025 |title=Match report: Orlando City SC falls 5–1 on the road to Nashville SC |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/match-report-orlando-city-sc-falls-5-1-on-the-road-to-nashville-sc |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Marín ya lashe wasa ɗaya tilo da ya buga wa Spain a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a ranar 24 ga Maris 2016, a wasan da Croatia ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2017. 

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 23 May 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|adrian-marin-gomez/319878}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{FBref}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{WorldFootball.net|adrian-marin_2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[Taça de Portugal]], [[U.S. Open Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]] and [[MLS Cup playoffs]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Villarreal B
|2013–14
|Segunda División B
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|0
|-
|2014–15
|Segunda División B
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|-
|2015–16
|Segunda División B
|14
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Segunda División B play-offs]]}}
|0
|16
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!19
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!21
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Villarreal
|2014–15
|[[La Liga]]
|4
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|9
|0
|-
|2015–16
|La Liga
|11
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2[d]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|0
|-
|2017–18
|La Liga
|3
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3[d]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!18
!0
!6
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!9
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!33
!0
|-
|Leganés (loan)
|2016–17
|La Liga
|13
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|14
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Alavés
|2018–19
|La Liga
|6
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|7
|0
|-
|2019–20
|La Liga
|12
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|13
|0
|-
|2020–21
|La Liga
|5
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!23
!0
!5
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!28
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Granada
|2020–21
|La Liga
|9
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|9
|0
|-
|2021–22
|La Liga
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!9
!0
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!9
!0
|-
|Famalicão (loan)
|2021–22
|Primeira Liga
|29
|4
|3
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|33
|4
|-
|Gil Vicente
|2022–23
|Primeira Liga
|31
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|37
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Braga
|2023–24
|Primeira Liga
|8
|0
|2
|0
|1
|0
|5{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Primeira Liga
|10
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|10[d]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|21
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!18
!0
!2
!0
!2
!0
!15
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!37
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Orlando City
|2025
|Major League Soccer
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Leagues Cup]]}}
|0
|8
|0
|-
|2026
|Major League Soccer
|13
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|16
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!18
!0
!2
!0
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!24
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!177
!5
!20
!0
!8
!0
!25
!1
!4
!0
!234
!6
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Braga'''

* Taca da Liga : 2023-24 

== Nassoshi ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Adrián Marín at BDFutbol
{{Orlando City SC squad}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>qtl4gmvn9wh4gvqnqpro92lw8ps41ib</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>877986</id>
      <parentid>877984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:28:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>877986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11965" sha1="76bck3cm3z5m0stmk3ql3z2gzjsbmf3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Adrián Marín Gómez''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Janairu 1997) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Major League ta Orlando City .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Villarreal ===
An haife shi a Torre-Pacheco, Yankin Murcia, Marín ya shiga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Villarreal CF ta gida a shekarar 2009 yana da shekaru 12. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=El futuro, en la cantera |trans-title=The future, in the youth system |url=https://villarrealcf.es/adrian-marin-la-nueva-perla-del-submarino/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a babbar kungiyar C a kakar wasa ta 2013–14 a gasar Tercera División,  kuma ya fito tare da 'yan wasan da ke cikin kungiyar a gasar Segunda División B a wannan shekarar.

A watan Mayun 2014, manaja Marcelino García Toral ya kira Marín zuwa babban tawagar 'yan wasa domin tafiya zuwa Asiya kafin kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2014 |title=Lista de convocados para la gira asiática |trans-title=List of called up to the Asian tour |url=https://villarrealcf.es/lista-de-convocados-para-la-gira-asiatica/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, ya buga wasannin sada zumunta da CF Reus Deportiu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2014 |title=Debut con victoria para el Submarino (0–2) |trans-title=Debut with victory for the Submarine (0–2) |url=https://villarrealcf.es/cronica-reus-villarreal/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2014 |title=Gran victòria groga en Middlesbrough |trans-title=Great win for the yellows in Middlesbrough |url=https://villarrealcf.es/val/gran-victoria-amarilla-en-middlesbrough-2/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Catalan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marín ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin ƙwararre a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2014, inda ya maye gurbin Jaume Costa a minti na 57 na wasan da suka doke FC Astana da ci 4-0 a gida a zagaye na play-off na gasar UEFA Europa League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 August 2014 |title=¡Europa, ya estamos aquí! (4–0) |trans-title=Europe, we have arrived! (4–0) |url=https://villarrealcf.es/cronica-vuelta-villarreal-astana/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Villarreal CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasansa na farko [[La Liga|a La Liga]] ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga Satumba, yayin da ya fara a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Granada CF. 

A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2016, an ba Marín aro ga ƙungiyar CD Leganés ta ƙungiyar a cikin yarjejeniyar kakar wasa ta bana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Adrián Marín, talento y juventud para el lateral izquierdo |trans-title=Adrián Marín, talent and youth to the left back |url=https://www.cdleganes.com/noticias/adrian-marin-talento-y-juventud-para-el-lateral-izquierdo |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=CD Leganés |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya dawo, ya tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2021 kuma tabbas an ɗaga shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Alavés ===
A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2018, Marín ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da Deportivo Alavés . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2018 |title=El Deportivo Alavés incorpora al lateral izquierdo Adrián Marín |trans-title=Deportivo Alavés add left-back Adrián Marín |url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/el-deportivo-alaves-incorpora-al-lateral-izquierdo-adrian-marin |access-date=11 August 2018 |publisher=Deportivo Alavés |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin shekaru biyu da rabi da ya yi a filin wasa na Mendizorrotza, ya buga wasanni 28 kacal a gasa. 

=== Granada ===
Marín ya koma Granada CF a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2021, kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=Adrián Marín nuevo jugador del Granada CF |trans-title=Adrián Marín new Granada CF player |url=https://www.granadacf.es/noticia/adrian-marin-nuevo-jugador-del-granada-cf |access-date=1 February 2021 |publisher=Granada CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Agusta, ya koma ƙungiyar Primeira Liga FC Famalicão a kan aro na shekara ɗaya tare da yarjejeniyar siyan ƙwallo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Adrián Marín jugará cedido en el Famalicao portugués |trans-title=Adrián Marín will play on loan at Portugal's Famalicão |url=https://www.granadacf.es/noticia/adrian-marin-jugara-cedido-en-el-famalicao-portugues |access-date=30 August 2021 |publisher=Granada CF |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni 33 jimilla a lokacin da yake buga wasa a baya, inda ya zira kwallaye huɗu. 

=== Gil Vicente ===
A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2022, Marín ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a Gil Vicente FC shi ma a gasar Portugal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=OFICIAL: Granada anuncia Adrián Marín no Gil Vicente |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Granada announce Adrián Marín at Gil Vicente |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/mercado/oficial-granada-anuncia-adrian-marin-no-gil-vicente |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, an kore shi daga wasan a cikin daƙiƙa na ƙarshe na rabin farko inda ƙungiyarsa ta yi nasara 1-0, wanda hakan ya ba wa mai masaukin baki GD Chaves damar dawowa daga baya su yi nasara da ci 3-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=Liga: Desp. Chaves-Gil Vicente, 3–1 (crónica) |trans-title=League: Desp. Chaves-Gil Vicente, 3–1 (report) |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/desp-chaves/liga-desp-chaves-gil-vicente-3-1-cronica |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Braga ===
Marín ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da SC Braga ta ƙasa ɗaya da kuma lig a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Adrián Marín é Gverreiro até 2026 |trans-title=Adrián Marín is a Warrior until 2026 |url=https://scbraga.pt/adrian-marin-e-gverreiro-ate-2026/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=S.C. Braga |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni 37 a dukkan gasannin da ya yi a lokacin aikinsa,  ya zura ƙwallonsa ɗaya tilo a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2024 a wasan da suka doke Maccabi Petah Tikva FC da ci 5-0 a zagaye na biyu na neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2024 |title=SC Braga goleia na Liga Europa |trans-title=SC Braga thrash in Europa League |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/News/Todas-as-not%C3%ADcias/Not%C3%ADcia/news/45685 |access-date=26 June 2025 |publisher=[[Portuguese Football Federation]] |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Orlando ===
A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2025, Marín ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Major League Soccer ta Orlando City SC kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, tare da zaɓin kakar wasa ta 2027. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Orlando City SC acquires defender Adrián Marín |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-city-sc-acquires-defender-adrian-marin |access-date=7 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa bayan kwana 16, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara sosai wanda ya sha kashi 5-1 a Nashville SC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David |first=Austin |date=23 August 2025 |title=Orlando City Starting XI: The Lions' lineup and bench ahead of the road match at Nashville SC |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-city-starting-xi-the-lions-lineup-and-bench-ahead-of-the-road-match-at-nashville-sc |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2025 |title=Match report: Orlando City SC falls 5–1 on the road to Nashville SC |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/match-report-orlando-city-sc-falls-5-1-on-the-road-to-nashville-sc |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=Orlando City SC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Marín ya lashe wasa ɗaya tilo da ya buga wa Spain a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a ranar 24 ga Maris 2016, a wasan da Croatia ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2017. 

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 23 May 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|adrian-marin-gomez/319878}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{FBref}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{WorldFootball.net|adrian-marin_2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[Taça de Portugal]], [[U.S. Open Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]] and [[MLS Cup playoffs]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Villarreal B
|2013–14
|Segunda División B
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|0
|-
|2014–15
|Segunda División B
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|-
|2015–16
|Segunda División B
|14
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Segunda División B play-offs]]}}
|0
|16
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!19
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!21
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Villarreal
|2014–15
|[[La Liga]]
|4
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|9
|0
|-
|2015–16
|La Liga
|11
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2[d]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|0
|-
|2017–18
|La Liga
|3
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3[d]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!18
!0
!6
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!9
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!33
!0
|-
|Leganés (loan)
|2016–17
|La Liga
|13
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|14
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Alavés
|2018–19
|La Liga
|6
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|7
|0
|-
|2019–20
|La Liga
|12
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|13
|0
|-
|2020–21
|La Liga
|5
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!23
!0
!5
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!28
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Granada
|2020–21
|La Liga
|9
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|9
|0
|-
|2021–22
|La Liga
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!9
!0
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!9
!0
|-
|Famalicão (loan)
|2021–22
|Primeira Liga
|29
|4
|3
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|33
|4
|-
|Gil Vicente
|2022–23
|Primeira Liga
|31
|0
|1
|0
|4
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|37
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Braga
|2023–24
|Primeira Liga
|8
|0
|2
|0
|1
|0
|5{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|16
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Primeira Liga
|10
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|10[d]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|21
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!18
!0
!2
!0
!2
!0
!15
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!37
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Orlando City
|2025
|Major League Soccer
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Leagues Cup]]}}
|0
|8
|0
|-
|2026
|Major League Soccer
|13
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|16
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!18
!0
!2
!0
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!2
!0
!24
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!177
!5
!20
!0
!8
!0
!25
!1
!4
!0
!234
!6
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Braga'''

* Taca da Liga : 2023-24 


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Adrián Marín at BDFutbol
{{Orlando City SC squad}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>76bck3cm3z5m0stmk3ql3z2gzjsbmf3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Domingo Alaba Obende</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877987</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:28:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sabon kirkira</comment>
      <origin>877987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3070" sha1="f47c5u4n9apc7nn0axmvfhszxwfzt2v" xml:space="preserve">An haifi Domingo Alaba John Obende a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1954. Ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa daga Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Mazabar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa a Jihar Edo a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta 7 daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2015.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamba ne na jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), wadda a yanzu ake kira All Progressives Congress (APC). Ya kammala karatu a Yaba Trade Centre, Jami'ar Benin da kuma Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Gabashin London (University of East London Business School), inda ya samu digirin farko (BSc) a fannin Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (Public Administration) da kuma digirin MBA a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service).

== Tarihi ==

An haifi Domingo Alaba Obende a garin Igarra da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Akoko-Edo ta Jihar Edo, Najeriya, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1954. Ya samu digirin farko na Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (Bachelor of Public Administration) daga Jami'ar Benin, sannan ya samu digirin MBA a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Services) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta UEL (UEL Business School), Jami'ar Gabashin London da ke Birtaniya.

Daga cikin muƙaman hukuma da ya riƙe akwai na

== Harkokin Siyasa ==

A zaɓen shekarar 2007, Obende ya nemi tikitin tsayawa takarar kujerar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar PDP, amma bai yi nasara ba. Daga bisani ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar PDP na Mazabar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa. Haka kuma, ya kasance mamba na Kwamitin Zaɓe na Ƙasa na PDP mai wakiltar Jihar Edo a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar PDP na shekarar 2008.

A zaɓen ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2011, Obende ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). Ya fafata da Alhaji Yisa Braimoh, inda ya kayar da shi tare da zama Sanatan Mazabar Edo ta Arewa.

A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, Yisa Braimoh ya zargi Obende da amfani da takardun shaidar karatu na bogi da dama. Ya shigar da ƙara a kotuna daban-daban domin kalubalantar cancantar Obende. Sai dai daga ƙarshe, dukkan shari'o'in an yi watsi da su tare da yanke hukunci a madadin Sanata Domingo Alaba Obende.

A Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Abuja, an umarci Braimoh da ya biya tarar naira 100,000 ga Sanata Obende. Ya ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, amma bayan yanke hukunci, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙarar ta kuma umarce shi da ya biya ƙarin naira 30,000.

Obende ya bayyana cewa yana adawa da shawarar Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ta kafa wa'adin mulki guda ɗaya na shekaru shida ga zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni. Dangane da wannan batu, ya ce:

“Gwamna zai zo ya yi shekaru shida a kan mulki, ya wawure dukiyar gwamnati gaba ɗaya sannan ya tafi. Sanya irin waɗannan mutane a gidan yari kaɗai ba zai magance matsalar ba. Abin da zai magance matsalar kuma ya gyara wannan ƙasa shi ne kowanne gwamna da kowanne shugaban ƙasa ya mayar da hankali wajen bunƙasa jiharsa da kuma Najeriya baki ɗaya. Saboda haka, ban yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba, kuma ba na ganin wannan ƙudirin doka zai samu karɓuwa.”</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877990</id>
      <parentid>877987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:29:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <text bytes="3196" sha1="t77ti74p5qgwvq6legcacd9z59e9ayl" xml:space="preserve">An haifi Domingo Alaba John Obende a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1954. Ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa daga Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Mazabar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa a Jihar Edo a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta 7 daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2015.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamba ne na jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), wadda a yanzu ake kira All Progressives Congress (APC). Ya kammala karatu a Yaba Trade Centre, Jami'ar Benin da kuma Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Gabashin London (University of East London Business School), inda ya samu digirin farko (BSc) a fannin Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (Public Administration) da kuma digirin MBA a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/apc-national-convention-senator-domingo-obende-declares-for-national-secretary/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

An haifi Domingo Alaba Obende a garin Igarra da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Akoko-Edo ta Jihar Edo, Najeriya, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1954. Ya samu digirin farko na Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (Bachelor of Public Administration) daga Jami'ar Benin, sannan ya samu digirin MBA a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Services) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta UEL (UEL Business School), Jami'ar Gabashin London da ke Birtaniya.

Daga cikin muƙaman hukuma da ya riƙe akwai na

== Harkokin Siyasa ==

A zaɓen shekarar 2007, Obende ya nemi tikitin tsayawa takarar kujerar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar PDP, amma bai yi nasara ba. Daga bisani ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar PDP na Mazabar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa. Haka kuma, ya kasance mamba na Kwamitin Zaɓe na Ƙasa na PDP mai wakiltar Jihar Edo a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar PDP na shekarar 2008.

A zaɓen ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2011, Obende ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). Ya fafata da Alhaji Yisa Braimoh, inda ya kayar da shi tare da zama Sanatan Mazabar Edo ta Arewa.

A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, Yisa Braimoh ya zargi Obende da amfani da takardun shaidar karatu na bogi da dama. Ya shigar da ƙara a kotuna daban-daban domin kalubalantar cancantar Obende. Sai dai daga ƙarshe, dukkan shari'o'in an yi watsi da su tare da yanke hukunci a madadin Sanata Domingo Alaba Obende.

A Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Abuja, an umarci Braimoh da ya biya tarar naira 100,000 ga Sanata Obende. Ya ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, amma bayan yanke hukunci, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙarar ta kuma umarce shi da ya biya ƙarin naira 30,000.

Obende ya bayyana cewa yana adawa da shawarar Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ta kafa wa'adin mulki guda ɗaya na shekaru shida ga zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni. Dangane da wannan batu, ya ce:

“Gwamna zai zo ya yi shekaru shida a kan mulki, ya wawure dukiyar gwamnati gaba ɗaya sannan ya tafi. Sanya irin waɗannan mutane a gidan yari kaɗai ba zai magance matsalar ba. Abin da zai magance matsalar kuma ya gyara wannan ƙasa shi ne kowanne gwamna da kowanne shugaban ƙasa ya mayar da hankali wajen bunƙasa jiharsa da kuma Najeriya baki ɗaya. Saboda haka, ban yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba, kuma ba na ganin wannan ƙudirin doka zai samu karɓuwa.”</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877991</id>
      <parentid>877990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:32:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <text bytes="3345" sha1="lltv5kfuagttvxbqwmwyp45g3ql0hym" xml:space="preserve">An haifi Domingo Alaba John Obende a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1954. Ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa daga Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Mazabar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa a Jihar Edo a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta 7 daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2015.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamba ne na jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), wadda a yanzu ake kira All Progressives Congress (APC). Ya kammala karatu a Yaba Trade Centre, Jami'ar Benin da kuma Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Gabashin London (University of East London Business School), inda ya samu digirin farko (BSc) a fannin Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (Public Administration) da kuma digirin MBA a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/apc-national-convention-senator-domingo-obende-declares-for-national-secretary/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

An haifi Domingo Alaba Obende a garin Igarra da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Akoko-Edo ta Jihar Edo, Najeriya, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1954. Ya samu digirin farko na Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (Bachelor of Public Administration) daga Jami'ar Benin, sannan ya samu digirin MBA a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Services) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta UEL (UEL Business School), Jami'ar Gabashin London da ke Birtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110417134318/http://www.ddinpolitics.com/aboutdd.php&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin Siyasa ==

A zaɓen shekarar 2007, Obende ya nemi tikitin tsayawa takarar kujerar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar PDP, amma bai yi nasara ba. Daga bisani ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar PDP na Mazabar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa. Haka kuma, ya kasance mamba na Kwamitin Zaɓe na Ƙasa na PDP mai wakiltar Jihar Edo a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar PDP na shekarar 2008.

A zaɓen ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2011, Obende ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). Ya fafata da Alhaji Yisa Braimoh, inda ya kayar da shi tare da zama Sanatan Mazabar Edo ta Arewa.

A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, Yisa Braimoh ya zargi Obende da amfani da takardun shaidar karatu na bogi da dama. Ya shigar da ƙara a kotuna daban-daban domin kalubalantar cancantar Obende. Sai dai daga ƙarshe, dukkan shari'o'in an yi watsi da su tare da yanke hukunci a madadin Sanata Domingo Alaba Obende. A Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Abuja, an umarci Braimoh da ya biya tarar naira 100,000 ga Sanata Obende. Ya ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, amma bayan yanke hukunci, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙarar ta kuma umarce shi da ya biya ƙarin naira 30,000. Obende ya bayyana cewa yana adawa da shawarar Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ta kafa wa'adin mulki guda ɗaya na shekaru shida ga zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni. Dangane da wannan batu, ya ce: “Gwamna zai zo ya yi shekaru shida a kan mulki, ya wawure dukiyar gwamnati gaba ɗaya sannan ya tafi. Sanya irin waɗannan mutane a gidan yari kaɗai ba zai magance matsalar ba. Abin da zai magance matsalar kuma ya gyara wannan ƙasa shi ne kowanne gwamna da kowanne shugaban ƙasa ya mayar da hankali wajen bunƙasa jiharsa da kuma Najeriya baki ɗaya. Saboda haka, ban yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba, kuma ba na ganin wannan ƙudirin doka zai samu karɓuwa.”&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/12/certificate-forgery-appeal-court-strikes-suit-senator-obende/&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <id>877992</id>
      <parentid>877991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:37:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <text bytes="4019" sha1="nxco5gjg5pwaz7oxg6bfphdfp5fsuv6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name                = Dr. Domingo Alaba John Obende
| image               = 
| office1             = Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from [[Edo North Senatorial District]]
| term_start1         = [[2011 Nigerian Senate elections in Edo State|May 2011]]
| term_end1           = April 2015
| predecessor1        = [[Yisa Braimoh]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1954|12|5|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Akoko-Edo]] LGA, [[Edo State]], [[Nigeria]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC)
| successor1          = [[Francis Alimikhena]]
}}
An haifi '''Domingo Alaba John Obende''' a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1954. Ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa daga Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Mazabar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa a Jihar Edo a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta 7 daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2015.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203046/http://www.inecnigeria.org/downloads/?did=114&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamba ne na jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), wadda a yanzu ake kira All Progressives Congress (APC). Ya kammala karatu a Yaba Trade Centre, Jami'ar Benin da kuma Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Gabashin London (University of East London Business School), inda ya samu digirin farko (BSc) a fannin Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (Public Administration) da kuma digirin MBA a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/apc-national-convention-senator-domingo-obende-declares-for-national-secretary/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

An haifi Domingo Alaba Obende a garin Igarra da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Akoko-Edo ta Jihar Edo, Najeriya, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1954. Ya samu digirin farko na Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (Bachelor of Public Administration) daga Jami'ar Benin, sannan ya samu digirin MBA a fannin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Services) daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta UEL (UEL Business School), Jami'ar Gabashin London da ke Birtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110417134318/http://www.ddinpolitics.com/aboutdd.php&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin Siyasa ==

A zaɓen shekarar 2007, Obende ya nemi tikitin tsayawa takarar kujerar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar PDP, amma bai yi nasara ba. Daga bisani ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar PDP na Mazabar Sanatan Edo ta Arewa. Haka kuma, ya kasance mamba na Kwamitin Zaɓe na Ƙasa na PDP mai wakiltar Jihar Edo a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar PDP na shekarar 2008.

A zaɓen ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2011, Obende ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). Ya fafata da Alhaji Yisa Braimoh, inda ya kayar da shi tare da zama Sanatan Mazabar Edo ta Arewa.

A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, Yisa Braimoh ya zargi Obende da amfani da takardun shaidar karatu na bogi da dama. Ya shigar da ƙara a kotuna daban-daban domin kalubalantar cancantar Obende. Sai dai daga ƙarshe, dukkan shari'o'in an yi watsi da su tare da yanke hukunci a madadin Sanata Domingo Alaba Obende. A Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke Abuja, an umarci Braimoh da ya biya tarar naira 100,000 ga Sanata Obende. Ya ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, amma bayan yanke hukunci, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙarar ta kuma umarce shi da ya biya ƙarin naira 30,000. Obende ya bayyana cewa yana adawa da shawarar Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ta kafa wa'adin mulki guda ɗaya na shekaru shida ga zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni. Dangane da wannan batu, ya ce: “Gwamna zai zo ya yi shekaru shida a kan mulki, ya wawure dukiyar gwamnati gaba ɗaya sannan ya tafi. Sanya irin waɗannan mutane a gidan yari kaɗai ba zai magance matsalar ba. Abin da zai magance matsalar kuma ya gyara wannan ƙasa shi ne kowanne gwamna da kowanne shugaban ƙasa ya mayar da hankali wajen bunƙasa jiharsa da kuma Najeriya baki ɗaya. Saboda haka, ban yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba, kuma ba na ganin wannan ƙudirin doka zai samu karɓuwa.”&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/12/certificate-forgery-appeal-court-strikes-suit-senator-obende/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877993</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:43:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name             = Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin | honorific_suffix =  | image            =  | image_size       =  | alt              =  | caption          =  | office1          = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | term_start1      = 18 March 2015 | term_end1        = 18 March 2019 | deputy1          =  | predecessor1     =  | successor1       =  | office2          = Member of the Kwara State House of A...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1542" sha1="8k4gr9gczweoogvgmhf2aaoyqij7acl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name             = Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin
| honorific_suffix = 
| image            = 
| image_size       = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = 
| office1          = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]
| term_start1      = 18 March 2015
| term_end1        = 18 March 2019
| deputy1          = 
| predecessor1     = 
| successor1       = 
| office2          = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]&lt;br&gt;from [[Isanlu-Isin, Nigeria|Isin Local Government]]
| term_start2      = 18 March 2015
| term_end2        = 18 March 2019
| predecessor2     = 
| successor2       = 
| constituency2    = Isin
| birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1953|02|05|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Isanlu-Isin,Isin Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]]
| death_date       = 
| death_place      = 
| party            = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)]]
| spouse           = 
| children         = 
| relations        = 
| alma_mater       = {{plainlist|
*
}}
| occupation       = {{hlist|Politician|}}
| education        = 
| profession       = 
| awards           = 
| website          = 
}}
An haifi '''Emmanuel Folorunsho Abodunrin''' a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1953. Ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance mamba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara ta 8, inda yake wakiltar mazaɓar Isin a majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-emmanuel-folorunsho-abodunrin/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_AssemblyPassesPensionBilltoExGovs&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙarancin yara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>877994</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xaynarb</username>
        <id>43630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342818437|Psychological aspects of childhood obesity]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4121" sha1="2pgdof2sgexpjagbjgg6d3bmul8tih8" xml:space="preserve">An bayyana kiba na yara a matsayin ƙididdigar nauyin jiki (BMI) a ko sama da kashi 96 ga yara na shekaru iri ɗaya da jima'i. Zai iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban na kiwon lafiya, gami da Hawan jini, hawan cholesterol, cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, matsalolin numfashi, matsalolin bacci, da matsalolin haɗin gwiwa daga baya a rayuwa. Yara masu kiba suna cikin haɗari ga matsalolin zamantakewa da na tunani, kamar cin zarafin abokan hulɗa, karuwar matakan tashin hankali, da ƙarancin girman kai. An nuna dalilai da yawa na muhalli da zamantakewa suna da alaƙa da kiba na yara, kuma masu bincike suna ƙoƙarin amfani da wannan ilimin don taimakawa hanawa da magance yanayin. Lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi da wuri, wasu nau'ikan halayyar halayyar mutum da kuma tunanin mutum na iya taimaka wa yara su sake dawowa da / ko kula da nauyi mai lafiya.

== Abubuwan muhalli ==

=== Talabijin da tallace-tallace ===
Girman kiba na yara ya karu sosai a Amurka a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa a wannan lokacin, an sami karuwa a yawan lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen kallon talabijin. A cikin shekarun 1950 kashi biyu cikin dari na gidaje sun mallaki shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma shekaru 40 bayan haka, kashi 98% na gidaje suna da akalla 1 talabijin. Bayanan yanzu sun nuna cewa, tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 17, a matsakaita yara suna ciyar da fiye da shekaru 3 na rayuwarsu suna kallon talabijin.[1] Tallace-tallace na abinci mara lafiya suna da alaƙa da yawan kiba na yara. Wannan yana tallafawa ka'idar cewa kallon talabijin da yawa shine &quot;ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba tsakanin yara. &quot; [1] Sakamakon haka, an sami karuwar yara da matasa ga tallace-tallace na abinci. Yawancin tallace-tallace da aka yi niyya ga yara suna inganta abinci tare da ƙarancin ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, kamar su alewa (32% na duk tallace-tafiyen yara), hatsi (31%), da gidajen cin abinci mai sauri (9%). [2] A cikin 1997 masana'antun abinci na Amurka sun kashe dala biliyan 7 akan tallace-tallace na samfur. Kudin da aka kashe a tallace-tallace na gidan cin abinci mai sauri ya kai kusan kashi 28 cikin 100 na tallace-tafiye, daga kashi biyar kawai a cikin 1980.[3] A daya daga cikin binciken farko game da rawar da talabijin ke takawa a cikin kiba na yara, William Dietz da Steven sun sami shaidar cewa kowane karin sa'a na talabijin a kowace rana ya kara yawan kiba da kashi biyu cikin dari. Sun kuma ƙayyade hanyoyin da kallon talabijin na iya shafar nauyi a cikin yara da matasa: raguwa mai tsanani a cikin ayyukan jiki da karuwar sha'awar da cin abinci mara lafiya.[4] Wadannan binciken an nuna su a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan: yara na makarantar sakandare da suka kalli talabijin da yawa suna sha ƙarin abin sha mai laushi; wannan na iya zama saboda yawan bayyanar tallace-tallace na abinci.[5] Har ila yau, akwai nazarin da ke mai da hankali musamman kan yadda tallace-tallace ke iya rinjayar yara ƙanana da halaye na cin abinci. Ko da ɗan gajeren bayyanar tallace-tallace na abinci na talabijin na iya rinjayar abubuwan da yara ke son abinci a makarantar sakandare; yara ƙanana bazai iya rarrabe tallace-tafiye daga shirye-shiryen su na yau da kullun ba, kuma bazai fahimci cewa tallace-shiryen suna nufin shawo kan yayin da ake nunawa don nishaɗi.[3] Yin amfani da haruffa da yara suka fi so da gabatar da kayayyaki tare da ra'ayoyi kamar nishaɗi, farin ciki, da jin daɗi yana haifar da yara su haɗa farin ciki tare da waɗannan abinci ba tare da fahimtar tasirin cin abinci kawai don karin kumallo, abincin rana, da abincin dare ba.[6] Duk da yake akwai bincike da yawa da ke neman tabbatar da cewa talabijin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da kiba ga yara, ba za a iya samun wata hujja da za ta goyi bayan wannan da'awar ba. Akwai alaƙa tsakanin su biyu amma babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da alaƙar da ta haifar.[1] Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke taimakawa ga nauyin yaro da halaye na cin abinci; yayin da kafofin watsa labarai na iya samun tasiri sosai ga yara da zaɓin abinci, iyayensu da abokai na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba na yara.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877995</id>
      <parentid>877994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:46:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xaynarb</username>
        <id>43630</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342818437|Psychological aspects of childhood obesity]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5149" sha1="ng64cruhz76eidk4tx0m0v2zhh39q3v" xml:space="preserve">An bayyana kiba na yara a matsayin ƙididdigar nauyin jiki (BMI) a ko sama da kashi 96 ga yara na shekaru iri ɗaya da jima'i. Zai iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban na kiwon lafiya, gami da Hawan jini, hawan cholesterol, cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, matsalolin numfashi, matsalolin bacci, da matsalolin haɗin gwiwa daga baya a rayuwa. Yara masu kiba suna cikin haɗari ga matsalolin zamantakewa da na tunani, kamar cin zarafin abokan hulɗa, karuwar matakan tashin hankali, da ƙarancin girman kai. An nuna dalilai da yawa na muhalli da zamantakewa suna da alaƙa da kiba na yara, kuma masu bincike suna ƙoƙarin amfani da wannan ilimin don taimakawa hanawa da magance yanayin. Lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi da wuri, wasu nau'ikan halayyar halayyar mutum da kuma tunanin mutum na iya taimaka wa yara su sake dawowa da / ko kula da nauyi mai lafiya.

== Abubuwan muhalli ==

=== Talabijin da tallace-tallace ===
Girman kiba na yara ya karu sosai a Amurka a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa a wannan lokacin, an sami karuwa a yawan lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen kallon talabijin. A cikin shekarun 1950 kashi biyu cikin dari na gidaje sun mallaki shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma shekaru 40 bayan haka, kashi 98% na gidaje suna da akalla 1 talabijin. Bayanan yanzu sun nuna cewa, tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 17, a matsakaita yara suna ciyar da fiye da shekaru 3 na rayuwarsu suna kallon talabijin.[1] Tallace-tallace na abinci mara lafiya suna da alaƙa da yawan kiba na yara. Wannan yana tallafawa ka'idar cewa kallon talabijin da yawa shine &quot;ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba tsakanin yara. &quot; [1] Sakamakon haka, an sami karuwar yara da matasa ga tallace-tallace na abinci. Yawancin tallace-tallace da aka yi niyya ga yara suna inganta abinci tare da ƙarancin ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, kamar su alewa (32% na duk tallace-tafiyen yara), hatsi (31%), da gidajen cin abinci mai sauri (9%). [2] A cikin 1997 masana'antun abinci na Amurka sun kashe dala biliyan 7 akan tallace-tallace na samfur. Kudin da aka kashe a tallace-tallace na gidan cin abinci mai sauri ya kai kusan kashi 28 cikin 100 na tallace-tafiye, daga kashi biyar kawai a cikin 1980.[3] A daya daga cikin binciken farko game da rawar da talabijin ke takawa a cikin kiba na yara, William Dietz da Steven sun sami shaidar cewa kowane karin sa'a na talabijin a kowace rana ya kara yawan kiba da kashi biyu cikin dari. Sun kuma ƙayyade hanyoyin da kallon talabijin na iya shafar nauyi a cikin yara da matasa: raguwa mai tsanani a cikin ayyukan jiki da karuwar sha'awar da cin abinci mara lafiya.[4] Wadannan binciken an nuna su a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan: yara na makarantar sakandare da suka kalli talabijin da yawa suna sha ƙarin abin sha mai laushi; wannan na iya zama saboda yawan bayyanar tallace-tallace na abinci.[5] Har ila yau, akwai nazarin da ke mai da hankali musamman kan yadda tallace-tallace ke iya rinjayar yara ƙanana da halaye na cin abinci. Ko da ɗan gajeren bayyanar tallace-tallace na abinci na talabijin na iya rinjayar abubuwan da yara ke son abinci a makarantar sakandare; yara ƙanana bazai iya rarrabe tallace-tafiye daga shirye-shiryen su na yau da kullun ba, kuma bazai fahimci cewa tallace-shiryen suna nufin shawo kan yayin da ake nunawa don nishaɗi.[3] Yin amfani da haruffa da yara suka fi so da gabatar da kayayyaki tare da ra'ayoyi kamar nishaɗi, farin ciki, da jin daɗi yana haifar da yara su haɗa farin ciki tare da waɗannan abinci ba tare da fahimtar tasirin cin abinci kawai don karin kumallo, abincin rana, da abincin dare ba.[6] Duk da yake akwai bincike da yawa da ke neman tabbatar da cewa talabijin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da kiba ga yara, ba za a iya samun wata hujja da za ta goyi bayan wannan da'awar ba. Akwai alaƙa tsakanin su biyu amma babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da alaƙar da ta haifar.[1] Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke taimakawa ga nauyin yaro da halaye na cin abinci; yayin da kafofin watsa labarai na iya samun tasiri sosai ga yara da zaɓin abinci, iyayensu da abokai na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba na yara.     

== Abubuwan zamantakewa ==

=== Dalilin waje ===
Yaran da ke motsawa daga waje don cin abinci suna cikin haɗarin kiba. A cikin wani binciken, &lt;ref name=&quot;Birch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birch |first=L. L. |last2=McPhee |first2=L. |last3=Shoba |first3=B. |year=1987 |title=Clean up your plate&quot;: Effects of child feeding practices on the conditioning of meal size |journal=Learning and Motivation |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=301–317 |doi=10.1016/0023-9690(87)90017-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; an gaya wa kungiyoyi biyu na yara su mai da hankali kan abubuwa daban-daban don cin abinci: ko dai alamun waje, kamar adadin abinci a farantin su, ko alamun ciki kamar yunwa da gamsuwa. Yaran da suka dogara da alamun ciki sun fi cin abinci lokacin da suke jin yunwa kuma su tsaya lokacin da suka cika. Sabanin haka, yaran da suka amsa alamun waje sun fi watsi da alamun ciki waɗanda suka nuna cewa sun cika. Yaran da suka saba da dogaro da alamun yunwa na waje don haka suna cin fiye da yadda jikinsu suke bukata saboda suna iya samun nauyi mai yawa.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877996</id>
      <parentid>877995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:46:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xaynarb</username>
        <id>43630</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342818437|Psychological aspects of childhood obesity]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5819" sha1="8xg9vugy5rcjti6rtfhdjzzasxzgw0s" xml:space="preserve">An bayyana kiba na yara a matsayin ƙididdigar nauyin jiki (BMI) a ko sama da kashi 96 ga yara na shekaru iri ɗaya da jima'i. Zai iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban na kiwon lafiya, gami da Hawan jini, hawan cholesterol, cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, matsalolin numfashi, matsalolin bacci, da matsalolin haɗin gwiwa daga baya a rayuwa. Yara masu kiba suna cikin haɗari ga matsalolin zamantakewa da na tunani, kamar cin zarafin abokan hulɗa, karuwar matakan tashin hankali, da ƙarancin girman kai. An nuna dalilai da yawa na muhalli da zamantakewa suna da alaƙa da kiba na yara, kuma masu bincike suna ƙoƙarin amfani da wannan ilimin don taimakawa hanawa da magance yanayin. Lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi da wuri, wasu nau'ikan halayyar halayyar mutum da kuma tunanin mutum na iya taimaka wa yara su sake dawowa da / ko kula da nauyi mai lafiya.

== Abubuwan muhalli ==

=== Talabijin da tallace-tallace ===
Girman kiba na yara ya karu sosai a Amurka a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa a wannan lokacin, an sami karuwa a yawan lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen kallon talabijin. A cikin shekarun 1950 kashi biyu cikin dari na gidaje sun mallaki shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma shekaru 40 bayan haka, kashi 98% na gidaje suna da akalla 1 talabijin. Bayanan yanzu sun nuna cewa, tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 17, a matsakaita yara suna ciyar da fiye da shekaru 3 na rayuwarsu suna kallon talabijin.[1] Tallace-tallace na abinci mara lafiya suna da alaƙa da yawan kiba na yara. Wannan yana tallafawa ka'idar cewa kallon talabijin da yawa shine &quot;ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba tsakanin yara. &quot; [1] Sakamakon haka, an sami karuwar yara da matasa ga tallace-tallace na abinci. Yawancin tallace-tallace da aka yi niyya ga yara suna inganta abinci tare da ƙarancin ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, kamar su alewa (32% na duk tallace-tafiyen yara), hatsi (31%), da gidajen cin abinci mai sauri (9%). [2] A cikin 1997 masana'antun abinci na Amurka sun kashe dala biliyan 7 akan tallace-tallace na samfur. Kudin da aka kashe a tallace-tallace na gidan cin abinci mai sauri ya kai kusan kashi 28 cikin 100 na tallace-tafiye, daga kashi biyar kawai a cikin 1980.[3] A daya daga cikin binciken farko game da rawar da talabijin ke takawa a cikin kiba na yara, William Dietz da Steven sun sami shaidar cewa kowane karin sa'a na talabijin a kowace rana ya kara yawan kiba da kashi biyu cikin dari. Sun kuma ƙayyade hanyoyin da kallon talabijin na iya shafar nauyi a cikin yara da matasa: raguwa mai tsanani a cikin ayyukan jiki da karuwar sha'awar da cin abinci mara lafiya.[4] Wadannan binciken an nuna su a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan: yara na makarantar sakandare da suka kalli talabijin da yawa suna sha ƙarin abin sha mai laushi; wannan na iya zama saboda yawan bayyanar tallace-tallace na abinci.[5] Har ila yau, akwai nazarin da ke mai da hankali musamman kan yadda tallace-tallace ke iya rinjayar yara ƙanana da halaye na cin abinci. Ko da ɗan gajeren bayyanar tallace-tallace na abinci na talabijin na iya rinjayar abubuwan da yara ke son abinci a makarantar sakandare; yara ƙanana bazai iya rarrabe tallace-tafiye daga shirye-shiryen su na yau da kullun ba, kuma bazai fahimci cewa tallace-shiryen suna nufin shawo kan yayin da ake nunawa don nishaɗi.[3] Yin amfani da haruffa da yara suka fi so da gabatar da kayayyaki tare da ra'ayoyi kamar nishaɗi, farin ciki, da jin daɗi yana haifar da yara su haɗa farin ciki tare da waɗannan abinci ba tare da fahimtar tasirin cin abinci kawai don karin kumallo, abincin rana, da abincin dare ba.[6] Duk da yake akwai bincike da yawa da ke neman tabbatar da cewa talabijin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da kiba ga yara, ba za a iya samun wata hujja da za ta goyi bayan wannan da'awar ba. Akwai alaƙa tsakanin su biyu amma babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da alaƙar da ta haifar.[1] Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke taimakawa ga nauyin yaro da halaye na cin abinci; yayin da kafofin watsa labarai na iya samun tasiri sosai ga yara da zaɓin abinci, iyayensu da abokai na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba na yara.     

== Abubuwan zamantakewa ==

=== Dalilin waje ===
Yaran da ke motsawa daga waje don cin abinci suna cikin haɗarin kiba. A cikin wani binciken, &lt;ref name=&quot;Birch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birch |first=L. L. |last2=McPhee |first2=L. |last3=Shoba |first3=B. |year=1987 |title=Clean up your plate&quot;: Effects of child feeding practices on the conditioning of meal size |journal=Learning and Motivation |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=301–317 |doi=10.1016/0023-9690(87)90017-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; an gaya wa kungiyoyi biyu na yara su mai da hankali kan abubuwa daban-daban don cin abinci: ko dai alamun waje, kamar adadin abinci a farantin su, ko alamun ciki kamar yunwa da gamsuwa. Yaran da suka dogara da alamun ciki sun fi cin abinci lokacin da suke jin yunwa kuma su tsaya lokacin da suka cika. Sabanin haka, yaran da suka amsa alamun waje sun fi watsi da alamun ciki waɗanda suka nuna cewa sun cika. Yaran da suka saba da dogaro da alamun yunwa na waje don haka suna cin fiye da yadda jikinsu suke bukata saboda suna iya samun nauyi mai yawa.

=== Ayyukan uwa ===
Akwai alaƙa tsakanin yawan lokacin da mahaifiyar ke aiki da ƙididdigar jikin ɗanta (BMI). Akwai shaidar cewa jadawalin aikin uwa marasa daidaituwa, ma'ana waɗanda suka faɗi aƙalla a wani ɓangare a waje da kewayon &quot;al'ada&quot; na 9:00 na safe zuwa 5:00 na yamma a ranar Litinin zuwa Jumma'a, suna da alaƙa da BMIs mafi girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morrissey |first=TW |last2=Dunifon |first2=RE |last3=Kalil |first3=A |year=2011 |title=Maternal employment, work schedules, and children's body mass index |journal=Child Dev |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=66–81 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01541.x |pmc=3070422 |pmid=21291429}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>877997</id>
      <parentid>877996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:48:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xaynarb</username>
        <id>43630</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342818437|Psychological aspects of childhood obesity]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="11696" sha1="hf44bmh3hlbg4yn3d42ochm11x6akpw" xml:space="preserve">An bayyana kiba na yara a matsayin ƙididdigar nauyin jiki (BMI) a ko sama da kashi 96 ga yara na shekaru iri ɗaya da jima'i. Zai iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban na kiwon lafiya, gami da Hawan jini, hawan cholesterol, cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, matsalolin numfashi, matsalolin bacci, da matsalolin haɗin gwiwa daga baya a rayuwa. Yara masu kiba suna cikin haɗari ga matsalolin zamantakewa da na tunani, kamar cin zarafin abokan hulɗa, karuwar matakan tashin hankali, da ƙarancin girman kai. An nuna dalilai da yawa na muhalli da zamantakewa suna da alaƙa da kiba na yara, kuma masu bincike suna ƙoƙarin amfani da wannan ilimin don taimakawa hanawa da magance yanayin. Lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi da wuri, wasu nau'ikan halayyar halayyar mutum da kuma tunanin mutum na iya taimaka wa yara su sake dawowa da / ko kula da nauyi mai lafiya.

== Abubuwan muhalli ==

=== Talabijin da tallace-tallace ===
Girman kiba na yara ya karu sosai a Amurka a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa a wannan lokacin, an sami karuwa a yawan lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen kallon talabijin. A cikin shekarun 1950 kashi biyu cikin dari na gidaje sun mallaki shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma shekaru 40 bayan haka, kashi 98% na gidaje suna da akalla 1 talabijin. Bayanan yanzu sun nuna cewa, tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 17, a matsakaita yara suna ciyar da fiye da shekaru 3 na rayuwarsu suna kallon talabijin.[1] Tallace-tallace na abinci mara lafiya suna da alaƙa da yawan kiba na yara. Wannan yana tallafawa ka'idar cewa kallon talabijin da yawa shine &quot;ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba tsakanin yara. &quot; [1] Sakamakon haka, an sami karuwar yara da matasa ga tallace-tallace na abinci. Yawancin tallace-tallace da aka yi niyya ga yara suna inganta abinci tare da ƙarancin ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, kamar su alewa (32% na duk tallace-tafiyen yara), hatsi (31%), da gidajen cin abinci mai sauri (9%). [2] A cikin 1997 masana'antun abinci na Amurka sun kashe dala biliyan 7 akan tallace-tallace na samfur. Kudin da aka kashe a tallace-tallace na gidan cin abinci mai sauri ya kai kusan kashi 28 cikin 100 na tallace-tafiye, daga kashi biyar kawai a cikin 1980.[3] A daya daga cikin binciken farko game da rawar da talabijin ke takawa a cikin kiba na yara, William Dietz da Steven sun sami shaidar cewa kowane karin sa'a na talabijin a kowace rana ya kara yawan kiba da kashi biyu cikin dari. Sun kuma ƙayyade hanyoyin da kallon talabijin na iya shafar nauyi a cikin yara da matasa: raguwa mai tsanani a cikin ayyukan jiki da karuwar sha'awar da cin abinci mara lafiya.[4] Wadannan binciken an nuna su a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan: yara na makarantar sakandare da suka kalli talabijin da yawa suna sha ƙarin abin sha mai laushi; wannan na iya zama saboda yawan bayyanar tallace-tallace na abinci.[5] Har ila yau, akwai nazarin da ke mai da hankali musamman kan yadda tallace-tallace ke iya rinjayar yara ƙanana da halaye na cin abinci. Ko da ɗan gajeren bayyanar tallace-tallace na abinci na talabijin na iya rinjayar abubuwan da yara ke son abinci a makarantar sakandare; yara ƙanana bazai iya rarrabe tallace-tafiye daga shirye-shiryen su na yau da kullun ba, kuma bazai fahimci cewa tallace-shiryen suna nufin shawo kan yayin da ake nunawa don nishaɗi.[3] Yin amfani da haruffa da yara suka fi so da gabatar da kayayyaki tare da ra'ayoyi kamar nishaɗi, farin ciki, da jin daɗi yana haifar da yara su haɗa farin ciki tare da waɗannan abinci ba tare da fahimtar tasirin cin abinci kawai don karin kumallo, abincin rana, da abincin dare ba.[6] Duk da yake akwai bincike da yawa da ke neman tabbatar da cewa talabijin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da kiba ga yara, ba za a iya samun wata hujja da za ta goyi bayan wannan da'awar ba. Akwai alaƙa tsakanin su biyu amma babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da alaƙar da ta haifar.[1] Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke taimakawa ga nauyin yaro da halaye na cin abinci; yayin da kafofin watsa labarai na iya samun tasiri sosai ga yara da zaɓin abinci, iyayensu da abokai na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba na yara.     

== Abubuwan zamantakewa ==

=== Dalilin waje ===
Yaran da ke motsawa daga waje don cin abinci suna cikin haɗarin kiba. A cikin wani binciken, &lt;ref name=&quot;Birch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Birch |first=L. L. |last2=McPhee |first2=L. |last3=Shoba |first3=B. |year=1987 |title=Clean up your plate&quot;: Effects of child feeding practices on the conditioning of meal size |journal=Learning and Motivation |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=301–317 |doi=10.1016/0023-9690(87)90017-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; an gaya wa kungiyoyi biyu na yara su mai da hankali kan abubuwa daban-daban don cin abinci: ko dai alamun waje, kamar adadin abinci a farantin su, ko alamun ciki kamar yunwa da gamsuwa. Yaran da suka dogara da alamun ciki sun fi cin abinci lokacin da suke jin yunwa kuma su tsaya lokacin da suka cika. Sabanin haka, yaran da suka amsa alamun waje sun fi watsi da alamun ciki waɗanda suka nuna cewa sun cika. Yaran da suka saba da dogaro da alamun yunwa na waje don haka suna cin fiye da yadda jikinsu suke bukata saboda suna iya samun nauyi mai yawa.

=== Ayyukan uwa ===
Akwai alaƙa tsakanin yawan lokacin da mahaifiyar ke aiki da ƙididdigar jikin ɗanta (BMI). Akwai shaidar cewa jadawalin aikin uwa marasa daidaituwa, ma'ana waɗanda suka faɗi aƙalla a wani ɓangare a waje da kewayon &quot;al'ada&quot; na 9:00 na safe zuwa 5:00 na yamma a ranar Litinin zuwa Jumma'a, suna da alaƙa da BMIs mafi girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morrissey |first=TW |last2=Dunifon |first2=RE |last3=Kalil |first3=A |year=2011 |title=Maternal employment, work schedules, and children's body mass index |journal=Child Dev |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=66–81 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01541.x |pmc=3070422 |pmid=21291429}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== Rashin jin daɗi na uwa ===
Alamun baƙin ciki na uwa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da abinci mai gina jiki na yara da kuma aikin jiki, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen tantance matsayin nauyi. Uwaye da ke da irin waɗannan alamun suna iya sanya jariransu a gado tare da kwalba kuma ba za su iya samun dokoki game da abin da yaransu ke ci ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrissey&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morrissey |first=Taryn W |year=2013 |title=Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Weight-Related Parenting Behaviors |journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1328–1335 |doi=10.1007/s10995-013-1366-y |pmid=24077962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba sa iya cin abincin dare tare da 'ya'yansu, kuma yara yawanci suna kallon talabijin da yawa a kowace rana fiye da yara tare da uwaye marasa baƙin ciki. Duk waɗannan halaye an haɗa su da BMI mafi girma na yaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrissey&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, gano baƙin ciki na uwa da wuri na iya rage tasirin da ke kan halaye na cin abinci da nauyi na yara.

=== Matsalar iyali ===
Matsalar tunani a cikin iyali na iya taimakawa ga kiba na yara. Tushen irin wannan damuwa sun haɗa da manyan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, damuwa game da iyaye, rashin tallafin zamantakewa, da damuwa na iyaye (misali, yiwuwar yaron ya yi rashin lafiya, ya ji rauni, ya kasance nakasassu, ba ya bunkasa yadda ya kamata, ya fallasa cin zarafi, ko kuma bai tsira ba). A cikin wani binciken, yaran da iyalansu suka ba da rahoton damuwa a akalla biyu daga cikin wadannan yankuna huɗu suna da yawan kiba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=F. |last2=Sepa |first2=A. |last3=Ludvigsson |first3=J. |year=2008 |title=Psychological Stress and Obesity |url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:133520/FULLTEXT01 |journal=Journal of Pediatrics |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=839–844 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.06.016 |pmid=18657829}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin lafiyar hankali da motsin rai ==
Yara masu kiba suna nuna alamun damuwa, rashin mutunci, da rashin mutunci fiye da takwarorinsu masu nauyi; duk da haka, tsakanin yara masu kiba, karuwar BMI ba ta da alaƙa da tsananin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Nauyin ba ya hasashen baƙin ciki ko alamun baƙin ciki a cikin matasa; duk da haka matasa masu baƙin ciki (musamman maza) suna cikin haɗarin ƙiba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=R. E. |last2=Duong |first2=H. T. |date=2013-10-01 |title=Obese youths are not more likely to become depressed, but depressed youths are more likely to become obese |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=2143–2151 |doi=10.1017/S0033291712002991 |issn=1469-8978 |pmid=23298458}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girman kiba na iya haifar da matsalolin zamantakewar mutum wanda zai iya haifar da baƙin ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=L. P. |last2=Williams |first2=R. J. |last3=Novick |first3=M. B. |year=2013 |title=Pediatric obesity and depression: A cross-sectional analysis of absolute BMI as it relates to children's depression index scores in obese 7- to 17-year-old children |journal=Clinical Pediatrics |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=24–29 |doi=10.1177/0009922812459949 |pmid=23034946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yara masu kiba suna nuna raguwar takamaiman yanki a cikin girman kai, suna yin hukunci da kansu don samun ƙarancin ƙwarewar wasanni da kuma mummunar bayyanar jiki;  wannan raguwar amincewa yana hana shiga wasanni, don haka yana kara yawan kiba da matsalolin zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stradmeijer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stradmeijer |first=M. |last2=Bosch |first2=J. |last3=Koops |first3=W. |last4=Seidell |first4=J. |year=1999 |title=Family functioning and psychosocial adjustment in overweight youngsters |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/a4657584-39ba-46f9-837a-52965e743cac |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=110–114 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1&lt;110::AID-EAT14&gt;3.0.CO;2-5 |pmid=10590457}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Strauss&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Strauss |first=R. S. |last2=Pollack |year=2003 |title=Social marginalization of overweight children |journal=Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine |volume=157 |issue=8 |pages=746–752 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.157.8.746 |pmid=12912779 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yara masu kiba ba su bambanta sosai a cikin ƙididdigar ƙwarewar makaranta ba,  kuma matakan da aka yi niyya ba su nuna wani tasiri a kan aikin ilimi ba (sarrafawa ga wasu dalilai). &lt;ref name=&quot;Stradmeijer&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=F. |last2=Veugelers |first2=P. J. |year=2008 |title=Self-esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic |journal=Obesity Reviews |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=615–623 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00507.x |pmid=18647242 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lafiyar tunani tsakanin yara masu kiba tana nuna bambance-bambance a matsin al'adu: Turawa-Amurka, Asiya-Amurkawa, mata, da matasa suna iya shafar kiba. Al'adun Turai-Amurka da Asiya-Amurka suna jaddada ƙanƙanta a matsayin inganci mai kyau fiye da yadda al'ummomin Afirka-Amurka ko Hispanic suke yi, kuma a cikin duka yara maza da ƙananan yara suna ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don zama ƙanƙara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wardle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wardle |first=J. |last2=Cooke |first2=L. |year=2005 |title=The impact of obesity on psychological well-being |journal=Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=421–440 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2005.04.006 |pmid=16150384}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Janssen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=I. |last2=Craig |first2=W. M. |last3=Boyce |first3=W. F. |last4=Pickett |first4=W. |year=2004 |title=Associations between overweight and obesity with bullying behaviors in school-aged children |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/5/1187.full |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=1187–1194 |doi=10.1542/peds.113.5.1187 |pmid=15121928 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Nyong Nsan</title>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>Kirkiran sabon shafi</comment>
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'''Emmanuel Nyong Nsan, OFR''' (an haife shi 14 ga Yulin, 1947 ya mutu 12 ga Disambar, 2024), likita ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a gwamnatin tarayya. Daga cikin muƙaman da ya rike akwai Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje da kuma Ministan Lafiya a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Muhammadu Buhari a shekarun 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://businessday.ng/news/article/emmanuel-nsan-minister-for-health-under-buhari-dies-at-77/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thesun.ng/nigeria-sitting-on-gunpowder-keg-dr-emmanuel-nsan/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://crossriverwatch.com/2015/05/ndoma-egbas-visit-to-buhari-a-bailout-for-cross-river-aide/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/buhari-hosts-ministers-who-served-under-him-as-military-head-of-state/&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma, ya kasance mai yaɗa shirye-shirye a kafafen watsa labarai, malami a fannin ilimi, kuma jagoran al'umma daga Akpabuyo da ke Jihar Cross River.&lt;ref&gt;https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nsan-dr-chief-emmanuel-nyong/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi ==

An haifi Nsan a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1947, a garin Calabar da ke Jihar Cross River. Ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya zama ƙwararren likita kafin ya shiga aikin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;https://forefrontng.com/buharis-ex-minister-nsan-dies-77-burial-holds-march-9-in-calabar/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==

Kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa, Nsan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai yaɗa shirye-shirye a kafafen watsa labarai, sannan daga baya ya zama likita mai zaman kansa. Ya haɗa ƙwarewarsa ta fannin likitanci da sadarwa ga jama'a ta hanyar gabatar da shirye-shiryen lafiya na mako-mako a talabijin da rediyo. A shekarar 1984, an naɗa shi Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin soja ta Janar Muhammadu Buhari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/347863/late-high-chief-dr-emmanuel-nyong-nsan-ofr-laid-to-rest-am.html&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya zama Ministan Lafiya, inda ya ƙaddamar da manufofi irin su Manufofin Kula da Lafiya a Matakin Farko (Primary Health Care Policy), waɗanda suka faɗaɗa samun muhimman ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al'umma a faɗin ƙasar. Haka kuma, ya taka rawa a ƙoƙarin farko na kafa Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa (National Health Insurance Scheme).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Bayan muƙamansa na minista, Nsan ya riƙe muƙaman jagoranci da na ba da shawara daban-daban. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa kamar manyan hanyoyin tarayya da gadoji a Jihar Cross River, tare da shiga ayyukan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da na ci gaban al'umma.

== Rayuwar Kai da Gadonsa ==

Nsan ya fito ne daga gidan sarautar Obong Nsan na Ifondo da ke Akpabuyo, kuma an san shi saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a harkokin gwamnati da kuma ci gaban al'umma. An karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR) saboda irin gudummawar da ya bayar ga hidimar jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-people-who-have-received-the-officer-of-the-order-of-the-federal-republic-ofr-award/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rasuwa ==

Nsan ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, yana da shekaru 77 a duniya, bayan fama da doguwar rashin lafiya. Iyalansa ne suka sanar da rasuwarsa, sannan aka gudanar da bukukuwan jana'izarsa a Calabar a watan Maris na shekarar 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-people-who-have-received-the-officer-of-the-order-of-the-federal-republic-ofr-award/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Al'umma ta Tarayya
== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4237" sha1="dqpvaibmpwrryb44vufq6bjofnzyrxh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Emmanuel Nyong Nsan
| honorific_suffix = OFR
| image = 
| caption = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|7|14}}
| birth_place = [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State]], Nigeria
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|12|12|1947|7|14}}
| death_place = Nigeria
| occupation = Medical doctor, politician, broadcaster
| alma_mater = 
| office1 = Minister of Health
| term_start1 = 1984
| term_end1 = 1985
| president1 = [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
| predecessor1 = 
| successor1 = 
| office2 = Minister of Works and Housing
| term_start2 = 1984
| term_end2 = 1984
| president2 = [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| awards = [[Order of the Federal Republic|Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR)]]
| spouse = 
| children = 
| relatives =
}}
'''Emmanuel Nyong Nsan, OFR''' (an haife shi 14 ga Yulin, 1947 ya mutu 12 ga Disambar, 2024), likita ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a gwamnatin tarayya. Daga cikin muƙaman da ya rike akwai Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje da kuma Ministan Lafiya a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Muhammadu Buhari a shekarun 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://businessday.ng/news/article/emmanuel-nsan-minister-for-health-under-buhari-dies-at-77/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thesun.ng/nigeria-sitting-on-gunpowder-keg-dr-emmanuel-nsan/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://crossriverwatch.com/2015/05/ndoma-egbas-visit-to-buhari-a-bailout-for-cross-river-aide/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/buhari-hosts-ministers-who-served-under-him-as-military-head-of-state/&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma, ya kasance mai yaɗa shirye-shirye a kafafen watsa labarai, malami a fannin ilimi, kuma jagoran al'umma daga Akpabuyo da ke Jihar Cross River.&lt;ref&gt;https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nsan-dr-chief-emmanuel-nyong/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi ==

An haifi Nsan a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1947, a garin Calabar da ke Jihar Cross River. Ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya zama ƙwararren likita kafin ya shiga aikin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;https://forefrontng.com/buharis-ex-minister-nsan-dies-77-burial-holds-march-9-in-calabar/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==

Kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa, Nsan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai yaɗa shirye-shirye a kafafen watsa labarai, sannan daga baya ya zama likita mai zaman kansa. Ya haɗa ƙwarewarsa ta fannin likitanci da sadarwa ga jama'a ta hanyar gabatar da shirye-shiryen lafiya na mako-mako a talabijin da rediyo. A shekarar 1984, an naɗa shi Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin soja ta Janar Muhammadu Buhari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/347863/late-high-chief-dr-emmanuel-nyong-nsan-ofr-laid-to-rest-am.html&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya zama Ministan Lafiya, inda ya ƙaddamar da manufofi irin su Manufofin Kula da Lafiya a Matakin Farko (Primary Health Care Policy), waɗanda suka faɗaɗa samun muhimman ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al'umma a faɗin ƙasar. Haka kuma, ya taka rawa a ƙoƙarin farko na kafa Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa (National Health Insurance Scheme).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Bayan muƙamansa na minista, Nsan ya riƙe muƙaman jagoranci da na ba da shawara daban-daban. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa kamar manyan hanyoyin tarayya da gadoji a Jihar Cross River, tare da shiga ayyukan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da na ci gaban al'umma.

== Rayuwar Kai da Gadonsa ==

Nsan ya fito ne daga gidan sarautar Obong Nsan na Ifondo da ke Akpabuyo, kuma an san shi saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a harkokin gwamnati da kuma ci gaban al'umma. An karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR) saboda irin gudummawar da ya bayar ga hidimar jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-people-who-have-received-the-officer-of-the-order-of-the-federal-republic-ofr-award/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rasuwa ==

Nsan ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, yana da shekaru 77 a duniya, bayan fama da doguwar rashin lafiya. Iyalansa ne suka sanar da rasuwarsa, sannan aka gudanar da bukukuwan jana'izarsa a Calabar a watan Maris na shekarar 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-people-who-have-received-the-officer-of-the-order-of-the-federal-republic-ofr-award/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Daɗin Al'umma ta Tarayya
== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Adamnewwikipedianaccount</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160952</id>
    <redirect title="Tattaunawar user:Vaniliyana von Halw" />
    <revision>
      <id>878056</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T20:45:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mfield</username>
        <id>41477</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mfield moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Adamnewwikipedianaccount]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Vaniliyana von Halw]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Adamnewwikipedianaccount|Adamnewwikipedianaccount]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Vaniliyana von Halw|Vaniliyana von Halw]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50" sha1="cn4atufzfg2mwpqsk1plm78s8dt4jp7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Vaniliyana von Halw]]</text>
      <sha1>cn4atufzfg2mwpqsk1plm78s8dt4jp7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dilaw2014</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878058</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:23:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878058</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="ha4p3s1336wig5h0wq8yke3f7vp0c20" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dilaw2014! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dilaw2014|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ha4p3s1336wig5h0wq8yke3f7vp0c20</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hamza Yuguda 123</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878059</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878059</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1206" sha1="q4ec17s1orjf9lk79rei1j64rarjtnh" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hamza Yuguda 123! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hamza Yuguda 123|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>q4ec17s1orjf9lk79rei1j64rarjtnh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Lekside68</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878060</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="raotq7m1s6tegslfol5wdejc5ee3qrl" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lekside68! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lekside68|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>raotq7m1s6tegslfol5wdejc5ee3qrl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878061</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878061</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1238" sha1="ksetkpsyv1lbawkdl0lwdpycpe4qxgy" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/120Hz USB type C HDMI cable cord|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ksetkpsyv1lbawkdl0lwdpycpe4qxgy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Lluís (Amical)</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878062</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878062</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="g17kbwcz1eg6jwnfmhu2h13eqm9q064" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lluís (Amical)! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lluís (Amical)|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g17kbwcz1eg6jwnfmhu2h13eqm9q064</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Gretkas</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878063</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878063</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="mddbdyanf81g6xjkjje9dsbaqzvuc1p" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gretkas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gretkas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mddbdyanf81g6xjkjje9dsbaqzvuc1p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kanta63</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878064</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:24:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878064</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="pmdmetpunjqui5y551ag0ovwrjmgg3w" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kanta63! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kanta63|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pmdmetpunjqui5y551ag0ovwrjmgg3w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:McSly</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878065</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1184" sha1="3xg1mcr38ebh1zzhujton6jrczrvru1" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, McSly! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/McSly|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3xg1mcr38ebh1zzhujton6jrczrvru1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:YnoussBeenAdam</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878066</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878066</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1202" sha1="sakq1s2m4g3ry6rl1xsavwlsl7aq41z" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, YnoussBeenAdam! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/YnoussBeenAdam|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sakq1s2m4g3ry6rl1xsavwlsl7aq41z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sillycatmachine</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878067</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:24:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878067</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="ilqfdk0c1pi5fz603qi6d33e86epuh3" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sillycatmachine! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sillycatmachine|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ilqfdk0c1pi5fz603qi6d33e86epuh3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Stelios2267</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878068</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878068</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="syn6zx46b4tsdh0avz46uppwg9olyqc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Stelios2267! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Stelios2267|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>syn6zx46b4tsdh0avz46uppwg9olyqc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Habiba Abubakar Yahya</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878069</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:25:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1216" sha1="9wv59dkli0fh06f7a4jf684ridlarii" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Habiba Abubakar Yahya! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Habiba Abubakar Yahya|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9wv59dkli0fh06f7a4jf684ridlarii</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Massaoudou shaibou</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160965</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878070</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:25:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878070</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1210" sha1="ki27okg6tfx0oaeewadin6kqtclinbu" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Massaoudou shaibou! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Massaoudou shaibou|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ki27okg6tfx0oaeewadin6kqtclinbu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:AnnurMI98</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160966</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878071</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="dfdjkndxw599621pzhylejk6ho89xbs" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AnnurMI98! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AnnurMI98|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dfdjkndxw599621pzhylejk6ho89xbs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:NeoVolcano</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878072</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878072</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="3hr227deut48hfwngk92x8tf805pgs6" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NeoVolcano! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NeoVolcano|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3hr227deut48hfwngk92x8tf805pgs6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:CalCoWSpiBudSu</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878073</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:25:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878073</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1202" sha1="tucje3mep8ygdvbab4qcvpsnsxz9j90" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CalCoWSpiBudSu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CalCoWSpiBudSu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tucje3mep8ygdvbab4qcvpsnsxz9j90</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hkebdnev</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878074</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:25:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="ms8ai9y5b1h91baxohd8a2md4el6mq4" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hkebdnev! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hkebdnev|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ms8ai9y5b1h91baxohd8a2md4el6mq4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Davi Christ</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878075</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:26:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878075</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="5v7yp1m2n9i7e2po87av5zfi3c7x4at" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Davi Christ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Davi Christ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5v7yp1m2n9i7e2po87av5zfi3c7x4at</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:JoeyDirigo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878076</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="4d6xqqdhf1zdazd1xl3cmzllw4zzgmc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JoeyDirigo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JoeyDirigo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4d6xqqdhf1zdazd1xl3cmzllw4zzgmc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Gboncoffee</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878077</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:26:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878077</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="649mxcwk552wqkuxic172d3l6u3zkk3" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gboncoffee! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gboncoffee|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>649mxcwk552wqkuxic172d3l6u3zkk3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Alhaji sharhasiyu walin magani</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878078</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878078</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1234" sha1="flvi0fdj1x35kt4i2nus1amnz613yj2" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alhaji sharhasiyu walin magani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alhaji sharhasiyu walin magani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>flvi0fdj1x35kt4i2nus1amnz613yj2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Cat lover 666 2026</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878079</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1210" sha1="n4in5jen1cxjb17mymvxjih3dolfg08" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cat lover 666 2026! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cat lover 666 2026|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>n4in5jen1cxjb17mymvxjih3dolfg08</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kabeer salisu</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878080</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:26:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="conrsfvdxvm1q6qqq9gg8p2gm4ncrji" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kabeer salisu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kabeer salisu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>conrsfvdxvm1q6qqq9gg8p2gm4ncrji</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Veldshan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>160976</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878081</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:27:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>878081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="nm40s64vrldethe2iz2iwk2j5m81br1" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Veldshan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Veldshan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 6 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nm40s64vrldethe2iz2iwk2j5m81br1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fanta Baba Shehu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878197</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:33:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sabon kirkira</comment>
      <origin>878197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2441" sha1="lx6qo2wjapha2402621ai7zknt39mc2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Fanta Baba Shehu
| office = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]]
| constituency = Kaga/Gubio/Magumeri Federal Constituency
| term_start = 3 June 2003
| term_end = 5 June 2007
| predecessor = S. Shehu
| successor = Shettima Shehu
| party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]]
}}
'''Hajja Fanta Baba Shehu''' 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayyar Najeriya, inda ta wakilci Mazabar Tarayya ta Kaga/Gubio/Magumeri da ke Jihar Borno daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/positions/5fe0fb048da2d812a6c7b88d&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi ==

Shehu ta fito ne daga Jihar Borno da ke yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Gwamna Kashim Shettima ya naɗa ta a matsayin mamba a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Borno.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/gov-shettima-swears-in-21-commissioners&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin Siyasa ==

Shehu ta shiga siyasar ƙasa lokacin da ta tsaya takara a zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na shekarar 2003 domin wakiltar Mazabar Tarayya ta Kaga/Gubio/Magumeri a Majalisar Wakilai. Ta yi nasara a zaɓen kuma ta kama aiki a watan Yunin 2003. Nasarar da ta samu ta sanya ta cikin matan da suka wakilci mazaɓu a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Najeriya a farkon shekarun Jamhuriya ta Huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/fanta-baba-shehu&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zamanta a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ==

Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Biyar ta Najeriya daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007, tana wakiltar ƙananan hukumomin Kaga, Gubio da Magumeri na Jihar Borno. Ta gaji S. Shehu, wanda ya wakilci mazabar daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003, sannan Shettima Shehu ya gaje ta a shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/09/boko-haram-shettima-creates-ministry-for-reconstruction-swears-in-21-commissioners/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/positions/5fe0fb048da2d812a6c7b88d&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gadonta ==

Shehu na daga cikin matan da suka taka rawa a harkokin majalisun dokoki a farkon shekarun Jamhuriya ta Huɗu a Najeriya. Wa'adinta ya zo ne a lokacin da adadin mata a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ya kasance ƙalilan.&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201105190588.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Najeriya]]
* [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]]
* [[Jihar Borno]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Makarantar Monastic</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160979</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878199</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:37:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349688903|Monastic school]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878199</origin>
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      <text bytes="9051" sha1="mt3rokxwhjiml6ased1fuefz3q7fj0x" xml:space="preserve">
'''Makarantun sufi''' ( Latin   ) tare da makarantun cocin Katolika, manyan cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a Latin Yamma tun daga farkon Tsakiyar Zamani har zuwa ƙarni na 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kottje 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kottje|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shirin ilimi na Cassiodorus, manhajar karatu ta yau da kullun ta haɗa da nazarin addini, [[Rashin Amfani|Trivium]], da Quadrivium . A wasu wurare makarantun sufaye sun rikide zuwa jami'o'in zamanin da waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka maye gurbin cibiyoyin biyu a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tun daga zamanin mulkin Pachomius ( wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 348 AD) da kuma Mulkin Jagora na ƙarni na shida da kuma Mulkin St. Benedict, an buƙaci sufaye da mata masu ibada su shiga cikin karatu sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kottje 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kottje|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan karatun ya ɗauki halayen makarantar da ke magana game da batutuwa na addini da na duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga ƙarni na 5, malaman addinin Kirista daban-daban sun ɗauki nauyin ilmantar da waɗanda suka shiga gidan ibada tun suna ƙanana. Manyan makarantun addinin Kirista sun fi mai da hankali kan ruhaniya da na ruhaniya fiye da na littafi mai tsarki ko na tauhidi, amma an yi nuni da cewa waɗannan su ne halayen da suka sa aka zaɓi sufaye da yawa da aka horar a makarantar sufaye a Lerins a matsayin bishop. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Schueler+.JPG|thumb|Yara maza suna zuwa makaranta, rubutun Bolognese na Decretum Gratiani, ƙarni na 14]]
Shugaban ƙasar Romawa Cassiodorus ya yi watsi da siyasa a shekara ta 537, daga baya kuma a ƙarnin ya kafa gidan ibada a ƙasashensa a Vivarium da ke kudancin Italiya. Cassiodorus ya tsara cewa gidan ibadarsa zai zama wurin karatu, yana ba da jagora ga wannan binciken a cikin littafinsa ''na Gabatarwa ga Karatun Allahntaka da na ɗan adam'' ( ''Institutions'' ), wanda ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubucen addini da ayyukan fasaha na sassaucin ra'ayi . Cassiodorus ya kafa wannan shirin karatu a madadin makarantar Kirista da shi da Paparoma Agapetus suka yi fatan kafawa a Roma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kowane hali, manhajar karatun da Cassiodorus ya tsara ta ƙunshi nazarin adabi na rubuce-rubuce masu inganci waɗanda ya lissafa a cikin ''Institutions'' ɗinsa, bin ƙa'idodin da ya shimfida a cikin littafinsa ''na De orthographia'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma sami cibiyoyin ilmantarwa a Spain ta ƙarni na bakwai, duka a manyan gidajen ibada da kuma cibiyoyin bishop. Ɗaliban da ke gidan sufi na Saints Cosmas da Damian, a Agali kusa da [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], sun koyi fannoni na kimiyya kamar magani da kuma tushen ilmin taurari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A zamanin da makarantun sufaye suka shahara a ƙarni na 9 da na 10, koyarwar manyan malamai kamar Alcuin, Hrabanus Maurus, Heiric of Auxerre da Notker Balbulus ta ɗaga darajar gidajen ibadarsu kuma ta jawo hankalin ɗalibai daga nesa su halarci darussansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kottje 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kottje|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa wasu makarantun sufaye sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban jami'o'in zamanin da, amma ci gaban jami'o'in bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba. Wasu malaman sufaye kamar Bernard na Clairvaux sun dauki neman ilimi ta amfani da dabarun karatu a matsayin kalubale ga manufar sufaye ta sauki.  Ci gaban jami'o'in zamanin da da kuma ilimin boko a Renaissance na karni na 12 sun ba wa ɗalibai wasu wurare daban-daban da sabbin damar koyo, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar makarantun sufaye a hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kottje 1999&quot; /&gt;

== Gudummawa ga kimiyya a Zamanin Tsakiya ==
Gidan ibadar ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyayewa da ci gaba da kimiyya a duk tsawon Zamanin Tsakiya. Babban gudummawar da suka bayar shi ne kiyaye al'adun rubutu na masana falsafa irin su Aristotle da Plato a raye a lokacin sauyawa daga koyo na gargajiya zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya. Tsakanin addu'a, cin abinci, da barci, sufaye sun shiga ayyukan aiki daban-daban bisa ga Dokar Benedictine. Waɗannan ayyukan sun kama daga lambu zuwa kwafin littattafai. Ta hanyar wannan, sufaye sun koyi karatu a cikin rubutun Girkanci na Gargajiya kuma daga baya suka fara ba da iliminsu ga rubuce-rubuce masu amfani da na yau da kullun. Yawancin manyan ɗakunan karatu da rubutun da suka girma a gidajen ibada sun kasance saboda wajibcin sufaye su koyar da ƙananan yaran da suka zo wurinsu bayan iyayensu sun sadaukar da rayuwarsu ga rayuwar sufaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lindberg|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cassiodorus ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna &quot;littafi&quot; ga gidan sufancinsa inda ya ba da shawarar marubutan arna da yawa don yin karatu daga sufaye. Duk da cewa an fahimci cewa Cassiodorus ya ba da shawarar waɗannan karatun da ke haɓaka koyo na ruhaniya ko kuma suna hidima ga wani irin manufa mai tsarki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lindberg|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa nazarin rubutun gargajiya da na duniya ya wanzu a gidajen sufaye. Ra'ayin cewa manyan rubuce-rubuce da yawa na zamanin gargajiya za a rasa ba tare da sadaukarwar sufaye ba, gaskiya ne. Har ma ana iya cewa sun ceci yawancin rubuce-rubucen Girkanci na Gargajiya daga ɓacewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haskins|1955}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin likitanci yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a gidajen ibada na zamanin da. Kula da marasa lafiya muhimmin aiki ne. Akwai shaidar hakan daga gidan ibada na Vivarium, gidan ibada na Cassiodorus, wanda aka umurci malaman addinin Kirista su karanta littattafan likitanci na marubutan Girka kamar Hippocrates, Galen, da Dioscorides. Akwai kuma shaida game da amfani da rubuce-rubucen addini game da magani. Wataƙila yawancin gidajen ibada suna da ƙwarewa sosai a fannin aikin likitanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lindberg|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa makarantar gidan ibada ta fi mai da hankali kan koyarwar tauhidi, sun riƙe matsayi ga littattafan likitanci na gargajiya da na duniya. Ta hanyar koyarwar likita a gidajen ibada ne littattafan likitanci na gargajiya suka tsira har zuwa farkon Zamanin Tsakiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lindberg|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganyayyaki na ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da makarantun sufaye suka bayar ga kimiyya, suna ba da wasu daga cikin cikakkun bayanai na tarihi. Gidajen sufaye sun kasance, kuma har yanzu suna nan, cibiyoyi ne da aka keɓe. Wannan yana nufin dole ne su sami damar samar da magani ga kansu, gami da kula da sufaye waɗanda za su yi rashin lafiya. Tunda kula da reshen asibiti ya zama dole, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa sufaye sun saka lokaci mai tsawo a kan magani. A lokacin, wannan kusan ta hanyar maganin ganye ne kawai. Yawancin shaidar gudummawar da suka bayar a wannan fanni ana iya samun su a matsayin bayanai a gefen rubuce-rubucen ganye na zamanin da. Wasu daga cikin gudummawar da suka bayar sun kasance ga noma gabaɗaya na noman ganye kamar waɗanne tsire-tsire za a iya nomawa ko ya kamata a shuka a wuri ɗaya, da kuma wanne wuri ne mafi kyau a cikin lambun don samun isasshen hasken rana don isa ga kowace shuka. Yawancin ilimin tsire-tsire na waje da ake samu a cikin ganyayyaki ya samo asali ne daga cinikin tsire-tsire da kansu da kuma ilimin tsakanin gidajen sufaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Voigt|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa ba suruki ba ce, Hildegard ta Bingen, wata mai bautar gumaka wadda ta rayu rayuwa mai kyau ga sufaye, an san ta da gudummawarta ga al'adar likitanci a Zamanin Tsakiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sweet|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa gidajen ibada na zamanin da sun fi shahara da gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga al'adun likitanci, amma suna da hannu a wasu fannoni na kimiyya. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ilimin da zai zama da muhimmanci ga rayuwa a gidan ibada shine ilmin taurari. Duk da cewa ba su gabatar da sabbin bayanai ko ci gaba a fannin ba, sun ci gaba da amfani da shi. Idan ba za su ƙara wa ilmin taurari ba, to me ya sa yake da muhimmanci? Kamar yadda aka faɗa a baya, gidajen ibada dole ne su kasance masu dogaro da kansu. Wannan yana nufin cewa domin su cika wajibcin addininsu dole ne su iya faɗin lokaci. Wannan ya kama daga kiyaye lokaci na yau da kullun don addu'a zuwa lura na shekara-shekara. Ilimin taurari yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga kalandar addini ta shekara-shekara da kuma lura da bukukuwa kamar Kirsimeti da Ista.

A cikin babban tsarin ci gaban ilimi, gidajen ibada da makarantun sufaye sun ƙunshi ƙaramin ɓangare na babban duka. Duk da haka, suna da mahimmanci a cikin ikonsu wajen bayar da gudummawa ga kiyaye al'adun falsafa da kimiyya na rubutu. Gidajen ibada sun samar da yanayi mai ɗorewa don koyo a Turai ta tsakiya. Duk da cewa yawancin ilimin ya ƙunshi iyakokin bangon gidajen ibada, ilimi ya wuce wuraren da aka keɓe ta hanyar matafiya da mahajjata waɗanda za su zauna a gidajen ibada.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9062" sha1="l4hbxc2u8t9bd9qahsmmue0hlskagxj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Makarantun sufi''' ( Latin   ) tare da makarantun cocin Katolika, manyan cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a Latin Yamma tun daga farkon Tsakiyar Zamani har zuwa ƙarni na 12. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kottje 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kottje|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shirin ilimi na Cassiodorus, manhajar karatu ta yau da kullun ta haɗa da nazarin addini, [[Rashin Amfani|Trivium]], da Quadrivium . A wasu wurare makarantun sufaye sun rikide zuwa jami'o'in zamanin da waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka maye gurbin cibiyoyin biyu a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tun daga zamanin mulkin Pachomius ( wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 348 AD) da kuma Mulkin Jagora na ƙarni na shida da kuma Mulkin St. Benedict, an buƙaci sufaye da mata masu ibada su shiga cikin karatu sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kottje 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kottje|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan karatun ya ɗauki halayen makarantar da ke magana game da batutuwa na addini da na duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga ƙarni na 5, malaman addinin Kirista daban-daban sun ɗauki nauyin ilmantar da waɗanda suka shiga gidan ibada tun suna ƙanana. Manyan makarantun addinin Kirista sun fi mai da hankali kan ruhaniya da na ruhaniya fiye da na littafi mai tsarki ko na tauhidi, amma an yi nuni da cewa waɗannan su ne halayen da suka sa aka zaɓi sufaye da yawa da aka horar a makarantar sufaye a Lerins a matsayin bishop. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Schueler+.JPG|thumb|Yara maza suna zuwa makaranta, rubutun Bolognese na Decretum Gratiani, ƙarni na 14]]
Shugaban ƙasar Romawa Cassiodorus ya yi watsi da siyasa a shekara ta 537, daga baya kuma a ƙarnin ya kafa gidan ibada a ƙasashensa a Vivarium da ke kudancin Italiya. Cassiodorus ya tsara cewa gidan ibadarsa zai zama wurin karatu, yana ba da jagora ga wannan binciken a cikin littafinsa ''na Gabatarwa ga Karatun Allahntaka da na ɗan adam'' ( ''Institutions'' ), wanda ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubucen addini da ayyukan fasaha na sassaucin ra'ayi . Cassiodorus ya kafa wannan shirin karatu a madadin makarantar Kirista da shi da Paparoma Agapetus suka yi fatan kafawa a Roma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kowane hali, manhajar karatun da Cassiodorus ya tsara ta ƙunshi nazarin adabi na rubuce-rubuce masu inganci waɗanda ya lissafa a cikin ''Institutions'' ɗinsa, bin ƙa'idodin da ya shimfida a cikin littafinsa ''na De orthographia'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma sami cibiyoyin ilmantarwa a Spain ta ƙarni na bakwai, duka a manyan gidajen ibada da kuma cibiyoyin bishop. Ɗaliban da ke gidan sufi na Saints Cosmas da Damian, a Agali kusa da [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], sun koyi fannoni na kimiyya kamar magani da kuma tushen ilmin taurari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A zamanin da makarantun sufaye suka shahara a ƙarni na 9 da na 10, koyarwar manyan malamai kamar Alcuin, Hrabanus Maurus, Heiric of Auxerre da Notker Balbulus ta ɗaga darajar gidajen ibadarsu kuma ta jawo hankalin ɗalibai daga nesa su halarci darussansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kottje 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kottje|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa wasu makarantun sufaye sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban jami'o'in zamanin da, amma ci gaban jami'o'in bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba. Wasu malaman sufaye kamar Bernard na Clairvaux sun dauki neman ilimi ta amfani da dabarun karatu a matsayin kalubale ga manufar sufaye ta sauki.  Ci gaban jami'o'in zamanin da da kuma ilimin boko a Renaissance na karni na 12 sun ba wa ɗalibai wasu wurare daban-daban da sabbin damar koyo, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar makarantun sufaye a hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kottje 1999&quot; /&gt;

== Gudummawa ga kimiyya a Zamanin Tsakiya ==
Gidan ibadar ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyayewa da ci gaba da kimiyya a duk tsawon Zamanin Tsakiya. Babban gudummawar da suka bayar shi ne kiyaye al'adun rubutu na masana falsafa irin su Aristotle da Plato a raye a lokacin sauyawa daga koyo na gargajiya zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya. Tsakanin addu'a, cin abinci, da barci, sufaye sun shiga ayyukan aiki daban-daban bisa ga Dokar Benedictine. Waɗannan ayyukan sun kama daga lambu zuwa kwafin littattafai. Ta hanyar wannan, sufaye sun koyi karatu a cikin rubutun Girkanci na Gargajiya kuma daga baya suka fara ba da iliminsu ga rubuce-rubuce masu amfani da na yau da kullun. Yawancin manyan ɗakunan karatu da rubutun da suka girma a gidajen ibada sun kasance saboda wajibcin sufaye su koyar da ƙananan yaran da suka zo wurinsu bayan iyayensu sun sadaukar da rayuwarsu ga rayuwar sufaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lindberg|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cassiodorus ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna &quot;littafi&quot; ga gidan sufancinsa inda ya ba da shawarar marubutan arna da yawa don yin karatu daga sufaye. Duk da cewa an fahimci cewa Cassiodorus ya ba da shawarar waɗannan karatun da ke haɓaka koyo na ruhaniya ko kuma suna hidima ga wani irin manufa mai tsarki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lindberg|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa nazarin rubutun gargajiya da na duniya ya wanzu a gidajen sufaye. Ra'ayin cewa manyan rubuce-rubuce da yawa na zamanin gargajiya za a rasa ba tare da sadaukarwar sufaye ba, gaskiya ne. Har ma ana iya cewa sun ceci yawancin rubuce-rubucen Girkanci na Gargajiya daga ɓacewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haskins|1955}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin likitanci yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a gidajen ibada na zamanin da. Kula da marasa lafiya muhimmin aiki ne. Akwai shaidar hakan daga gidan ibada na Vivarium, gidan ibada na Cassiodorus, wanda aka umurci malaman addinin Kirista su karanta littattafan likitanci na marubutan Girka kamar Hippocrates, Galen, da Dioscorides. Akwai kuma shaida game da amfani da rubuce-rubucen addini game da magani. Wataƙila yawancin gidajen ibada suna da ƙwarewa sosai a fannin aikin likitanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lindberg|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa makarantar gidan ibada ta fi mai da hankali kan koyarwar tauhidi, sun riƙe matsayi ga littattafan likitanci na gargajiya da na duniya. Ta hanyar koyarwar likita a gidajen ibada ne littattafan likitanci na gargajiya suka tsira har zuwa farkon Zamanin Tsakiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lindberg|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganyayyaki na ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da makarantun sufaye suka bayar ga kimiyya, suna ba da wasu daga cikin cikakkun bayanai na tarihi. Gidajen sufaye sun kasance, kuma har yanzu suna nan, cibiyoyi ne da aka keɓe. Wannan yana nufin dole ne su sami damar samar da magani ga kansu, gami da kula da sufaye waɗanda za su yi rashin lafiya. Tunda kula da reshen asibiti ya zama dole, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa sufaye sun saka lokaci mai tsawo a kan magani. A lokacin, wannan kusan ta hanyar maganin ganye ne kawai. Yawancin shaidar gudummawar da suka bayar a wannan fanni ana iya samun su a matsayin bayanai a gefen rubuce-rubucen ganye na zamanin da. Wasu daga cikin gudummawar da suka bayar sun kasance ga noma gabaɗaya na noman ganye kamar waɗanne tsire-tsire za a iya nomawa ko ya kamata a shuka a wuri ɗaya, da kuma wanne wuri ne mafi kyau a cikin lambun don samun isasshen hasken rana don isa ga kowace shuka. Yawancin ilimin tsire-tsire na waje da ake samu a cikin ganyayyaki ya samo asali ne daga cinikin tsire-tsire da kansu da kuma ilimin tsakanin gidajen sufaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Voigt|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa ba suruki ba ce, Hildegard ta Bingen, wata mai bautar gumaka wadda ta rayu rayuwa mai kyau ga sufaye, an san ta da gudummawarta ga al'adar likitanci a Zamanin Tsakiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sweet|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa gidajen ibada na zamanin da sun fi shahara da gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga al'adun likitanci, amma suna da hannu a wasu fannoni na kimiyya. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ilimin da zai zama da muhimmanci ga rayuwa a gidan ibada shine ilmin taurari. Duk da cewa ba su gabatar da sabbin bayanai ko ci gaba a fannin ba, sun ci gaba da amfani da shi. Idan ba za su ƙara wa ilmin taurari ba, to me ya sa yake da muhimmanci? Kamar yadda aka faɗa a baya, gidajen ibada dole ne su kasance masu dogaro da kansu. Wannan yana nufin cewa domin su cika wajibcin addininsu dole ne su iya faɗin lokaci. Wannan ya kama daga kiyaye lokaci na yau da kullun don addu'a zuwa lura na shekara-shekara. Ilimin taurari yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga kalandar addini ta shekara-shekara da kuma lura da bukukuwa kamar Kirsimeti da Ista.

A cikin babban tsarin ci gaban ilimi, gidajen ibada da makarantun sufaye sun ƙunshi ƙaramin ɓangare na babban duka. Duk da haka, suna da mahimmanci a cikin ikonsu wajen bayar da gudummawa ga kiyaye al'adun falsafa da kimiyya na rubutu. Gidajen ibada sun samar da yanayi mai ɗorewa don koyo a Turai ta tsakiya. Duk da cewa yawancin ilimin ya ƙunshi iyakokin bangon gidajen ibada, ilimi ya wuce wuraren da aka keɓe ta hanyar matafiya da mahajjata waɗanda za su zauna a gidajen ibada.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Makarantun shari'a a Koriya ta Kudu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332020038|Law schools in South Korea]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7606" sha1="mpme2rq3rq08dm3srmtqf62z9n2tixj" xml:space="preserve">A al'ada, ilimin shari'a na Koriya ya bi tsarin Jamus da Japan . Sabbin gyare-gyare na baya-bayan nan suna canza ilimin ƙwararru daga digiri na farko na LL. B. zuwa nau'in ilimin JD na digiri na biyu. Bugu da ƙari, jami'o'in Koriya da yawa suna ci gaba da ba da ilimin shari'a a cikin tsarin ilimi da na ilimi, suna ba da digiri na digiri na biyu, gami da digiri na uku a fannin Shari'a. Bugu da ƙari, jami'o'i da yawa suna mai da hankali kan tsarin shari'a a wajen Koriya, kamar Dokar gama gari.

== Matsayin Shiga da Matsayin Makarantar Shari'a ==
Tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da Dokar 2007 da ke kira da a yi wa tsarin ilimi na shari'a garambawul, makarantun shari'a a Koriya sun zama makarantun digiri na biyu (kamar tsarin Amurka) kuma suna buƙatar digiri na farko, matsakaicin maki mai gamsarwa na digiri na farko, ƙwarewar harshen waje, da kuma maki mai gamsarwa akan Jarrabawar Cancanta ta Ilimi ta Shari'a (LEET) don shiga (an tsara LEET ɗin ne bisa ga Jarrabawar Shiga Makarantar Shari'a ( LSAT ) a Amurka). Ana kimanta ƙarin abubuwa ta hanyar kasidu, tambayoyi, jarrabawar muƙala da makarantar ta gudanar, da sauran kayan aikace-aikacen.

Manyan Makarantun Shari'a 10 daga 2012–2020 daga Mujallar Hankyung Business sun kasance: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=지방 로스쿨 약진...10위권 3개 대학 입성 |url=http://magazine.hankyung.com/business/apps/news?popup=0&amp;nid=01&amp;c1=1011&amp;nkey=2017101601142000101&amp;mode=sub_view |access-date=2019-11-23 |website=magazine.hankyung.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Seoul
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Koriya
# Makarantar Lauya ta Yonsei
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Sungkyunkwan
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Hanyang
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Sogang
# Makarantar Koyar da Lauyoyi ta Ewha
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Pusan
# [[Kyung hee University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kyung hee]]
# [[Chung-ang University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chung-ang]]

Akwai sauran makarantun lauya guda 15 a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa.

== Tsarin Makarantar Shari'a na Canji ==
A [[Koriya ta Kudu]], '''makarantar koyon shari'a''' makaranta ce ta farko a jami'a inda ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun lauya kuma ake ba su digiri na ''Légum Baccalaureus'', ko LL. B. (Bachelor of Laws). Bayan kammala karatun, dole ne 'yan takara su yi jarrabawar lauyoyi kuma su ci nasara. A ƙarƙashin jarrabawar shari'a ta yanzu (kamar yadda aka yi a 2008), adadin sabbin lauyoyi da ake karɓa kowace shekara an iyakance shi zuwa 1,000. Sannan 'yan takarar da suka yi nasara dole ne su kammala darussan horo na shekaru 2 da ake buƙata a '''Cibiyar Bincike da Horarwa ta Shari'a (JRTI)''' don shiga lauyoyi a Koriya. Kotun Koli ce ke kula da JRTI.

Duk da haka, sakamakon wani kudiri da aka zartar a watan Yulin 2007, tsarin ilimin karatun shari'a zai fuskanci manyan sauye-sauye nan ba da jimawa ba. Dokar ta 2007 ta yi kira da a rungumi tsarin makarantun shari'a daban kamar na Amurka, inda ake sa ran za a bude sabbin makarantun shari'a na matakin digiri na biyu nan da shekarar 2009. [[Jami'a|Jami'o'i]] kalilan ne za a ba su izinin kafa irin waɗannan makarantun shari'a na matakin digiri na biyu, kamar yadda hukumar gwamnati mai dacewa ta yanke shawara bayan ta sake duba kayan da kowace jami'a ta gabatar. A watan Fabrairun 2008, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta fitar da zaɓaɓɓun jami'o'i 25 da aka amince da su don sabbin makarantun shari'a na matakin digiri na biyu (15 a yankin babban birnin [[Seoul]] da 10 a larduna). Tsarin zaɓen da kanta bai kasance ba tare da ce-ce-ku-ce ba; bayan fitar da jerin sunayen ƙarshe, wasu daga cikin jami'o'in da aka cire sun yi barazanar kai ƙara don a hana su shiga ko kuma su yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa, kuma wani shugaban jami'a ya yi barazanar yin murabus.

A ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin, waɗanda ke da digiri na farko za su iya neman shiga makarantun shari'a waɗanda ke da shirye-shiryen shekaru uku kuma waɗanda suka kammala karatun za su iya yin jarrabawar lauyoyi; waɗanda suka cimma wani maki (ko sama da haka) za su sami lasisi. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga tsarin da aka sake duba a watan Oktoban 2007 wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Ci gaban Albarkatun Bil Adama ta gabatar, shiga makarantun shari'a ya takaita ga 'yan takara 2,000.

Adadin shiga lauyoyi a Koriya ta Kudu ya kai kusan kashi 50%, amma duk da haka yana raguwa da sauri saboda takaita adadin lauyoyin da aka shigar a ƙungiyar lauyoyi. Kimanin mutane 1500 ne kawai ake iya shigar da su cikin lauyoyi a kowace shekara. Ɗaliban da suka riga sun kammala karatun lauya suna sake yin jarrabawar lauyoyi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da matsala ga tsarin makarantun lauya a Koriya.

== Makarantun Shari'a na Jamhuriyar Koriya ==
Jami'o'i tare da gwamnatinsu sun amince da shigar ɗalibai a kowace shekara: 

A watan Fabrairun 2008, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta fitar da zaɓaɓɓun jami'o'i 25 da aka amince da su don sabbin makarantun shari'a na matakin digiri na biyu (salon JD). Jimillar masu shiga duk makarantun shari'a an iyakance su ga ɗalibai 2,000 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Top Law Schools in South Korea – Law Schools in USA |url=https://www.lawschoolsinusa.com/top-law-schools-in-south-korea/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Makarantar koyon aikin lauya tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 150 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Seoul
* Makarantun Shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 120 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chonnam ta Ƙasa
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Koriya
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kyungpook ta Ƙasa
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Pusan
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Sungkyunkwan
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Yonsei
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 100 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chungnam ta Ƙasa
** [[Hanyang University Law School Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Hanyang]]
** [[Ewha Woman's University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Mata ta Ewha]]
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 80 kowace shekara
** [[Chonbuk National University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kasa ta Chonbuk]]
** [[Dong-A University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Dong-A]]
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 70 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chungbuk ta Ƙasa
** [[Yeungnam University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Yeungnam]]
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 60 kowace shekara
** [[Kyunghee University Law School|Jami'ar Kyunghee Law School]]
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Wonkwang
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 50 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Seoul
** [[Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Hankuk ta Nazarin Ƙasashen Waje]]
** [[Ajou University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ajou]]
** [[Chung-Ang University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chung-Ang]]
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Inha
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 40 kowace shekara
** [[Kangwon National University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kasa ta Kangwon]]
** [[Jeju National University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kasa ta Jeju]]
** [[Sogang University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Sogang]]
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Konkuk

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>878203</id>
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      <text bytes="7618" sha1="j0dod0ett9r8f9tv6uo0zzkors54f3u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A al'ada, ilimin shari'a na Koriya ya bi tsarin Jamus da Japan . Sabbin gyare-gyare na baya-bayan nan suna canza ilimin ƙwararru daga digiri na farko na LL. B. zuwa nau'in ilimin JD na digiri na biyu. Bugu da ƙari, jami'o'in Koriya da yawa suna ci gaba da ba da ilimin shari'a a cikin tsarin ilimi da na ilimi, suna ba da digiri na digiri na biyu, gami da digiri na uku a fannin Shari'a. Bugu da ƙari, jami'o'i da yawa suna mai da hankali kan tsarin shari'a a wajen Koriya, kamar Dokar gama gari.

== Matsayin Shiga da Matsayin Makarantar Shari'a ==
Tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da Dokar 2007 da ke kira da a yi wa tsarin ilimi na shari'a garambawul, makarantun shari'a a Koriya sun zama makarantun digiri na biyu (kamar tsarin Amurka) kuma suna buƙatar digiri na farko, matsakaicin maki mai gamsarwa na digiri na farko, ƙwarewar harshen waje, da kuma maki mai gamsarwa akan Jarrabawar Cancanta ta Ilimi ta Shari'a (LEET) don shiga (an tsara LEET ɗin ne bisa ga Jarrabawar Shiga Makarantar Shari'a ( LSAT ) a Amurka). Ana kimanta ƙarin abubuwa ta hanyar kasidu, tambayoyi, jarrabawar muƙala da makarantar ta gudanar, da sauran kayan aikace-aikacen.

Manyan Makarantun Shari'a 10 daga 2012–2020 daga Mujallar Hankyung Business sun kasance: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=지방 로스쿨 약진...10위권 3개 대학 입성 |url=http://magazine.hankyung.com/business/apps/news?popup=0&amp;nid=01&amp;c1=1011&amp;nkey=2017101601142000101&amp;mode=sub_view |access-date=2019-11-23 |website=magazine.hankyung.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Seoul
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Koriya
# Makarantar Lauya ta Yonsei
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Sungkyunkwan
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Hanyang
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Sogang
# Makarantar Koyar da Lauyoyi ta Ewha
# Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Pusan
# [[Kyung hee University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kyung hee]]
# [[Chung-ang University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chung-ang]]

Akwai sauran makarantun lauya guda 15 a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa.

== Tsarin Makarantar Shari'a na Canji ==
A [[Koriya ta Kudu]], '''makarantar koyon shari'a''' makaranta ce ta farko a jami'a inda ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun lauya kuma ake ba su digiri na ''Légum Baccalaureus'', ko LL. B. (Bachelor of Laws). Bayan kammala karatun, dole ne 'yan takara su yi jarrabawar lauyoyi kuma su ci nasara. A ƙarƙashin jarrabawar shari'a ta yanzu (kamar yadda aka yi a 2008), adadin sabbin lauyoyi da ake karɓa kowace shekara an iyakance shi zuwa 1,000. Sannan 'yan takarar da suka yi nasara dole ne su kammala darussan horo na shekaru 2 da ake buƙata a '''Cibiyar Bincike da Horarwa ta Shari'a (JRTI)''' don shiga lauyoyi a Koriya. Kotun Koli ce ke kula da JRTI.

Duk da haka, sakamakon wani kudiri da aka zartar a watan Yulin 2007, tsarin ilimin karatun shari'a zai fuskanci manyan sauye-sauye nan ba da jimawa ba. Dokar ta 2007 ta yi kira da a rungumi tsarin makarantun shari'a daban kamar na Amurka, inda ake sa ran za a bude sabbin makarantun shari'a na matakin digiri na biyu nan da shekarar 2009. [[Jami'a|Jami'o'i]] kalilan ne za a ba su izinin kafa irin waɗannan makarantun shari'a na matakin digiri na biyu, kamar yadda hukumar gwamnati mai dacewa ta yanke shawara bayan ta sake duba kayan da kowace jami'a ta gabatar. A watan Fabrairun 2008, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta fitar da zaɓaɓɓun jami'o'i 25 da aka amince da su don sabbin makarantun shari'a na matakin digiri na biyu (15 a yankin babban birnin [[Seoul]] da 10 a larduna). Tsarin zaɓen da kanta bai kasance ba tare da ce-ce-ku-ce ba; bayan fitar da jerin sunayen ƙarshe, wasu daga cikin jami'o'in da aka cire sun yi barazanar kai ƙara don a hana su shiga ko kuma su yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa, kuma wani shugaban jami'a ya yi barazanar yin murabus.

A ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin, waɗanda ke da digiri na farko za su iya neman shiga makarantun shari'a waɗanda ke da shirye-shiryen shekaru uku kuma waɗanda suka kammala karatun za su iya yin jarrabawar lauyoyi; waɗanda suka cimma wani maki (ko sama da haka) za su sami lasisi. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga tsarin da aka sake duba a watan Oktoban 2007 wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Ci gaban Albarkatun Bil Adama ta gabatar, shiga makarantun shari'a ya takaita ga 'yan takara 2,000.

Adadin shiga lauyoyi a Koriya ta Kudu ya kai kusan kashi 50%, amma duk da haka yana raguwa da sauri saboda takaita adadin lauyoyin da aka shigar a ƙungiyar lauyoyi. Kimanin mutane 1500 ne kawai ake iya shigar da su cikin lauyoyi a kowace shekara. Ɗaliban da suka riga sun kammala karatun lauya suna sake yin jarrabawar lauyoyi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da matsala ga tsarin makarantun lauya a Koriya.

== Makarantun Shari'a na Jamhuriyar Koriya ==
Jami'o'i tare da gwamnatinsu sun amince da shigar ɗalibai a kowace shekara: 

A watan Fabrairun 2008, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta fitar da zaɓaɓɓun jami'o'i 25 da aka amince da su don sabbin makarantun shari'a na matakin digiri na biyu (salon JD). Jimillar masu shiga duk makarantun shari'a an iyakance su ga ɗalibai 2,000 a kowace shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Top Law Schools in South Korea – Law Schools in USA |url=https://www.lawschoolsinusa.com/top-law-schools-in-south-korea/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Makarantar koyon aikin lauya tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 150 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Seoul
* Makarantun Shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 120 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chonnam ta Ƙasa
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Koriya
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kyungpook ta Ƙasa
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Pusan
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Sungkyunkwan
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Yonsei
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 100 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chungnam ta Ƙasa
** [[Hanyang University Law School Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Hanyang]]
** [[Ewha Woman's University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Mata ta Ewha]]
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 80 kowace shekara
** [[Chonbuk National University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kasa ta Chonbuk]]
** [[Dong-A University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Dong-A]]
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 70 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chungbuk ta Ƙasa
** [[Yeungnam University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Yeungnam]]
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 60 kowace shekara
** [[Kyunghee University Law School|Jami'ar Kyunghee Law School]]
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Wonkwang
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 50 kowace shekara
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Seoul
** [[Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Hankuk ta Nazarin Ƙasashen Waje]]
** [[Ajou University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Ajou]]
** [[Chung-Ang University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chung-Ang]]
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Inha
* Makarantun shari'a tare da gwamnati ta amince da shigar ɗalibai 40 kowace shekara
** [[Kangwon National University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kasa ta Kangwon]]
** [[Jeju National University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kasa ta Jeju]]
** [[Sogang University Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Sogang]]
** Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Konkuk

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Technicum (Ilimi na Jamusanci)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160981</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878204</id>
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        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1084678805|Technicum (German education)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="273" sha1="9wn0y3dyw0e9frdqy9cmittnbmechxc" xml:space="preserve">A ƙarni na 19, [[Ilimi a Jamus|ilimin Jamusanci]], ''Technicum'' ya kasance ƙaramin aji na makarantun sana'a (ƙasa da cibiyar fasaha ta zamani ), tare da horo na shekaru 2.5-4. 

An aro wannan kalmar a Poland ( Technikum ) da kuma a Rasha ( Tekhnikum ).

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>38699</id>
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      <text bytes="285" sha1="0ba38jht7vnan0qjkj5n0eizhtujkh7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A ƙarni na 19, [[Ilimi a Jamus|ilimin Jamusanci]], ''Technicum'' ya kasance ƙaramin aji na makarantun sana'a (ƙasa da cibiyar fasaha ta zamani ), tare da horo na shekaru 2.5-4. 

An aro wannan kalmar a Poland ( Technikum ) da kuma a Rasha ( Tekhnikum ).

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Injiniya</title>
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        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362084511|Mechanics' institute]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9241" sha1="0gaj9nm5vqsfptj0xtxy50yj9ddzwwx" xml:space="preserve">'''Cibiyoyin makanikai''', waɗanda aka fi sani da '''cibiyoyin makanikai''', waɗanda wani lokacin kawai ake kira '''cibiyoyi''', waɗanda kuma ake kira '''makarantun fasaha''' (musamman a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Ostiraliya ), cibiyoyin ilimi ne da aka kafa don samar da ilimin manya, musamman a fannonin fasaha, ga ma'aikata a [[Zamanin Victorian|zamanin mulkin Victorian]] da [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunan mulkin mallaka]] . Sau da yawa masana masana'antu na gida suna ba da kuɗaɗen su bisa dalilin cewa za su amfana daga samun ma'aikata masu ilimi da ƙwarewa. Cibiyoyin makanikai galibi suna haɗa da ɗakunan karatu ga manyan ma'aikata, kuma an ce suna ba su wani madadin abin sha'awa fiye da caca da shan giya a mashaya.

Da yawa daga cikin cibiyoyin asali sun haɗa da ba da lamuni ga ɗakunan karatu, kuma gine-ginen wasu ana ci gaba da amfani da su a matsayin ɗakunan karatu. Wasu sun rikide zuwa sassan jami'o'i, wuraren ilimin manya, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, sinima, gidajen tarihi, wuraren nishaɗi, ko ɗakunan al'umma. Kadan ne har yanzu ake kiransu da cibiyoyin makanikai, amma wasu suna riƙe da suna da kuma mai da hankali a matsayin cibiyar ci gaban ilimi da al'adu. Wata ƙungiya ta ƙarni na 21, wadda ta samo asali daga Victoria, Ostiraliya, ta shirya jerin tarurruka da aka sani da Taro na Cibiyoyin Makanikai na Duniya, inda ake tattauna bayanai da ra'ayoyi game da makomar cibiyoyin makanikai.

== Asali da tarihi ==
Tushen wannan motsi wanda ya ƙirƙiri cibiyoyin makanikai yana cikin laccoci da George Birkbeck ya bayar a Cibiyar Andersonian da ke Glasgow. Laccarsa ta huɗu ta shekara-shekara ta jawo hankalin jama'a 500, kuma ta zama abin da ya faru kowace shekara bayan tafiyarsa zuwa [[Landan]] a 1804, wanda ya haifar da kafawar &lt;ref name=&quot;infed&quot; /&gt; a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1821 &lt;ref name=&quot;hwu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=Mechanics Institute Worldwide 2021 |url=https://www.hw.ac.uk/alumni/watt-club/mechanics-institute-worldwide-2021.htm |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=[[Heriot-Watt University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na cibiyar makanikai ta farko a [[Edinburgh]], Makarantar Fasaha ta Edinburgh (daga baya Jami'ar Heriot-Watt &lt;ref name=&quot;hwu&quot; /&gt; ). Laccarta ta farko ta kasance kan [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]], kuma cikin wata guda maza 452 suka yi rajista a ciki waɗanda kowannensu ya biya kuɗin biyan kuɗi na kwata-kwata. &lt;ref name=&quot;mi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=[Home page] |url=https://mechanicsinstitutes.org/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=Mechanics Institutes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sabon tsarin cibiyar ilimi ta fasaha ya ba da azuzuwan ma'aikata, kuma ya haɗa da ɗakunan karatu da kayan aiki da za a yi amfani da su don gwaje-gwaje da ilimin fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;infed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mark K. |date=1997 |title=George Birkbeck and the London Mechanics Institute |url=http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-birb.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817042028/http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-birb.htm |archive-date=17 August 2010 |website=The encyclopaedia of informal education}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufarta ita ce &quot;magance buƙatun al'umma ta hanyar haɗa tunanin kimiyya da bincike na asali cikin mafita na injiniya&quot;. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The phrasing of this is suspiciously modern. (March 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Makarantar ta kawo sauyi ga damar samun ilimi a fannin kimiyya da fasaha ga talakawa.

An buɗe cibiyar makanikai ta farko a Ingila a [[Liverpool]] a watan Yulin 1823. 

An kafa cibiya ta biyu a Scotland a [[Glasgow]] a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1823, wadda aka gina bisa harsashin wata ƙungiya da Birkbeck ya kafa. A ƙarƙashin kulawar Cibiyar Andersonian, inda Birkbeck ya kasance shugaban falsafar halitta daga 1799 zuwa 1804 kuma ya kafa laccoci kyauta kan fannoni na fasaha, kimiyya da fasaha daga 1800. Wannan ajin makanikai ya ci gaba da haɗuwa bayan ya ƙaura zuwa Landan a 1804, kuma a 1823 sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyarsu ta hanyar haɗa kansu a matsayin Cibiyar Makanikai. An naɗa shi darektan cibiyar, wadda ya ba ta kuɗi har zuwa £3700, kuma ya riƙe mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1841. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Birkbeck, George}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_(1825).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Cibiyar Makanikan Manchester, titin Cooper, a shekarar 1825]]
[[Fayil:Wakefield_Museum.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Wakefield (1825), daga baya gidan tarihi]]
An buɗe Cibiyar Makanikai ta London (wacce daga baya ta zama Kwalejin Birkbeck ) a watan Disamba na 1823, sannan kuma cibiyoyin makanikai a Ipswich da [[Manchester]] (wadda daga baya ta zama UMIST ) a 1824.  A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, akwai cibiyoyi sama da 700 a garuruwa da birane a faɗin Burtaniya da ƙasashen waje, wasu daga cikinsu sun zama tushen wasu kwalejoji da jami'o'i. Misali, Jami'ar Gloucestershire, tana da Cibiyar Makanikai ta Cheltenham (1834) da Cibiyar Makanikai ta Gloucester (1840) a cikin jadawalin tarihinta. Sakamakon gabatar da jerin laccoci a Cibiyar Makanikai ta Cheltenham ne aka kama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi George Holyoake sannan aka yanke masa hukunci bisa zargin yin saɓo.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notes of Mr Hunt reporter August 15 1842, The Trial of George Jacob. Holyoake on an Indictment for blasphemy |url=https://www.bl.uk/ |website=British Library main catalogues |publisher=British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Ostiraliya, an kafa cibiyar makanikai ta farko a Hobart a shekarar 1827, sai kuma Makarantar Fasaha ta Sydney Makanikai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SMSA (Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts) |url=http://www.sydneymsa.com.au |website=SMSA}}&lt;/ref&gt; a shekarar 1833, Makarantar Fasaha ta Newcastle a shekarar 1835, sannan Cibiyar Makanikai ta [[Melbourne]] da aka kafa a shekarar 1839 (an sake sanya mata suna [[Gidan wasan motsa jiki na Melbourne|Melbourne Athenaeum]] a shekarar 1872 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1872 - Name Changed) |url=https://melbourneathenaeum.org.au/timeline/1872-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ). Daga shekarun 1850, cibiyoyin makanikai sun bazu cikin sauri a duk faɗin Victoria duk inda ake buƙatar zaure, ɗakin karatu ko makaranta. An gina cibiyoyin makanikai sama da 1200 a Victoria kuma sama da 500 ne suka rage a yau, kuma shida ne kawai ke gudanar da ayyukan lamunin ɗakin karatunsu. 

[[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]] ya ƙirƙiri sabon aji na masu karatu a Burtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, &quot;makanikai&quot;, waɗanda injiniyoyi ne na farar hula da na injiniya a zahiri. An kafa ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa [[Birmingham|ta Birmingham]] a shekara ta 1796 ta hanyar makanikai na gida don cike wannan buƙata, kuma ita ce farkon cibiyoyin makanikai, waɗanda suka girma a Ingila zuwa sama da ɗari bakwai a shekara ta 1850.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2021)&quot;&gt;mafi kyau&amp;nbsp;tushe&amp;nbsp;ana buƙata&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ƙananan ma'aikata da ma'aikata ba za su iya biyan kuɗin ɗakunan karatu na biyan kuɗi ba, don haka don amfanin su, ƙungiyoyi masu kirki da mutane sun ƙirƙiri cibiyoyin makanikai waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa da na karatu na sana'a, akan ƙaramin kuɗin haya. Daga baya aka ƙara shahararrun littattafan almara da na almara a cikin waɗannan tarin. Laburare na farko da aka sani na wannan nau'in shine Laburaren Masu Fasaha na Birmingham, wanda aka kafa a 1823.

Wasu ɗakunan karatu na makanikai sun ɗauki shekaru goma ko biyu kacal, kuma daga ƙarshe da yawa sun zama ɗakunan karatu na jama'a ko kuma (a Amurka) an ba su ɗakunan karatu na jama'a na gida bayan Dokar Laburare ta Jama'a ta 1850 ta zartar. Duk da cewa amfani da ɗakunan karatu na makanikai ya takaita, yawancin masu amfani sun nuna goyon baya ga ra'ayin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a kyauta.  Duk da haka, zuwa 1900 akwai cibiyoyin makanikai sama da 9,000 a duk faɗin duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;mi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=[Home page] |url=https://mechanicsinstitutes.org/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=Mechanics Institutes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://mechanicsinstitutes.org/ &quot;&amp;#x5B;Home page&amp;#x5D;&quot;]. ''Mechanics Institutes''. 25 May 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ɗakin karatu na bayar da lamuni, cibiyoyin makanikai sun kuma ba da darussan lacca, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, kuma a wasu lokuta akwai gidan tarihi don nishaɗi da ilimin membobin. Cibiyar Glasgow, wacce aka kafa a 1823, ba wai kawai tana da dukkan ukun ba, har ma an ba ta haske kyauta a ranakun biyu a mako daga kamfanin hasken gas na gida. Cibiyar Makanikai ta London ta kafa hasken gas a 1825, wanda ya bayyana buƙatar da buƙatar membobi su yi amfani da littattafan.  Wasu cibiyoyin makanikai kuma sun bayar da wani shiri daga fasaha; Cibiyar Makanikai ta Wisbech ta yi wa Mrs Butler rajista don ba da karatu daga wasannin [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] da Milton 's ''Paradise Lost'' ga masu kallo kusan dubu. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Cibiyoyin makanikai''', waɗanda aka fi sani da '''cibiyoyin makanikai''', waɗanda wani lokacin kawai ake kira '''cibiyoyi''', waɗanda kuma ake kira '''makarantun fasaha''' (musamman a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Ostiraliya ), cibiyoyin ilimi ne da aka kafa don samar da ilimin manya, musamman a fannonin fasaha, ga ma'aikata a [[Zamanin Victorian|zamanin mulkin Victorian]] da [[Daular Biritaniya|yankunan mulkin mallaka]] . Sau da yawa masana masana'antu na gida suna ba da kuɗaɗen su bisa dalilin cewa za su amfana daga samun ma'aikata masu ilimi da ƙwarewa. Cibiyoyin makanikai galibi suna haɗa da ɗakunan karatu ga manyan ma'aikata, kuma an ce suna ba su wani madadin abin sha'awa fiye da caca da shan giya a mashaya.

Da yawa daga cikin cibiyoyin asali sun haɗa da ba da lamuni ga ɗakunan karatu, kuma gine-ginen wasu ana ci gaba da amfani da su a matsayin ɗakunan karatu. Wasu sun rikide zuwa sassan jami'o'i, wuraren ilimin manya, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, sinima, gidajen tarihi, wuraren nishaɗi, ko ɗakunan al'umma. Kadan ne har yanzu ake kiransu da cibiyoyin makanikai, amma wasu suna riƙe da suna da kuma mai da hankali a matsayin cibiyar ci gaban ilimi da al'adu. Wata ƙungiya ta ƙarni na 21, wadda ta samo asali daga Victoria, Ostiraliya, ta shirya jerin tarurruka da aka sani da Taro na Cibiyoyin Makanikai na Duniya, inda ake tattauna bayanai da ra'ayoyi game da makomar cibiyoyin makanikai.

== Asali da tarihi ==
Tushen wannan motsi wanda ya ƙirƙiri cibiyoyin makanikai yana cikin laccoci da George Birkbeck ya bayar a Cibiyar Andersonian da ke Glasgow. Laccarsa ta huɗu ta shekara-shekara ta jawo hankalin jama'a 500, kuma ta zama abin da ya faru kowace shekara bayan tafiyarsa zuwa [[Landan]] a 1804, wanda ya haifar da kafawar &lt;ref name=&quot;infed&quot; /&gt; a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1821 &lt;ref name=&quot;hwu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=Mechanics Institute Worldwide 2021 |url=https://www.hw.ac.uk/alumni/watt-club/mechanics-institute-worldwide-2021.htm |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=[[Heriot-Watt University]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na cibiyar makanikai ta farko a [[Edinburgh]], Makarantar Fasaha ta Edinburgh (daga baya Jami'ar Heriot-Watt &lt;ref name=&quot;hwu&quot; /&gt; ). Laccarta ta farko ta kasance kan [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]], kuma cikin wata guda maza 452 suka yi rajista a ciki waɗanda kowannensu ya biya kuɗin biyan kuɗi na kwata-kwata. &lt;ref name=&quot;mi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=[Home page] |url=https://mechanicsinstitutes.org/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=Mechanics Institutes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sabon tsarin cibiyar ilimi ta fasaha ya ba da azuzuwan ma'aikata, kuma ya haɗa da ɗakunan karatu da kayan aiki da za a yi amfani da su don gwaje-gwaje da ilimin fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;infed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mark K. |date=1997 |title=George Birkbeck and the London Mechanics Institute |url=http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-birb.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817042028/http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-birb.htm |archive-date=17 August 2010 |website=The encyclopaedia of informal education}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufarta ita ce &quot;magance buƙatun al'umma ta hanyar haɗa tunanin kimiyya da bincike na asali cikin mafita na injiniya&quot;. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The phrasing of this is suspiciously modern. (March 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Makarantar ta kawo sauyi ga damar samun ilimi a fannin kimiyya da fasaha ga talakawa.

An buɗe cibiyar makanikai ta farko a Ingila a [[Liverpool]] a watan Yulin 1823. 

An kafa cibiya ta biyu a Scotland a [[Glasgow]] a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1823, wadda aka gina bisa harsashin wata ƙungiya da Birkbeck ya kafa. A ƙarƙashin kulawar Cibiyar Andersonian, inda Birkbeck ya kasance shugaban falsafar halitta daga 1799 zuwa 1804 kuma ya kafa laccoci kyauta kan fannoni na fasaha, kimiyya da fasaha daga 1800. Wannan ajin makanikai ya ci gaba da haɗuwa bayan ya ƙaura zuwa Landan a 1804, kuma a 1823 sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyarsu ta hanyar haɗa kansu a matsayin Cibiyar Makanikai. An naɗa shi darektan cibiyar, wadda ya ba ta kuɗi har zuwa £3700, kuma ya riƙe mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1841. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Birkbeck, George}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Manchester_Mechanics_Institute_(1825).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Cibiyar Makanikan Manchester, titin Cooper, a shekarar 1825]]
[[Fayil:Wakefield_Museum.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Wakefield (1825), daga baya gidan tarihi]]
An buɗe Cibiyar Makanikai ta London (wacce daga baya ta zama Kwalejin Birkbeck ) a watan Disamba na 1823, sannan kuma cibiyoyin makanikai a Ipswich da [[Manchester]] (wadda daga baya ta zama UMIST ) a 1824.  A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, akwai cibiyoyi sama da 700 a garuruwa da birane a faɗin Burtaniya da ƙasashen waje, wasu daga cikinsu sun zama tushen wasu kwalejoji da jami'o'i. Misali, Jami'ar Gloucestershire, tana da Cibiyar Makanikai ta Cheltenham (1834) da Cibiyar Makanikai ta Gloucester (1840) a cikin jadawalin tarihinta. Sakamakon gabatar da jerin laccoci a Cibiyar Makanikai ta Cheltenham ne aka kama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi George Holyoake sannan aka yanke masa hukunci bisa zargin yin saɓo.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notes of Mr Hunt reporter August 15 1842, The Trial of George Jacob. Holyoake on an Indictment for blasphemy |url=https://www.bl.uk/ |website=British Library main catalogues |publisher=British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Ostiraliya, an kafa cibiyar makanikai ta farko a Hobart a shekarar 1827, sai kuma Makarantar Fasaha ta Sydney Makanikai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SMSA (Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts) |url=http://www.sydneymsa.com.au |website=SMSA}}&lt;/ref&gt; a shekarar 1833, Makarantar Fasaha ta Newcastle a shekarar 1835, sannan Cibiyar Makanikai ta [[Melbourne]] da aka kafa a shekarar 1839 (an sake sanya mata suna [[Gidan wasan motsa jiki na Melbourne|Melbourne Athenaeum]] a shekarar 1872 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1872 - Name Changed) |url=https://melbourneathenaeum.org.au/timeline/1872-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ). Daga shekarun 1850, cibiyoyin makanikai sun bazu cikin sauri a duk faɗin Victoria duk inda ake buƙatar zaure, ɗakin karatu ko makaranta. An gina cibiyoyin makanikai sama da 1200 a Victoria kuma sama da 500 ne suka rage a yau, kuma shida ne kawai ke gudanar da ayyukan lamunin ɗakin karatunsu. 

[[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]] ya ƙirƙiri sabon aji na masu karatu a Burtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, &quot;makanikai&quot;, waɗanda injiniyoyi ne na farar hula da na injiniya a zahiri. An kafa ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa [[Birmingham|ta Birmingham]] a shekara ta 1796 ta hanyar makanikai na gida don cike wannan buƙata, kuma ita ce farkon cibiyoyin makanikai, waɗanda suka girma a Ingila zuwa sama da ɗari bakwai a shekara ta 1850.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2021)&quot;&gt;mafi kyau&amp;nbsp;tushe&amp;nbsp;ana buƙata&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ƙananan ma'aikata da ma'aikata ba za su iya biyan kuɗin ɗakunan karatu na biyan kuɗi ba, don haka don amfanin su, ƙungiyoyi masu kirki da mutane sun ƙirƙiri cibiyoyin makanikai waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa da na karatu na sana'a, akan ƙaramin kuɗin haya. Daga baya aka ƙara shahararrun littattafan almara da na almara a cikin waɗannan tarin. Laburare na farko da aka sani na wannan nau'in shine Laburaren Masu Fasaha na Birmingham, wanda aka kafa a 1823.

Wasu ɗakunan karatu na makanikai sun ɗauki shekaru goma ko biyu kacal, kuma daga ƙarshe da yawa sun zama ɗakunan karatu na jama'a ko kuma (a Amurka) an ba su ɗakunan karatu na jama'a na gida bayan Dokar Laburare ta Jama'a ta 1850 ta zartar. Duk da cewa amfani da ɗakunan karatu na makanikai ya takaita, yawancin masu amfani sun nuna goyon baya ga ra'ayin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a kyauta.  Duk da haka, zuwa 1900 akwai cibiyoyin makanikai sama da 9,000 a duk faɗin duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;mi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=[Home page] |url=https://mechanicsinstitutes.org/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=Mechanics Institutes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://mechanicsinstitutes.org/ &quot;&amp;#x5B;Home page&amp;#x5D;&quot;]. ''Mechanics Institutes''. 25 May 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ɗakin karatu na bayar da lamuni, cibiyoyin makanikai sun kuma ba da darussan lacca, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, kuma a wasu lokuta akwai gidan tarihi don nishaɗi da ilimin membobin. Cibiyar Glasgow, wacce aka kafa a 1823, ba wai kawai tana da dukkan ukun ba, har ma an ba ta haske kyauta a ranakun biyu a mako daga kamfanin hasken gas na gida. Cibiyar Makanikai ta London ta kafa hasken gas a 1825, wanda ya bayyana buƙatar da buƙatar membobi su yi amfani da littattafan.  Wasu cibiyoyin makanikai kuma sun bayar da wani shiri daga fasaha; Cibiyar Makanikai ta Wisbech ta yi wa Mrs Butler rajista don ba da karatu daga wasannin [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] da Milton 's ''Paradise Lost'' ga masu kallo kusan dubu. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328928154|Cursinho]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Cursinho''' ( , &quot;karamin hanya&quot;, wanda kuma ake kira '''{{Lang|pt|curso pré-vestibular}}''' {{IPA|pt|ˈkuʁsu ˌpɾɛvestʃibuˈlaʁ|}} ko kuma {{Lang|pt|curso preparatório}} {{IPA|pt|ˈkuʁsu pɾeˌpaɾaˈtɔɾju|}} ) wani nau'in makarantar koyon aikin hannu ne, yawanci mai zaman kansa ne, a cikin biranen [[Brazil]] da yawa, kuma ɗaliban da ke ƙoƙarin cancantar shiga jami'a suna halarta ta hanyar jarrabawar shiga ( ''vestibular'' ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Claudio Moura de |last2=Wolff, Laurence |date=2007 |title=Public or Private Education for Latin America: that is the (false) Question |url=http://claudiomouracastro.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Public-or-Private-Education-for-Latin-America-that-is-the-false-Question-.pdf |access-date=2016-04-25}}{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Stephen |date=1 February 2006 |title=How to Get Into University in Brazil |url=http://www.gringoes.com/articles.asp?ID_Noticia=1058 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104160116/http://gringoes.com/articles.asp?ID_Noticia=1058 |archive-date=4 January 2010 |access-date=23 November 2009 |publisher=Gringoes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma mutanen da ke son yin jarrabawar jama'a don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati . Waɗannan suna ɗaukar tsawon watanni uku, gabaɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;concurso&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zara |first=André |last2=Sarmento, Luciana |date=19 January 2009 |title=Escolha o seu curso preparatório para concursos públicos |url=http://www.abril.com.br/noticias/brasil/escolha-seu-curso-preparatorio-concursos-publicos-415705.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025401/http://www.abril.com.br/noticias/brasil/escolha-seu-curso-preparatorio-concursos-publicos-415705.shtml |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |website=[[Editora Abril|Abril.com]] |publisher=[[Grupo Abril]] |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cursinhos pré-vestibular koyaushe yana da darussa masu faɗi da kuma rabin-faɗi, darussa masu faɗi da ke faruwa a mafi yawan shekara, da kuma waɗanda ke rabin-faɗi da ke faruwa a lokacin zangon karatu na biyu, yayin da ainihin watan da za a fara na iya bambanta.

Yawancinsu suna yin gyaran fannoni da ɗalibai ke buƙatar sani don ɗaukar mafi yawan fannonin karatu: [[Lissafi]], [[Harshen Portuguese|Harshen Portugal]] (adabi da nahawu), [[Tarihi]], [[Labarin kasa|Geography]], [[Biology]], Physics, [[Kimiyya|Chemistry]] da [[Nazarin Ingilishi|harshen Turanci]] . Wasu har yanzu suna ba da ƙarin darussa don zurfafa bincike kan takamaiman fannoni, labarai na yanzu (wanda za a iya buƙata a wasu daga cikin vestibulares) da dabarun rubuta muƙala, wanda ake buƙata a duk vestibulares.

Haka kuma abu ne da aka saba raba ɗalibai ta fannin ilimin da suke son karatu a jami'a ( ilimin ɗan adam, kimiyyar zahiri da [[Biology|kimiyyar halittu]] ), suna ba da zurfin bincike a fannoni daban-daban daidai da yankin (Tarihi da Geography; Lissafi, Fizik da Chemistry; Biology da Chemistry bi da bi, tare da mai da hankali iri ɗaya kan Fotigal da Turanci ga dukkan ƙungiyoyi).

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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'''Cursinho''' ( , &quot;karamin hanya&quot;, wanda kuma ake kira '''{{Lang|pt|curso pré-vestibular}}''' {{IPA|pt|ˈkuʁsu ˌpɾɛvestʃibuˈlaʁ|}} ko kuma {{Lang|pt|curso preparatório}} {{IPA|pt|ˈkuʁsu pɾeˌpaɾaˈtɔɾju|}} ) wani nau'in makarantar koyon aikin hannu ne, yawanci mai zaman kansa ne, a cikin biranen [[Brazil]] da yawa, kuma ɗaliban da ke ƙoƙarin cancantar shiga jami'a suna halarta ta hanyar jarrabawar shiga ( ''vestibular'' ), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Claudio Moura de |last2=Wolff, Laurence |date=2007 |title=Public or Private Education for Latin America: that is the (false) Question |url=http://claudiomouracastro.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Public-or-Private-Education-for-Latin-America-that-is-the-false-Question-.pdf |access-date=2016-04-25}}{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Stephen |date=1 February 2006 |title=How to Get Into University in Brazil |url=http://www.gringoes.com/articles.asp?ID_Noticia=1058 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104160116/http://gringoes.com/articles.asp?ID_Noticia=1058 |archive-date=4 January 2010 |access-date=23 November 2009 |publisher=Gringoes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma mutanen da ke son yin jarrabawar jama'a don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati . Waɗannan suna ɗaukar tsawon watanni uku, gabaɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;concurso&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zara |first=André |last2=Sarmento, Luciana |date=19 January 2009 |title=Escolha o seu curso preparatório para concursos públicos |url=http://www.abril.com.br/noticias/brasil/escolha-seu-curso-preparatorio-concursos-publicos-415705.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025401/http://www.abril.com.br/noticias/brasil/escolha-seu-curso-preparatorio-concursos-publicos-415705.shtml |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |website=[[Editora Abril|Abril.com]] |publisher=[[Grupo Abril]] |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cursinhos pré-vestibular koyaushe yana da darussa masu faɗi da kuma rabin-faɗi, darussa masu faɗi da ke faruwa a mafi yawan shekara, da kuma waɗanda ke rabin-faɗi da ke faruwa a lokacin zangon karatu na biyu, yayin da ainihin watan da za a fara na iya bambanta.

Yawancinsu suna yin gyaran fannoni da ɗalibai ke buƙatar sani don ɗaukar mafi yawan fannonin karatu: [[Lissafi]], [[Harshen Portuguese|Harshen Portugal]] (adabi da nahawu), [[Tarihi]], [[Labarin kasa|Geography]], [[Biology]], Physics, [[Kimiyya|Chemistry]] da [[Nazarin Ingilishi|harshen Turanci]] . Wasu har yanzu suna ba da ƙarin darussa don zurfafa bincike kan takamaiman fannoni, labarai na yanzu (wanda za a iya buƙata a wasu daga cikin vestibulares) da dabarun rubuta muƙala, wanda ake buƙata a duk vestibulares.

Haka kuma abu ne da aka saba raba ɗalibai ta fannin ilimin da suke son karatu a jami'a ( ilimin ɗan adam, kimiyyar zahiri da [[Biology|kimiyyar halittu]] ), suna ba da zurfin bincike a fannoni daban-daban daidai da yankin (Tarihi da Geography; Lissafi, Fizik da Chemistry; Biology da Chemistry bi da bi, tare da mai da hankali iri ɗaya kan Fotigal da Turanci ga dukkan ƙungiyoyi).

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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{{Italic title}}
The '''''ginnasio liceo moderno''''' (or simply '''''liceo moderno''''') (lit. 'gymnasium modern lyceum') was a [[Secondary school|high school]] of the [[Kingdom of Italy]], established in 1911 on the initiative of the [[Ministry of Public Education (Italy)|Minister of Public Education]] [[Luigi Credaro]] (law 860/1911), who partially accepted the proposal of the ''Real commission'', a [[parliamentary commission]] established in 1906 in order to enrich the Italian lyceum offer.

== Tarihi ==
Gidan liceo moderno shine ƙoƙari na farko don inganta tsarin makarantar sakandare na Italiya, wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Casati law|Dokar Casati]] ta 1859. Kafin shi, a zahiri, akwai wasu sassan gwaji ba tare da Girkanci ba kuma tare da lissafi ko harsunan waje, amma sun dogara da kowane makarantu sabili da haka ba a tsara su ta hanyar umarnin ministoci ba. Ba ta da lokacin tabbatar da kanta saboda an kafa ta ne a cikin shekaru a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] kuma saboda zuwan Fascism ya kawo sabon gyare-gyare na duk tsarin makarantar. An kunna shi ne kawai a larduna takwas kuma ba a taɓa yin tsarin makaranta mai kyau ba; wato, ba a kunna makarantun sakandare na ''zamani'' ba, kamar yadda zai faru daga baya tare da ''makarantar kimiyya'', maimakon inda sassan da aka kunna na ginnasio liceo moderno a cikin tsarin makaranta wanda har yanzu akwai sassan ginnasio liceos (classico). Ƙungiyar shekarun makaranta ta kasance ta ''''gargajiya'''', tare da ƙananan dakin motsa jiki na shekaru uku (kamar ɗaya ga makarantun sakandare biyu), manyan gidajen motsa jiki na shekara biyu (classico da moderno) da kuma wasu makarantun sakatare na shekaru uku biyu (classic da moderno). Sabanin abin da aka gabatar da shi da farko, ya ba da damar shiga kowane bangare na jami'a, gami da haruffa da falsafar. Cibiyar Nazarin ''zamani'' ta shawo kan ta hanyar Gyaran Al'ummai na 1923, wanda kuma ya shawo kan sashin lissafi na jiki na Regio Istituto Tecnico (Royal Technical Institute) kuma ya maye gurbin liceo scientifico wanda dokar Credaro ta 1911 ta kafa tare da wannan har yanzu yana nan.

=== Shawarar Hukumar Sarauta ===
An kafa Hukumar Sarauta a shekarar 1906 kuma, bayan shekaru uku, ta gabatar da shirin gyara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1909 |editor-last=university of Turin |title=Progetto di riforma della Commissione Reale, 1909. Materie e orari di insegnamento, in ''Commissione Reale per l'Ordinamento degli Studi Secondari in Italia. &quot;Orari&quot;, Relazione'' |trans-title=Reform Project of the Royal Commission, 1909. Subjects and teaching hours, ''Royal Commission for the Regulation of Secondary Studies in Italy. &quot;Timetable&quot;, Report'' |url=http://www.subalpinamathesis.unito.it/storiains/it/tab2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126112225/http://www.subalpinamathesis.unito.it/storiains/it/tab2.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2012 |website=unito.it |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haɗa da, ƙari ga haka:

* dakin motsa jiki na tsawon shekaru uku, ɗaya kawai ba tare da Latin ba;
* shekaru uku na lyceums biyar:

:* ''[[Liceo na gargajiya|liceo classico]]'' (&quot;classical lyceum&quot;), wanda ya dogara ne akan ''liceo classico'' da ke akwai a lokacin - wanda [[Casati law|dokar Casati]] ta kafa - kuma an siffanta shi da koyar da harsunan gargajiya ( Tsohon Girkanci da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], wanda daga ciki harshen Italiyanci ya samo asali); an ba shi damar shiga kowace malanta a jami'a;
:* ''liceo moderno'' (&quot;lyceum na zamani&quot;), ba tare da Girkanci ba, tare da ƙarfafa harshen waje ( [[Faransanci]] ), tare da koyar da harshen waje na biyu ( [[Jamusanci]] ko [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] ), na doka da tattalin arziki; bai ba da damar shiga Sashen Haruffa ba;
:* ''liceo scientifico'' (&quot;scientific lyceum&quot;), ba tare da harsunan gargajiya ba, tare da koyar da harshen waje na biyu da kuma ƙarfafa fannonin kimiyya; bai ba da damar shiga Faculties of Letters and Jurisprudence ba.

Sunan shekarun makaranta ya bambanta dangane da wanda ke aiki a lokacin (kuma har yanzu yana aiki ga ''[[Liceo na gargajiya|liceo classico]]'' ) tun bayan shekara ta uku ta makarantar motsa jiki, shekarun farko na ''liceo'' ( ''classico'', ''moderno'' ko ''scientifico'' ya danganta da zaɓin) kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta biyar. An sake dawo da wannan rukunin a cikin 1923 (kuma har yanzu yana aiki) don ''liceo scientifico'' . Dangane da al'adar Italiya, a makarantun lyceum guda uku da aka gabatar ba a amince da su daidai da mutunci ba saboda samun damar shiga wasu kwalejojin jami'a yana da alaƙa da adireshin ''liceo'' da aka halarta. Idan ''liceo moderno'' bai ba da damar shiga ga malamai na Haruffa da falsafa kawai ba, ''liceo scientifico'' bai ba da damar shiga ga malamai na Shari'a ba; kuma wannan shine babban ƙuntatawa a cikin cewa, a al'ada, malaman Shari'a sune suka fi yawan zuwa azuzuwan gudanarwa. An sake dawo da wannan ƙa'ida a shekarar 1923, lokacin da aka kafa ''liceo scientifico'' na yanzu, wanda taken sa, har zuwa 1969, bai yi aiki ba don shiga cikin sashen Haruffa (a maimakon haka, an ba da izinin sanya hannu a fannin Shari'a ta hanyar doka ta 1859 ta 31 ga Disamba 1962). ''Liceo classico'', maimakon haka, ya ba da damar shiga kowace malamar jami'a.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Italic title}}
The '''''ginnasio liceo moderno''''' (or simply '''''liceo moderno''''') (lit. 'gymnasium modern lyceum') was a [[Secondary school|high school]] of the [[Kingdom of Italy]], established in 1911 on the initiative of the [[Ministry of Public Education (Italy)|Minister of Public Education]] [[Luigi Credaro]] (law 860/1911), who partially accepted the proposal of the ''Real commission'', a [[parliamentary commission]] established in 1906 in order to enrich the Italian lyceum offer.

== Tarihi ==
Gidan liceo moderno shine ƙoƙari na farko don inganta tsarin makarantar sakandare na Italiya, wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Casati law|Dokar Casati]] ta 1859. Kafin shi, a zahiri, akwai wasu sassan gwaji ba tare da Girkanci ba kuma tare da lissafi ko harsunan waje, amma sun dogara da kowane makarantu sabili da haka ba a tsara su ta hanyar umarnin ministoci ba. Ba ta da lokacin tabbatar da kanta saboda an kafa ta ne a cikin shekaru a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] kuma saboda zuwan Fascism ya kawo sabon gyare-gyare na duk tsarin makarantar. An kunna shi ne kawai a larduna takwas kuma ba a taɓa yin tsarin makaranta mai kyau ba; wato, ba a kunna makarantun sakandare na ''zamani'' ba, kamar yadda zai faru daga baya tare da ''makarantar kimiyya'', maimakon inda sassan da aka kunna na ginnasio liceo moderno a cikin tsarin makaranta wanda har yanzu akwai sassan ginnasio liceos (classico). Ƙungiyar shekarun makaranta ta kasance ta ''''gargajiya'''', tare da ƙananan dakin motsa jiki na shekaru uku (kamar ɗaya ga makarantun sakandare biyu), manyan gidajen motsa jiki na shekara biyu (classico da moderno) da kuma wasu makarantun sakatare na shekaru uku biyu (classic da moderno). Sabanin abin da aka gabatar da shi da farko, ya ba da damar shiga kowane bangare na jami'a, gami da haruffa da falsafar. Cibiyar Nazarin ''zamani'' ta shawo kan ta hanyar Gyaran Al'ummai na 1923, wanda kuma ya shawo kan sashin lissafi na jiki na Regio Istituto Tecnico (Royal Technical Institute) kuma ya maye gurbin liceo scientifico wanda dokar Credaro ta 1911 ta kafa tare da wannan har yanzu yana nan.

=== Shawarar Hukumar Sarauta ===
An kafa Hukumar Sarauta a shekarar 1906 kuma, bayan shekaru uku, ta gabatar da shirin gyara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1909 |editor-last=university of Turin |title=Progetto di riforma della Commissione Reale, 1909. Materie e orari di insegnamento, in ''Commissione Reale per l'Ordinamento degli Studi Secondari in Italia. &quot;Orari&quot;, Relazione'' |trans-title=Reform Project of the Royal Commission, 1909. Subjects and teaching hours, ''Royal Commission for the Regulation of Secondary Studies in Italy. &quot;Timetable&quot;, Report'' |url=http://www.subalpinamathesis.unito.it/storiains/it/tab2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126112225/http://www.subalpinamathesis.unito.it/storiains/it/tab2.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2012 |website=unito.it |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haɗa da, ƙari ga haka:

* dakin motsa jiki na tsawon shekaru uku, ɗaya kawai ba tare da Latin ba;
* shekaru uku na lyceums biyar:

:* ''[[Liceo na gargajiya|liceo classico]]'' (&quot;classical lyceum&quot;), wanda ya dogara ne akan ''liceo classico'' da ke akwai a lokacin - wanda [[Casati law|dokar Casati]] ta kafa - kuma an siffanta shi da koyar da harsunan gargajiya ( Tsohon Girkanci da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], wanda daga ciki harshen Italiyanci ya samo asali); an ba shi damar shiga kowace malanta a jami'a;
:* ''liceo moderno'' (&quot;lyceum na zamani&quot;), ba tare da Girkanci ba, tare da ƙarfafa harshen waje ( [[Faransanci]] ), tare da koyar da harshen waje na biyu ( [[Jamusanci]] ko [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] ), na doka da tattalin arziki; bai ba da damar shiga Sashen Haruffa ba;
:* ''liceo scientifico'' (&quot;scientific lyceum&quot;), ba tare da harsunan gargajiya ba, tare da koyar da harshen waje na biyu da kuma ƙarfafa fannonin kimiyya; bai ba da damar shiga Faculties of Letters and Jurisprudence ba.

Sunan shekarun makaranta ya bambanta dangane da wanda ke aiki a lokacin (kuma har yanzu yana aiki ga ''[[Liceo na gargajiya|liceo classico]]'' ) tun bayan shekara ta uku ta makarantar motsa jiki, shekarun farko na ''liceo'' ( ''classico'', ''moderno'' ko ''scientifico'' ya danganta da zaɓin) kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta biyar. An sake dawo da wannan rukunin a cikin 1923 (kuma har yanzu yana aiki) don ''liceo scientifico'' . Dangane da al'adar Italiya, a makarantun lyceum guda uku da aka gabatar ba a amince da su daidai da mutunci ba saboda samun damar shiga wasu kwalejojin jami'a yana da alaƙa da adireshin ''liceo'' da aka halarta. Idan ''liceo moderno'' bai ba da damar shiga ga malamai na Haruffa da falsafa kawai ba, ''liceo scientifico'' bai ba da damar shiga ga malamai na Shari'a ba; kuma wannan shine babban ƙuntatawa a cikin cewa, a al'ada, malaman Shari'a sune suka fi yawan zuwa azuzuwan gudanarwa. An sake dawo da wannan ƙa'ida a shekarar 1923, lokacin da aka kafa ''liceo scientifico'' na yanzu, wanda taken sa, har zuwa 1969, bai yi aiki ba don shiga cikin sashen Haruffa (a maimakon haka, an ba da izinin sanya hannu a fannin Shari'a ta hanyar doka ta 1859 ta 31 ga Disamba 1962). ''Liceo classico'', maimakon haka, ya ba da damar shiga kowace malamar jami'a.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Juku</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360962032|Juku]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Gakushū juku''''' ( Japanese ; duba makarantar cram ) makarantu ne masu zaman kansu, masu biyan kuɗi waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin azuzuwan sau da yawa don shirye-shiryen jarrabawar shiga manyan makarantu da jami'o'i. Kalmar galibi ana amfani da ita don kwatanta irin waɗannan makarantu a [[Japan]] . Juku yawanci suna aiki bayan lokutan makaranta na yau da kullun, a ƙarshen mako, da kuma lokacin hutun makaranta.

== Tarihi ==
Yawan halartar Juku ya karu daga shekarun 1970 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980; adadin shiga ya karu a kowane matakin aji a tsawon shekarun [[Ilimi na tilas|karatun tilas]] . Wannan lamari ya kasance abin damuwa ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi, wacce ta bayar da umarni ga makarantun yau da kullun da take fatan za su rage bukatar darussan bayan makaranta, amma wadannan umarnin ba su da wani tasiri mai amfani. Wasu juku suna da rassan a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da wasu kasashe don taimakawa yara da ke zaune a kasashen waje su cim ma dalibai a Japan.

Duk da cewa an shigar da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai cikin juku a matsayin hanyoyin koyarwa da isar da sako, koyarwar gargajiya tana ƙara canzawa zuwa koyarwa ta mutum ɗaya. Wannan sauyi wani ɓangare ne na martanin da masana'antar ƙarin ilimi ke bayarwa ga raguwar adadin yara a Japan da kuma barazanar da wannan koma-baya ke yi wa masana'antarsu.

== Tsarin da manhaja ==
Akwai nau'ikan juku guda biyu, na ilimi da na rashin ilimi.

=== Juku na ilimi ===
Ana iya raba juku na ilimi zuwa rukuni-rukuni.

* Makarantun koyon tukin yara na tsakiya ko ƙanana waɗanda ke cikin gida &lt;ref name=&quot;eij&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=education-in-japan.info |url=http://www.education-in-japan.info/sub109.html |access-date=9 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantun ceto waɗanda suka bar makaranta ko kuma yaran da suka guji zuwa makaranta akai-akai (makarantu kyauta, da sauransu) &lt;ref name=&quot;eij&quot; /&gt;
* Makarantun koyon sana'o'in hannu na 'yan kasuwa &lt;ref name=&quot;eij&quot; /&gt;
* Sauran nau'ikan makarantun koyon gyaran gashi iri-iri &lt;ref name=&quot;eij&quot; /&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, kusan yara ɗaya cikin biyar a shekararsu ta farko ta [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] suna halartar koyarwa bayan aji, wanda ya kai kusan dukkan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da ke zuwa jami'a.  Kuɗin makarantar yana kusan ¥260,000 ($3,300) a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;

Juku na ilimi yana ba da koyarwa a fannoni biyar da ake buƙata: [[lissafi]], [[Harshen Japan|yaren Japan]], kimiyya, [[Turanci]], da [[Ilimin zamantakewa|nazarin zamantakewa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=中央教育審議会初等中等教育分科会教育課程部会教育課程企画特別部会（第２回） |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/016/siryo/04092801/003/002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513162928/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/016/siryo/04092801/003/002.htm |archive-date=13 May 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fi sanin su kuma an fi tallata su saboda rawar da suke takawa a matsayin &quot;makarantun cram&quot;, inda yara (da iyaye masu damuwa suka aiko su) za su iya karatu don inganta maki a jarrabawar shiga makarantar sakandare. Duk da haka, kamar yadda aka gani a sama, akwai kuma juku waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin ilimi, ko darussa na gyara don taimaka wa yara da ke faɗuwa a karatunsu, darussa na sake fasalin bayanai don ƙarin bayani, ko darussa waɗanda ke rufe kayan aiki a matakin mafi girma don haka suna jan hankalin yara da tsarin aji na yau da kullun ya gaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juku mara ilimi ===
Wasu yara da yawa, musamman ƙananan yara, suna halartar juku na makaranta don darussan piano, tattaunawa ta Turanci, koyar da [[Art|fasaha]], rubutun Japan (shodō), yin iyo, da kuma darussan abacus ( soroban ).

== Tasirin zamantakewa ==
Juku kuma yana taka rawa a zamantakewa, kuma yara a Japan suna cewa suna son zuwa juku saboda suna iya yin sabbin abokai. Yara da yawa suna neman a tura su saboda abokansu suna halarta. Wasu yara suna son juku saboda kusancin da suke da shi da malamansu, kuma, musamman ga ɗalibai a wurare masu cunkoso kamar Tokyo,  jin daɗin jukus zai iya bayarwa daga ƙananan gidaje, iyali, talabijin, intanet, da sauran abubuwan da ke jan hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;

== Ce-ce-ku-ce ==

=== Suka ===
Saboda yanayin kasuwanci na yawancin juku, wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa suna da riba maimakon ilimi a zuciyarsu. Hannun jari a cikin sarƙoƙin juku guda biyar ana cinikin su a bainar jama'a, kuma wasu 25 sun kasance a shirye don fitar da hannun jari tun daga shekarar 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba duk ɗalibai ne za su iya biyan kuɗin shiga juku ba, amma sakamakon jarabawar makaranta da jami'a ya ƙaru daidai gwargwado idan aka kwatanta da kuɗin da ake kashewa kan juku.  Matsakaicin kuɗin makaranta shine $160 a wata ga makarantun firamare da $175 a wata ga makarantun sakandare na firamare, amma mafi kyawun sun ninka wannan adadin sau da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Japan ta kashe dala biliyan 10.9 kan koyarwa da makarantun koyon tukin mota a shekarar 1991 kaɗai, &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt; gami da dala biliyan 9 kan juku ga ɗaliban aji tara ko ƙasa da haka &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt; &quot;kusan ninki biyu na adadin da aka kashe [a shekarar 1985].&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt; Ganin cewa ɗalibai matalauta suna cikin haɗarin faɗuwa a baya, rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin abin da ya kasance hanyar [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] ga ilimi, aƙalla a makarantun gwamnati har zuwa aji tara, shine dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar malamai masu ƙarfi ta Japan ba ta goyon bayan cibiyar juku ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;

Dangane da waɗannan zarge-zargen,&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Malamai da masu gudanarwa na juku sun ce tunda makarantunsu kamfanoni ne masu samun riba, dole ne su tabbatar da sakamako don samun nasara. Sakamakon yana da sauƙin aunawa tunda ya dogara ne akan adadin waɗanda suka kammala karatun da suka ci jarrabawar makarantun masu zaman kansu. Manufar riba, a wata ma'anar, tana ba da kwarin gwiwa don ƙirƙirar yanayi inda ɗalibai ke son koyo.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;An yaba da fitowar juku a matsayin sirrin nasarar Japan, wani kyakkyawan tunani na tsarin ci gaba bisa cancanta. Haka kuma ana sukarsa a matsayin tilasta wa sabuwar tsara ta mika wuyanta saboda sha'awar matsayi da kuma samun ci gaba . 'Juku suna da illa ga ilimin Japan da yara,' in ji Ikuo Amano, farfesa a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tokyo. 'Ba shi da lafiya ga yara su sami ɗan lokacin hutu haka. Ba shi da lafiya a kamu da gasa da matsayi gaba ɗaya a irin wannan ƙaramar shekaru.'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ga wasu, &quot;ana kuma ganin makarantu a matsayin waɗanda ke ƙarfafa al'adar koyon karatu ta hanyar tunani maimakon fasaha.&quot; 

Ta hanyoyi da yawa, juku yana rama gazawar tsarin ilimi na yau da kullun ko rashin son magance matsalolin da suka shafi wasu takamaiman fannoni. &quot;A cikin wani bincike na gwamnati na 2008, kashi biyu bisa uku na iyaye sun danganta karuwar rawar da juku ke takawa ga gazawa a ilimin jama'a,&quot;  kamar soke karatun Asabar (wanda ke rage adadin sa'o'in da ake da su don rufe kayan kwas) da rage abubuwan da ke cikin manhajar karatu (duba ilimin Yutori ).

Juku yana ba da sabis na musamman  &quot;kuma da yawa suna ƙarfafa mutum ya yi bincike idan tsarin gwamnati ya yi wa kowa daidai. 'Juku suna samun nasara ta hanyoyin da ba makarantu ba,' in ji wani rahoto na OECD.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878219</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
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      <text bytes="8642" sha1="sde1hd6wl1hs8z8h34nlx42hvb1j2ku" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Gakushū juku''''' ( Japanese ; duba makarantar cram ) makarantu ne masu zaman kansu, masu biyan kuɗi waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin azuzuwan sau da yawa don shirye-shiryen jarrabawar shiga manyan makarantu da jami'o'i. Kalmar galibi ana amfani da ita don kwatanta irin waɗannan makarantu a [[Japan]] . Juku yawanci suna aiki bayan lokutan makaranta na yau da kullun, a ƙarshen mako, da kuma lokacin hutun makaranta.

== Tarihi ==
Yawan halartar Juku ya karu daga shekarun 1970 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980; adadin shiga ya karu a kowane matakin aji a tsawon shekarun [[Ilimi na tilas|karatun tilas]] . Wannan lamari ya kasance abin damuwa ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi, wacce ta bayar da umarni ga makarantun yau da kullun da take fatan za su rage bukatar darussan bayan makaranta, amma wadannan umarnin ba su da wani tasiri mai amfani. Wasu juku suna da rassan a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da wasu kasashe don taimakawa yara da ke zaune a kasashen waje su cim ma dalibai a Japan.

Duk da cewa an shigar da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai cikin juku a matsayin hanyoyin koyarwa da isar da sako, koyarwar gargajiya tana ƙara canzawa zuwa koyarwa ta mutum ɗaya. Wannan sauyi wani ɓangare ne na martanin da masana'antar ƙarin ilimi ke bayarwa ga raguwar adadin yara a Japan da kuma barazanar da wannan koma-baya ke yi wa masana'antarsu.

== Tsarin da manhaja ==
Akwai nau'ikan juku guda biyu, na ilimi da na rashin ilimi.

=== Juku na ilimi ===
Ana iya raba juku na ilimi zuwa rukuni-rukuni.

* Makarantun koyon tukin yara na tsakiya ko ƙanana waɗanda ke cikin gida &lt;ref name=&quot;eij&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=education-in-japan.info |url=http://www.education-in-japan.info/sub109.html |access-date=9 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantun ceto waɗanda suka bar makaranta ko kuma yaran da suka guji zuwa makaranta akai-akai (makarantu kyauta, da sauransu) &lt;ref name=&quot;eij&quot; /&gt;
* Makarantun koyon sana'o'in hannu na 'yan kasuwa &lt;ref name=&quot;eij&quot; /&gt;
* Sauran nau'ikan makarantun koyon gyaran gashi iri-iri &lt;ref name=&quot;eij&quot; /&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, kusan yara ɗaya cikin biyar a shekararsu ta farko ta [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] suna halartar koyarwa bayan aji, wanda ya kai kusan dukkan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da ke zuwa jami'a.  Kuɗin makarantar yana kusan ¥260,000 ($3,300) a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;

Juku na ilimi yana ba da koyarwa a fannoni biyar da ake buƙata: [[lissafi]], [[Harshen Japan|yaren Japan]], kimiyya, [[Turanci]], da [[Ilimin zamantakewa|nazarin zamantakewa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=中央教育審議会初等中等教育分科会教育課程部会教育課程企画特別部会（第２回） |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/016/siryo/04092801/003/002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513162928/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/016/siryo/04092801/003/002.htm |archive-date=13 May 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fi sanin su kuma an fi tallata su saboda rawar da suke takawa a matsayin &quot;makarantun cram&quot;, inda yara (da iyaye masu damuwa suka aiko su) za su iya karatu don inganta maki a jarrabawar shiga makarantar sakandare. Duk da haka, kamar yadda aka gani a sama, akwai kuma juku waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin ilimi, ko darussa na gyara don taimaka wa yara da ke faɗuwa a karatunsu, darussa na sake fasalin bayanai don ƙarin bayani, ko darussa waɗanda ke rufe kayan aiki a matakin mafi girma don haka suna jan hankalin yara da tsarin aji na yau da kullun ya gaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juku mara ilimi ===
Wasu yara da yawa, musamman ƙananan yara, suna halartar juku na makaranta don darussan piano, tattaunawa ta Turanci, koyar da [[Art|fasaha]], rubutun Japan (shodō), yin iyo, da kuma darussan abacus ( soroban ).

== Tasirin zamantakewa ==
Juku kuma yana taka rawa a zamantakewa, kuma yara a Japan suna cewa suna son zuwa juku saboda suna iya yin sabbin abokai. Yara da yawa suna neman a tura su saboda abokansu suna halarta. Wasu yara suna son juku saboda kusancin da suke da shi da malamansu, kuma, musamman ga ɗalibai a wurare masu cunkoso kamar Tokyo,  jin daɗin jukus zai iya bayarwa daga ƙananan gidaje, iyali, talabijin, intanet, da sauran abubuwan da ke jan hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;

== Ce-ce-ku-ce ==

=== Suka ===
Saboda yanayin kasuwanci na yawancin juku, wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa suna da riba maimakon ilimi a zuciyarsu. Hannun jari a cikin sarƙoƙin juku guda biyar ana cinikin su a bainar jama'a, kuma wasu 25 sun kasance a shirye don fitar da hannun jari tun daga shekarar 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba duk ɗalibai ne za su iya biyan kuɗin shiga juku ba, amma sakamakon jarabawar makaranta da jami'a ya ƙaru daidai gwargwado idan aka kwatanta da kuɗin da ake kashewa kan juku.  Matsakaicin kuɗin makaranta shine $160 a wata ga makarantun firamare da $175 a wata ga makarantun sakandare na firamare, amma mafi kyawun sun ninka wannan adadin sau da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Japan ta kashe dala biliyan 10.9 kan koyarwa da makarantun koyon tukin mota a shekarar 1991 kaɗai, &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt; gami da dala biliyan 9 kan juku ga ɗaliban aji tara ko ƙasa da haka &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt; &quot;kusan ninki biyu na adadin da aka kashe [a shekarar 1985].&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt; Ganin cewa ɗalibai matalauta suna cikin haɗarin faɗuwa a baya, rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin abin da ya kasance hanyar [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] ga ilimi, aƙalla a makarantun gwamnati har zuwa aji tara, shine dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar malamai masu ƙarfi ta Japan ba ta goyon bayan cibiyar juku ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;

Dangane da waɗannan zarge-zargen,&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Malamai da masu gudanarwa na juku sun ce tunda makarantunsu kamfanoni ne masu samun riba, dole ne su tabbatar da sakamako don samun nasara. Sakamakon yana da sauƙin aunawa tunda ya dogara ne akan adadin waɗanda suka kammala karatun da suka ci jarrabawar makarantun masu zaman kansu. Manufar riba, a wata ma'anar, tana ba da kwarin gwiwa don ƙirƙirar yanayi inda ɗalibai ke son koyo.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;An yaba da fitowar juku a matsayin sirrin nasarar Japan, wani kyakkyawan tunani na tsarin ci gaba bisa cancanta. Haka kuma ana sukarsa a matsayin tilasta wa sabuwar tsara ta mika wuyanta saboda sha'awar matsayi da kuma samun ci gaba . 'Juku suna da illa ga ilimin Japan da yara,' in ji Ikuo Amano, farfesa a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tokyo. 'Ba shi da lafiya ga yara su sami ɗan lokacin hutu haka. Ba shi da lafiya a kamu da gasa da matsayi gaba ɗaya a irin wannan ƙaramar shekaru.'&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 1992 |title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ga wasu, &quot;ana kuma ganin makarantu a matsayin waɗanda ke ƙarfafa al'adar koyon karatu ta hanyar tunani maimakon fasaha.&quot; 

Ta hanyoyi da yawa, juku yana rama gazawar tsarin ilimi na yau da kullun ko rashin son magance matsalolin da suka shafi wasu takamaiman fannoni. &quot;A cikin wani bincike na gwamnati na 2008, kashi biyu bisa uku na iyaye sun danganta karuwar rawar da juku ke takawa ga gazawa a ilimin jama'a,&quot;  kamar soke karatun Asabar (wanda ke rage adadin sa'o'in da ake da su don rufe kayan kwas) da rage abubuwan da ke cikin manhajar karatu (duba ilimin Yutori ).

Juku yana ba da sabis na musamman  &quot;kuma da yawa suna ƙarfafa mutum ya yi bincike idan tsarin gwamnati ya yi wa kowa daidai. 'Juku suna samun nasara ta hanyoyin da ba makarantu ba,' in ji wani rahoto na OECD.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>sde1hd6wl1hs8z8h34nlx42hvb1j2ku</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Fela Durotoye</title>
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      <id>878222</id>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | image = | name               = Fela Durotoye | birth_date         = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|05|12}} | birth_place        = [[Ibadan, Nigeria]] | birth_name         = Adetokunbo Olufela Durotoye | resting_place_coordinates =  | education          = [[Moremi High School]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Obafemi Awolowo University]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Harvard University]] | occupation         = [[business consultant]], leadership expert, motivational speaker. | spouse             = Tara...</comment>
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      <text bytes="8865" sha1="2236uibisloiduwhf3jj02h3903pboa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| image =
| name               = Fela Durotoye
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|05|12}}
| birth_place        = [[Ibadan, Nigeria]]
| birth_name         = Adetokunbo Olufela Durotoye
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| education          = [[Moremi High School]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Obafemi Awolowo University]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Harvard University]]
| occupation         = [[business consultant]], leadership expert, motivational speaker.
| spouse             = [[Tara Fela-Durotoye]]
| children           = 3
| parents            = 
| relatives          = 
| website            = {{URL|http://www.feladurotoye.net/}}
}}
'''Adetokunbo Olufela Durotoye''' (an haife shi a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1971), wanda aka fi sani da '''Fela Durotoye''', mashawarcin harkokin kasuwanci ne, ƙwararren jagoranci, ɗan siyasa, kuma mai gabatar da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa daga Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Alliance for New Nigeria (ANN) a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/fela-durotoye-is-now-anns-presidential-candidate-id8918274.html&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, an naɗa Durotoye a matsayin Babban Mataimaki na Musamman ga Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu kan harkokin ɗabi'u na ƙasa da adalci na zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/tinubu-appoints-fela-durotoye-others-to-serve-in-presidential-media-team/e8hpev7&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==

An haifi Fela Durotoye ga Layiwola da Adeline Durotoye, waɗanda dukkansu farfesoshi ne a Jami'ar Ibadan.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/10/21/fela-durotoye-i-am-willing-to-serve-nigeria-if-power-brokers-are-transparent-and-honest/&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan iyayensa sun koma Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife, Fela ya halarci Makarantar 'Ya'yan Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo tsakanin shekarun 1974 zuwa 1981, sannan ya yi karatu a Moremi High School daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1986.

Daga baya ya samu digirin farko na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta tare da Tattalin Arziki, sannan ya samu digirin Babbar Jagora a Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife. Haka kuma, tsohon ɗalibi ne na shirin Executive Education na John F. Kennedy School of Government na Jami'ar Harvard.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143156/http://www.thefutureafrica.com/menu/fela-durotoye/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.inigerian.com/fela-durotoye-proudly-nigerian/&lt;/ref&gt;

Durotoye ya halarci shirin High Impact Leadership for a Better Society a Jami'ar Yale. Har ila yau, ƙwararren mai horas da shugabanci ne da ke da takardar shaidar ƙungiyar John Maxwell Team.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2015, ya kammala shirin horaswa kan dabaru, kirkire-kirkire da shugabanci a Lagos Business School.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka ya halarci shirin horaswa na Supernumerary Police a Kwalejin Horar da 'Yan Sanda ta Najeriya, inda ya kammala da sakamako mai daraja.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20200810193627/https://feladurotoye.net/about/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==

A shekarar 1992, Fela Durotoye ya yi aiki a matsayin mai nazarin harkokin kuɗi a kamfanin Ventures &amp; Trusts Limited.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/profile-fela-durotoye/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1998 kuma, ya zama shugaban sashen kula da abokan ciniki na Phillips Consulting Limited.

A shekarar 2000, ya kafa kamfanin V.I.P Consulting Limited, wanda ya yi suna wajen gudanar da harkokin abokan ciniki da bunƙasa albarkatun ɗan adam a Najeriya. Daga baya an sake fasalin kamfanin ya koma wata cibiyar zamantakewa mai suna Visible Impact Limited.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.citypeopleonline.com/motivational-speaker-fela-durotoye-storms-city-people-talks-create-new-nigeria/&lt;/ref&gt;

Durotoye yana gudanar da tarurruka da horaswa kan shugabanci da gudanarwa a Najeriya da kuma ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180308050458/https://newtelegraphonline.com/2017/07/egbemode-fela-durotoye-speak-rccg-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/ohiwerei-durotoye-for-students-fortress-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/obasanjo-gov-ahmed-dabiri-erewa-others-attend-investment-forum-u-s/&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ya gabatar da jawabi ga fiye da 'yan kasuwa 200 a taron farko na Nigerian American Business Forum da aka gudanar a Tampa, Florida, inda ya yi jawabi tare da manyan mutane da suka haɗa da Sanata Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi, Sanata Ben Murray-Bruce, shugaban Kasuwar Hannayen Jari ta Najeriya Abimbola Ogunbanjo, Biodun Shobanjo, Peter Obi da Ade Olufeko.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.medianigeria.com/profile-of-fela-durotoye/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/2019-presidency-fela-durotoye-overreaching/amp/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirin Gyaran Mushin ==

A watan Disambar shekarar 2009, Fela Durotoye ya jagoranci aikin sabunta muhalli mai suna ''Mushin Makeover''. Aikin ya samu goyon bayan fitattun mutane da dama daga masana'antar nishaɗi da sauran fannoni.

Ya tara sama da masu sa kai 2,000 waɗanda suka yi wa gidaje 296 fenti a tituna bakwai na unguwar Mushin da ke Legas ba tare da cajin masu gidajen komai ba. A yayin gudanar da aikin, kamfanin Berger Paints PLC ya horar da matasa marasa aikin yi sama da 100 a fannin zanen gine-gine da dabarunsa. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan matasa sun samu hanyar samun abin dogaro da kai bayan kammala horon.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pulse.ng/news/local/fela-durotoye-shares-5-important-facts-about-himself-id8030918.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bellanaija.com/2009/12/mushin-makeover-today/?amp&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2018/02/22/young-strong-fela-durotoye-declares-presidential-ambition/amp/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin Siyasa ==

A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Durotoye ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya a zaɓen shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Alliance for New Nigeria (ANN).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/2019-presidency-fela-durotoye-overreaching/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://saharareporters.com/2018/08/30/fela-durotoye-emerges-pact-consensus-presidential-candidate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/fela-durotoye-says-running-for-president-is-not-easy/pzqngtb&lt;/ref&gt;

Haɗakar 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa guda 11 ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Presidential Aspirants Coming Together (PACT) ta zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar bai ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/2019-election-durotoye-picks-khadijah-abdullahi-iya-as-running-mate/&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2018, ya zama ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar ANN a zaɓen shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20190124212611/https://oak.tv/newstrack/fela-durotoye-commends-oby-ezekwesili/&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya bayyana cewa neman muƙamin shugaban ƙasa ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, amma ya ce hanya mafi kyau ta yi wa ƙasarsa hidima ita ce ta hanyar jagorantar ƙasar daga mafi girman muƙami.&lt;ref&gt;http://allovernaija.com/2019-ypp-ann-form-coalition-to-present-consensus-presidential-candidate/&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zaɓi Khadijah Abdullahi-Iya a matsayin abokiyar takararsa ta mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa. An san ta a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar kasuwa mai gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/breaking-president-tinubu-appoints-fela-durotoye-others-as-presidential-media-aides/&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2019, Durotoye ya yabawa Oby Ezekwesili saboda ƙoƙarinta na gina haɗin gwiwa domin fitar da ɗan takarar bai ɗaya a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thecable.ng/fela-durotoye-i-served-as-tinubus-aide-for-6-months-without-pay/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma bayyana cewa a shirye yake ya mara wa duk ɗan takarar bai ɗaya da aka zaɓa ta hanyar gaskiya baya idan shi bai samu wannan matsayi ba. Kafin hakan, an yi yunƙurin kafa wata haɗakar siyasa tsakanin Young Progressive Party da Alliance for New Nigeria da za a kira ''The Force''.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thecable.ng/nigeria-needs-heroes-now/&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2023, an naɗa shi Babban Mataimaki na Musamman ga Shugaban Ƙasa kan ɗabi'u na ƙasa da adalci na zamantakewa. Ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki ba tare da karɓar albashi daga gwamnatin Bola Tinubu ba daga Oktoba 2023 zuwa Maris 2024.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/tara-fela-durotoye-celebrate-17th-wedding-anniversary/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Kai ==

Fela Durotoye ya auri Tara Fela-Durotoye, fitacciyar mai kwalliya, lauya kuma shugabar kamfanin House of Tara a Najeriya. Suna da 'ya'ya maza uku, wato Mobolurin, Demilade da Morolaoluwa. Fela Durotoye mabiyin addinin Kirista ne.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/tara-fela-durotoye-celebrate-17th-wedding-anniversary/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Farin cikin haƙuri</title>
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    <id>160987</id>
    <redirect title="Gamsuwa ga mara lafiya" />
    <revision>
      <id>878228</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T07:34:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nnamadee moved page [[Farin cikin haƙuri]] to [[Gamsuwa ga mara lafiya]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="36" sha1="ay08lmnqpcavbqkp0fvsltwnbi8jpk7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Gamsuwa ga mara lafiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar mai haƙuri</title>
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    <id>160988</id>
    <redirect title="Tashar marasa lafiya" />
    <revision>
      <id>878230</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T07:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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      <comment>Nnamadee moved page [[Tashar mai haƙuri]] to [[Tashar marasa lafiya]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>GIS da lafiyar jama'a</title>
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    <id>160989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878232</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T07:42:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314510002|GIS and public health]]&quot;</comment>
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Tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GISs) da kimiyyar bayanai ta ƙasa, GIScience sun haɗa damar taswirar kwamfuta tare da ƙarin sarrafa bayanai da kayan aikin nazarin bayanai. Tsarin GIS na kasuwanci yana da iko sosai kuma ya taɓa aikace-aikace da masana'antu da yawa, gami da [[kimiyyar muhalli]], Tsarin birane, aikace-aikacen noma, da sauransu.

[[Lafiyar jama'a]] wani yanki ne wanda ya yi amfani da dabarun GIS. Ma'anar lafiyar jama'a tana da wuyar ƙuntatawa, saboda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suna amfani da ita a hanyoyi daban-daban. Gabaɗaya, lafiyar jama'a ta bambanta da lafiyar mutum saboda (1) tana mai da hankali kan lafiyar jama'ar maimakon na mutane, (2) tana mai daɗi kan rigakafi fiye da magani, kuma (3) tana aiki a cikin mafi yawan gwamnati (maimakon masu zaman kansu).  Wadannan kokarin sun fada cikin yanayin matsalolin da ke buƙatar amfani da nazarin sararin samaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na mafita, kuma GIS da sauran kayan aikin nazarin sararin sararin samaniya an gane su kamar samar da damar canzawa don kokarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.

Wannan labarin ya gabatar da wasu tarihin amfani da bayanan ƙasa da tsarin bayanai na ƙasa a wuraren aikace-aikacen kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ya ba da wasu misalai da ke nuna amfani da dabarun GIS wajen warware takamaiman matsalolin kiwon lafiya, kuma a ƙarshe ya magance batutuwan da suka taso daga karuwar amfani da waɗannan dabarun GIs a fagen kiwon lafiya.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|thumb|215x215px|Taswirar Dr. Snow da ke nuna kamuwa da kwalara a London a lokacin annobar 1854]]
Kokarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya dogara ne akan bincike da amfani da bayanan sararin samaniya na shekaru da yawa. Dokta John Snow (likitan likita), sau da yawa ana kiransa uban ilmin annoba, shine mafi shahara daga cikin waɗannan misalai. Dokta Snow ya yi amfani da taswirar da aka zana da hannu don nazarin wuraren da suka shafi mutuwar [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]] a London a tsakiyar shekarun 1850. Taswirarsa, wanda ya haɗu da wuraren mutuwar kwalara tare da na samar da ruwa na jama'a, ya nuna famfo na Broad Street a matsayin tushen yiwuwar barkewar kwalara. Cire maɓallin famfo ya haifar da raguwar saurin kamuwa da kwalara, yana taimaka wa al'ummar kiwon lafiya su kammala cewa kwalara cuta ce ta ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ayyukan Dr. Snow suna ba da alamar yadda GIS zai iya amfana da binciken kiwon lafiyar jama'a da sauran bincike. Ya ci gaba da nazarin bayanansa, a ƙarshe ya nuna cewa yawan adadin kwalara yana da alaƙa da tsawo na gida da kuma nau'in ƙasa da alkalinity. Yankunan da ke ƙasa, musamman waɗanda ke da ƙasa mara kyau, an gano suna da ƙimar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda Dokta Snow ya danganta ga tafkunan ruwa da ke tattare da su a can, kuma yana nuna shaidar cewa kwalara a zahiri cuta ce da ke yaduwa (maimakon wanda 'miasma' ke ɗauka a lokacin. 

Wannan misali ne na farko na abin da aka sani da taswirar yaduwar cututtuka, wani yanki na binciken da ya danganci ra'ayin cewa cututtukan suna farawa daga wani tushe ko tsakiya sannan su bazu a ko'ina cikin yankin bisa ga alamu da yanayi a can. Wannan wani yanki ne na bincike inda aka nuna damar GIS ta taimaka wa masu aiki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== GIS don lafiyar jama'a ==
[[Fayil:UpdatedHeartDiseaseMap.jpg|thumb|532x532px|Taswirar cututtukan zamani da ke nuna mutuwar daga cututtukatattun zuciya tsakanin fararen maza a Amurka daga 2000-2004]]
Matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na yau sun fi girma fiye da wadanda Dr. Snow ya fuskanta, kuma masu bincike a yau sun dogara da GIS na zamani da sauran aikace-aikacen taswirar kwamfuta don taimakawa a cikin bincikensu. Misali, duba taswirar da ke dama wanda ke nuna yawan mutuwar daga cututtukan zuciya tsakanin fararen maza sama da shekaru 35 a Amurka tsakanin 2000 da 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Age-adjusted death rates by HSA, 1988-92 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/gis/atmappne.pdf |access-date=March 29, 2009 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya na jama'a (PHI) ƙwarewa ce mai tasowa wacce ke mai da hankali kan aikace-aikacen kimiyyar bayanai da fasaha ga aikin kiwon lafiya da bincike na jama'ar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙari, GIS - ko kuma gabaɗaya Tsarin tallafin yanke shawara na sararin samaniya (SDSS) - yana ba da ingantaccen dabarun gani na ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da saurin, mafi kyau, da kuma ingantaccen fahimta da damar yanke shawara a fagen kiwon lafiyar jama'a.

Misali, an yi amfani da nuni na GIS don nuna haɗin kai tare da bayanan kiwon lafiya na kan layi yayin annobar cututtukan cututtukani, [1] da kuma haɗin kai tsakanin tarin cututtukansun Hepatitis C da na sanannun masu amfani da magunguna a Connecticut. [2] Dalili yana da wuyar tabbatarwa gaba ɗaya - haɗuwa ba ta kafa dalilin ba - amma tabbatar da dangantakar da aka kafa a baya (kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da Hepatitis C) na iya ƙarfafa karɓar waɗannan dangantakar, da kuma taimakawa wajen nuna amfani da amintaccen dabarun warwarewar GIS. Sabanin haka, nuna daidaituwa na abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da sakamako na ƙarshe na iya taimakawa wajen ba da shawarar yiwuwar dangantaka, don haka yana haifar da ƙarin bincike da bincike [ana buƙatar ambaton] [ana buƙatar hujja]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka akwatyn bayanai</comment>
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Tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GISs) da kimiyyar bayanai ta ƙasa, GIScience sun haɗa damar taswirar kwamfuta tare da ƙarin sarrafa bayanai da kayan aikin nazarin bayanai. Tsarin GIS na kasuwanci yana da iko sosai kuma ya taɓa aikace-aikace da masana'antu da yawa, gami da [[kimiyyar muhalli]], Tsarin birane, aikace-aikacen noma, da sauransu.

[[Lafiyar jama'a]] wani yanki ne wanda ya yi amfani da dabarun GIS. Ma'anar lafiyar jama'a tana da wuyar ƙuntatawa, saboda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suna amfani da ita a hanyoyi daban-daban. Gabaɗaya, lafiyar jama'a ta bambanta da lafiyar mutum saboda (1) tana mai da hankali kan lafiyar jama'ar maimakon na mutane, (2) tana mai daɗi kan rigakafi fiye da magani, kuma (3) tana aiki a cikin mafi yawan gwamnati (maimakon masu zaman kansu).  Wadannan kokarin sun fada cikin yanayin matsalolin da ke buƙatar amfani da nazarin sararin samaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na mafita, kuma GIS da sauran kayan aikin nazarin sararin sararin samaniya an gane su kamar samar da damar canzawa don kokarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.

Wannan labarin ya gabatar da wasu tarihin amfani da bayanan ƙasa da tsarin bayanai na ƙasa a wuraren aikace-aikacen kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ya ba da wasu misalai da ke nuna amfani da dabarun GIS wajen warware takamaiman matsalolin kiwon lafiya, kuma a ƙarshe ya magance batutuwan da suka taso daga karuwar amfani da waɗannan dabarun GIs a fagen kiwon lafiya.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|thumb|215x215px|Taswirar Dr. Snow da ke nuna kamuwa da kwalara a London a lokacin annobar 1854]]
Kokarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya dogara ne akan bincike da amfani da bayanan sararin samaniya na shekaru da yawa. Dokta John Snow (likitan likita), sau da yawa ana kiransa uban ilmin annoba, shine mafi shahara daga cikin waɗannan misalai. Dokta Snow ya yi amfani da taswirar da aka zana da hannu don nazarin wuraren da suka shafi mutuwar [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]] a London a tsakiyar shekarun 1850. Taswirarsa, wanda ya haɗu da wuraren mutuwar kwalara tare da na samar da ruwa na jama'a, ya nuna famfo na Broad Street a matsayin tushen yiwuwar barkewar kwalara. Cire maɓallin famfo ya haifar da raguwar saurin kamuwa da kwalara, yana taimaka wa al'ummar kiwon lafiya su kammala cewa kwalara cuta ce ta ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ayyukan Dr. Snow suna ba da alamar yadda GIS zai iya amfana da binciken kiwon lafiyar jama'a da sauran bincike. Ya ci gaba da nazarin bayanansa, a ƙarshe ya nuna cewa yawan adadin kwalara yana da alaƙa da tsawo na gida da kuma nau'in ƙasa da alkalinity. Yankunan da ke ƙasa, musamman waɗanda ke da ƙasa mara kyau, an gano suna da ƙimar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda Dokta Snow ya danganta ga tafkunan ruwa da ke tattare da su a can, kuma yana nuna shaidar cewa kwalara a zahiri cuta ce da ke yaduwa (maimakon wanda 'miasma' ke ɗauka a lokacin. 

Wannan misali ne na farko na abin da aka sani da taswirar yaduwar cututtuka, wani yanki na binciken da ya danganci ra'ayin cewa cututtukan suna farawa daga wani tushe ko tsakiya sannan su bazu a ko'ina cikin yankin bisa ga alamu da yanayi a can. Wannan wani yanki ne na bincike inda aka nuna damar GIS ta taimaka wa masu aiki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== GIS don lafiyar jama'a ==
[[Fayil:UpdatedHeartDiseaseMap.jpg|thumb|532x532px|Taswirar cututtukan zamani da ke nuna mutuwar daga cututtukatattun zuciya tsakanin fararen maza a Amurka daga 2000-2004]]
Matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na yau sun fi girma fiye da wadanda Dr. Snow ya fuskanta, kuma masu bincike a yau sun dogara da GIS na zamani da sauran aikace-aikacen taswirar kwamfuta don taimakawa a cikin bincikensu. Misali, duba taswirar da ke dama wanda ke nuna yawan mutuwar daga cututtukan zuciya tsakanin fararen maza sama da shekaru 35 a Amurka tsakanin 2000 da 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Age-adjusted death rates by HSA, 1988-92 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/gis/atmappne.pdf |access-date=March 29, 2009 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya na jama'a (PHI) ƙwarewa ce mai tasowa wacce ke mai da hankali kan aikace-aikacen kimiyyar bayanai da fasaha ga aikin kiwon lafiya da bincike na jama'ar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙari, GIS - ko kuma gabaɗaya Tsarin tallafin yanke shawara na sararin samaniya (SDSS) - yana ba da ingantaccen dabarun gani na ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da saurin, mafi kyau, da kuma ingantaccen fahimta da damar yanke shawara a fagen kiwon lafiyar jama'a.

Misali, an yi amfani da nuni na GIS don nuna haɗin kai tare da bayanan kiwon lafiya na kan layi yayin annobar cututtukan cututtukani, [1] da kuma haɗin kai tsakanin tarin cututtukansun Hepatitis C da na sanannun masu amfani da magunguna a Connecticut. [2] Dalili yana da wuyar tabbatarwa gaba ɗaya - haɗuwa ba ta kafa dalilin ba - amma tabbatar da dangantakar da aka kafa a baya (kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da Hepatitis C) na iya ƙarfafa karɓar waɗannan dangantakar, da kuma taimakawa wajen nuna amfani da amintaccen dabarun warwarewar GIS. Sabanin haka, nuna daidaituwa na abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da sakamako na ƙarshe na iya taimakawa wajen ba da shawarar yiwuwar dangantaka, don haka yana haifar da ƙarin bincike da bincike [ana buƙatar ambaton] [ana buƙatar hujja]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shirin Buruli Ulcer na Duniya</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310384009|Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative]]&quot;</comment>
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The Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative (GBUI) wani shiri ne na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) don daidaita kokarin duniya don sarrafa Buruli ulcer,  wata cuta mai yaduwa da ke nuna ci gaban raunuka marasa zafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/buruli-ulcer-(mycobacterium-ulcerans-infection) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017231719/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/buruli-ulcer-(mycobacterium-ulcerans-infection) |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=31 October 2019 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara shi ne a shekarar 1998  bayan ziyarar 1997 zuwa Côte d'Ivoire ta Hiroshi Nakajima, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban darektan WHO,  yana gane rashin bincike da nauyin Cutar da ke yaduwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amofah G, Bonsu F, Tetteh C |date=February 2002 |title=Buruli Ulcer in Ghana: Results of a National Case Search |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/2/01-0119_article |url-status=live |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=167–170 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010119 |pmc=2732443 |pmid=11897068 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105082017/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/2/01-0119_article |archive-date=2020-11-05 |access-date=2020-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBUIhome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative (GBUI) |url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/global-buruli-ulcer-initiative-(gbui) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019071300/https://www.who.int/initiatives/global-buruli-ulcer-initiative-(gbui) |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=31 October 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buruli ulcer |url=http://www.globalhealthprimer.emory.edu/diseases/buruli-ulcer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104130930/http://www.globalhealthprimer.emory.edu/diseases/buruli-ulcer.html |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=31 October 2020 |publisher=Emory University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko an kafa shi da kudade daga Gidauniyar Nippon, tun daga shekarar 2020 GBUI ta ƙunshi kungiyoyi sama da 40 masu zaman kansu, cibiyoyin bincike, da sauran tushe.[1] Wani kudurin WHO na 2004 &quot;wanda aka kira don kara sa ido da sarrafawa, da kuma inganta bincike don haɓaka kayan aiki don ganowa, magancewa da hana&quot; Buruli ulcer.[1] A shekara ta 2009, an karɓi dabarun don inganta ganowa da wuri da kuma samar da damar samun maganin rigakafi.[2] Ana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a Geneva don kawo cibiyoyin bincike, hukumomin da ba na gwamnati ba, da wakilan ƙasashe masu cutar Buruli tare.[3]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>Saka akwatyn bayanai</comment>
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      <text bytes="2837" sha1="57rz6w61eng90h2dyybke3upwkm2u5h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

The Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative (GBUI) wani shiri ne na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) don daidaita kokarin duniya don sarrafa Buruli ulcer,  wata cuta mai yaduwa da ke nuna ci gaban raunuka marasa zafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/buruli-ulcer-(mycobacterium-ulcerans-infection) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017231719/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/buruli-ulcer-(mycobacterium-ulcerans-infection) |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=31 October 2019 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara shi ne a shekarar 1998  bayan ziyarar 1997 zuwa Côte d'Ivoire ta Hiroshi Nakajima, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban darektan WHO,  yana gane rashin bincike da nauyin Cutar da ke yaduwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amofah G, Bonsu F, Tetteh C |date=February 2002 |title=Buruli Ulcer in Ghana: Results of a National Case Search |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/2/01-0119_article |url-status=live |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=167–170 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010119 |pmc=2732443 |pmid=11897068 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105082017/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/2/01-0119_article |archive-date=2020-11-05 |access-date=2020-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBUIhome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative (GBUI) |url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/global-buruli-ulcer-initiative-(gbui) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019071300/https://www.who.int/initiatives/global-buruli-ulcer-initiative-(gbui) |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=31 October 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buruli ulcer |url=http://www.globalhealthprimer.emory.edu/diseases/buruli-ulcer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104130930/http://www.globalhealthprimer.emory.edu/diseases/buruli-ulcer.html |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=31 October 2020 |publisher=Emory University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da farko an kafa shi da kudade daga Gidauniyar Nippon, tun daga shekarar 2020 GBUI ta ƙunshi kungiyoyi sama da 40 masu zaman kansu, cibiyoyin bincike, da sauran tushe.[1] Wani kudurin WHO na 2004 &quot;wanda aka kira don kara sa ido da sarrafawa, da kuma inganta bincike don haɓaka kayan aiki don ganowa, magancewa da hana&quot; Buruli ulcer.[1] A shekara ta 2009, an karɓi dabarun don inganta ganowa da wuri da kuma samar da damar samun maganin rigakafi.[2] Ana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a Geneva don kawo cibiyoyin bincike, hukumomin da ba na gwamnati ba, da wakilan ƙasashe masu cutar Buruli tare.[3]

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    <title>Dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354733312|Global health law]]&quot;</comment>
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'''[[Dokar kiwon lafiya]] ta duniya''' ita ce fannin dokar kiwon lafiya da ke hulɗa da kiwon lafiya na duniya.{{Efn|Sometimes called '''international health law''', although this term is also applied more narrowly to [[nation-state]] relations specifically and their relationship to public health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/international_health_law1.html |last=Grant |first=Julienne E. |date=May–June 2023 |title=Researching Global Health Law |website=[[GlobaLex]] |access-date=February 2, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Yankin ya fara ne a matsayin fitowar Dokar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a, yana amfani da shi ga fannonin kiwon lafiya na duniya. A cewar malamai daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown a Amurka, dokar kiwon [[Lafiyar Duniya|Lafiya ta duniya]] &quot;ta ƙunshi ka'idojin shari'a, matakai, da cibiyoyin da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar yanayin ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya don samun matakin mafi girma na lafiyar jiki da tunani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn L. |date=2008 |title=Global Health Law: A Definition and Grand Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/ois_papers/14/ |journal=[[Public Health Ethics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |doi=10.1093/phe/phn005 |ssrn=1272424}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manyan malamai a fagen sune Lawrence Gostin da [[Allyn Taylor]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowthorn |first=Virginia |date=Winter 2013 |title=A Place for All at the Global Health Table: A Case Study about Creating an Interprofessional Global Health Project: Teaching Health Law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016892/type/journal_article |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=907–914 |doi=10.1111/jlme.12100 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake lafiyar jama'a ta kasance daga cikin fannoni na farko da aka kafa Ƙungiyar gwamnati, dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'ar ta kasance ba ta da damuwa ga dokar kasa da kasa a cikin mafi yawan karni na 20. An fahimci duniya ta ba da gudummawa ga fadada dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya. Yankin filin yanzu ya haɗa da &quot;tasirin duniya a kan diflomasiyyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a; ci gaban damuwa ta duniya game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, gami da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya; da fadada godiya ga haɗin tsakanin dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya da sauran fannoni na damuwa ta shari'a ta duniya&quot;.[1] Har ila yau, &quot;ya ƙunshi doka da manufofi na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar duniya kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, gami da Yarjejeniyoyi, ƙa'idodi, dabarun duniya, da jagororin ƙwararru&quot;.[2]

Dokar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa, hanyar gargajiya ga dokar kiwon lafiya na duniya, wanda aka haɓaka a tsakiyar karni na 19 don sarrafa Cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga hanyar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashe ke tallafawa hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya, a cikin jiki na zamani, ta haɗa da mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin nazarin lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruger |first=Jennifer Prah |date=January 2008 |title=Normative Foundations of Global Health Law |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3988830/ |journal=[[The Georgetown Law Journal]] |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=423–443 |pmc=3988830 |pmid=24748684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake fannoni biyu suna da alaƙa, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta bambanta kanta daga dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin dokar kasa da kasa da kiwon lafiya, maimakon ikon doka na [[Jaha|jihar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Monahan |first2=John T. |last3=Kaldor |first3=Jenny |last4=DeBartolo |first4=Mary |last5=Friedman |first5=Eric A. |last6=Gottschalk |first6=Katie |last7=Kim |first7=Susan C. |last8=Alwan |first8=Ala |last9=Binagwaho |first9=Agnes |last10=Burci |first10=Gian Luca |last11=Cabal |first11=Luisa |last12=DeLand |first12=Katherine |last13=Evans |first13=Timothy Grant |last14=Goosby |first14=Eric |last15=Hossain |first15=Sara |display-authors=1 |date=2019-05-04 |title=The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2168/ |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=393 |issue=10183 |pages=1857–1910 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30233-8 |pmc=7159296 |pmid=31053306}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halitta 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba ya canza al'adun gargajiya na hadin gwiwa, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a matsayin horo da ke la'akari da manyan' yan wasan kwaikwayo; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO; an kirkireshi a 1948) tana daya daga cikin irin wannan misali na kafawar da ba ta gwamnati ba da ke inganta lafiyar jama'a a duniya, kodayake kasancewar ikon da aka raba ya ragargaza ci gaban kiwon lafiya na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Benjamin Mason}}&lt;/ref&gt; An canza aikace-aikacen dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a lokacin annobar COVID-19, lokacin da WHO ta tattauna Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Pandemic, an yaba da su a matsayin misalai na kayan aikin shari'a da ke tsara lafiyar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Bosha |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Meier |first3=Benjamin Mason |date=Spring 2024 |title=Teaching Global Health Law: Preparing the Next Generation for Future Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2605/ |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1017/jme.2024.63 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin annobar, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta kasance ta ragargaje, tare da canje-canjen da aka gabatar a matsayin hanyoyin da za a haɗa lafiyar duniya a ƙarƙashin tsarin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burci |first=Gian Luca |last2=Forman |first2=Lisa |last3=Hoffman |first3=Steven J. |date=June 2022 |title=Introduction to a Special Issue on Reforming the International Health Regulations |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iolr/19/1/article-p1_001.xml |journal=[[International Organizations Law Review]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1163/15723747-19010009}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2024 da 2025, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta karɓi waɗannan tsarin shari'a a cikin ƙawancen da aka ɗauka matakai zuwa ga ƙarin shiri na annoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parums |first=Dinah V. |date=2025-07-01 |title=Editorial: The 2025 World Health Assembly Pandemic Agreement and the 2024 Amendments to the International Health Regulations Combine for Pandemic Preparedness and Response |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12228423/ |journal=[[Medical Science Monitor]] |volume=31 |pages= |doi=10.12659/MSM.950411 |pmc=12228423 |pmid=40589223}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''[[Dokar kiwon lafiya]] ta duniya''' ita ce fannin dokar kiwon lafiya da ke hulɗa da kiwon lafiya na duniya.{{Efn|Sometimes called '''international health law''', although this term is also applied more narrowly to [[nation-state]] relations specifically and their relationship to public health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/international_health_law1.html |last=Grant |first=Julienne E. |date=May–June 2023 |title=Researching Global Health Law |website=[[GlobaLex]] |access-date=February 2, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Yankin ya fara ne a matsayin fitowar Dokar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a, yana amfani da shi ga fannonin kiwon lafiya na duniya. A cewar malamai daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown a Amurka, dokar kiwon [[Lafiyar Duniya|Lafiya ta duniya]] &quot;ta ƙunshi ka'idojin shari'a, matakai, da cibiyoyin da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar yanayin ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya don samun matakin mafi girma na lafiyar jiki da tunani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn L. |date=2008 |title=Global Health Law: A Definition and Grand Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/ois_papers/14/ |journal=[[Public Health Ethics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |doi=10.1093/phe/phn005 |ssrn=1272424}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manyan malamai a fagen sune Lawrence Gostin da [[Allyn Taylor]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowthorn |first=Virginia |date=Winter 2013 |title=A Place for All at the Global Health Table: A Case Study about Creating an Interprofessional Global Health Project: Teaching Health Law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016892/type/journal_article |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=907–914 |doi=10.1111/jlme.12100 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake lafiyar jama'a ta kasance daga cikin fannoni na farko da aka kafa Ƙungiyar gwamnati, dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'ar ta kasance ba ta da damuwa ga dokar kasa da kasa a cikin mafi yawan karni na 20. An fahimci duniya ta ba da gudummawa ga fadada dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya. Yankin filin yanzu ya haɗa da &quot;tasirin duniya a kan diflomasiyyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a; ci gaban damuwa ta duniya game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, gami da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya; da fadada godiya ga haɗin tsakanin dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya da sauran fannoni na damuwa ta shari'a ta duniya&quot;.[1] Har ila yau, &quot;ya ƙunshi doka da manufofi na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar duniya kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, gami da Yarjejeniyoyi, ƙa'idodi, dabarun duniya, da jagororin ƙwararru&quot;.[2]

Dokar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa, hanyar gargajiya ga dokar kiwon lafiya na duniya, wanda aka haɓaka a tsakiyar karni na 19 don sarrafa Cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga hanyar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashe ke tallafawa hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya, a cikin jiki na zamani, ta haɗa da mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin nazarin lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruger |first=Jennifer Prah |date=January 2008 |title=Normative Foundations of Global Health Law |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3988830/ |journal=[[The Georgetown Law Journal]] |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=423–443 |pmc=3988830 |pmid=24748684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake fannoni biyu suna da alaƙa, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta bambanta kanta daga dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin dokar kasa da kasa da kiwon lafiya, maimakon ikon doka na [[Jaha|jihar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Monahan |first2=John T. |last3=Kaldor |first3=Jenny |last4=DeBartolo |first4=Mary |last5=Friedman |first5=Eric A. |last6=Gottschalk |first6=Katie |last7=Kim |first7=Susan C. |last8=Alwan |first8=Ala |last9=Binagwaho |first9=Agnes |last10=Burci |first10=Gian Luca |last11=Cabal |first11=Luisa |last12=DeLand |first12=Katherine |last13=Evans |first13=Timothy Grant |last14=Goosby |first14=Eric |last15=Hossain |first15=Sara |display-authors=1 |date=2019-05-04 |title=The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2168/ |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=393 |issue=10183 |pages=1857–1910 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30233-8 |pmc=7159296 |pmid=31053306}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halitta 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba ya canza al'adun gargajiya na hadin gwiwa, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a matsayin horo da ke la'akari da manyan' yan wasan kwaikwayo; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO; an kirkireshi a 1948) tana daya daga cikin irin wannan misali na kafawar da ba ta gwamnati ba da ke inganta lafiyar jama'a a duniya, kodayake kasancewar ikon da aka raba ya ragargaza ci gaban kiwon lafiya na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Benjamin Mason}}&lt;/ref&gt; An canza aikace-aikacen dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a lokacin annobar COVID-19, lokacin da WHO ta tattauna Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Pandemic, an yaba da su a matsayin misalai na kayan aikin shari'a da ke tsara lafiyar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Bosha |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Meier |first3=Benjamin Mason |date=Spring 2024 |title=Teaching Global Health Law: Preparing the Next Generation for Future Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2605/ |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1017/jme.2024.63 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin annobar, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta kasance ta ragargaje, tare da canje-canjen da aka gabatar a matsayin hanyoyin da za a haɗa lafiyar duniya a ƙarƙashin tsarin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burci |first=Gian Luca |last2=Forman |first2=Lisa |last3=Hoffman |first3=Steven J. |date=June 2022 |title=Introduction to a Special Issue on Reforming the International Health Regulations |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iolr/19/1/article-p1_001.xml |journal=[[International Organizations Law Review]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1163/15723747-19010009}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2024 da 2025, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta karɓi waɗannan tsarin shari'a a cikin ƙawancen da aka ɗauka matakai zuwa ga ƙarin shiri na annoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parums |first=Dinah V. |date=2025-07-01 |title=Editorial: The 2025 World Health Assembly Pandemic Agreement and the 2024 Amendments to the International Health Regulations Combine for Pandemic Preparedness and Response |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12228423/ |journal=[[Medical Science Monitor]] |volume=31 |pages= |doi=10.12659/MSM.950411 |pmc=12228423 |pmid=40589223}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Saka akwatyn bayanai</comment>
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'''[[Dokar kiwon lafiya]] ta duniya''' ita ce fannin dokar kiwon lafiya da ke hulɗa da kiwon lafiya na duniya.{{Efn|Sometimes called '''international health law''', although this term is also applied more narrowly to [[nation-state]] relations specifically and their relationship to public health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/international_health_law1.html |last=Grant |first=Julienne E. |date=May–June 2023 |title=Researching Global Health Law |website=[[GlobaLex]] |access-date=February 2, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Yankin ya fara ne a matsayin fitowar Dokar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a, yana amfani da shi ga fannonin kiwon lafiya na duniya. A cewar malamai daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown a Amurka, dokar kiwon [[Lafiyar Duniya|Lafiya ta duniya]] &quot;ta ƙunshi ka'idojin shari'a, matakai, da cibiyoyin da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar yanayin ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya don samun matakin mafi girma na lafiyar jiki da tunani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn L. |date=2008 |title=Global Health Law: A Definition and Grand Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/ois_papers/14/ |journal=[[Public Health Ethics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |doi=10.1093/phe/phn005 |ssrn=1272424}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manyan malamai a fagen sune Lawrence Gostin da [[Allyn Taylor]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowthorn |first=Virginia |date=Winter 2013 |title=A Place for All at the Global Health Table: A Case Study about Creating an Interprofessional Global Health Project: Teaching Health Law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016892/type/journal_article |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=907–914 |doi=10.1111/jlme.12100 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake lafiyar jama'a ta kasance daga cikin fannoni na farko da aka kafa Ƙungiyar gwamnati, dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'ar ta kasance ba ta da damuwa ga dokar kasa da kasa a cikin mafi yawan karni na 20. An fahimci duniya ta ba da gudummawa ga fadada dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya. Yankin filin yanzu ya haɗa da &quot;tasirin duniya a kan diflomasiyyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a; ci gaban damuwa ta duniya game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, gami da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya; da fadada godiya ga haɗin tsakanin dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya da sauran fannoni na damuwa ta shari'a ta duniya&quot;.[1] Har ila yau, &quot;ya ƙunshi doka da manufofi na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar duniya kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, gami da Yarjejeniyoyi, ƙa'idodi, dabarun duniya, da jagororin ƙwararru&quot;.[2]

Dokar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa, hanyar gargajiya ga dokar kiwon lafiya na duniya, wanda aka haɓaka a tsakiyar karni na 19 don sarrafa Cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga hanyar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashe ke tallafawa hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya, a cikin jiki na zamani, ta haɗa da mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin nazarin lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruger |first=Jennifer Prah |date=January 2008 |title=Normative Foundations of Global Health Law |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3988830/ |journal=[[The Georgetown Law Journal]] |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=423–443 |pmc=3988830 |pmid=24748684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake fannoni biyu suna da alaƙa, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta bambanta kanta daga dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin dokar kasa da kasa da kiwon lafiya, maimakon ikon doka na [[Jaha|jihar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Monahan |first2=John T. |last3=Kaldor |first3=Jenny |last4=DeBartolo |first4=Mary |last5=Friedman |first5=Eric A. |last6=Gottschalk |first6=Katie |last7=Kim |first7=Susan C. |last8=Alwan |first8=Ala |last9=Binagwaho |first9=Agnes |last10=Burci |first10=Gian Luca |last11=Cabal |first11=Luisa |last12=DeLand |first12=Katherine |last13=Evans |first13=Timothy Grant |last14=Goosby |first14=Eric |last15=Hossain |first15=Sara |display-authors=1 |date=2019-05-04 |title=The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2168/ |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=393 |issue=10183 |pages=1857–1910 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30233-8 |pmc=7159296 |pmid=31053306}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halitta 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba ya canza al'adun gargajiya na hadin gwiwa, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a matsayin horo da ke la'akari da manyan' yan wasan kwaikwayo; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO; an kirkireshi a 1948) tana daya daga cikin irin wannan misali na kafawar da ba ta gwamnati ba da ke inganta lafiyar jama'a a duniya, kodayake kasancewar ikon da aka raba ya ragargaza ci gaban kiwon lafiya na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Benjamin Mason}}&lt;/ref&gt; An canza aikace-aikacen dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a lokacin annobar COVID-19, lokacin da WHO ta tattauna Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Pandemic, an yaba da su a matsayin misalai na kayan aikin shari'a da ke tsara lafiyar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Bosha |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Meier |first3=Benjamin Mason |date=Spring 2024 |title=Teaching Global Health Law: Preparing the Next Generation for Future Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2605/ |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1017/jme.2024.63 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin annobar, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta kasance ta ragargaje, tare da canje-canjen da aka gabatar a matsayin hanyoyin da za a haɗa lafiyar duniya a ƙarƙashin tsarin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burci |first=Gian Luca |last2=Forman |first2=Lisa |last3=Hoffman |first3=Steven J. |date=June 2022 |title=Introduction to a Special Issue on Reforming the International Health Regulations |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iolr/19/1/article-p1_001.xml |journal=[[International Organizations Law Review]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1163/15723747-19010009}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2024 da 2025, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta karɓi waɗannan tsarin shari'a a cikin ƙawancen da aka ɗauka matakai zuwa ga ƙarin shiri na annoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parums |first=Dinah V. |date=2025-07-01 |title=Editorial: The 2025 World Health Assembly Pandemic Agreement and the 2024 Amendments to the International Health Regulations Combine for Pandemic Preparedness and Response |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12228423/ |journal=[[Medical Science Monitor]] |volume=31 |pages= |doi=10.12659/MSM.950411 |pmc=12228423 |pmid=40589223}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''[[Dokar kiwon lafiya]] ta duniya''' ita ce fannin dokar kiwon lafiya da ke hulɗa da kiwon lafiya na duniya.{{Efn|Sometimes called '''international health law''', although this term is also applied more narrowly to [[nation-state]] relations specifically and their relationship to public health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/international_health_law1.html |last=Grant |first=Julienne E. |date=May–June 2023 |title=Researching Global Health Law |website=[[GlobaLex]] |access-date=February 2, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Yankin ya fara ne a matsayin fitowar Dokar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a, yana amfani da shi ga fannonin kiwon lafiya na duniya. A cewar malamai daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown a Amurka, dokar kiwon [[Lafiyar Duniya|Lafiya ta duniya]] &quot;ta ƙunshi ka'idojin shari'a, matakai, da cibiyoyin da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar yanayin ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya don samun matakin mafi girma na lafiyar jiki da tunani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn L. |date=2008 |title=Global Health Law: A Definition and Grand Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/ois_papers/14/ |journal=[[Public Health Ethics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |doi=10.1093/phe/phn005 |ssrn=1272424}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manyan malamai a fagen sune Lawrence Gostin da [[Allyn Taylor]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowthorn |first=Virginia |date=Winter 2013 |title=A Place for All at the Global Health Table: A Case Study about Creating an Interprofessional Global Health Project: Teaching Health Law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016892/type/journal_article |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=907–914 |doi=10.1111/jlme.12100 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake lafiyar jama'a ta kasance daga cikin fannoni na farko da aka kafa Ƙungiyar gwamnati, dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'ar ta kasance ba ta da damuwa ga dokar kasa da kasa a cikin mafi yawan karni na 20. An fahimci duniya ta ba da gudummawa ga fadada dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya. Yankin filin yanzu ya haɗa da &quot;tasirin duniya a kan diflomasiyyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a; ci gaban damuwa ta duniya game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, gami da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya; da fadada godiya ga haɗin tsakanin dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya da sauran fannoni na damuwa ta shari'a ta duniya&quot;.[1] Har ila yau, &quot;ya ƙunshi doka da manufofi na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar duniya kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, gami da Yarjejeniyoyi, ƙa'idodi, dabarun duniya, da jagororin ƙwararru&quot;.

Dokar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa, hanyar gargajiya ga dokar kiwon lafiya na duniya, wanda aka haɓaka a tsakiyar karni na 19 don sarrafa Cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga hanyar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashe ke tallafawa hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya, a cikin jiki na zamani, ta haɗa da mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin nazarin lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruger |first=Jennifer Prah |date=January 2008 |title=Normative Foundations of Global Health Law |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3988830/ |journal=[[The Georgetown Law Journal]] |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=423–443 |pmc=3988830 |pmid=24748684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake fannoni biyu suna da alaƙa, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta bambanta kanta daga dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin dokar kasa da kasa da kiwon lafiya, maimakon ikon doka na [[Jaha|jihar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Monahan |first2=John T. |last3=Kaldor |first3=Jenny |last4=DeBartolo |first4=Mary |last5=Friedman |first5=Eric A. |last6=Gottschalk |first6=Katie |last7=Kim |first7=Susan C. |last8=Alwan |first8=Ala |last9=Binagwaho |first9=Agnes |last10=Burci |first10=Gian Luca |last11=Cabal |first11=Luisa |last12=DeLand |first12=Katherine |last13=Evans |first13=Timothy Grant |last14=Goosby |first14=Eric |last15=Hossain |first15=Sara |display-authors=1 |date=2019-05-04 |title=The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2168/ |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=393 |issue=10183 |pages=1857–1910 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30233-8 |pmc=7159296 |pmid=31053306}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halitta 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba ya canza al'adun gargajiya na hadin gwiwa, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a matsayin horo da ke la'akari da manyan' yan wasan kwaikwayo; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO; an kirkireshi a 1948) tana daya daga cikin irin wannan misali na kafawar da ba ta gwamnati ba da ke inganta lafiyar jama'a a duniya, kodayake kasancewar ikon da aka raba ya ragargaza ci gaban kiwon lafiya na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Benjamin Mason}}&lt;/ref&gt; An canza aikace-aikacen dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a lokacin annobar COVID-19, lokacin da WHO ta tattauna Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Pandemic, an yaba da su a matsayin misalai na kayan aikin shari'a da ke tsara lafiyar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Bosha |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Meier |first3=Benjamin Mason |date=Spring 2024 |title=Teaching Global Health Law: Preparing the Next Generation for Future Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2605/ |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1017/jme.2024.63 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin annobar, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta kasance ta ragargaje, tare da canje-canjen da aka gabatar a matsayin hanyoyin da za a haɗa lafiyar duniya a ƙarƙashin tsarin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burci |first=Gian Luca |last2=Forman |first2=Lisa |last3=Hoffman |first3=Steven J. |date=June 2022 |title=Introduction to a Special Issue on Reforming the International Health Regulations |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iolr/19/1/article-p1_001.xml |journal=[[International Organizations Law Review]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1163/15723747-19010009}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2024 da 2025, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta karɓi waɗannan tsarin shari'a a cikin ƙawancen da aka ɗauka matakai zuwa ga ƙarin shiri na annoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parums |first=Dinah V. |date=2025-07-01 |title=Editorial: The 2025 World Health Assembly Pandemic Agreement and the 2024 Amendments to the International Health Regulations Combine for Pandemic Preparedness and Response |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12228423/ |journal=[[Medical Science Monitor]] |volume=31 |pages= |doi=10.12659/MSM.950411 |pmc=12228423 |pmid=40589223}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''[[Dokar kiwon lafiya]] ta duniya''' ita ce fannin dokar kiwon lafiya da ke hulɗa da kiwon lafiya na duniya.{{Efn|Sometimes called '''international health law''', although this term is also applied more narrowly to [[nation-state]] relations specifically and their relationship to public health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/international_health_law1.html |last=Grant |first=Julienne E. |date=May–June 2023 |title=Researching Global Health Law |website=[[GlobaLex]] |access-date=February 2, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Yankin ya fara ne a matsayin fitowar Dokar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a, yana amfani da shi ga fannonin kiwon lafiya na duniya. A cewar malamai daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown a Amurka, dokar kiwon [[Lafiyar Duniya|Lafiya ta duniya]] &quot;ta ƙunshi ka'idojin shari'a, matakai, da cibiyoyin da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar yanayin ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya don samun matakin mafi girma na lafiyar jiki da tunani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn L. |date=2008 |title=Global Health Law: A Definition and Grand Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/ois_papers/14/ |journal=[[Public Health Ethics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |doi=10.1093/phe/phn005 |ssrn=1272424}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manyan malamai a fagen sune Lawrence Gostin da [[Allyn Taylor]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowthorn |first=Virginia |date=Winter 2013 |title=A Place for All at the Global Health Table: A Case Study about Creating an Interprofessional Global Health Project: Teaching Health Law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110500016892/type/journal_article |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=907–914 |doi=10.1111/jlme.12100 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake lafiyar jama'a ta kasance daga cikin fannoni na farko da aka kafa Ƙungiyar gwamnati, dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'ar ta kasance ba ta da damuwa ga dokar kasa da kasa a cikin mafi yawan karni na 20. An fahimci duniya ta ba da gudummawa ga fadada dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya. Yankin filin yanzu ya haɗa da &quot;tasirin duniya a kan diflomasiyyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a; ci gaban damuwa ta duniya game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, gami da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya; da fadada godiya ga haɗin tsakanin dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya da sauran fannoni na damuwa ta shari'a ta duniya&quot;. Har ila yau, &quot;ya ƙunshi doka da manufofi na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar duniya kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, gami da Yarjejeniyoyi, ƙa'idodi, dabarun duniya, da jagororin ƙwararru&quot;.

Dokar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa, hanyar gargajiya ga dokar kiwon lafiya na duniya, wanda aka haɓaka a tsakiyar karni na 19 don sarrafa Cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga hanyar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashe ke tallafawa hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya, a cikin jiki na zamani, ta haɗa da mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin nazarin lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruger |first=Jennifer Prah |date=January 2008 |title=Normative Foundations of Global Health Law |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3988830/ |journal=[[The Georgetown Law Journal]] |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=423–443 |pmc=3988830 |pmid=24748684}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake fannoni biyu suna da alaƙa, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta bambanta kanta daga dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin dokar kasa da kasa da kiwon lafiya, maimakon ikon doka na [[Jaha|jihar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Monahan |first2=John T. |last3=Kaldor |first3=Jenny |last4=DeBartolo |first4=Mary |last5=Friedman |first5=Eric A. |last6=Gottschalk |first6=Katie |last7=Kim |first7=Susan C. |last8=Alwan |first8=Ala |last9=Binagwaho |first9=Agnes |last10=Burci |first10=Gian Luca |last11=Cabal |first11=Luisa |last12=DeLand |first12=Katherine |last13=Evans |first13=Timothy Grant |last14=Goosby |first14=Eric |last15=Hossain |first15=Sara |display-authors=1 |date=2019-05-04 |title=The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2168/ |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=393 |issue=10183 |pages=1857–1910 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30233-8 |pmc=7159296 |pmid=31053306}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halitta 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba ya canza al'adun gargajiya na hadin gwiwa, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a matsayin horo da ke la'akari da manyan' yan wasan kwaikwayo; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO; an kirkireshi a 1948) tana daya daga cikin irin wannan misali na kafawar da ba ta gwamnati ba da ke inganta lafiyar jama'a a duniya, kodayake kasancewar ikon da aka raba ya ragargaza ci gaban kiwon lafiya na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Benjamin Mason}}&lt;/ref&gt; An canza aikace-aikacen dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya a lokacin annobar COVID-19, lokacin da WHO ta tattauna Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Pandemic, an yaba da su a matsayin misalai na kayan aikin shari'a da ke tsara lafiyar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gostin |first=Lawrence O. |last2=Bosha |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Meier |first3=Benjamin Mason |date=Spring 2024 |title=Teaching Global Health Law: Preparing the Next Generation for Future Challenges |url=https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2605/ |journal=[[Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1017/jme.2024.63 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin annobar, dokar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta kasance ta ragargaje, tare da canje-canjen da aka gabatar a matsayin hanyoyin da za a haɗa lafiyar duniya a ƙarƙashin tsarin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burci |first=Gian Luca |last2=Forman |first2=Lisa |last3=Hoffman |first3=Steven J. |date=June 2022 |title=Introduction to a Special Issue on Reforming the International Health Regulations |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iolr/19/1/article-p1_001.xml |journal=[[International Organizations Law Review]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1163/15723747-19010009}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2024 da 2025, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta karɓi waɗannan tsarin shari'a a cikin ƙawancen da aka ɗauka matakai zuwa ga ƙarin shiri na annoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parums |first=Dinah V. |date=2025-07-01 |title=Editorial: The 2025 World Health Assembly Pandemic Agreement and the 2024 Amendments to the International Health Regulations Combine for Pandemic Preparedness and Response |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12228423/ |journal=[[Medical Science Monitor]] |volume=31 |pages= |doi=10.12659/MSM.950411 |pmc=12228423 |pmid=40589223}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ƙididdigar Tsaro ta Duniya</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329616815|Global Health Security Index]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Blockquote|...its score and rank do not indicate that the country is adequately prepared to respond to potentially catastrophic infectious disease outbreaks. Significant preparedness gaps remain, and some of those are playing out in the current crisis. [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|The United States' response to the COVID-19 outbreak to date]] shows that capacity alone is insufficient if that capacity isn't fully leveraged. Strong [[health systems]] must be in place to serve all populations, and effective political leadership that instills confidence in the government's response is crucial.|The U.S. and COVID-19: Leading the World by GHS Index Score, not by Response (2020-04-27)&lt;ref name=GHSI-response-2020-04-27&gt;{{cite news | date = 2020-04-27 | title = The U.S. and COVID-19: Leading the World by GHS Index Score, not by Response | url = https://www.ghsindex.org/news/the-us-and-covid-19-leading-the-world-by-ghs-index-score-not-by-response/ | publisher = GHSI | quote = Given that overall finding, it is important to dispel misconceptions regarding the score of 83.5 (out of a possible 100) received by the United States. Although the United States received the top score of 195 countries assessed and was ranked number one, its score and rank do not indicate that the country is adequately prepared to respond to potentially catastrophic infectious disease outbreaks. Significant preparedness gaps remain, and some of those are playing out in the current crisis. The United States' response to the COVID-19 outbreak to date shows that capacity alone is insufficient if that capacity isn't fully leveraged. Strong health systems must be in place to serve all populations, and effective political leadership that instills confidence in the government's response is crucial.}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Cibiyar Tsaro ta Lafiya ta Duniya kimantawa ce game da damar tsaro ta duniya a cikin ƙasashe 195 da Cibiyar Tsaron Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins, da Tsarin Barazanar Nukiliya (NTI) da Sashin Lantarki na Tattalin Arziki (EIU) suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GHS Index: About |url=https://www.ghsindex.org/about/ |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An fara buga lissafin ne a cikin 2019 kuma ya ce, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, cewa &quot;babu wata ƙasa da ke shirye don annoba ko annoba, kuma kowace ƙasa tana da muhimman gibin da za a magance&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghsindex.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GHS Index: Findings and Recommendations |url=https://www.ghsindex.org/ |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasashen da ke cikin rukunin &quot;mafi shirye-shirye&quot; sun kasance, a cikin tsari na gaba ɗaya, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, [[Holand|Netherlands]], Australia, [[Kanada]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], da [[Switzerland]]. Amurka ta kasance ta farko tare da darajar 83.5 daga cikin 100. Mafi yawan ƙasashe a cikin rukunin &quot;ƙananan shirye-shirye&quot; sun kasance a Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghsindex.org&quot; /&gt;

Alamar GHS ta zama sananne a lokacin barkewar Cutar COVID-19 ta 2020. Shugaba Donald Trump ya yi amfani da taswirar a matsayin wani ɓangare na gardamarsa cewa Amurka ita ce ƙasa mafi kyau a duniya don annobar; ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara da suka yi aiki a kan aikin ya ce yayin da Amurka ke cikin matsayi na farko don lissafin, akwai wuraren ingantawa.[1] Wani labarin Maris 2020 a cikin The Lancet ya kai farmaki ga rahoton, yana mai cewa ƙasashen da aka fi shirya, kamar Amurka da Ingila, sun fi muni a cikin annobar fiye da ƙasashen Asiya da Afirka waɗanda suka kasance ƙasa.[2] Dangane da kulawar da take karɓa, alamar ta buga wata kasida a watan Afrilu na 2020 bayan annobar wanda ya ce matsayin Amurka a kan GHS Index Score bai nuna shirye-shiryenta don amsawa ga yiwuwar barkewar cututtukan cututtukani ba.

Wani bincike na watan Yulin 2020 na lissafin da likitoci suka yi a Public Health England wanda aka buga a cikin British Medical Journal ya ba da shawarar guje wa amfani da ƙididdigar don ƙayyade fifiko da kwatanta ƙasashe da juna kuma sun ce suna fatan ci gaba da inganta tsarin lissafin. Musamman, likitocin sun ce yayin da tsarin ya kasance cikakke, tambayoyi sun kasance game da karkatar da alamomi zuwa ga fifiko na ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga, ingancin wasu alamomi, tsarin ƙididdiga da ma'auni, da kuma yadda GHSI ya kara darajar ga kimantawar da ke akwai na tsaron lafiyar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Razavi |first=Ahmed |last2=Erondu |first2=Ngozi |last3=Okereke |first3=Ebere |date=April 28, 2020 |title=The Global Health Security Index: what value does it add? |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002477 |pmc=7213809 |pmid=32349994}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ==
Rahoton ya dogara ne akan tambayoyin tambayoyi 140, an tsara su a cikin nau'o'i 6, alamomi 34, da masu nunawa 85. Wadannan nau'ikan guda shida sune: [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}

* Rigakafi: Rigakafi ga fitowar ko saki pathogens
* Bincike da Rahoto: Bincike na farko da rahoto don annobar da ke iya damuwa da duniya
* Amsa da sauri: Amsa da saurin da kuma rage yaduwar annobar
* Tsarin kiwon lafiya: Isasshen tsarin kiwon lafiya mai ƙarfi don kula da marasa lafiya da kare ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya
* Biye da ka'idojin kasa da kasa: Alkawarin inganta karfin kasa, shirye-shiryen samar da kudade don magance gibin, da bin ka'idoji na duniya
* Muhalli mai haɗari: Muhalli mai hadari gaba ɗaya da kuma rashin lafiyar ƙasa ga barazanar halittu

Lissafin ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan bayanan buɗewa. Masu binciken sun yi aiki tare da kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa na masana 21 daga kasashe 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GHS Index: About |url=https://www.ghsindex.org/about/ |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Saka akwatyn bayanai</comment>
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{{Blockquote|...its score and rank do not indicate that the country is adequately prepared to respond to potentially catastrophic infectious disease outbreaks. Significant preparedness gaps remain, and some of those are playing out in the current crisis. [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|The United States' response to the COVID-19 outbreak to date]] shows that capacity alone is insufficient if that capacity isn't fully leveraged. Strong [[health systems]] must be in place to serve all populations, and effective political leadership that instills confidence in the government's response is crucial.|The U.S. and COVID-19: Leading the World by GHS Index Score, not by Response (2020-04-27)&lt;ref name=GHSI-response-2020-04-27&gt;{{cite news | date = 2020-04-27 | title = The U.S. and COVID-19: Leading the World by GHS Index Score, not by Response | url = https://www.ghsindex.org/news/the-us-and-covid-19-leading-the-world-by-ghs-index-score-not-by-response/ | publisher = GHSI | quote = Given that overall finding, it is important to dispel misconceptions regarding the score of 83.5 (out of a possible 100) received by the United States. Although the United States received the top score of 195 countries assessed and was ranked number one, its score and rank do not indicate that the country is adequately prepared to respond to potentially catastrophic infectious disease outbreaks. Significant preparedness gaps remain, and some of those are playing out in the current crisis. The United States' response to the COVID-19 outbreak to date shows that capacity alone is insufficient if that capacity isn't fully leveraged. Strong health systems must be in place to serve all populations, and effective political leadership that instills confidence in the government's response is crucial.}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{Databox}}
Cibiyar Tsaro ta Lafiya ta Duniya kimantawa ce game da damar tsaro ta duniya a cikin ƙasashe 195 da Cibiyar Tsaron Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins, da Tsarin Barazanar Nukiliya (NTI) da Sashin Lantarki na Tattalin Arziki (EIU) suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GHS Index: About |url=https://www.ghsindex.org/about/ |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An fara buga lissafin ne a cikin 2019 kuma ya ce, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, cewa &quot;babu wata ƙasa da ke shirye don annoba ko annoba, kuma kowace ƙasa tana da muhimman gibin da za a magance&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghsindex.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GHS Index: Findings and Recommendations |url=https://www.ghsindex.org/ |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasashen da ke cikin rukunin &quot;mafi shirye-shirye&quot; sun kasance, a cikin tsari na gaba ɗaya, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Ingila, [[Holand|Netherlands]], Australia, [[Kanada]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Finland]], [[Faransa]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], da [[Switzerland]]. Amurka ta kasance ta farko tare da darajar 83.5 daga cikin 100. Mafi yawan ƙasashe a cikin rukunin &quot;ƙananan shirye-shirye&quot; sun kasance a Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghsindex.org&quot; /&gt;

Alamar GHS ta zama sananne a lokacin barkewar Cutar COVID-19 ta 2020. Shugaba Donald Trump ya yi amfani da taswirar a matsayin wani ɓangare na gardamarsa cewa Amurka ita ce ƙasa mafi kyau a duniya don annobar; ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara da suka yi aiki a kan aikin ya ce yayin da Amurka ke cikin matsayi na farko don lissafin, akwai wuraren ingantawa.[1] Wani labarin Maris 2020 a cikin The Lancet ya kai farmaki ga rahoton, yana mai cewa ƙasashen da aka fi shirya, kamar Amurka da Ingila, sun fi muni a cikin annobar fiye da ƙasashen Asiya da Afirka waɗanda suka kasance ƙasa.[2] Dangane da kulawar da take karɓa, alamar ta buga wata kasida a watan Afrilu na 2020 bayan annobar wanda ya ce matsayin Amurka a kan GHS Index Score bai nuna shirye-shiryenta don amsawa ga yiwuwar barkewar cututtukan cututtukani ba.

Wani bincike na watan Yulin 2020 na lissafin da likitoci suka yi a Public Health England wanda aka buga a cikin British Medical Journal ya ba da shawarar guje wa amfani da ƙididdigar don ƙayyade fifiko da kwatanta ƙasashe da juna kuma sun ce suna fatan ci gaba da inganta tsarin lissafin. Musamman, likitocin sun ce yayin da tsarin ya kasance cikakke, tambayoyi sun kasance game da karkatar da alamomi zuwa ga fifiko na ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga, ingancin wasu alamomi, tsarin ƙididdiga da ma'auni, da kuma yadda GHSI ya kara darajar ga kimantawar da ke akwai na tsaron lafiyar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Razavi |first=Ahmed |last2=Erondu |first2=Ngozi |last3=Okereke |first3=Ebere |date=April 28, 2020 |title=The Global Health Security Index: what value does it add? |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002477 |pmc=7213809 |pmid=32349994}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ==
Rahoton ya dogara ne akan tambayoyin tambayoyi 140, an tsara su a cikin nau'o'i 6, alamomi 34, da masu nunawa 85. Wadannan nau'ikan guda shida sune: [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}

* Rigakafi: Rigakafi ga fitowar ko saki pathogens
* Bincike da Rahoto: Bincike na farko da rahoto don annobar da ke iya damuwa da duniya
* Amsa da sauri: Amsa da saurin da kuma rage yaduwar annobar
* Tsarin kiwon lafiya: Isasshen tsarin kiwon lafiya mai ƙarfi don kula da marasa lafiya da kare ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya
* Biye da ka'idojin kasa da kasa: Alkawarin inganta karfin kasa, shirye-shiryen samar da kudade don magance gibin, da bin ka'idoji na duniya
* Muhalli mai haɗari: Muhalli mai hadari gaba ɗaya da kuma rashin lafiyar ƙasa ga barazanar halittu

Lissafin ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan bayanan buɗewa. Masu binciken sun yi aiki tare da kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa na masana 21 daga kasashe 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GHS Index: About |url=https://www.ghsindex.org/about/ |access-date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattalin arzikin allurar rigakafi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330882009|Economics of vaccines]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6993" sha1="8tbfq0gd5kds0mrb6fuetss0z9zmawc" xml:space="preserve">Ci gaban rigakafi da samarwa suna da rikitarwa a tattalin arziki kuma suna iya fuskantar gazawar kasuwa. Ci gaban ba shi da fa'ida a kasashe masu arziki da matalauta, kuma ana yin sa ne da tallafin jama'a. An samar da shi a hannun ƙananan kamfanoni masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke samun mahimman ikon doka kuma suna samun riba mai yawa.

Yawancin cututtukan da suka fi buƙatar allurar rigakafi, gami da HIV, [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da tarin fuka, sun kasance musamman a cikin ƙasashe matalauta. A Amurka, dawowar kudi yawanci kaɗan ne kuma haɗarin kuɗi da sauran haɗari suna da yawa. Yawancin ci gaban allurar rigakafi har zuwa yau ya dogara da kudade na &quot;matsawa&quot; daga gwamnati, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olesen OF, Lonnroth A, Mulligan B |date=January 2009 |title=Human vaccine research in the European Union |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=640–5 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.064 |pmc=7115654 |pmid=19059446}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kusan dukkanin lokuta, ana haɓaka magunguna ciki har da allurar rigakafi tare da tallafin jama'a, amma ana ba da riba da kula da farashi da wadata ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Maganin da aka gabatar sun haɗa da buƙatar sakamakon daga binciken da jama'a ke tallafawa don zama yankin jama'a. Kokarin da ya gabata tare da waɗannan layin sun gaza ta hanyar kamawa.

Sabanin bincike da ci gaba, kasuwar samar da allurar rigakafi, har ma da allurar allurar rigakawa, tana mai da hankali sosai. 80% na samar da duniya yana hannun manyan kamfanoni biyar, waɗanda ke riƙe da mahimman takardun shaida.&lt;ref name=&quot;market&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaddar |first=Miloud |title=Global Vaccine Market Features and Trends |url=https://www.who.int/influenza_vaccines_plan/resources/session_10_kaddar.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter Coy |date=13 February 2020 |title=The Road to a Coronavirus Vaccine Runs Through Oslo |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-13/this-oslo-facility-may-be-the-key-to-the-coronavirus-vaccine |access-date=7 March 2020 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana rage gasa kuma yana ba da damar farashi mai girma, wanda ba shi da gasa, sau da yawa fiye da sau 100 na farashin samarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;right_shot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=The Right Shot: Bringing down barriers to affordable and adapted vaccines - 2nd Ed., 2015 |url=https://msfaccess.org/right-shot-bringing-down-barriers-affordable-and-adapted-vaccines-2nd-ed-2015 |website=Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wisely&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GAVI money welcome but could it be more wisely spent? |url=https://www.msf.org/gavi-money-welcome-could-it-be-more-wisely-spent |website=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin allurar rigakafi sun kasance masu tsada sosai kuma suna da fa'ida ga [[lafiyar jama'a]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jit M, Newall AT, Beutels P |date=April 2013 |title=Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies |journal=Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=834–40 |doi=10.4161/hv.23637 |pmc=3903903 |pmid=23357859}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokarin allurar rigakafi wanda ke da fa'ida ga al'umma ya wuce abin da ke da fa-ida ga masu samar da allurar rigakawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kazaz |first=Burak |last2=Webster |first2=Scott |last3=Yadav |first3=Prashant |date=26 March 2021 |title=Incentivizing COVID-19 Vaccine Developers to Expand Manufacturing Capacity |url=https://www.cgdev.org/publication/incentivizing-covid-19-vaccine-developers-expand-manufacturing-capacity |access-date=5 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin allurar rigakafin da aka gudanar a zahiri ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Newall AT, Reyes JF, Wood JG, McIntyre P, Menzies R, Beutels P |date=February 2014 |title=Economic evaluations of implemented vaccination programmes: key methodological challenges in retrospective analyses |journal=Vaccine |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=759–65 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.067 |pmid=24295806}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasuwanci mai yawa ==
Duk da yake ƙananan kamfanoni da yawa suna yin bincike da ci gaban allurar rigakafi, &lt;ref name=&quot;BB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter Coy |date=13 February 2020 |title=The Road to a Coronavirus Vaccine Runs Through Oslo |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-13/this-oslo-facility-may-be-the-key-to-the-coronavirus-vaccine |access-date=7 March 2020 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; manyan masana'antun allurar rigakawa suna yin su ne ta hanyar manyan masana'antu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Big_pharma&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Gerald Posner |author-link=Gerald Posner |date=2 March 2020 |title=Big Pharma May Pose an Obstacle to Vaccine Development |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/opinion/contributors/pharma-vaccines.html |accessdate=8 March 2020 |quote=Drug companies on CEPI's scientific advisory panel, including Johnson &amp; Johnson, Pfizer, and Japan's Takeda, pushed back. CEPI mostly capitulated in a December 2018 two-page declaration in which it jettisoned specifics but gave lip service to its founding mission of &quot;equitable access to these vaccines for affected populations during outbreaks.&quot; |newspaper=[[New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wani labarin [[New York Times]] na Maris 2020 ya bayyana tasirin siyasa na wannan Tsarin kasuwa: &quot;gwamnati da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun san cewa duk wani allurar rigakafin da aka kirkira a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje za a kera shi da manyan kamfanonin magunguna. &quot; A wannan mawuyacin hali tare da coronavirus, babu wani masanin kiwon lafiya da zai soki kamfanonin magungunan magunguna a bainar jama'a, amma a asirce suna gunaguniyar cewa kantin magani babban saurin gudu ne a cikin bunkasa allurar riguna masu ceton rai. &quot;

Haɗuwa da haɓaka ƙwarewar takamaiman magunguna ya haifar da ƙarancin samarwa, da kuma farashin kiwon lafiya mai mahimmanci don ɗaukar mutane don bin diddigin magunguna masu wuya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vaillancourt |first=R |date=May 2012 |title=Drug shortages: what can hospital pharmacists do? |journal=The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=175–9 |doi=10.4212/cjhp.v65i3.1138 |pmc=3379822 |pmid=22783027}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ikon oligopoly yana ba da damar masana'antun allurar rigakafi [1] su shiga cikin nuna bambanci a farashi, kuma farashin allurar rigakawa galibi umarni biyu ne na girman (~ 100x) sama da farashin masana'antu da aka bayyana, tun daga 2015 . Yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace sau da yawa tana buƙatar mai siye ya ɓoye farashin kuma ya yarda da wasu ƙuntatawa marasa gasa; ainihin yanayin da girman wannan matsala yana da wuyar bayyanawa, saboda yarjejeniyar da ke ɓoyewa.[2][3] Asirin farashi kuma yana hana masu sayen allurar rigakafi a tattaunawar farashi. Har ila yau, yana sa nazarin kasuwa ya zama da wahala kuma yana hana ƙoƙarin inganta araha.[2]</text>
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      <comment>Saka akwatyn bayanai</comment>
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Ci gaban rigakafi da samarwa suna da rikitarwa a tattalin arziki kuma suna iya fuskantar gazawar kasuwa. Ci gaban ba shi da fa'ida a kasashe masu arziki da matalauta, kuma ana yin sa ne da tallafin jama'a. An samar da shi a hannun ƙananan kamfanoni masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke samun mahimman ikon doka kuma suna samun riba mai yawa.

Yawancin cututtukan da suka fi buƙatar allurar rigakafi, gami da HIV, [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da tarin fuka, sun kasance musamman a cikin ƙasashe matalauta. A Amurka, dawowar kudi yawanci kaɗan ne kuma haɗarin kuɗi da sauran haɗari suna da yawa. Yawancin ci gaban allurar rigakafi har zuwa yau ya dogara da kudade na &quot;matsawa&quot; daga gwamnati, [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olesen OF, Lonnroth A, Mulligan B |date=January 2009 |title=Human vaccine research in the European Union |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=640–5 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.064 |pmc=7115654 |pmid=19059446}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kusan dukkanin lokuta, ana haɓaka magunguna ciki har da allurar rigakafi tare da tallafin jama'a, amma ana ba da riba da kula da farashi da wadata ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Maganin da aka gabatar sun haɗa da buƙatar sakamakon daga binciken da jama'a ke tallafawa don zama yankin jama'a. Kokarin da ya gabata tare da waɗannan layin sun gaza ta hanyar kamawa.

Sabanin bincike da ci gaba, kasuwar samar da allurar rigakafi, har ma da allurar allurar rigakawa, tana mai da hankali sosai. 80% na samar da duniya yana hannun manyan kamfanoni biyar, waɗanda ke riƙe da mahimman takardun shaida.&lt;ref name=&quot;market&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaddar |first=Miloud |title=Global Vaccine Market Features and Trends |url=https://www.who.int/influenza_vaccines_plan/resources/session_10_kaddar.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter Coy |date=13 February 2020 |title=The Road to a Coronavirus Vaccine Runs Through Oslo |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-13/this-oslo-facility-may-be-the-key-to-the-coronavirus-vaccine |access-date=7 March 2020 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana rage gasa kuma yana ba da damar farashi mai girma, wanda ba shi da gasa, sau da yawa fiye da sau 100 na farashin samarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;right_shot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=The Right Shot: Bringing down barriers to affordable and adapted vaccines - 2nd Ed., 2015 |url=https://msfaccess.org/right-shot-bringing-down-barriers-affordable-and-adapted-vaccines-2nd-ed-2015 |website=Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wisely&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=GAVI money welcome but could it be more wisely spent? |url=https://www.msf.org/gavi-money-welcome-could-it-be-more-wisely-spent |website=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin allurar rigakafi sun kasance masu tsada sosai kuma suna da fa'ida ga [[lafiyar jama'a]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jit M, Newall AT, Beutels P |date=April 2013 |title=Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies |journal=Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=834–40 |doi=10.4161/hv.23637 |pmc=3903903 |pmid=23357859}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokarin allurar rigakafi wanda ke da fa'ida ga al'umma ya wuce abin da ke da fa-ida ga masu samar da allurar rigakawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kazaz |first=Burak |last2=Webster |first2=Scott |last3=Yadav |first3=Prashant |date=26 March 2021 |title=Incentivizing COVID-19 Vaccine Developers to Expand Manufacturing Capacity |url=https://www.cgdev.org/publication/incentivizing-covid-19-vaccine-developers-expand-manufacturing-capacity |access-date=5 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin allurar rigakafin da aka gudanar a zahiri ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Newall AT, Reyes JF, Wood JG, McIntyre P, Menzies R, Beutels P |date=February 2014 |title=Economic evaluations of implemented vaccination programmes: key methodological challenges in retrospective analyses |journal=Vaccine |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=759–65 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.067 |pmid=24295806}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasuwanci mai yawa ==
Duk da yake ƙananan kamfanoni da yawa suna yin bincike da ci gaban allurar rigakafi, &lt;ref name=&quot;BB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter Coy |date=13 February 2020 |title=The Road to a Coronavirus Vaccine Runs Through Oslo |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-13/this-oslo-facility-may-be-the-key-to-the-coronavirus-vaccine |access-date=7 March 2020 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; manyan masana'antun allurar rigakawa suna yin su ne ta hanyar manyan masana'antu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Big_pharma&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Gerald Posner |author-link=Gerald Posner |date=2 March 2020 |title=Big Pharma May Pose an Obstacle to Vaccine Development |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/opinion/contributors/pharma-vaccines.html |accessdate=8 March 2020 |quote=Drug companies on CEPI's scientific advisory panel, including Johnson &amp; Johnson, Pfizer, and Japan's Takeda, pushed back. CEPI mostly capitulated in a December 2018 two-page declaration in which it jettisoned specifics but gave lip service to its founding mission of &quot;equitable access to these vaccines for affected populations during outbreaks.&quot; |newspaper=[[New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wani labarin [[New York Times]] na Maris 2020 ya bayyana tasirin siyasa na wannan Tsarin kasuwa: &quot;gwamnati da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun san cewa duk wani allurar rigakafin da aka kirkira a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje za a kera shi da manyan kamfanonin magunguna. &quot; A wannan mawuyacin hali tare da coronavirus, babu wani masanin kiwon lafiya da zai soki kamfanonin magungunan magunguna a bainar jama'a, amma a asirce suna gunaguniyar cewa kantin magani babban saurin gudu ne a cikin bunkasa allurar riguna masu ceton rai. &quot;

Haɗuwa da haɓaka ƙwarewar takamaiman magunguna ya haifar da ƙarancin samarwa, da kuma farashin kiwon lafiya mai mahimmanci don ɗaukar mutane don bin diddigin magunguna masu wuya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vaillancourt |first=R |date=May 2012 |title=Drug shortages: what can hospital pharmacists do? |journal=The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=175–9 |doi=10.4212/cjhp.v65i3.1138 |pmc=3379822 |pmid=22783027}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ikon oligopoly yana ba da damar masana'antun allurar rigakafi [1] su shiga cikin nuna bambanci a farashi, kuma farashin allurar rigakawa galibi umarni biyu ne na girman (~ 100x) sama da farashin masana'antu da aka bayyana, tun daga 2015 . Yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace sau da yawa tana buƙatar mai siye ya ɓoye farashin kuma ya yarda da wasu ƙuntatawa marasa gasa; ainihin yanayin da girman wannan matsala yana da wuyar bayyanawa, saboda yarjejeniyar da ke ɓoyewa.[2][3] Asirin farashi kuma yana hana masu sayen allurar rigakafi a tattaunawar farashi. Har ila yau, yana sa nazarin kasuwa ya zama da wahala kuma yana hana ƙoƙarin inganta araha.[2]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357205459|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS)''' ( transl. Ƙungiyar Makarantun Tsakiya (CSO) ) tsarin makarantun gwamnatin tsakiya ne a [[Indiya]] . [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta ƙasa (Indiya)|Ma'aikatar Ilimi]], Gwamnatin Indiya ce ke kula da shi. {{As of|2025|4}}  Tana da jimillar makarantu 1,257 a [[Indiya]], da kuma uku a ƙasashen waje, a [[Kathmandu]], [[Moscow]] da [[Tehran]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Directory of KVs {{!}} KVS - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Government of India {{!}} India |url=https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/directory-of-kvs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116120915/https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/directory-of-kvs/ |archive-date=2025-01-16 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=kvsangathan.nic.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan layukan makarantu a duniya kuma babbar layukan makarantu a Indiya. Ofisoshin Yankuna 25 da 05 ZIETs (Cibiyar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Yanki) suna ƙarƙashin hedikwatar KVS.

A watan Afrilun 2022, Cibiyar ta yanke shawarar cire kason 'yan majalisar dokoki ga ɗaliban KV, wanda hakan ya sa aka soke shawarwarin 'yan majalisar game da shiga makarantun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya: ఎంపీలకు కేంద్రం షాక్.. ఆ విద్యాసంస్థల్లో కోటా రద్దు |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/jobs/centre-cancels-mp-quota-seats-in-kendriya-vidyalaya-educational-institutions-will-comes-into-implementation-from-next-week-ak-1267948.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405070955/https://telugu.news18.com/news/jobs/centre-cancels-mp-quota-seats-in-kendriya-vidyalaya-educational-institutions-will-comes-into-implementation-from-next-week-ak-1267948.html |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tsarin makarantun gwamnatin tsakiya ne a [[Indiya]] da sauran ƙasashe  wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Ilimi  kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 1963 a ƙarƙashin sunan Makarantar Tsakiya.  Daga baya, an canza sunan zuwa Kendriya Vidyalaya. Ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta . Makarantunta duk suna da alaƙa da Hukumar Ilimi ta Tsakiya (CBSE). &lt;ref name=&quot;KVS Ref1&quot; /&gt; Manufarta ita ce ilmantar da yaran ma'aikatan Tsaron Indiya waɗanda galibi ake tura su wurare masu nisa. Tare da rundunar sojojin da ta fara Makarantun Jama'a na Sojoji, an faɗaɗa hidimar amma ba ta takaita ga dukkan ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsakiya ba.

Ana bin tsarin manhajar karatu na dindindin, sannan makarantu a duk faɗin [[Indiya]] . Ta hanyar samar da manhaja da tsarin ilimi iri ɗaya, an yi nufin Kendriya Vidyalayas don tabbatar da cewa yaran ma'aikatan gwamnati ba sa fuskantar matsalolin ilimi lokacin da aka canza iyayensu daga wani wuri zuwa wani. Makarantun sun shafe sama da shekaru 60 suna aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;KVS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |url=http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182201/http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/ |archive-date=28 June 2011 |access-date=7 September 2010 |website=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan |publisher=National Informatics Centre (NIC), Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
'''Ƙungiyar Makarantun Tsakiya''' ta Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (kamar yadda aka sani a baya), ita ce ke kula da ayyukan makarantun da hedikwatarsu ke [[New Delhi]] . 

== Makarantu ==
[[Fayil:KV_RTK_CAMPUS.jpg|thumb|Campus na Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak]]

=== Sikeli, Isarwa, da Kasancewar Kendriya Vidyalayas a Duniya ===
{{As of|2025|2}}, there were 1,256 schools named Kendriya Vidyalayas,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KVS - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Government of India {{!}} India |url=https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; having started with only 20 schools in the year 1963. It is one of the largest school chains in the world with 1,253 schools in [[Indiya|India]] and three operated abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KVS homepage |url=http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625035631/http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A total of 13,70,674 students ({{As of|2025|December|31}})[https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s32d2ca7eedf739ef4c3800713ec482e1a/uploads/2026/01/2026012830.pdf] and 46,810 employees were on the rolls ({{As of|2025|December|31}}).[https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/] KVS has been recognized as an independent State  by [[Bharat Scouts and Guides|Bharat Scouts &amp; Guides]] Movement as around 2,49,198 students enrolled as the Scouts, Guides, Cubs and Bulbuls.  Kendriya Vidyalayas are spread among 25 regions, each headed by a deputy commissioner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-03-31 |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan |url=http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625035631/http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=2019-12-06 |publisher=Kvsangathan.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International Kendriya Vidyalayas ===
Kendriya Vidyalayas guda uku da ke wajen Indiya suna [[Kathmandu]], [[Moscow]], da [[Tehran]] waɗanda ke cikin ofisoshin jakadancin Indiya na waɗannan ƙasashe kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗaɗen da suke kashewa.   An yi su ne don yara ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Indiya da sauran ma'aikatan gwamnatin Indiya da ke ƙasashen waje. 

=== Tsoffin Makarantun Ƙasashen Duniya ===
An mayar da wata makaranta a Tsimalakha, [[Bhutan]], zuwa ga Gwamnatin Bhutan, ta daina zama Kendriya Vidyalaya (wanda a lokacin ake kira Makarantar Tsakiya ta Indo-Bhutan (IBCS)) a shekarar 1989, bayan da aka kusa kammala ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Indo-Bhutan (aikin wutar lantarki na Chukhha Hydal). An mayar da ma'aikatan Gwamnatin Indiya a hankali zuwa ƙasarsu.

=== Manhaja da Harsuna ===

=== Kuɗi da Keɓewa ===
Ana biyan kuɗin makaranta ga ɗaliban Kendriya Vidyalaya waɗanda za su biya asusun haɓaka makaranta ( ''Vidyalaya Vikas Nidhi'' ), tare da kuɗin da aka kashe wajen gina wannan makarantar. Ɗaliban da suka fito daga Jagororin da kuma Kabilun da aka tsara da kuma yaran ma'aikatan KVS an keɓe su daga kuɗin makaranta. 'Yan mata waɗanda su kaɗai ne ' ya'yansu daga aji na VI zuwa gaba ba a keɓe su daga asusun koyarwa da haɓaka makaranta ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Category wise exemption from payment of Tuition fee, VVN &amp; Computer Fund |url=http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/GeneralDocuments/VVN-Computer-Fund-28-08-14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827104130/http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/GeneralDocuments/VVN-Computer-Fund-28-08-14.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2018 |access-date=11 October 2014 |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan Al'adu da Addu'ar Safiya ===
Wani muhimmin al'amari na al'adar Kendriya Vidyalaya shine karatun addu'a ta yau da kullun a lokacin taron safe. Wannan addu'ar, wacce aka saba yi a cikin Sanskrit ko Hindi, ta haɗa da ayar: &quot;Daya kar daan vidya ka humein paramatma dena&quot;. Fassara: &quot;Ya Allah, ka yi mana rahama ka ba mu kyautar ilimi.&quot; Wannan al'ada ba wai kawai tana sanya jin daɗin tarbiyya ba ne, har ma tana nuna ɗabi'ar ilimi ta neman jagora daga Allah wajen neman ilimi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Prayer |url=https://bhajansagar.com/bhajans/daya-kar-daan-vidya-ka-hume-parmatma-dena-daya-karna-hamari-aatma-me-shudhta-dena/ |access-date=30 November 2023 |publisher=Bhajan Sagar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin Shiga da kuma Ƙimar 'Yan Majalisa ===
KVS kuma tana da ƙa'idar 'yan majalisa wadda ta ƙunshi wani tanadi na musamman wanda aka ba da izinin shiga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KVS Admission Under MP Quota. |url=https://www.govtjobstat.in/kvs-admission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615165044/https://www.govtjobstat.in/kvs-admission/ |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=15 June 2020 |website=Govt Job Stat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Membobin Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha za su iya ba da shawarar wasu ɗalibai kaɗan don shiga. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi na Musamman suna aiki ne kawai a KVs da ke cikin mazabar ɗan majalisar da abin ya shafa. Duk 'yan majalisar dokoki za su iya ba da shawarar har zuwa ɗalibai shida daga mazabarsu don shiga Kendriya Vidyalaya. Daga zaman ilimi na 2016-17, an ƙara ƙa'idar zuwa ɗalibai 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Admissions Quota Raised for MPs |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/Kendriya-Vidyalaya-Admissions-Quota-Raised-for-MPs/2015/12/01/article3155611.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054443/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/Kendriya-Vidyalaya-Admissions-Quota-Raised-for-MPs/2015/12/01/article3155611.ece |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, tun daga shekarar karatu ta 2022-23, an soke duk hanyoyin shiga a ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden musamman kamar ƙa'idar MP, ƙa'idar hukumar tallafawa (ƙa'idar shugaba).

=== Takardun Shaida da Shirye-shiryen Dijital ===
Majalisar Inganci ta Indiya (QCI) ta amince da makarantu uku na KV: KV RK Puram, KV IIT Powai da KV Bhinga.  Makarantar Kasuwar Kendriya Vidyalaya Gole da ke Tsakiyar Delhi ta sami sanarwar haɓakawa zuwa tsarin koyarwa na &quot;E-Aji&quot; da e-Learning ta hanyar aiwatar da Smart Allon a cikin aji. Wannan makarantar tana samar da mujallar makaranta ta shekara-shekara mai suna ''Vidyalaya Patrika'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Ict Infrastructure &amp;#124; Kendriya Vidyalaya Gole Market |url=https://golemarket.kvs.ac.in/about-us/ict-infrastructure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206172214/https://golemarket.kvs.ac.in/about-us/ict-infrastructure |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=2022-03-16 |publisher=Golemarket.kvs.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasanni, Ayyuka, da Bambancin Ilimi ===

=== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ===

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin Kendriya Vidyalayas
* Babban Hukumar Ilimi ta Sakandare
* Majalisar Ƙasa ta Bincike da Horarwa

== Manazarta ==

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'''Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS)''' ( transl. Ƙungiyar Makarantun Tsakiya (CSO) ) tsarin makarantun gwamnatin tsakiya ne a [[Indiya]] . [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta ƙasa (Indiya)|Ma'aikatar Ilimi]], Gwamnatin Indiya ce ke kula da shi. {{As of|2025|4}}  Tana da jimillar makarantu 1,257 a [[Indiya]], da kuma uku a ƙasashen waje, a [[Kathmandu]], [[Moscow]] da [[Tehran]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Directory of KVs {{!}} KVS - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Government of India {{!}} India |url=https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/directory-of-kvs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116120915/https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/directory-of-kvs/ |archive-date=2025-01-16 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=kvsangathan.nic.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan layukan makarantu a duniya kuma babbar layukan makarantu a Indiya. Ofisoshin Yankuna 25 da 05 ZIETs (Cibiyar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Yanki) suna ƙarƙashin hedikwatar KVS.

A watan Afrilun 2022, Cibiyar ta yanke shawarar cire kason 'yan majalisar dokoki ga ɗaliban KV, wanda hakan ya sa aka soke shawarwarin 'yan majalisar game da shiga makarantun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya: ఎంపీలకు కేంద్రం షాక్.. ఆ విద్యాసంస్థల్లో కోటా రద్దు |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/jobs/centre-cancels-mp-quota-seats-in-kendriya-vidyalaya-educational-institutions-will-comes-into-implementation-from-next-week-ak-1267948.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405070955/https://telugu.news18.com/news/jobs/centre-cancels-mp-quota-seats-in-kendriya-vidyalaya-educational-institutions-will-comes-into-implementation-from-next-week-ak-1267948.html |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tsarin makarantun gwamnatin tsakiya ne a [[Indiya]] da sauran ƙasashe  wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Ilimi  kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 1963 a ƙarƙashin sunan Makarantar Tsakiya.  Daga baya, an canza sunan zuwa Kendriya Vidyalaya. Ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta . Makarantunta duk suna da alaƙa da Hukumar Ilimi ta Tsakiya (CBSE). &lt;ref name=&quot;KVS Ref1&quot; /&gt; Manufarta ita ce ilmantar da yaran ma'aikatan Tsaron Indiya waɗanda galibi ake tura su wurare masu nisa. Tare da rundunar sojojin da ta fara Makarantun Jama'a na Sojoji, an faɗaɗa hidimar amma ba ta takaita ga dukkan ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsakiya ba.

Ana bin tsarin manhajar karatu na dindindin, sannan makarantu a duk faɗin [[Indiya]] . Ta hanyar samar da manhaja da tsarin ilimi iri ɗaya, an yi nufin Kendriya Vidyalayas don tabbatar da cewa yaran ma'aikatan gwamnati ba sa fuskantar matsalolin ilimi lokacin da aka canza iyayensu daga wani wuri zuwa wani. Makarantun sun shafe sama da shekaru 60 suna aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;KVS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya |url=http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182201/http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/ |archive-date=28 June 2011 |access-date=7 September 2010 |website=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan |publisher=National Informatics Centre (NIC), Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
'''Ƙungiyar Makarantun Tsakiya''' ta Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (kamar yadda aka sani a baya), ita ce ke kula da ayyukan makarantun da hedikwatarsu ke [[New Delhi]] . 

== Makarantu ==
[[Fayil:KV_RTK_CAMPUS.jpg|thumb|Campus na Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak]]

=== Sikeli, Isarwa, da Kasancewar Kendriya Vidyalayas a Duniya ===
{{As of|2025|2}}, there were 1,256 schools named Kendriya Vidyalayas,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KVS - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Government of India {{!}} India |url=https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; having started with only 20 schools in the year 1963. It is one of the largest school chains in the world with 1,253 schools in [[Indiya|India]] and three operated abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KVS homepage |url=http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625035631/http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A total of 13,70,674 students ({{As of|2025|December|31}})[https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s32d2ca7eedf739ef4c3800713ec482e1a/uploads/2026/01/2026012830.pdf] and 46,810 employees were on the rolls ({{As of|2025|December|31}}).[https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/] KVS has been recognized as an independent State  by [[Bharat Scouts and Guides|Bharat Scouts &amp; Guides]] Movement as around 2,49,198 students enrolled as the Scouts, Guides, Cubs and Bulbuls.  Kendriya Vidyalayas are spread among 25 regions, each headed by a deputy commissioner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-03-31 |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan |url=http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625035631/http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=2019-12-06 |publisher=Kvsangathan.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International Kendriya Vidyalayas ===
Kendriya Vidyalayas guda uku da ke wajen Indiya suna [[Kathmandu]], [[Moscow]], da [[Tehran]] waɗanda ke cikin ofisoshin jakadancin Indiya na waɗannan ƙasashe kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗaɗen da suke kashewa.   An yi su ne don yara ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Indiya da sauran ma'aikatan gwamnatin Indiya da ke ƙasashen waje. 

=== Tsoffin Makarantun Ƙasashen Duniya ===
An mayar da wata makaranta a Tsimalakha, [[Bhutan]], zuwa ga Gwamnatin Bhutan, ta daina zama Kendriya Vidyalaya (wanda a lokacin ake kira Makarantar Tsakiya ta Indo-Bhutan (IBCS)) a shekarar 1989, bayan da aka kusa kammala ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Indo-Bhutan (aikin wutar lantarki na Chukhha Hydal). An mayar da ma'aikatan Gwamnatin Indiya a hankali zuwa ƙasarsu.

=== Manhaja da Harsuna ===

=== Kuɗi da Keɓewa ===
Ana biyan kuɗin makaranta ga ɗaliban Kendriya Vidyalaya waɗanda za su biya asusun haɓaka makaranta ( ''Vidyalaya Vikas Nidhi'' ), tare da kuɗin da aka kashe wajen gina wannan makarantar. Ɗaliban da suka fito daga Jagororin da kuma Kabilun da aka tsara da kuma yaran ma'aikatan KVS an keɓe su daga kuɗin makaranta. 'Yan mata waɗanda su kaɗai ne ' ya'yansu daga aji na VI zuwa gaba ba a keɓe su daga asusun koyarwa da haɓaka makaranta ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Category wise exemption from payment of Tuition fee, VVN &amp; Computer Fund |url=http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/GeneralDocuments/VVN-Computer-Fund-28-08-14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827104130/http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/GeneralDocuments/VVN-Computer-Fund-28-08-14.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2018 |access-date=11 October 2014 |publisher=Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan Al'adu da Addu'ar Safiya ===
Wani muhimmin al'amari na al'adar Kendriya Vidyalaya shine karatun addu'a ta yau da kullun a lokacin taron safe. Wannan addu'ar, wacce aka saba yi a cikin Sanskrit ko Hindi, ta haɗa da ayar: &quot;Daya kar daan vidya ka humein paramatma dena&quot;. Fassara: &quot;Ya Allah, ka yi mana rahama ka ba mu kyautar ilimi.&quot; Wannan al'ada ba wai kawai tana sanya jin daɗin tarbiyya ba ne, har ma tana nuna ɗabi'ar ilimi ta neman jagora daga Allah wajen neman ilimi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Prayer |url=https://bhajansagar.com/bhajans/daya-kar-daan-vidya-ka-hume-parmatma-dena-daya-karna-hamari-aatma-me-shudhta-dena/ |access-date=30 November 2023 |publisher=Bhajan Sagar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin Shiga da kuma Ƙimar 'Yan Majalisa ===
KVS kuma tana da ƙa'idar 'yan majalisa wadda ta ƙunshi wani tanadi na musamman wanda aka ba da izinin shiga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KVS Admission Under MP Quota. |url=https://www.govtjobstat.in/kvs-admission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615165044/https://www.govtjobstat.in/kvs-admission/ |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=15 June 2020 |website=Govt Job Stat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Membobin Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha za su iya ba da shawarar wasu ɗalibai kaɗan don shiga. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi na Musamman suna aiki ne kawai a KVs da ke cikin mazabar ɗan majalisar da abin ya shafa. Duk 'yan majalisar dokoki za su iya ba da shawarar har zuwa ɗalibai shida daga mazabarsu don shiga Kendriya Vidyalaya. Daga zaman ilimi na 2016-17, an ƙara ƙa'idar zuwa ɗalibai 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Admissions Quota Raised for MPs |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/Kendriya-Vidyalaya-Admissions-Quota-Raised-for-MPs/2015/12/01/article3155611.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054443/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/Kendriya-Vidyalaya-Admissions-Quota-Raised-for-MPs/2015/12/01/article3155611.ece |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, tun daga shekarar karatu ta 2022-23, an soke duk hanyoyin shiga a ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden musamman kamar ƙa'idar MP, ƙa'idar hukumar tallafawa (ƙa'idar shugaba).

=== Takardun Shaida da Shirye-shiryen Dijital ===
Majalisar Inganci ta Indiya (QCI) ta amince da makarantu uku na KV: KV RK Puram, KV IIT Powai da KV Bhinga.  Makarantar Kasuwar Kendriya Vidyalaya Gole da ke Tsakiyar Delhi ta sami sanarwar haɓakawa zuwa tsarin koyarwa na &quot;E-Aji&quot; da e-Learning ta hanyar aiwatar da Smart Allon a cikin aji. Wannan makarantar tana samar da mujallar makaranta ta shekara-shekara mai suna ''Vidyalaya Patrika'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Ict Infrastructure &amp;#124; Kendriya Vidyalaya Gole Market |url=https://golemarket.kvs.ac.in/about-us/ict-infrastructure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206172214/https://golemarket.kvs.ac.in/about-us/ict-infrastructure |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=2022-03-16 |publisher=Golemarket.kvs.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasanni, Ayyuka, da Bambancin Ilimi ===

=== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ===

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin Kendriya Vidyalayas
* Babban Hukumar Ilimi ta Sakandare
* Majalisar Ƙasa ta Bincike da Horarwa

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Makarantar koyarwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347250369|Teaching school]]&quot;</comment>
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An kafa Makarantar Koyarwa a matsayin ra'ayi a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da Jami'ar Central Queensland (a Ostiraliya) ta ƙirƙiro kuma ta ƙaddamar da sabon Shirin Gudanar da Koyo na Digiri na Biyu (BLM).    Babban ɓangaren shine Makarantar Koyarwa wanda Farfesa David Lynch ya tsara  kuma 'makarantar koyarwa' ta farko (na gwaji) ita ce Kwalejin Al'umma ta Kenilworth, a bakin tekun Sunshine na Ostiraliya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mataimakin Farfesa David Turner, a lokacin shugaban makarantu.  Makarantar Koyarwa tana kama da 'asibitin koyarwa' a fannin likitanci, inda ake amfani da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa da ƙoƙarin makaranta (watau K-12) da jami'a (a wannan yanayin malamar ilimi) ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na hukuma don ƙirƙirar al'umma mai ɗorewa da dorewa ta aiki mai mai da hankali kan shirye-shiryen malamai da haɓaka koyarwa (Turner &amp; Lynch, 2006; Lynch, 2012). A cikin tsarin likitanci, farfesoshi da likitocin suna aiki tare a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar 'likita' mai girma da yawa wacce ke mai da hankali sosai kan kyawun aiki, haɓakawa, da bincike. Haka kuma wannan dabarar ta shafi makarantar koyarwa domin sabon yanayi ne da malamai za su shirya (a cikin aiki da kuma kafin a fara aiki) da kuma binciken ilimi da za a gudanar da shi da kuma yaɗa shi don amfanin malamai. Da yake la'akari da gina asibitin koyarwa na likitanci, makarantar koyarwa za ta samar da wani tsari inda ma'aikata masu rarrabuwa za su fito. Ka yi tunanin malaman ɗalibai, masu horo, malamai masu haɗin gwiwa, suna aiki tare da malamai masu rijista, furofesoshi da kuma masu ba da shawara da yawa daga 'ofishin ilimi na yanki', a cikin mahallin koyarwa, koyo da ayyukan bincike masu alaƙa. Wannan rarrabuwar kuma yana wakiltar ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewa, ƙaruwar ƙarfin wurin aiki da matsayin ma'aikata don tasirin a makarantar koyarwa da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta makarantu (ko TSs na tauraron dan adam) waɗanda aka haɗa su don girman aiki na duniya, girma da tasiri. A kan layi ɗaya, wannan rarrabuwar tana wakiltar babban albarkatu da iyawa don sake tunani game da yadda za a iya koyar da ɗalibai (K-12) a makarantar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lynch, D. 2012&quot; /&gt; 

A Ingila, ana kiran '''makarantar koyarwa''' da wata makaranta mai daraja ta Ofsted wadda ke aiki tare da sauran abokan hulɗa don samar da horo da ci gaba mai inganci ga ma'aikatan makaranta. Suna cikin shirin gwamnatin Burtaniya na bai wa makarantu a [[Ingila]] muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaga matsayi ta hanyar haɓaka tsarin da makarantu ke jagoranta mai ɗorewa da kuma dorewa. 

Gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ce ta fara gabatar da su a Ingila a shekarar 2010, a cikin wani takarda mai taken ''&quot;Muhimmancin Koyarwa&quot;'' .  Manufar ita ce a maye gurbin shirye-shiryen horar da malamai na jami'a da tsarin koyarwa da ke aiki a wurin aiki wanda ke mayar da hankali kan makarantu kuma ke jagorantarsu, wanda ke da alhakin ci gaba da gudanar da ilimi ga makarantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;tscouncil-1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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An kafa Makarantar Koyarwa a matsayin ra'ayi a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da Jami'ar Central Queensland (a Ostiraliya) ta ƙirƙiro kuma ta ƙaddamar da sabon Shirin Gudanar da Koyo na Digiri na Biyu (BLM).    Babban ɓangaren shine Makarantar Koyarwa wanda Farfesa David Lynch ya tsara  kuma 'makarantar koyarwa' ta farko (na gwaji) ita ce Kwalejin Al'umma ta Kenilworth, a bakin tekun Sunshine na Ostiraliya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mataimakin Farfesa David Turner, a lokacin shugaban makarantu.  Makarantar Koyarwa tana kama da 'asibitin koyarwa' a fannin likitanci, inda ake amfani da ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa da ƙoƙarin makaranta (watau K-12) da jami'a (a wannan yanayin malamar ilimi) ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na hukuma don ƙirƙirar al'umma mai ɗorewa da dorewa ta aiki mai mai da hankali kan shirye-shiryen malamai da haɓaka koyarwa (Turner &amp; Lynch, 2006; Lynch, 2012). A cikin tsarin likitanci, farfesoshi da likitocin suna aiki tare a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar 'likita' mai girma da yawa wacce ke mai da hankali sosai kan kyawun aiki, haɓakawa, da bincike. Haka kuma wannan dabarar ta shafi makarantar koyarwa domin sabon yanayi ne da malamai za su shirya (a cikin aiki da kuma kafin a fara aiki) da kuma binciken ilimi da za a gudanar da shi da kuma yaɗa shi don amfanin malamai. Da yake la'akari da gina asibitin koyarwa na likitanci, makarantar koyarwa za ta samar da wani tsari inda ma'aikata masu rarrabuwa za su fito. Ka yi tunanin malaman ɗalibai, masu horo, malamai masu haɗin gwiwa, suna aiki tare da malamai masu rijista, furofesoshi da kuma masu ba da shawara da yawa daga 'ofishin ilimi na yanki', a cikin mahallin koyarwa, koyo da ayyukan bincike masu alaƙa. Wannan rarrabuwar kuma yana wakiltar ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewa, ƙaruwar ƙarfin wurin aiki da matsayin ma'aikata don tasirin a makarantar koyarwa da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta makarantu (ko TSs na tauraron dan adam) waɗanda aka haɗa su don girman aiki na duniya, girma da tasiri. A kan layi ɗaya, wannan rarrabuwar tana wakiltar babban albarkatu da iyawa don sake tunani game da yadda za a iya koyar da ɗalibai (K-12) a makarantar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lynch, D. 2012&quot; /&gt; 

A Ingila, ana kiran '''makarantar koyarwa''' da wata makaranta mai daraja ta Ofsted wadda ke aiki tare da sauran abokan hulɗa don samar da horo da ci gaba mai inganci ga ma'aikatan makaranta. Suna cikin shirin gwamnatin Burtaniya na bai wa makarantu a [[Ingila]] muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaga matsayi ta hanyar haɓaka tsarin da makarantu ke jagoranta mai ɗorewa da kuma dorewa. 

Gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ce ta fara gabatar da su a Ingila a shekarar 2010, a cikin wani takarda mai taken ''&quot;Muhimmancin Koyarwa&quot;'' .  Manufar ita ce a maye gurbin shirye-shiryen horar da malamai na jami'a da tsarin koyarwa da ke aiki a wurin aiki wanda ke mayar da hankali kan makarantu kuma ke jagorantarsu, wanda ke da alhakin ci gaba da gudanar da ilimi ga makarantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;tscouncil-1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Makarantar kasa (Ireland)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343532086|National school (Ireland)]]&quot;</comment>
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A [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], '''makarantar ƙasa''' ( Irish   ) wani nau'in [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] ne da gwamnati ke ba da kuɗi kai tsaye, amma galibi gwamnati, ƙungiyar masu kula da yara, da wakilan ƙananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa tare. A makarantun ƙasa, yawancin manyan manufofi, kamar manhaja da albashin malamai da yanayi, gwamnati ce ke kula da su ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi . Ƙananan manufofin makarantar mutanen gida ne ke kula da su, wani lokacin kuma wani memba na malamai ne ke jagorantar su, a matsayin wakilin mai kula da yara, ta hanyar ' hukumar gudanarwa ' ta gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ownership of primary schools |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/primary_and_post_primary_education/going_to_primary_school/ownership_of_primary_schools.html |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=citizensinformation.ie |publisher=Citizens Information Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin makarantun firamare a Ireland suna faɗa cikin wannan rukuni, wanda shine ra'ayi kafin samun 'yancin kai .

== Tarihi ==
Makarantun ƙasa, waɗanda gwamnatin [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Burtaniya da Ireland]] suka kafa, an kafa su ne a shekarar 1831, kuma an yi nufin su kasance ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;citizen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Choosing a primary school - Types of primary school |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/primary_and_post_primary_education/going_to_primary_school/types_primary_school.html#l31e8b |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=citizensinformation.ie |publisher=Citizens Information Board}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hukumar Ilimi ta Ƙasa ce ke kula da makarantun, tare da kwamitin mambobi shida da ya ƙunshi [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] guda biyu, Cocin Ireland guda biyu, da kuma Presbyterian guda biyu.

A makarantun ƙasa, dole ne a sami ƙayyadadden iyaka tsakanin ilimin addini da na addini, inda malamin zai bayyana cewa an fara koyar da addini, ya rataye alama a bango ko ƙofa yana nuna cewa ana kan aiwatar da koyar da addini, sannan ya cire duk alamomin addini da abubuwan da ba a gani ba lokacin da aka kammala koyar da addini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education {{!}} Irish history Live |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/irishhistorylive/IrishHistoryResources/Shortarticlesandencyclopaediaentries/Encyclopaedia/LengthyEntries/Education/ |access-date=2021-09-01 |publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Haka kuma, iyaye suna da haƙƙin cire 'ya'yansu daga wannan lokacin na ilimin addini idan ya saɓa wa imaninsu na addini. A ƙarshe, makarantun da suka kasa bin waɗannan ƙa'idodi ko kuma waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da addinai daban-daban ga mai kula da su an hana su tallafin gwamnati. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi galibi suna nan a yau, amma gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin masu kula da su, ko jama'a ba sa amincewa da su akai-akai.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;binciken asali?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A farkon karni na 19, a cikin yanayi na ƙiyayya tsakanin majami'u, tsarin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ya yi adawa sosai: cocin da aka kafa ( Cocin Ireland ), kodayake cocin tsiraru, yana da matsayi na musamman da haƙƙin goyon bayan gwamnati wajen haɓaka Anglicanism .  [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika na Roman]], wanda ke fitowa daga lokacin da aka danne a Ireland, da kuma mabiya addinin Protestant Presbyterian, waɗanda suma suka sha wahala a ƙarƙashin dokokin hukunci, sun nemi goyon bayan gwamnati ga makarantun al'adunsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;coolahan&quot; /&gt;

Misali, James Doyle, Bishop na Roman Katolika na Kildare da Leighlin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan farko, yana neman inganta tsarin [[Makarantar Hedge|makarantun shinge]] na yau da kullun. Doyle ya yi magana a gaban Kwamitin Majalisa: 
{{Blockquote|I do not see how any man wishing well to the public peace, and who looks to Ireland as his country, can think that peace can be permanently established, or the prosperity of the country ever well secured, if children are separated at the commencement of life on account of their religious opinions.}}

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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A [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], '''makarantar ƙasa''' ( Irish   ) wani nau'in [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] ne da gwamnati ke ba da kuɗi kai tsaye, amma galibi gwamnati, ƙungiyar masu kula da yara, da wakilan ƙananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa tare. A makarantun ƙasa, yawancin manyan manufofi, kamar manhaja da albashin malamai da yanayi, gwamnati ce ke kula da su ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi . Ƙananan manufofin makarantar mutanen gida ne ke kula da su, wani lokacin kuma wani memba na malamai ne ke jagorantar su, a matsayin wakilin mai kula da yara, ta hanyar ' hukumar gudanarwa ' ta gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ownership of primary schools |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/primary_and_post_primary_education/going_to_primary_school/ownership_of_primary_schools.html |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=citizensinformation.ie |publisher=Citizens Information Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin makarantun firamare a Ireland suna faɗa cikin wannan rukuni, wanda shine ra'ayi kafin samun 'yancin kai .

== Tarihi ==
Makarantun ƙasa, waɗanda gwamnatin [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Burtaniya da Ireland]] suka kafa, an kafa su ne a shekarar 1831, kuma an yi nufin su kasance ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;citizen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Choosing a primary school - Types of primary school |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/primary_and_post_primary_education/going_to_primary_school/types_primary_school.html#l31e8b |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=citizensinformation.ie |publisher=Citizens Information Board}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hukumar Ilimi ta Ƙasa ce ke kula da makarantun, tare da kwamitin mambobi shida da ya ƙunshi [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]] guda biyu, Cocin Ireland guda biyu, da kuma Presbyterian guda biyu.

A makarantun ƙasa, dole ne a sami ƙayyadadden iyaka tsakanin ilimin addini da na addini, inda malamin zai bayyana cewa an fara koyar da addini, ya rataye alama a bango ko ƙofa yana nuna cewa ana kan aiwatar da koyar da addini, sannan ya cire duk alamomin addini da abubuwan da ba a gani ba lokacin da aka kammala koyar da addini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education {{!}} Irish history Live |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/irishhistorylive/IrishHistoryResources/Shortarticlesandencyclopaediaentries/Encyclopaedia/LengthyEntries/Education/ |access-date=2021-09-01 |publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Haka kuma, iyaye suna da haƙƙin cire 'ya'yansu daga wannan lokacin na ilimin addini idan ya saɓa wa imaninsu na addini. A ƙarshe, makarantun da suka kasa bin waɗannan ƙa'idodi ko kuma waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da addinai daban-daban ga mai kula da su an hana su tallafin gwamnati. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi galibi suna nan a yau, amma gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin masu kula da su, ko jama'a ba sa amincewa da su akai-akai.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;binciken asali?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A farkon karni na 19, a cikin yanayi na ƙiyayya tsakanin majami'u, tsarin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ya yi adawa sosai: cocin da aka kafa ( Cocin Ireland ), kodayake cocin tsiraru, yana da matsayi na musamman da haƙƙin goyon bayan gwamnati wajen haɓaka Anglicanism .  [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika na Roman]], wanda ke fitowa daga lokacin da aka danne a Ireland, da kuma mabiya addinin Protestant Presbyterian, waɗanda suma suka sha wahala a ƙarƙashin dokokin hukunci, sun nemi goyon bayan gwamnati ga makarantun al'adunsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;coolahan&quot; /&gt;

Misali, James Doyle, Bishop na Roman Katolika na Kildare da Leighlin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan farko, yana neman inganta tsarin [[Makarantar Hedge|makarantun shinge]] na yau da kullun. Doyle ya yi magana a gaban Kwamitin Majalisa: 
{{Blockquote|I do not see how any man wishing well to the public peace, and who looks to Ireland as his country, can think that peace can be permanently established, or the prosperity of the country ever well secured, if children are separated at the commencement of life on account of their religious opinions.}}

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332707206|Miscellaneous school]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Makaranta daban-daban''' rarrabuwa ce ta makarantu a ƙarƙashin dokokin ilimi na Japan da Koriya ta Kudu.

== Japan ==

=== Bayani ===
''Kakushu gakko'' ( Japanese ), wani lokacin ana fassara shi a matsayin &quot;makarantar sana'o'i daban-daban&quot;,  rarrabuwa ce ta makarantu a Japan, wacce aka kafa ta Mataki na 134 na {{Interlanguage link|School Education Act|ja|学校教育法}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム - &amp;#91;法令本文表示&amp;#93; - 学校教育法 |url=http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=272&amp;vm=&amp;re=01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'ikan makarantu da aka rarraba a matsayin makarantu daban-daban sun haɗa da makarantun tuƙi, makarantun sana'o'i, da wasu makarantun ƙasa da ƙasa (kamar {{Transl|ja|[[Chōsen gakkō]]}} wanda Chongryon mai alaƙa da Koriya ta Arewa ke gudanarwa). Saboda wannan matsayin suna samun ƙaramin tallafin gwamnati fiye da makarantun masu zaman kansu na Japan na yau da kullun.  Wadanda suka kammala karatunsu kuma suna iya fuskantar matsaloli wajen yin rijista don yin jarrabawar shiga makarantun sakandare da jami'o'i. &lt;ref name=&quot;MEXT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=（別添）外国人学校の各種学校設置・準学校法人設立の認可に関する調査研究 関係団体、外国人学校への調査結果：文部科学省 |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/kokusai/011/attach/1319315.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, Makarantar Sinanci ta Osaka ta yi gargaɗi ga iyaye na ɗaliban da ke son yin karatu a OCS cewa, yayin da gwamnatin ƙaramar hukumar [[Osaka]] ta ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun OCS waɗanda 'yan ƙasar China ne da kuma mutanen da suka fito daga China damar yin jarrabawar makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati, gwamnati ta ƙi irin wannan izinin ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun OCS waɗanda 'yan ƙasar Japan ne waɗanda ba 'yan asalin China ba ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大阪中華學校 2016 年度募集要項 |trans-title=2016 Admissions Guidelines |url=http://www.ocs.ed.jp/pdf/baoming-2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105554/http://www.ocs.ed.jp/pdf/baoming-2016.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Osaka Chinese School]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, akwai &quot;makarantu daban-daban&quot; guda 120 waɗanda ba a yi nufin su ga yaran Japan ba; sun haɗa da {{Transl|ja|chōsen gakkō}} guda 79, makarantun China guda biyar, makarantu huɗu waɗanda ke hidimar ɗaliban Brazil ko Peru, da kuma makaranta ɗaya da ke da alaƙa da Koriya ta Kudu, tare da wasu makarantun ƙasa da ƙasa guda 31. 

=== Ka'idojin ganewa ===
Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta wancan lokacin ta bayar da ƙa'idodi da suka bayyana ƙa'idojin amincewa a matsayin makaranta daban-daban a shekarar 1956. A ƙarƙashin waɗannan ƙa'idodin, an bai wa gwamnonin gundumomi ikon amincewa da makarantu daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1956 |title=各種学校規程（昭和三十一年文部省令第三十一号） |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shougai/senshuu/04062902.htm |access-date=2015-10-23 |publisher=Ministry of Education |postscript=none}}. The regulations have also been amended in 2004: {{Cite web |date=2004-06-21 |title=専修学校設置基準の一部を改正する省令及び各種学校規程の一部を改正する省令の施行について（通知） |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shougai/senshuu/04062903.htm |access-date=2015-10-23 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, ƙa'idodin amincewa sun bambanta dangane da gundumomi. Misali, tun daga shekarar 2011, mafi ƙarancin iyaka ga jimillar kadarori a matsayin rabon kuɗin aiki na shekara-shekara ya kama daga kashi ɗaya cikin shida zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku, kuma wasu gundumomi suna buƙatar makarantu daban-daban su mallaki filaye da gine-gine a matsayin sharaɗin amincewa, yayin da wasu suka sassauta wannan ƙa'ida kuma suka ba wa makarantun da ke hayar kayan aikinsu na dogon lokaci ko ma na ɗan gajeren lokaci. 

Wasu makarantun ƙasashen duniya sun sami damar sauya daga &quot;makarantu daban-daban&quot; zuwa abin da ake kira &quot;makarantar Mataki na 1&quot; ( {{Lang|ja|第1条校}} ) ) matsayi, wanda hakan ya sa suka zama makarantun masu zaman kansu na yau da kullun da aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin dokar Japan. &lt;ref name=&quot;MEXT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=（別添）外国人学校の各種学校設置・準学校法人設立の認可に関する調査研究 関係団体、外国人学校への調査結果：文部科学省 |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/kokusai/011/attach/1319315.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Transl|ja|Chōsen gakkō}} ba su sami damar samun irin wannan amincewa a hukumance a matsayin makarantu masu zaman kansu ba, wani yanayi da magoya bayansu suka bayyana a matsayin wariya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=朝鮮学校の場所（６）/日本の学校制度 |url=http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/na-edu/basyo9905hdh/sinboj99060481.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531081741/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/na-edu/basyo9905hdh/sinboj99060481.htm |archive-date=2009-05-31 |access-date=2015-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Koriya ta Kudu ==
Rarraba {{Transl|ko|gakjong hakkyo}} ( Korean   ) an bayyana shi a cikin ƙa'idodi da aka fitar ƙarƙashin ikon Mataki na 60, Sashe na 3 na Dokar Ilimi ta Firamare da Tsakiya, da Mataki na 59, Sashe na 3 na Dokar Ilimi Mai Girma. Mataki na 12 na ƙa'idodin ya bayyana makarantu ga baƙi waɗanda ke bin manhajar ƙasar waje a matsayin nau'in ''gakjong hakkyo'' ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=국가법령정보센터 &amp;#124; 법령 &gt; 본문 - 각종학교에관한규칙 |url=http://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=137574&amp;efYd=20130323}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Makaranta daban-daban''' rarrabuwa ce ta makarantu a ƙarƙashin dokokin ilimi na Japan da Koriya ta Kudu.

== Japan ==

=== Bayani ===
''Kakushu gakko'' ( Japanese ), wani lokacin ana fassara shi a matsayin &quot;makarantar sana'o'i daban-daban&quot;,  rarrabuwa ce ta makarantu a Japan, wacce aka kafa ta Mataki na 134 na {{Interlanguage link|School Education Act|ja|学校教育法}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム - &amp;#91;法令本文表示&amp;#93; - 学校教育法 |url=http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=272&amp;vm=&amp;re=01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'ikan makarantu da aka rarraba a matsayin makarantu daban-daban sun haɗa da makarantun tuƙi, makarantun sana'o'i, da wasu makarantun ƙasa da ƙasa (kamar {{Transl|ja|[[Chōsen gakkō]]}} wanda Chongryon mai alaƙa da Koriya ta Arewa ke gudanarwa). Saboda wannan matsayin suna samun ƙaramin tallafin gwamnati fiye da makarantun masu zaman kansu na Japan na yau da kullun.  Wadanda suka kammala karatunsu kuma suna iya fuskantar matsaloli wajen yin rijista don yin jarrabawar shiga makarantun sakandare da jami'o'i. &lt;ref name=&quot;MEXT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=（別添）外国人学校の各種学校設置・準学校法人設立の認可に関する調査研究 関係団体、外国人学校への調査結果：文部科学省 |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/kokusai/011/attach/1319315.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, Makarantar Sinanci ta Osaka ta yi gargaɗi ga iyaye na ɗaliban da ke son yin karatu a OCS cewa, yayin da gwamnatin ƙaramar hukumar [[Osaka]] ta ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun OCS waɗanda 'yan ƙasar China ne da kuma mutanen da suka fito daga China damar yin jarrabawar makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati, gwamnati ta ƙi irin wannan izinin ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun OCS waɗanda 'yan ƙasar Japan ne waɗanda ba 'yan asalin China ba ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大阪中華學校 2016 年度募集要項 |trans-title=2016 Admissions Guidelines |url=http://www.ocs.ed.jp/pdf/baoming-2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105554/http://www.ocs.ed.jp/pdf/baoming-2016.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Osaka Chinese School]] |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, akwai &quot;makarantu daban-daban&quot; guda 120 waɗanda ba a yi nufin su ga yaran Japan ba; sun haɗa da {{Transl|ja|chōsen gakkō}} guda 79, makarantun China guda biyar, makarantu huɗu waɗanda ke hidimar ɗaliban Brazil ko Peru, da kuma makaranta ɗaya da ke da alaƙa da Koriya ta Kudu, tare da wasu makarantun ƙasa da ƙasa guda 31. 

=== Ka'idojin ganewa ===
Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta wancan lokacin ta bayar da ƙa'idodi da suka bayyana ƙa'idojin amincewa a matsayin makaranta daban-daban a shekarar 1956. A ƙarƙashin waɗannan ƙa'idodin, an bai wa gwamnonin gundumomi ikon amincewa da makarantu daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1956 |title=各種学校規程（昭和三十一年文部省令第三十一号） |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shougai/senshuu/04062902.htm |access-date=2015-10-23 |publisher=Ministry of Education |postscript=none}}. The regulations have also been amended in 2004: {{Cite web |date=2004-06-21 |title=専修学校設置基準の一部を改正する省令及び各種学校規程の一部を改正する省令の施行について（通知） |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shougai/senshuu/04062903.htm |access-date=2015-10-23 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, ƙa'idodin amincewa sun bambanta dangane da gundumomi. Misali, tun daga shekarar 2011, mafi ƙarancin iyaka ga jimillar kadarori a matsayin rabon kuɗin aiki na shekara-shekara ya kama daga kashi ɗaya cikin shida zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku, kuma wasu gundumomi suna buƙatar makarantu daban-daban su mallaki filaye da gine-gine a matsayin sharaɗin amincewa, yayin da wasu suka sassauta wannan ƙa'ida kuma suka ba wa makarantun da ke hayar kayan aikinsu na dogon lokaci ko ma na ɗan gajeren lokaci. 

Wasu makarantun ƙasashen duniya sun sami damar sauya daga &quot;makarantu daban-daban&quot; zuwa abin da ake kira &quot;makarantar Mataki na 1&quot; ( {{Lang|ja|第1条校}} ) ) matsayi, wanda hakan ya sa suka zama makarantun masu zaman kansu na yau da kullun da aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin dokar Japan. &lt;ref name=&quot;MEXT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=（別添）外国人学校の各種学校設置・準学校法人設立の認可に関する調査研究 関係団体、外国人学校への調査結果：文部科学省 |url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/kokusai/011/attach/1319315.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Transl|ja|Chōsen gakkō}} ba su sami damar samun irin wannan amincewa a hukumance a matsayin makarantu masu zaman kansu ba, wani yanayi da magoya bayansu suka bayyana a matsayin wariya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=朝鮮学校の場所（６）/日本の学校制度 |url=http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/na-edu/basyo9905hdh/sinboj99060481.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531081741/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/na-edu/basyo9905hdh/sinboj99060481.htm |archive-date=2009-05-31 |access-date=2015-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Koriya ta Kudu ==
Rarraba {{Transl|ko|gakjong hakkyo}} ( Korean   ) an bayyana shi a cikin ƙa'idodi da aka fitar ƙarƙashin ikon Mataki na 60, Sashe na 3 na Dokar Ilimi ta Firamare da Tsakiya, da Mataki na 59, Sashe na 3 na Dokar Ilimi Mai Girma. Mataki na 12 na ƙa'idodin ya bayyana makarantu ga baƙi waɗanda ke bin manhajar ƙasar waje a matsayin nau'in ''gakjong hakkyo'' ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=국가법령정보센터 &amp;#124; 법령 &gt; 본문 - 각종학교에관한규칙 |url=http://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=137574&amp;efYd=20130323}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362395644|Maths school]]&quot;</comment>
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A '''maths school''' is a type of specialist free school sixth form college in England which specialises in the study of mathematics. Each maths school is sponsored by a university&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DfE invites top universities to open specialist maths free schools {{!}} New Schools Network |url=https://www.newschoolsnetwork.org/what-are-free-schools/free-school-news/dfe-invites-top-universities-to-open-specialist-maths-free |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.newschoolsnetwork.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; and, frequently, also a nearby established sixth form college or multi-academy trust.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to open a maths school |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; All students in a maths school must follow a course of study that includes A-Levels in mathematics and further mathematics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to apply to set up a maths school for 16 to 19 year olds |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school/how-to-apply-to-set-up-a-maths-school-for-16-to-19-year-olds |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantun lissafi suna samun ƙarin kuɗi daga gwamnatin tsakiya, fiye da abin da kwalejin aji shida za ta samu, da nufin samar da manhaja mai inganci da ƙwarewar ɗalibai, ta yadda ɗalibai za su fi shirye don karatu a fannin lissafi ko fannoni masu alaƙa a jami'o'i masu gasa, ko kuma don ayyukan da ke buƙatar ƙwarewa mai girma ta fannin lissafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to apply to set up a maths school for 16 to 19 year olds |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school/how-to-apply-to-set-up-a-maths-school-for-16-to-19-year-olds |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantun lissafi suna da zaɓi kuma da farko duk ɗaliban da ke neman shiga ana buƙatar su cimma, aƙalla, aji 8 a fannin lissafi na GCSE . Wannan ba haka lamarin yake ba ga duk makarantun lissafi, inda wasu yanzu ke karɓar aji 7 a fannin lissafi na GCSE. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Admissions – Leeds Mathematics School |url=https://lmas.ac.uk/admissions/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne ɗalibai su kuma zauna jarrabawar shiga kafin a shigar da su.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Janet |date=2018-05-12 |title=The chancellor can't make maths schools add up |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/the-chancellor-cant-make-maths-schools-add-up/ |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siffofin makarantun lissafi ==


Makarantu kyauta ne, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to apply to set up a maths school for 16 to 19 year olds |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school/how-to-apply-to-set-up-a-maths-school-for-16-to-19-year-olds |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka sun bambanta ta hanyoyi da yawa. An hana makarantu kyauta shiga zaɓen ilimi bisa doka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Do you know your free schools from your academies? Here's our guide to secondary schools in England |url=https://edcentral.uk/edblogreader/do-you-know-your-free-schools-from-your-academies-here-s-our-guide-to-secondary-schools-in-england |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=EdCentral |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka duk makarantun lissafi suna zaɓe don haka an keɓe su daga wannan doka. Ba a buƙatar su bi Dokar Shiga Makaranta da Dokar Ƙoƙarin Shiga Makaranta ba. Makarantun lissafi, a mafi yawan lokuta, suna cikin tsoffin gine-gine da aka sake amfani da su waɗanda aka gyara da sake gyarawa. Kowace makarantar lissafi tana ƙarƙashin kulawar amintacciyar makarantar ilimi, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Opening a 16 to 19 specialist maths school |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/822102/20190723_-_Proposer_guidance_-_maths_schools_-_update.pdf |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; jami'a ce ke ɗaukar nauyinta, kuma wani lokacin kuma, kwalejin aji shida ta gida ko kuma amintacciyar makarantar ilimi mai yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lancaster University School of Mathematics, Preston, Lancashire |url=https://lusom.ac.uk/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Lancaster University School of Mathematics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exeter Maths School |url=https://www.facebook.com/exetermathematicsschool |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Exeter Mathematics School |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace shekara, suna karɓar ƙarin £350,000 na kuɗi daga gwamnatin tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  Manhajar makarantun lissafi na ƙwararru ana bayar da ita ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da jami'o'i masu tallafawa. Duk ɗaliban makarantun lissafi dole ne su yi karatun A-levels a fannin lissafi da ƙarin lissafi kuma yawanci suna nazarin cakuda; kimiyyar lissafi, sinadarai, ilmin halitta da kimiyyar kwamfuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New measures announced to help boost the nation's skills |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-measures-announced-to-help-boost-the-nations-skills |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi su ne kawai ga ɗalibai 'yan shekara 16 zuwa 19, yayin da makarantu na yau da kullun kyauta da sauran makarantu na iya yi wa ɗalibai hidima tun daga firamare zuwa gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free schools: the basics {{!}} New Schools Network |url=https://www.newschoolsnetwork.org/free-schools-the-basics |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=www.newschoolsnetwork.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2021 |title=What is an academy and what are the benefits? - The Education Hub |url=https://educationhub.blog.gov.uk/2021/10/14/what-is-an-academy-and-what-are-the-benefits/ |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=educationhub.blog.gov.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana buƙatar makarantun lissafi, a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban kasuwancinsu, don samar da manyan ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a - shirye-shiryen da ke taimakawa wajen kafa makarantun lissafi a matsayin cibiyoyin ƙwarewa. Ana haɓaka tsare-tsaren wayar da kan jama'a tare da haɗin gwiwar makarantu da kwalejoji na gida kuma suna da mahimmanci ga faɗaɗa alƙawarin jami'ar da ke ɗaukar nauyin makarantar lissafi. Suna ba da fifiko ga ɗaliban da ba su da galihu, musamman 'yan mata, kuma suna wayar da kan jama'a game da manhajar lissafi da makarantar za ta bayar ga ɗaliban da za su iya karatu, suna shirya su don nazarin ilimin lissafi mai zurfi. Shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a suna cike da cibiyoyin lissafi, hanyoyin sadarwa na shugabanci na yanki don inganta lissafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Opening a 16 to 19 specialist maths school |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/822102/20190723_-_Proposer_guidance_-_maths_schools_-_update.pdf |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A watan Janairun 2017, Firayim Minista [[Theresa May]] ta sanar da niyyarta ga kowace birni ta Birtaniya ta sami makarantar lissafi. An ware kasafin kuɗi na fam miliyan 170 don wannan dalili.  A watan Nuwamban 2017, Shugaban Ma'ajiyar Kuɗi Philip Hammond ya ba da asusun shekara-shekara na fam 350,000 ga kowace makarantar lissafi. A watan Maris na 2017, Ministan Makarantu, Nick Gibb, ya haɓaka makarantun lissafi, yana roƙon jami'o'i da yawa su kafa su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top universities urged to open new maths schools |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/top-universities-urged-to-open-new-maths-schools |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2019, Sakataren Ilimi Gavin Williamson ya sanar da shirin kafa wasu makarantun lissafi na musamman guda tara (wanda jimilla ya kai goma sha ɗaya), inda huɗu suka riga suka fara ci gaba a Cambridge, Lancaster, Liverpool da Surrey. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Williamson: A revolution in further education - delivering for the forgotten 50 per cent |url=https://policymogul.com/monitor/key-updates/4934/williamson-a-revolution-in-further-education-delivering-for-the-forgotten-50-per-cent |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=policymogul.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A taron Jam'iyyar Conservative na 2019, an sanar da cewa makarantar lissafi goma sha ɗaya za ta ƙunshi aƙalla ɗaya a kowace yanki na Ingila kuma an tabbatar da kafa ɗaya a Durham. &lt;ref name=&quot;CPC 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Conservative Party Conference 2019: Expanding specialist Maths Free Schools |url=https://www.wbca.org.uk/news/conservative-party-conference-2019-expanding-specialist-maths-free-schools |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=West Berkshire Conservatives |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙarfafa waɗannan tsare-tsaren a watan Maris na 2020 lokacin da Chancellor [[Rishi Sunak]] ya fitar da kasafin kuɗin wannan shekarar . Kasafin kuɗin ya ware fam miliyan 7 don kafa waɗannan makarantun lissafi.  Ƙarin ci gaba a 2020 sun haɗa da sanarwar makarantar lissafi ta biyu a London a watan Yuli, &lt;ref name=&quot;ICLMS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joanna Wilson |date=8 July 2020 |title=New maths school targeting underrepresented groups to be developed by Imperial {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/199315/new-maths-school-targeting-underrepresented-groups/ |website=Imperial News}}&lt;/ref&gt; buɗe makarantar lissafi ta uku, Makarantar Lissafi ta Jami'ar Liverpool, a watan Satumba, da kuma sanarwar makarantar lissafi a Leeds a watan Nuwamba.  An buɗe ƙarin makarantun lissafi tun daga 2022.  Duk da haka, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dakatar da shirin buɗe makarantu a Durham da Nottingham a watan Oktoba na 2024 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake duba shirye-shiryen makarantu kyauta;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AcadMathSci gives evidence in a House of Lords Science &amp; Technology Committee session – April 2025 |url=https://durham-mathematics-school.org.uk/acadmathsci-gives-evidence-in-a-house-of-lords-science-technology-committee-session-april-2025/ |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Durham Maths School}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an ɗage dakatarwar a watan Disamba na 2025, amma ba tare da sabbin ranakun buɗewa ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2025 |title=Durham University welcomes Government backing for new mathematics school |url=https://www.durham.ac.uk/news-events/latest-news/2025/12/durham-university-welcomes-government-backing-for-new-mathematics-school/ |website=Durham University}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Jerin makarantun lissafi na yanzu da waɗanda aka amince da su a nan gaba ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year of opening
!Name of maths school
!Abbreviation
!Region
!Sponsoring organisation(s)
|-
|2014&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Member Schools |url=https://umaths.ac.uk/member-schools/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |website=The U-Maths Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|King's College London Mathematics School
|KCLMS
|London
|King's College London
|-
|2014&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|Exeter Mathematics School
|EMS
|South West
|University of Exeter and Exeter College
|-
|2020&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|University of Liverpool Mathematics School
|ULMaS
|North West
|University of Liverpool
|-
|2022&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|Lancaster University School of Mathematics
|LUSoM
|North West
|Lancaster University and Cardinal Newman College
|-
|2023&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[Cambridge Mathematics School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://cms.tela.org.uk/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Cambridge Maths School |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CMS
|East of England
|University of Cambridge and the [[Eastern Learning Alliance]]
|-
|2023&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[Imperial College London Mathematics School]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ICLMS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joanna Wilson |date=8 July 2020 |title=New maths school targeting underrepresented groups to be developed by Imperial {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/199315/new-maths-school-targeting-underrepresented-groups/ |website=Imperial News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ICLMS
|London
|Imperial College London and Woodhouse College
|-
|2023&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[Leeds Mathematics School]]
|LMaS
|Yorkshire and the Humber
|University of Leeds and [[Gorse Academies Trust]]
|-
|2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome from Our Co-Headteachers |url=https://surreymathsschool.co.uk/283/welcome-from-our-co-headteachers |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Surrey Maths School}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Surrey Mathematics School&lt;ref name=&quot;SuMS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=New specialist Maths School for Guildford gets Government green light to proceed |url=https://www.surrey.ac.uk/news/new-specialist-maths-school-guildford-gets-government-green-light-proceed |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=University of Surrey}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|SuMS
|South East
|University of Surrey and [[Learning Partners Academy Trust]]
|-
|2025&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|Aston University Mathematics School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aston University Maths School {{!}} Aston University |url=https://www.aston.ac.uk/aums |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.aston.ac.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|AUMS
|West Midlands
|Aston University
|-
|T.B.A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[University of Nottingham Mathematics School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=School |first=University of Nottingham Maths |title=THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM MATHS SCHOOL |url=https://uonms.org/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM MATHS SCHOOL |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|UoNMS
|East Midlands
|University of Nottingham and [[East Midlands Education Trust]]
|-
|T.B.A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[Durham Mathematics School]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CPC 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Conservative Party Conference 2019: Expanding specialist Maths Free Schools |url=https://www.wbca.org.uk/news/conservative-party-conference-2019-expanding-specialist-maths-free-schools |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=West Berkshire Conservatives |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|DMS
|North East
|Durham University and Durham Sixth Form Centre
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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A '''maths school''' is a type of specialist free school sixth form college in England which specialises in the study of mathematics. Each maths school is sponsored by a university&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DfE invites top universities to open specialist maths free schools {{!}} New Schools Network |url=https://www.newschoolsnetwork.org/what-are-free-schools/free-school-news/dfe-invites-top-universities-to-open-specialist-maths-free |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.newschoolsnetwork.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; and, frequently, also a nearby established sixth form college or multi-academy trust.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to open a maths school |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; All students in a maths school must follow a course of study that includes A-Levels in mathematics and further mathematics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to apply to set up a maths school for 16 to 19 year olds |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school/how-to-apply-to-set-up-a-maths-school-for-16-to-19-year-olds |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantun lissafi suna samun ƙarin kuɗi daga gwamnatin tsakiya, fiye da abin da kwalejin aji shida za ta samu, da nufin samar da manhaja mai inganci da ƙwarewar ɗalibai, ta yadda ɗalibai za su fi shirye don karatu a fannin lissafi ko fannoni masu alaƙa a jami'o'i masu gasa, ko kuma don ayyukan da ke buƙatar ƙwarewa mai girma ta fannin lissafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to apply to set up a maths school for 16 to 19 year olds |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school/how-to-apply-to-set-up-a-maths-school-for-16-to-19-year-olds |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantun lissafi suna da zaɓi kuma da farko duk ɗaliban da ke neman shiga ana buƙatar su cimma, aƙalla, aji 8 a fannin lissafi na GCSE . Wannan ba haka lamarin yake ba ga duk makarantun lissafi, inda wasu yanzu ke karɓar aji 7 a fannin lissafi na GCSE. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Admissions – Leeds Mathematics School |url=https://lmas.ac.uk/admissions/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne ɗalibai su kuma zauna jarrabawar shiga kafin a shigar da su.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Janet |date=2018-05-12 |title=The chancellor can't make maths schools add up |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/the-chancellor-cant-make-maths-schools-add-up/ |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siffofin makarantun lissafi ==


Makarantu kyauta ne, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to apply to set up a maths school for 16 to 19 year olds |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school/how-to-apply-to-set-up-a-maths-school-for-16-to-19-year-olds |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka sun bambanta ta hanyoyi da yawa. An hana makarantu kyauta shiga zaɓen ilimi bisa doka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Do you know your free schools from your academies? Here's our guide to secondary schools in England |url=https://edcentral.uk/edblogreader/do-you-know-your-free-schools-from-your-academies-here-s-our-guide-to-secondary-schools-in-england |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=EdCentral |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka duk makarantun lissafi suna zaɓe don haka an keɓe su daga wannan doka. Ba a buƙatar su bi Dokar Shiga Makaranta da Dokar Ƙoƙarin Shiga Makaranta ba. Makarantun lissafi, a mafi yawan lokuta, suna cikin tsoffin gine-gine da aka sake amfani da su waɗanda aka gyara da sake gyarawa. Kowace makarantar lissafi tana ƙarƙashin kulawar amintacciyar makarantar ilimi, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Opening a 16 to 19 specialist maths school |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/822102/20190723_-_Proposer_guidance_-_maths_schools_-_update.pdf |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; jami'a ce ke ɗaukar nauyinta, kuma wani lokacin kuma, kwalejin aji shida ta gida ko kuma amintacciyar makarantar ilimi mai yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lancaster University School of Mathematics, Preston, Lancashire |url=https://lusom.ac.uk/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Lancaster University School of Mathematics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exeter Maths School |url=https://www.facebook.com/exetermathematicsschool |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Exeter Mathematics School |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace shekara, suna karɓar ƙarin £350,000 na kuɗi daga gwamnatin tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  Manhajar makarantun lissafi na ƙwararru ana bayar da ita ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da jami'o'i masu tallafawa. Duk ɗaliban makarantun lissafi dole ne su yi karatun A-levels a fannin lissafi da ƙarin lissafi kuma yawanci suna nazarin cakuda; kimiyyar lissafi, sinadarai, ilmin halitta da kimiyyar kwamfuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New measures announced to help boost the nation's skills |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-measures-announced-to-help-boost-the-nations-skills |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi su ne kawai ga ɗalibai 'yan shekara 16 zuwa 19, yayin da makarantu na yau da kullun kyauta da sauran makarantu na iya yi wa ɗalibai hidima tun daga firamare zuwa gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free schools: the basics {{!}} New Schools Network |url=https://www.newschoolsnetwork.org/free-schools-the-basics |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=www.newschoolsnetwork.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2021 |title=What is an academy and what are the benefits? - The Education Hub |url=https://educationhub.blog.gov.uk/2021/10/14/what-is-an-academy-and-what-are-the-benefits/ |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=educationhub.blog.gov.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana buƙatar makarantun lissafi, a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban kasuwancinsu, don samar da manyan ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a - shirye-shiryen da ke taimakawa wajen kafa makarantun lissafi a matsayin cibiyoyin ƙwarewa. Ana haɓaka tsare-tsaren wayar da kan jama'a tare da haɗin gwiwar makarantu da kwalejoji na gida kuma suna da mahimmanci ga faɗaɗa alƙawarin jami'ar da ke ɗaukar nauyin makarantar lissafi. Suna ba da fifiko ga ɗaliban da ba su da galihu, musamman 'yan mata, kuma suna wayar da kan jama'a game da manhajar lissafi da makarantar za ta bayar ga ɗaliban da za su iya karatu, suna shirya su don nazarin ilimin lissafi mai zurfi. Shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a suna cike da cibiyoyin lissafi, hanyoyin sadarwa na shugabanci na yanki don inganta lissafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Opening a 16 to 19 specialist maths school |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/822102/20190723_-_Proposer_guidance_-_maths_schools_-_update.pdf |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A watan Janairun 2017, Firayim Minista [[Theresa May]] ta sanar da niyyarta ga kowace birni ta Birtaniya ta sami makarantar lissafi. An ware kasafin kuɗi na fam miliyan 170 don wannan dalili.  A watan Nuwamban 2017, Shugaban Ma'ajiyar Kuɗi Philip Hammond ya ba da asusun shekara-shekara na fam 350,000 ga kowace makarantar lissafi. A watan Maris na 2017, Ministan Makarantu, Nick Gibb, ya haɓaka makarantun lissafi, yana roƙon jami'o'i da yawa su kafa su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top universities urged to open new maths schools |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/top-universities-urged-to-open-new-maths-schools |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2019, Sakataren Ilimi Gavin Williamson ya sanar da shirin kafa wasu makarantun lissafi na musamman guda tara (wanda jimilla ya kai goma sha ɗaya), inda huɗu suka riga suka fara ci gaba a Cambridge, Lancaster, Liverpool da Surrey. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Williamson: A revolution in further education - delivering for the forgotten 50 per cent |url=https://policymogul.com/monitor/key-updates/4934/williamson-a-revolution-in-further-education-delivering-for-the-forgotten-50-per-cent |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=policymogul.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A taron Jam'iyyar Conservative na 2019, an sanar da cewa makarantar lissafi goma sha ɗaya za ta ƙunshi aƙalla ɗaya a kowace yanki na Ingila kuma an tabbatar da kafa ɗaya a Durham. &lt;ref name=&quot;CPC 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Conservative Party Conference 2019: Expanding specialist Maths Free Schools |url=https://www.wbca.org.uk/news/conservative-party-conference-2019-expanding-specialist-maths-free-schools |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=West Berkshire Conservatives |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙarfafa waɗannan tsare-tsaren a watan Maris na 2020 lokacin da Chancellor [[Rishi Sunak]] ya fitar da kasafin kuɗin wannan shekarar . Kasafin kuɗin ya ware fam miliyan 7 don kafa waɗannan makarantun lissafi.  Ƙarin ci gaba a 2020 sun haɗa da sanarwar makarantar lissafi ta biyu a London a watan Yuli, &lt;ref name=&quot;ICLMS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joanna Wilson |date=8 July 2020 |title=New maths school targeting underrepresented groups to be developed by Imperial {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/199315/new-maths-school-targeting-underrepresented-groups/ |website=Imperial News}}&lt;/ref&gt; buɗe makarantar lissafi ta uku, Makarantar Lissafi ta Jami'ar Liverpool, a watan Satumba, da kuma sanarwar makarantar lissafi a Leeds a watan Nuwamba.  An buɗe ƙarin makarantun lissafi tun daga 2022.  Duk da haka, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dakatar da shirin buɗe makarantu a Durham da Nottingham a watan Oktoba na 2024 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake duba shirye-shiryen makarantu kyauta;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AcadMathSci gives evidence in a House of Lords Science &amp; Technology Committee session – April 2025 |url=https://durham-mathematics-school.org.uk/acadmathsci-gives-evidence-in-a-house-of-lords-science-technology-committee-session-april-2025/ |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Durham Maths School}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an ɗage dakatarwar a watan Disamba na 2025, amma ba tare da sabbin ranakun buɗewa ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2025 |title=Durham University welcomes Government backing for new mathematics school |url=https://www.durham.ac.uk/news-events/latest-news/2025/12/durham-university-welcomes-government-backing-for-new-mathematics-school/ |website=Durham University}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Jerin makarantun lissafi na yanzu da waɗanda aka amince da su a nan gaba ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year of opening
!Name of maths school
!Abbreviation
!Region
!Sponsoring organisation(s)
|-
|2014&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Member Schools |url=https://umaths.ac.uk/member-schools/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |website=The U-Maths Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|King's College London Mathematics School
|KCLMS
|London
|King's College London
|-
|2014&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|Exeter Mathematics School
|EMS
|South West
|University of Exeter and Exeter College
|-
|2020&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|University of Liverpool Mathematics School
|ULMaS
|North West
|University of Liverpool
|-
|2022&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|Lancaster University School of Mathematics
|LUSoM
|North West
|Lancaster University and Cardinal Newman College
|-
|2023&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[Cambridge Mathematics School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://cms.tela.org.uk/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Cambridge Maths School |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|CMS
|East of England
|University of Cambridge and the [[Eastern Learning Alliance]]
|-
|2023&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[Imperial College London Mathematics School]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ICLMS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joanna Wilson |date=8 July 2020 |title=New maths school targeting underrepresented groups to be developed by Imperial {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/199315/new-maths-school-targeting-underrepresented-groups/ |website=Imperial News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ICLMS
|London
|Imperial College London and Woodhouse College
|-
|2023&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[Leeds Mathematics School]]
|LMaS
|Yorkshire and the Humber
|University of Leeds and [[Gorse Academies Trust]]
|-
|2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome from Our Co-Headteachers |url=https://surreymathsschool.co.uk/283/welcome-from-our-co-headteachers |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Surrey Maths School}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Surrey Mathematics School&lt;ref name=&quot;SuMS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=New specialist Maths School for Guildford gets Government green light to proceed |url=https://www.surrey.ac.uk/news/new-specialist-maths-school-guildford-gets-government-green-light-proceed |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=University of Surrey}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|SuMS
|South East
|University of Surrey and [[Learning Partners Academy Trust]]
|-
|2025&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|Aston University Mathematics School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aston University Maths School {{!}} Aston University |url=https://www.aston.ac.uk/aums |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.aston.ac.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|AUMS
|West Midlands
|Aston University
|-
|T.B.A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[University of Nottingham Mathematics School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=School |first=University of Nottingham Maths |title=THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM MATHS SCHOOL |url=https://uonms.org/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM MATHS SCHOOL |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|UoNMS
|East Midlands
|University of Nottingham and [[East Midlands Education Trust]]
|-
|T.B.A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Umaths&quot; /&gt;
|[[Durham Mathematics School]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CPC 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Conservative Party Conference 2019: Expanding specialist Maths Free Schools |url=https://www.wbca.org.uk/news/conservative-party-conference-2019-expanding-specialist-maths-free-schools |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=West Berkshire Conservatives |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|DMS
|North East
|Durham University and Durham Sixth Form Centre
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Makarantar Jama'a (United Kingdom)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361510405|Public school (United Kingdom)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Makarantar gwamnati''' a Ingila da Wales wani nau'in makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke karɓar kuɗi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC SCHOOL {{!}} English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/public-school}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka fara amfani da shi ga manyan yara maza. Makarantun suna &quot;jama'a&quot; ne daga yanayin karatun tarihi ta ma'anar buɗe wa ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da yankinsu, ƙungiyarsu ko sana'arsu ta uba ko sana'a ko alaƙar iyali da gwamnati ko aikin soja ba, kuma ba a gudanar da su don neman ribar mai shi ba.

Duk da cewa kalmar &quot;makarantar gwamnati&quot; ta fara amfani da ita tun aƙalla ƙarni na 12, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fleming&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The term 'Public School' Appendix A of Fleming Report (1944) |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322054705/https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; an tsara amfani da ita ta hanyar Dokar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1868 ( 31 &amp;amp;amp; 32 Vict. c. 118), {{Efn|The Public Schools Act 1868 does not define &quot;public school&quot;; as made clear in its preamble, it is &quot;An Act to make further Provision for the good Government and Extension of certain Public Schools in England.&quot;}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Text of the Public Schools Act 1868 |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/acts/1868-public-schools-act.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603091509/https://education-uk.org/documents/acts/1868-public-schools-act.html |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard D (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sanya mafi yawan shawarwari na Rahoton Clarendon na 1864. Clarendon ya binciki makarantu tara masu daraja (ciki har da makarantun kwana biyu, na Merchant Taylors da St Paul's ) sannan kuma bakwai daga baya Dokar ta gyara su: Eton, Shrewsbury, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, da Charterhouse . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kynaston |first=David |date=20 January 2021 |title=A history of private schools and reform |url=https://www.pepf.co.uk/history/ |website=www.pepf.co.uk |publisher=Private Education Policy Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wasannin ƙungiya da na gasa sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na manhajar karatu, wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen kafa dokoki da kuma yaɗa ci gaban wasanni daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heggie |first=Vanessa |date=2016-05-01 |title=Bodies, Sport and Science in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/231/1/169/2460660?login=false |journal=Past &amp; Present |issue=231 |pages=169–200 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtw004 |issn=0031-2746 |pmc=5906749 |pmid=29706669 |quote=What sets British team and competitive sports slightly apart ... is that they were introduced primarily to solve an educational rather than strictly military need. These sports were initially aimed not at the general population but at the upper classes and social elite, or at least their male offspring; they were therefore structured around the pedagogical and disciplinary requirements of a limited range of institutions, that is, the elite public schools and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Public Schools' Cult of Sport in Victorian Times |url=https://victorianweb.org/history/sports/winterbottom.html#:~:text=Cricket%20was%20the%20paramount%20game%20in%20the,as%20the%20century%20wore%20on. |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=victorianweb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa an kafa yawancin makarantun gwamnati ne a ƙarƙashin taimakon agaji na gaske ga ɗaliban da ba su da galihu, a zamanin yau, akasin haka, sun zama manyan cibiyoyi kuma suna da alaƙa da ajin masu mulki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Social Mobility Commission |title=Elitist Britain 2019: the educational pathways of Britain's leading people (summary) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/elitist-britain-2019/elitist-britain-2019-the-educational-pathways-of-britains-leading-people-summary |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Walford |first=Geoffrey |date=June 1986 |title=Ruling-class Classification and Framing |journal=British Educational Research Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=183–195 |doi=10.1080/0141192860120207 |s2cid=146433863}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, makarantun gwamnati sun samar da yawancin hafsoshin soja da masu gudanarwa na [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Griggs |first=Clive |date=January 1994 |title=The Influence of British Public Schools on British Imperialism |journal=British Journal of Sociology of Education |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=129–136 |doi=10.1080/0142569940150108 |jstor=1393353}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba kasafai ake amfani da kalmar a [[Scotland]] ba, inda ake amfani da &quot;makarantar gwamnati&quot; tun farkon karni na 18 don nufin makarantun gwamnati da ke samun tallafin gwamnati, kuma Dokar Ilimi (Scotland) ta 1872 ta ayyana ta a matsayin waɗanda hukumar makaranta ke kula da su a wani yanki, ko kuma na wani yanki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scottish Education and School Systems |url=https://www.scotland.org/live-in-scotland/school-systems |website=www.scotland.org |publisher=Scottish Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Scottish National Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=Public, adj. |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/public |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language: SND: DSL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai misalan yadda ake amfani da kalmar don nufin manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu na Scotland masu biyan kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2016 |title=Top Scots Public School Shamed OVer Bullying |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14432702.top-scots-public-school-shamed-bullying/ |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=The Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wata ma'ana ɗaya ko cikakkiyar ma'anar ''makarantar gwamnati'', kuma amfani da kalmar ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci da kuma bisa ga mahallin. Farkon abin da ya fara shine bambancin da ke tsakanin ''makarantar gwamnati'' da ''koyarwa ta sirri'' (misali, wanda malami mai ɗaukar aiki ya bayar). &lt;ref name=&quot;Fleming&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The term 'Public School' Appendix A of Fleming Report (1944) |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322054705/https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Ingila da Wales, makarantun da ake kira makarantun gwamnati ba a ba su kuɗi daga harajin gwamnati : makarantun da ake ba da kuɗi haka galibi ana kiransu &quot; makarantun jiha &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The British Education System |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/projects/the-british-education-system/ |publisher=[[Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sydney Smith a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a cikin ''The Edinburgh Review'' a shekarar 1810 ya ba da shawarar kamar haka:

{{Blockquote|By a public school, we mean an [[financial endowment|endowed]] place of education of old standing, to which the sons of gentlemen resort in considerable numbers, and where they continue to reside, from eight or nine, to eighteen years of age ... The characteristic features of these schools are, their antiquity, the numbers, and the ages of the young people who are educated at them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Sydney |author-link=Sydney Smith |title=Remarks on the System of Education in Public Schools |journal=[[Edinburgh Review]] |date=Aug 1810 |page=327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iko7AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA327}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Arthur Leach ya bayyana a cikin ''Tarihin Kwalejin Winchester'' na 1899: &quot;Ma'anar aiki ɗaya tilo ta Makarantar Gwamnati ... ita ce makarantar masu kuɗi ko ta masu kuɗi wacce gaba ɗaya ko kusan gaba ɗaya Makarantar Kula da Yara ce, tana ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na iko na jama'a, kuma ... ba ta gida ba ce&quot;.  Edward C. Mack ya bayyana makarantar gwamnati a 1938 a matsayin &quot;makarantar kwana wacce ba ta gida ba ce ga manyan azuzuwan&quot;.  Vivian Ogilvie a cikin 1957 ''Makarantar Jama'a ta Ingila'' ta yi nuni da &quot;halaye guda biyar da aka saba dangantawa da makarantar gwamnati&quot;:

{{Blockquote|it is a class school, catering for a well-to-do clientèle; it is expensive; it is non-local; it is a predominantly boarding school; it is independent of the State and of local government, yet it is not privately owned or run for profit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ogilvie |first=Vivian |title=The English Public School |date=1957 |publisher=[[B. T. Batsford]] |location=London |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1965, Majalisar Ministocin Burtaniya ta yi la'akari da ma'anar da Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta kafa a wannan shekarar. Tunanin da ta fara shi ne ma'anar Kwamitin Fleming na shekarar 1944, wanda ya yi amfani da makarantu waɗanda suka kasance membobin Taron Shugabannin Makarantu na wancan lokacin, Ƙungiyar Hukumomin Gwamnati ko Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crosland |first=Anthony |title=House of Commons 22nd December 1965 |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1965-12-22/debates/c096cb1f-d00b-47e9-bc5c-7d2d8d30e5d6/PublicSchools(Commission) |publisher=[[Hansard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wancan lokacin, akwai irin waɗannan makarantu masu zaman kansu guda 276 (maza 134 da 'yan mata 142), waɗanda Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1965 ta ɗauki nauyin aikinta tare da makarantun nahawu guda 22 da aka kula da su da kuma makarantun nahawu guda 152 na tallafin kai tsaye . &lt;ref name=&quot;Public and HMC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 1965 |title=Public Schools: Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Education and Science |url=http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-129-123-c-155.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212023437/http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-129-123-c-155.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, bisa ga ma'anar Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1965 ko kuma ma'anar Kwamitin Fleming na 1944, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fleming Preface&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=David |title=The Public Schools and the General Education System |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#00a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804195219/https://education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#00a |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=www.education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwai makarantun sakandare masu zaman kansu guda 302 waɗanda ke cikin Taron Shugabannin Makarantu da Shugabannin Makarantu (78% na makarantun HMC suna da ilimi tare, 9% na maza ne kawai da 13% na mata kawai), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=HMC |first=Leading Independent Schools |title=About Us |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091917/https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |publisher=The Heads' Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Fact 5' from HMC 'Facts and Figures' |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/facts-figures/top-10-facts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091947/https://www.hmc.org.uk/facts-figures/top-10-facts/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |publisher=The Heads' Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt; da makarantun sakandare na 'yan mata 152 waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=gsa - Girls' School Association |url=https://www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk/content/2564/gsa |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin makarantun gwamnati suna da alaƙa da, ko kuma an kafa su ta hanyar, ƙungiyar Kirista, musamman Cocin Ingila, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Landow |first=George |title=A Critical View of British Public Schools |url=https://victorianweb.org/history/education/eh4.html |website=victorianweb.org |publisher=The Victorian Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a wasu lokuta majami'un [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] da Methodist .  Ƙananan adadi ba su da alaƙa da addini ko kuma waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da addini, ciki har da Makarantar Oswestry,  Makarantar Sevenoaks, Bedales, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bedales Jaw |url=https://www.bedales.org.uk/about-us/history/bedales-jaw#:~:text=John%20Badley%20described%20Bedales%20as,would%20be%20in%20other%20schools. |website=www.bedales.org.uk |publisher=Bedales School}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'a . 

Ra'ayin manyan makarantun gwamnati ya daɗe yana wanzuwa, amma koyaushe yana da wasu muhawara kan zama memba. Littafin Howard Staunton na 1865 mai taken ''Manyan Makarantun Ingila'' ya yi la'akari da cewa kalmar tana nufin makarantu tara na Clarendon Commission tare da Kwalejin Cheltenham, Asibitin Christ, da Kwalejin Dulwich .  A cikin 1881, C. Kegan Paul &amp; Co ya buga ''Makarantun Jama'a namu'', tare da babi kan makarantu bakwai: Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, Marlborough, da Charterhouse .  A cikin 1893 Edward Arnold ya buga wani littafi mai suna ''Manyan Makarantun Jama'a'', tare da babi kan kowanne daga cikin Eton, Harrow, Charterhouse, Cheltenham, Rugby, Clifton, Westminster, Marlborough, Haileybury, da Winchester .  Rahoton Bryce na 1895 ( ''Rahoton Hukumar Sarauta kan Ilimin Sakandare'' ) ya bayyana makarantun da Dokar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1868 ta gyara a matsayin &quot;manyan makarantu bakwai masu baiwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page 44 Bryce Report 1895 |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/bryce1895/bryce1895.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605151514/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/bryce1895/bryce1895.html |archive-date=5 June 2018 |website=educationengland.org.uk/history |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in England: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin farko ===
[[Fayil:W._Harvey,_King's_School_Canterbury._Wellcome_M0015720.jpg|right|thumb|Ra'ayin tsohon matattakalar Norman da malamai, Makarantar King's Canterbury, lithograph na William Harvey, 1851]]
Makarantun gwamnati sun fito ne daga makarantun nahawu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=David |title=The Fleming Report 1944, p.6 (para.22) |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/fleming/fleming.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419070633/http://educationengland.org.uk/documents/fleming/fleming.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |website=educationengland.org.uk |publisher=Gillard, D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka kafa don ilmantar da ɗalibai, waɗanda galibi aka tsara don koyar da malamai, a cikin nahawun Latin. Don haka, suna da alaƙa da ilmantar da yara maza. Kalmar &quot;jama'a&quot; ta fara amfani da ita ne saboda a tsawon lokaci ba a takaita damar shiga irin waɗannan makarantu ba bisa ga wurin zama, aikin uba ko matsayi, kuma suna ƙarƙashin wani ɓangare na gudanarwa ko iko na jama'a,  sabanin makarantu masu zaman kansu waɗanda ake gudanarwa don ribar kansu na mai shi(s).  Asalin makarantu a Ingila galibi addini ne, kodayake a cikin 1640 Majalisar Wakilai ta gayyaci mai gyara da mai haɓaka [[Samun Ilimi|ilimin duniya]] Comenius zuwa Ingila don kafa da shiga cikin wata hukuma don haɓaka ilmantarwa. An yi niyya cewa sakamakon wannan zai zama buga littattafai &quot;na duniya&quot; da kuma kafa makarantu ga yara maza da mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in England – Chapter 1 |url=https://education-uk.org/history/chapter01.html |website=educationengland.org.uk |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in England: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila ya hana duk wani gyara.  
[[Fayil:Eton_College_by_Loggan_1690_-_R_-_slpl_ste02048_merge.jpeg|right|thumb|Kallon Kwalejin Eton a cikin idon tsuntsaye, wanda David Loggan ya kafa a shekara ta 1440, an buga shi a cikin littafinsa ''mai suna Cantabrigia Illustrata'' na 1690.]]
Wasu makarantu sun tsufa musamman, kamar Makarantar Sarki, Canterbury {{Circa|597}}, Makarantar Sarki, Rochester {{Circa|604}}, Makarantar St Peter, York {{Circa|627}}, Makarantar Sherborne {{Circa|710}}, (wanda aka sake kafawa a shekarar 1550 ta Edward VI ), Makarantar Warwick {{Circa|914}}, Ely na Sarki {{Circa|970}} (a da can Makarantar Grammar Cathedral ta Ely, sannan Makarantar Sarki Ely lokacin da Henry VIII ya sake kafa ta a 1541, daga baya ya karɓi sunan yanzu a 2012) da Makarantar St Albans {{Circa|948}} Har zuwa ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya, yawancin makarantu Cocin ne ke iko da su; kuma suna da takamaiman sharuɗɗan shiga; wasu kuma an takaita su ga 'ya'yan membobin ƙungiyoyi, sana'o'i, ko kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livery Companies and Education |url=https://world-traders.org/livery-companies-and-education/#:~:text=Many%20of%20these%20still%20flourish,and%20Londonderry%20College%2C%20Northern%20Ireland. |website=world-traders.org |publisher=The Worshipful Company of World Traders}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1382, William na Wykeham, Bishop na Winchester kuma Chancellor na Ingila, ya kafa Kwalejin Winchester . A shekara ta 1440, Henry VI ya kafa Kwalejin Eton. Waɗannan makarantun suna da tushe mafi girma fiye da makarantun nahawu na gida da ake da su, suna da babban goyon bayan siyasa, kuma sun karɓi ɗaliban &quot;ba na gida ba&quot;. Wannan shine &quot;farkon sabuwar makaranta&quot;.  Dokar Chantries ta Edward VI ta 1547 ta rushe tallafin addini wanda ya ba da kuɗi ga makarantu da yawa, waɗanda aka sake kafa su a ƙarƙashin sunansa ( Makarantar Berkhamsted {{Circa|1541}}, Makarantar Sherborne {{Circa|705}}, Makarantar Stamford {{Circa|1532}} ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=The English grammar schools to 1660 by Foster Watson |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1530072W/The_English_grammar_schools_to_1660 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Open Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth ta ɗaya]] ta sake kafa Makarantar Westminster a shekarar 1560,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth I has been credited with founding the Westminster School in 1560 |url=http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westminsterschool.htm |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=Luminarium.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sabbin dokoki, don zaɓar Malaman Sarauniya guda arba'in.  Wannan ya haifar da &quot;uku&quot; na makarantu masu gata - Winchester, Eton da Westminster.  Tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, an ci gaba da kafa makarantun kwana na yara maza ko kuma an ba su don amfanin jama'a. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Makarantar gwamnati''' a Ingila da Wales wani nau'in makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke karɓar kuɗi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC SCHOOL {{!}} English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/public-school}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka fara amfani da shi ga manyan yara maza. Makarantun suna &quot;jama'a&quot; ne daga yanayin karatun tarihi ta ma'anar buɗe wa ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da yankinsu, ƙungiyarsu ko sana'arsu ta uba ko sana'a ko alaƙar iyali da gwamnati ko aikin soja ba, kuma ba a gudanar da su don neman ribar mai shi ba.

Duk da cewa kalmar &quot;makarantar gwamnati&quot; ta fara amfani da ita tun aƙalla ƙarni na 12, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fleming&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The term 'Public School' Appendix A of Fleming Report (1944) |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322054705/https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; an tsara amfani da ita ta hanyar Dokar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1868 ( 31 &amp;amp;amp; 32 Vict. c. 118), {{Efn|The Public Schools Act 1868 does not define &quot;public school&quot;; as made clear in its preamble, it is &quot;An Act to make further Provision for the good Government and Extension of certain Public Schools in England.&quot;}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Text of the Public Schools Act 1868 |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/acts/1868-public-schools-act.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603091509/https://education-uk.org/documents/acts/1868-public-schools-act.html |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard D (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sanya mafi yawan shawarwari na Rahoton Clarendon na 1864. Clarendon ya binciki makarantu tara masu daraja (ciki har da makarantun kwana biyu, na Merchant Taylors da St Paul's ) sannan kuma bakwai daga baya Dokar ta gyara su: Eton, Shrewsbury, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, da Charterhouse . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kynaston |first=David |date=20 January 2021 |title=A history of private schools and reform |url=https://www.pepf.co.uk/history/ |website=www.pepf.co.uk |publisher=Private Education Policy Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wasannin ƙungiya da na gasa sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na manhajar karatu, wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen kafa dokoki da kuma yaɗa ci gaban wasanni daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heggie |first=Vanessa |date=2016-05-01 |title=Bodies, Sport and Science in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/231/1/169/2460660?login=false |journal=Past &amp; Present |issue=231 |pages=169–200 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtw004 |issn=0031-2746 |pmc=5906749 |pmid=29706669 |quote=What sets British team and competitive sports slightly apart ... is that they were introduced primarily to solve an educational rather than strictly military need. These sports were initially aimed not at the general population but at the upper classes and social elite, or at least their male offspring; they were therefore structured around the pedagogical and disciplinary requirements of a limited range of institutions, that is, the elite public schools and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Public Schools' Cult of Sport in Victorian Times |url=https://victorianweb.org/history/sports/winterbottom.html#:~:text=Cricket%20was%20the%20paramount%20game%20in%20the,as%20the%20century%20wore%20on. |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=victorianweb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa an kafa yawancin makarantun gwamnati ne a ƙarƙashin taimakon agaji na gaske ga ɗaliban da ba su da galihu, a zamanin yau, akasin haka, sun zama manyan cibiyoyi kuma suna da alaƙa da ajin masu mulki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Social Mobility Commission |title=Elitist Britain 2019: the educational pathways of Britain's leading people (summary) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/elitist-britain-2019/elitist-britain-2019-the-educational-pathways-of-britains-leading-people-summary |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Walford |first=Geoffrey |date=June 1986 |title=Ruling-class Classification and Framing |journal=British Educational Research Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=183–195 |doi=10.1080/0141192860120207 |s2cid=146433863}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tarihi, makarantun gwamnati sun samar da yawancin hafsoshin soja da masu gudanarwa na [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Griggs |first=Clive |date=January 1994 |title=The Influence of British Public Schools on British Imperialism |journal=British Journal of Sociology of Education |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=129–136 |doi=10.1080/0142569940150108 |jstor=1393353}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba kasafai ake amfani da kalmar a [[Scotland]] ba, inda ake amfani da &quot;makarantar gwamnati&quot; tun farkon karni na 18 don nufin makarantun gwamnati da ke samun tallafin gwamnati, kuma Dokar Ilimi (Scotland) ta 1872 ta ayyana ta a matsayin waɗanda hukumar makaranta ke kula da su a wani yanki, ko kuma na wani yanki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scottish Education and School Systems |url=https://www.scotland.org/live-in-scotland/school-systems |website=www.scotland.org |publisher=Scottish Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Scottish National Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=Public, adj. |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/public |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language: SND: DSL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai misalan yadda ake amfani da kalmar don nufin manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu na Scotland masu biyan kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2016 |title=Top Scots Public School Shamed OVer Bullying |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14432702.top-scots-public-school-shamed-bullying/ |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=The Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wata ma'ana ɗaya ko cikakkiyar ma'anar ''makarantar gwamnati'', kuma amfani da kalmar ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci da kuma bisa ga mahallin. Farkon abin da ya fara shine bambancin da ke tsakanin ''makarantar gwamnati'' da ''koyarwa ta sirri'' (misali, wanda malami mai ɗaukar aiki ya bayar). &lt;ref name=&quot;Fleming&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The term 'Public School' Appendix A of Fleming Report (1944) |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322054705/https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#11 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Ingila da Wales, makarantun da ake kira makarantun gwamnati ba a ba su kuɗi daga harajin gwamnati : makarantun da ake ba da kuɗi haka galibi ana kiransu &quot; makarantun jiha &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The British Education System |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/projects/the-british-education-system/ |publisher=[[Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sydney Smith a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a cikin ''The Edinburgh Review'' a shekarar 1810 ya ba da shawarar kamar haka:

{{Blockquote|By a public school, we mean an [[financial endowment|endowed]] place of education of old standing, to which the sons of gentlemen resort in considerable numbers, and where they continue to reside, from eight or nine, to eighteen years of age ... The characteristic features of these schools are, their antiquity, the numbers, and the ages of the young people who are educated at them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Sydney |author-link=Sydney Smith |title=Remarks on the System of Education in Public Schools |journal=[[Edinburgh Review]] |date=Aug 1810 |page=327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iko7AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA327}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Arthur Leach ya bayyana a cikin ''Tarihin Kwalejin Winchester'' na 1899: &quot;Ma'anar aiki ɗaya tilo ta Makarantar Gwamnati ... ita ce makarantar masu kuɗi ko ta masu kuɗi wacce gaba ɗaya ko kusan gaba ɗaya Makarantar Kula da Yara ce, tana ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na iko na jama'a, kuma ... ba ta gida ba ce&quot;.  Edward C. Mack ya bayyana makarantar gwamnati a 1938 a matsayin &quot;makarantar kwana wacce ba ta gida ba ce ga manyan azuzuwan&quot;.  Vivian Ogilvie a cikin 1957 ''Makarantar Jama'a ta Ingila'' ta yi nuni da &quot;halaye guda biyar da aka saba dangantawa da makarantar gwamnati&quot;:

{{Blockquote|it is a class school, catering for a well-to-do clientèle; it is expensive; it is non-local; it is a predominantly boarding school; it is independent of the State and of local government, yet it is not privately owned or run for profit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ogilvie |first=Vivian |title=The English Public School |date=1957 |publisher=[[B. T. Batsford]] |location=London |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1965, Majalisar Ministocin Burtaniya ta yi la'akari da ma'anar da Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta kafa a wannan shekarar. Tunanin da ta fara shi ne ma'anar Kwamitin Fleming na shekarar 1944, wanda ya yi amfani da makarantu waɗanda suka kasance membobin Taron Shugabannin Makarantu na wancan lokacin, Ƙungiyar Hukumomin Gwamnati ko Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crosland |first=Anthony |title=House of Commons 22nd December 1965 |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1965-12-22/debates/c096cb1f-d00b-47e9-bc5c-7d2d8d30e5d6/PublicSchools(Commission) |publisher=[[Hansard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wancan lokacin, akwai irin waɗannan makarantu masu zaman kansu guda 276 (maza 134 da 'yan mata 142), waɗanda Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1965 ta ɗauki nauyin aikinta tare da makarantun nahawu guda 22 da aka kula da su da kuma makarantun nahawu guda 152 na tallafin kai tsaye . &lt;ref name=&quot;Public and HMC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 1965 |title=Public Schools: Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Education and Science |url=http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-129-123-c-155.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212023437/http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-129-123-c-155.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, bisa ga ma'anar Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1965 ko kuma ma'anar Kwamitin Fleming na 1944, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fleming Preface&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=David |title=The Public Schools and the General Education System |url=https://www.education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#00a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804195219/https://education-uk.org/documents/fleming/fleming.html#00a |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=www.education-uk.org |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwai makarantun sakandare masu zaman kansu guda 302 waɗanda ke cikin Taron Shugabannin Makarantu da Shugabannin Makarantu (78% na makarantun HMC suna da ilimi tare, 9% na maza ne kawai da 13% na mata kawai), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=HMC |first=Leading Independent Schools |title=About Us |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091917/https://www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |publisher=The Heads' Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Fact 5' from HMC 'Facts and Figures' |url=https://www.hmc.org.uk/facts-figures/top-10-facts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091947/https://www.hmc.org.uk/facts-figures/top-10-facts/ |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |publisher=The Heads' Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt; da makarantun sakandare na 'yan mata 152 waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=gsa - Girls' School Association |url=https://www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk/content/2564/gsa |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin makarantun gwamnati suna da alaƙa da, ko kuma an kafa su ta hanyar, ƙungiyar Kirista, musamman Cocin Ingila, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Landow |first=George |title=A Critical View of British Public Schools |url=https://victorianweb.org/history/education/eh4.html |website=victorianweb.org |publisher=The Victorian Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a wasu lokuta majami'un [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] da Methodist .  Ƙananan adadi ba su da alaƙa da addini ko kuma waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da addini, ciki har da Makarantar Oswestry,  Makarantar Sevenoaks, Bedales, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bedales Jaw |url=https://www.bedales.org.uk/about-us/history/bedales-jaw#:~:text=John%20Badley%20described%20Bedales%20as,would%20be%20in%20other%20schools. |website=www.bedales.org.uk |publisher=Bedales School}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'a . 

Ra'ayin manyan makarantun gwamnati ya daɗe yana wanzuwa, amma koyaushe yana da wasu muhawara kan zama memba. Littafin Howard Staunton na 1865 mai taken ''Manyan Makarantun Ingila'' ya yi la'akari da cewa kalmar tana nufin makarantu tara na Clarendon Commission tare da Kwalejin Cheltenham, Asibitin Christ, da Kwalejin Dulwich .  A cikin 1881, C. Kegan Paul &amp; Co ya buga ''Makarantun Jama'a namu'', tare da babi kan makarantu bakwai: Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, Marlborough, da Charterhouse .  A cikin 1893 Edward Arnold ya buga wani littafi mai suna ''Manyan Makarantun Jama'a'', tare da babi kan kowanne daga cikin Eton, Harrow, Charterhouse, Cheltenham, Rugby, Clifton, Westminster, Marlborough, Haileybury, da Winchester .  Rahoton Bryce na 1895 ( ''Rahoton Hukumar Sarauta kan Ilimin Sakandare'' ) ya bayyana makarantun da Dokar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1868 ta gyara a matsayin &quot;manyan makarantu bakwai masu baiwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page 44 Bryce Report 1895 |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/bryce1895/bryce1895.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605151514/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/bryce1895/bryce1895.html |archive-date=5 June 2018 |website=educationengland.org.uk/history |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in England: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin farko ===
[[Fayil:W._Harvey,_King's_School_Canterbury._Wellcome_M0015720.jpg|right|thumb|Ra'ayin tsohon matattakalar Norman da malamai, Makarantar King's Canterbury, lithograph na William Harvey, 1851]]
Makarantun gwamnati sun fito ne daga makarantun nahawu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=David |title=The Fleming Report 1944, p.6 (para.22) |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/fleming/fleming.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419070633/http://educationengland.org.uk/documents/fleming/fleming.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |website=educationengland.org.uk |publisher=Gillard, D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka kafa don ilmantar da ɗalibai, waɗanda galibi aka tsara don koyar da malamai, a cikin nahawun Latin. Don haka, suna da alaƙa da ilmantar da yara maza. Kalmar &quot;jama'a&quot; ta fara amfani da ita ne saboda a tsawon lokaci ba a takaita damar shiga irin waɗannan makarantu ba bisa ga wurin zama, aikin uba ko matsayi, kuma suna ƙarƙashin wani ɓangare na gudanarwa ko iko na jama'a,  sabanin makarantu masu zaman kansu waɗanda ake gudanarwa don ribar kansu na mai shi(s).  Asalin makarantu a Ingila galibi addini ne, kodayake a cikin 1640 Majalisar Wakilai ta gayyaci mai gyara da mai haɓaka [[Samun Ilimi|ilimin duniya]] Comenius zuwa Ingila don kafa da shiga cikin wata hukuma don haɓaka ilmantarwa. An yi niyya cewa sakamakon wannan zai zama buga littattafai &quot;na duniya&quot; da kuma kafa makarantu ga yara maza da mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in England – Chapter 1 |url=https://education-uk.org/history/chapter01.html |website=educationengland.org.uk |publisher=Gillard, D. (2018) Education in England: a history}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila ya hana duk wani gyara.  
[[Fayil:Eton_College_by_Loggan_1690_-_R_-_slpl_ste02048_merge.jpeg|right|thumb|Kallon Kwalejin Eton a cikin idon tsuntsaye, wanda David Loggan ya kafa a shekara ta 1440, an buga shi a cikin littafinsa ''mai suna Cantabrigia Illustrata'' na 1690.]]
Wasu makarantu sun tsufa musamman, kamar Makarantar Sarki, Canterbury {{Circa|597}}, Makarantar Sarki, Rochester {{Circa|604}}, Makarantar St Peter, York {{Circa|627}}, Makarantar Sherborne {{Circa|710}}, (wanda aka sake kafawa a shekarar 1550 ta Edward VI ), Makarantar Warwick {{Circa|914}}, Ely na Sarki {{Circa|970}} (a da can Makarantar Grammar Cathedral ta Ely, sannan Makarantar Sarki Ely lokacin da Henry VIII ya sake kafa ta a 1541, daga baya ya karɓi sunan yanzu a 2012) da Makarantar St Albans {{Circa|948}} Har zuwa ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya, yawancin makarantu Cocin ne ke iko da su; kuma suna da takamaiman sharuɗɗan shiga; wasu kuma an takaita su ga 'ya'yan membobin ƙungiyoyi, sana'o'i, ko kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livery Companies and Education |url=https://world-traders.org/livery-companies-and-education/#:~:text=Many%20of%20these%20still%20flourish,and%20Londonderry%20College%2C%20Northern%20Ireland. |website=world-traders.org |publisher=The Worshipful Company of World Traders}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1382, William na Wykeham, Bishop na Winchester kuma Chancellor na Ingila, ya kafa Kwalejin Winchester . A shekara ta 1440, Henry VI ya kafa Kwalejin Eton. Waɗannan makarantun suna da tushe mafi girma fiye da makarantun nahawu na gida da ake da su, suna da babban goyon bayan siyasa, kuma sun karɓi ɗaliban &quot;ba na gida ba&quot;. Wannan shine &quot;farkon sabuwar makaranta&quot;.  Dokar Chantries ta Edward VI ta 1547 ta rushe tallafin addini wanda ya ba da kuɗi ga makarantu da yawa, waɗanda aka sake kafa su a ƙarƙashin sunansa ( Makarantar Berkhamsted {{Circa|1541}}, Makarantar Sherborne {{Circa|705}}, Makarantar Stamford {{Circa|1532}} ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=The English grammar schools to 1660 by Foster Watson |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1530072W/The_English_grammar_schools_to_1660 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Open Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth ta ɗaya]] ta sake kafa Makarantar Westminster a shekarar 1560,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth I has been credited with founding the Westminster School in 1560 |url=http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/westminsterschool.htm |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=Luminarium.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sabbin dokoki, don zaɓar Malaman Sarauniya guda arba'in.  Wannan ya haifar da &quot;uku&quot; na makarantu masu gata - Winchester, Eton da Westminster.  Tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, an ci gaba da kafa makarantun kwana na yara maza ko kuma an ba su don amfanin jama'a. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Makarantar mishan</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1173508821|Mission school]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Makarantar mishan''' ko '''makarantar mishan''' makaranta ce ta addini wadda masu wa'azin Kirista suka ƙirƙiro kuma suka gudanar. An saba amfani da makarantar mishan a zamanin mulkin mallaka don manufar mayar da mutanen gida zuwa ƙasashen Yamma. Waɗannan na iya zama makarantun kwana ko [[Makarantar allo|makarantun zama]] (kamar yadda yake a tsarin makarantun zama na Indiyawan Kanada ).

An kafa makarantun mishan a [[Indiya]] tun farkon ƙarni na 16. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heredia, R |year=1995 |title=Education and Mission: School as Agent of Evangelisation |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=30 |issue=37 |pages=2332&amp;ndash;2340 |jstor=4403219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe sun bayyana a kusan kowace nahiya, kuma sun ci gaba a wasu yankuna har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20.

Waɗannan makarantu galibi suna amfani da hanyar koyarwa ta addini ta bishara da kuma &quot;ƙabilu masu girma&quot;, da nufin samar da sabbin malamai da shugabannin addini don yaɗa Kiristanci a tsakanin al'ummar yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Strayer, R |year=1973 |title=The Making of Mission Schools in Kenya: A Microcosmic Perspective |journal=Comparative Education Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=313&amp;ndash;330 |doi=10.1086/445724 |jstor=1186971 |s2cid=144357153}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma ba da horo na ilimi da na sana'o'i, kuma galibi suna hana al'adun gargajiya na mutanen yankin. A wasu lokutan ana ba da kuɗaɗen makarantun mishan ne daga gwamnati, misali a Amurka &quot;lokacin da Majalisa ta ji ƙarancin bayar da kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don kafa makarantun gwamnati&quot; don ilmantar da al'ummar Indiyawan Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marr, C |title=Assimilation through education |url=https://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/marr.html#mission |access-date=18 March 2015 |publisher=University of Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin makarantun mishan a Malaysia

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Makarantar mishan''' ko '''makarantar mishan''' makaranta ce ta addini wadda masu wa'azin Kirista suka ƙirƙiro kuma suka gudanar. An saba amfani da makarantar mishan a zamanin mulkin mallaka don manufar mayar da mutanen gida zuwa ƙasashen Yamma. Waɗannan na iya zama makarantun kwana ko [[Makarantar allo|makarantun zama]] (kamar yadda yake a tsarin makarantun zama na Indiyawan Kanada ).

An kafa makarantun mishan a [[Indiya]] tun farkon ƙarni na 16. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heredia, R |year=1995 |title=Education and Mission: School as Agent of Evangelisation |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=30 |issue=37 |pages=2332&amp;ndash;2340 |jstor=4403219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe sun bayyana a kusan kowace nahiya, kuma sun ci gaba a wasu yankuna har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20.

Waɗannan makarantu galibi suna amfani da hanyar koyarwa ta addini ta bishara da kuma &quot;ƙabilu masu girma&quot;, da nufin samar da sabbin malamai da shugabannin addini don yaɗa Kiristanci a tsakanin al'ummar yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Strayer, R |year=1973 |title=The Making of Mission Schools in Kenya: A Microcosmic Perspective |journal=Comparative Education Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=313&amp;ndash;330 |doi=10.1086/445724 |jstor=1186971 |s2cid=144357153}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma ba da horo na ilimi da na sana'o'i, kuma galibi suna hana al'adun gargajiya na mutanen yankin. A wasu lokutan ana ba da kuɗaɗen makarantun mishan ne daga gwamnati, misali a Amurka &quot;lokacin da Majalisa ta ji ƙarancin bayar da kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don kafa makarantun gwamnati&quot; don ilmantar da al'ummar Indiyawan Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marr, C |title=Assimilation through education |url=https://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/marr.html#mission |access-date=18 March 2015 |publisher=University of Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin makarantun mishan a Malaysia

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320974878|Pregnancy school]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="13863" sha1="4cuu1kncnb9312jx9nn78t22upr8uyw" xml:space="preserve">'''Makarantar daukar ciki''' nau'in makaranta ce a Amurka wacce aka keɓe musamman ga 'yan mata masu juna biyu. [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tsakanin sauran birane da jihohi, ya buɗe jerin waɗannan makarantu a shekarun 1960 kuma ya mayar da 'yan mata masu juna biyu daga makarantun sakandare na yau da kullun zuwa waɗannan makarantun na musamman. Ya zuwa watan Mayu na 2007, birnin yana shirin rufe waɗannan makarantu saboda tarihin ƙarancin maki na jarrabawa da rashin halartar ɗalibai. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=24 May 2007 |title=New York's Schools for Pregnant Girls Will Close |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/education/24educ.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai makarantun daukar ciki a wurare kamar [[Chicago]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Utah]], da [[Florida]], duk da cewa yawan masu zuwa makarantar ya ragu a duk cikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maranzana |first=Simone |title=About us |url=http://copecenternorth.dadeschools.net/about.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=Copecenternorth.dadeschools.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalili ==
Malamai da yawa waɗanda suka kafa waɗannan makarantu suna ganin abubuwa da yawa da ke nuna buƙatar makarantun masu juna biyu a Amurka. Masoyan adabi za su iya lura da wasu daga cikin mummunan ra'ayoyin al'umma da aka adana a cikin ''Wasikar Scarlet'' ta [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], kuma an rubuta wannan littafin tun daga 1850. Abin da ke ƙarfafa mutane daban-daban da suka ci gaba da ƙirƙirar waɗannan makarantu shi ne cewa sun yi imanin cewa ba a sami wani canji mai yawa ba tun lokacin Hawthorne lokacin da mutum ya yi la'akari da cin zarafi da tsegumi da yarinya mai ciki za ta iya jure wa a makarantar sakandare ta zamani. Bugu da ƙari, tare da nauyin da ke tattare da ɗaukar ciki na yau da kullun kamar rashin lafiyan safe da alƙawarin kafin haihuwa na mako-mako, mutanen da ke tausaya wa waɗannan matasan mata suna son taimakawa wajen amfani da albarkatun da suke da su.

== Halaye na gabaɗaya ==
Babban taimako da duk waɗannan makarantu ke bayarwa shine cibiyoyin kula da yaransu, inda ɗalibai za su iya sauke jariransu yayin da suke zuwa aji. Duk da haka, makarantu da yawa suna ba da wasu ayyukan kiwon lafiya iri-iri, dangane da kuɗaɗen waje da za su iya samu. Waɗannan ayyukan na iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance ga: kula da haihuwa da kulawa da haihuwa bayan haihuwa, ayyukan rigakafi na rigakafi da cututtuka, ilimin iyaye da ba da shawara, gwajin HIV da ba da shawara; haka kuma ya danganta da samuwar kayan aiki da likitoci masu dacewa, gwaje-gwajen jarirai da yara, rigakafi, da kuma kula da cututtuka masu tsanani da na yau da kullun. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maranzana |first=Simone |title=About us |url=http://copecenternorth.dadeschools.net/about.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=Copecenternorth.dadeschools.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMaranzana&quot;&gt;Maranzana, Simone. [http://copecenternorth.dadeschools.net/about.html &quot;About us&quot;]. ''Copecenternorth.dadeschools.net''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-09-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== New York ===
Tsarin makarantun gwamnati na New York yana ƙoƙarin haɗa shirye-shirye ga 'yan mata masu juna biyu a cikin tsarin da suke da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pregnant Teens School - New York, New York |url=http://new-york.educationbug.org/public-schools/high/65163-pregnant-teens-school.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=New-york.educationbug.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa makarantun farko da suka rage kusan shekaru 30 da suka gabata, kamar Makarantar Martha Nielsen da ke Bronx, kuma har yanzu akwai buƙatar, kamar yadda CDC ta ruwaito &quot;akwai uwaye matasa da yawa a Amurka sau tara fiye da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2012 |title=U.S. teen pregnancy rates at an all-time low across all ethnicities |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-teen-pregnancy-rates-at-an-all-time-low-across-all-ethnicities/ |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=Cbsnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa wasu rahotanni sun kammala da cewa, aƙalla a jihar New York, ya kamata a rufe makarantun tare da raguwar yawan ɗalibai zuwa ɗaliban da suka yi rajista kwanan nan na ɗalibai 323 daga 1,500 a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=24 May 2007 |title=New York's Schools for Pregnant Girls Will Close |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/education/24educ.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBosman2007&quot;&gt;Bosman, Julie (24 May 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/education/24educ.html &quot;New York's Schools for Pregnant Girls Will Close&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-09-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; New York ta yi fama da neman tallafi da kuɗi ga waɗannan makarantu ban da ƙwararrun malamai don koyar da kayan da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban don samun GED ɗinsu. Tare da ayyuka kamar dinkin bargo a madadin tsarin koyo, Cami Anderson, babban jami'in kula da yara wanda gundumarsa ta haɗa da Shirin Dalibai Masu Ciki ya yarda, &quot;Shiri ne daban amma mara daidaito.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa an rufe makarantu daban-daban, Shirin ga Ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu har yanzu yana ƙoƙarin bayar da magungunan hana haihuwa ga mata a makarantun gwamnati da kuma taimakon ilimi a cikin tsarin da ya rage.

=== Chicago ===
Kwalejin Simpson makaranta ce da ke Chicago inda mata za su iya ƙaura daga makarantun sakandare na gwamnati zuwa cikin yanayi mai &quot;ƙarfafa gwiwa koyaushe&quot;. Tun daga shekarar 2011 akwai 'yan mata 300 waɗanda ke da juna biyu ko kuma suna renon yara a aji 6 zuwa 12 kuma a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, makarantar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin mai rijista akai-akai. Babban abin da wannan makarantar ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tallafawa ɗabi'a. Maimakon jin kaɗaici, ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu sun dogara da juna don tabbatarwa da ƙarfafa gwiwa. Wannan yanayin da ke cikin al'umma yana taimaka wa Kwalejin Simpson ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai tasiri a halartar ɗalibai da manyan azuzuwan kammala karatu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2011 |title=Simpson Academy graduates first class of moms - Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/06/15/coming-a-long-way-baby-and-all/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108112140/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-06-15/news/ct-x-pregnant-simpson-graduation-20110615_1_black-teens-pregnant-students-adolescent-health |archive-date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2012-10-18 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Los Angeles ===
Los Angeles ta bi irin wannan tsari kamar gundumar makarantar New York domin akwai makarantu na daban a cikin gundumar makarantar da ke akwai waɗanda ke biyan buƙatun ɗalibi. Ƙananan makarantu masu juna biyu sun ƙunshi ƙananan harabar jami'o'i da ke ko'ina cikin gundumar. Babban burinsu shine samar da damar ilimi na wucin gadi ga iyaye mata masu juna biyu don su ci gaba da karatunsu kuma su kammala karatunsu. Makarantu suna ba da shawara daga ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta, bayanai kan lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma koyarwar kula da jarirai kafin haihuwa da jarirai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Los Angeles Unified School District |url=http://notebook.lausd.net/portal/page?_pageid=33,255549&amp;_dad=ptl&amp;_schema=PTL_EP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826184601/http://notebook.lausd.net/portal/page?_pageid=33,255549&amp;_dad=ptl&amp;_schema=PTL_EP |archive-date=2013-08-26 |access-date=2012-10-18 |website=notebook.lausd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai wasu kamfanoni da ke tuntuɓar tsarin makaranta don ƙarin tallafi da samar da ƙarin albarkatu ga gundumar, kamar Lafiyar Ɗalibai da Ayyukan Ɗan Adam. A cikin 1994, Shirin Iyaye Matashi ya fara samar da shawarwari, ayyukan tallafi, da bayanai kan albarkatu da tura su don taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu da iyaye a cikin Gundumar Makarantar Haɗin gwiwa ta Los Angeles . Shirin haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Lafiyar Ɗalibai da Ayyukan Ɗan Adam (SHHS) da [[Educational Equity Compliance Office|Ofishin Bin Dokoki na Ilimi]] (EECO) wanda ke ba da taimakon fasaha ga hukumomin makaranta da al'umma waɗanda ke aiki tare da iyaye matasa. Haɗin gwiwar yana taimakawa Gundumar wajen kare haƙƙin ilimi da na farar hula na ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu da iyaye matasa a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya ta IX da California. Shafin yanar gizon su ya ce, &quot;Manufarmu ita ce tabbatar da samun daidaito tsakanin shirye-shiryen ilimi masu inganci da ayyukan tallafi waɗanda suke da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kawar da shingen da ke hana samun nasarar makaranta ga iyaye matasa da 'ya'yansu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pregnant &amp; Parenting Students |url=http://www.lausd.net/lausd/offices/eec/parenting.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108234231/http://www.lausd.net/lausd/offices/eec/parenting.htm |archive-date=8 January 2009 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.lausd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Florida ===
Florida ta bayyana a matsayin jihar da ta fi yawan makarantu masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da 'yan mata masu juna biyu kawai. Harabar St. Gerard da ke St. Augustine, Florida makaranta ce da ma'aikatanta ke aiki tuƙuru musamman ga ɗalibanta ta hanyar ba da shawara, kayan jarirai, da kuma alaƙa da hukumomin ɗaukar yara. Amma St. Gerard ba ta tsaya a fannin ilimi da kula da lafiya ba, har ila yau, harabar makarantar tana aiki a matsayin gidan haihuwa mai zaman kanta ga matasa masu juna biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=St Gerard Campus — Contact Us |url=http://www.stgerardcampus.org/Contact.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108031124/http://www.stgerardcampus.org/Contact.html |archive-date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2012-10-18 |website=Stgerardcampus.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shirin zama na musamman inda iyaye mata za su iya zama a harabar makarantar tare da 'ya'yansu yana da taimako ga iyaye mata waɗanda ke fama da neman kulawar yara kuma wataƙila ana cimma shi da kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu da gudummawa waɗanda sauran ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke fama da tsarin makarantun gwamnati ba za su taɓa samu ba.

== Takaddama ==
Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, iyaye su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan yaran da suka daina zuwa makaranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unpublished tabulations by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002/2004, The National Center for Educational Statistics: Washington, DC |url=http://nces.ed.gov/edat/ |access-date=March 1, 2010 |website=Nces.ed.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bincike daga Gidauniyar Gates ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu da kuma waɗanda suka bar makaranta suna da kyakkyawan sakamako kuma suna jin cewa za su iya kammala karatunsu, amma suna fuskantar rashin goyon baya da wariya daga manyan malamai da jami'an makaranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Silent Epidemic Perspectives of High School Dropouts |url=https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/thesilentepidemic-execsum.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2019 |website=gatesfoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaƙin Neman Hana Ciki Tsakanin Matasa da Ciki Mara Tsari Ya jaddada cewa yaran da iyayensu ba su da ilimi suna iya daina makaranta da kansu. &quot;Dangantaka tsakanin ilimi da ciki tsakanin matasa tana aiki ta hanyoyi biyu. Wato, ciki tsakanin matasa sau da yawa yana da mummunan tasiri ga ilimi...&quot; Duk da haka suna ci gaba da jayayya cewa matsalar ita ce warkar da kansu. Idan waɗannan matan za su iya ci gaba da bin tafarkin ilimi, za su sami ƙarin nasara, duk da ciki na farko da ba a yi niyya ba, &quot;Haka kuma, nasarar makaranta, halartar makaranta, da shiga ciki yana taimakawa rage haɗarin ɗaukar ciki tsakanin matasa. A wata hanyar, zama a makaranta da samun ilimi yana taimakawa hana ɗaukar ciki tsakanin matasa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/education.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903222701/http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/education.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-03 |access-date=2012-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu cibiyoyi sun ɗauki matakin da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kamar makarantar Delhi Charter da ke Louisiana, wadda ta wajabta wa dukkan ɗalibai mata gwajin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flam |first=Lisa |date=7 August 2012 |title=School's policy requires girls to take pregnancy tests |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna48554183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808214536/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/48554183/ns/today-back_to_school/t/schools-policy-requires-girls-take-pregnancy-tests/#.UGh9YM0TVPJ |archive-date=2012-08-08 |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=[[MSNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, an tilasta wa Makarantar Delhi Charter ta janye haramcin da ta sanya wa ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu da kuma ikon tilasta wa ɗaliban da ake zargi da juna biyu gwajin ciki bisa dalilin cewa gwaje-gwajen sun karya Dokar Tarayya Title IX, wariya, da kuma keta sirri. Wata takarda da [[Natasha Vianna]] ta rubuta, tare da sa hannun sama da 126,000, ta jawo hankalin ƙasa baki ɗaya ga batun.  A cewar ACLU, kashi 70 cikin 100 na matasa masu juna biyu suna barin makaranta saboda wariya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Civil Liberties Union |url=https://www.aclu.org |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=American Civil Liberties Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shirye ==
Baya ga shirye-shiryen da aka ambata a sama, akwai shirye-shirye na bincike na hankali na motsin rai da kuma tsarin motsin rai da aka tsara musamman ga iyaye matasa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Makarantar daukar ciki''' nau'in makaranta ce a Amurka wacce aka keɓe musamman ga 'yan mata masu juna biyu. [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tsakanin sauran birane da jihohi, ya buɗe jerin waɗannan makarantu a shekarun 1960 kuma ya mayar da 'yan mata masu juna biyu daga makarantun sakandare na yau da kullun zuwa waɗannan makarantun na musamman. Ya zuwa watan Mayu na 2007, birnin yana shirin rufe waɗannan makarantu saboda tarihin ƙarancin maki na jarrabawa da rashin halartar ɗalibai. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=24 May 2007 |title=New York's Schools for Pregnant Girls Will Close |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/education/24educ.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai makarantun daukar ciki a wurare kamar [[Chicago]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Utah]], da [[Florida]], duk da cewa yawan masu zuwa makarantar ya ragu a duk cikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maranzana |first=Simone |title=About us |url=http://copecenternorth.dadeschools.net/about.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=Copecenternorth.dadeschools.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalili ==
Malamai da yawa waɗanda suka kafa waɗannan makarantu suna ganin abubuwa da yawa da ke nuna buƙatar makarantun masu juna biyu a Amurka. Masoyan adabi za su iya lura da wasu daga cikin mummunan ra'ayoyin al'umma da aka adana a cikin ''Wasikar Scarlet'' ta [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], kuma an rubuta wannan littafin tun daga 1850. Abin da ke ƙarfafa mutane daban-daban da suka ci gaba da ƙirƙirar waɗannan makarantu shi ne cewa sun yi imanin cewa ba a sami wani canji mai yawa ba tun lokacin Hawthorne lokacin da mutum ya yi la'akari da cin zarafi da tsegumi da yarinya mai ciki za ta iya jure wa a makarantar sakandare ta zamani. Bugu da ƙari, tare da nauyin da ke tattare da ɗaukar ciki na yau da kullun kamar rashin lafiyan safe da alƙawarin kafin haihuwa na mako-mako, mutanen da ke tausaya wa waɗannan matasan mata suna son taimakawa wajen amfani da albarkatun da suke da su.

== Halaye na gabaɗaya ==
Babban taimako da duk waɗannan makarantu ke bayarwa shine cibiyoyin kula da yaransu, inda ɗalibai za su iya sauke jariransu yayin da suke zuwa aji. Duk da haka, makarantu da yawa suna ba da wasu ayyukan kiwon lafiya iri-iri, dangane da kuɗaɗen waje da za su iya samu. Waɗannan ayyukan na iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance ga: kula da haihuwa da kulawa da haihuwa bayan haihuwa, ayyukan rigakafi na rigakafi da cututtuka, ilimin iyaye da ba da shawara, gwajin HIV da ba da shawara; haka kuma ya danganta da samuwar kayan aiki da likitoci masu dacewa, gwaje-gwajen jarirai da yara, rigakafi, da kuma kula da cututtuka masu tsanani da na yau da kullun. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maranzana |first=Simone |title=About us |url=http://copecenternorth.dadeschools.net/about.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=Copecenternorth.dadeschools.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMaranzana&quot;&gt;Maranzana, Simone. [http://copecenternorth.dadeschools.net/about.html &quot;About us&quot;]. ''Copecenternorth.dadeschools.net''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-09-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== New York ===
Tsarin makarantun gwamnati na New York yana ƙoƙarin haɗa shirye-shirye ga 'yan mata masu juna biyu a cikin tsarin da suke da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pregnant Teens School - New York, New York |url=http://new-york.educationbug.org/public-schools/high/65163-pregnant-teens-school.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=New-york.educationbug.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa makarantun farko da suka rage kusan shekaru 30 da suka gabata, kamar Makarantar Martha Nielsen da ke Bronx, kuma har yanzu akwai buƙatar, kamar yadda CDC ta ruwaito &quot;akwai uwaye matasa da yawa a Amurka sau tara fiye da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2012 |title=U.S. teen pregnancy rates at an all-time low across all ethnicities |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-teen-pregnancy-rates-at-an-all-time-low-across-all-ethnicities/ |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=Cbsnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa wasu rahotanni sun kammala da cewa, aƙalla a jihar New York, ya kamata a rufe makarantun tare da raguwar yawan ɗalibai zuwa ɗaliban da suka yi rajista kwanan nan na ɗalibai 323 daga 1,500 a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=24 May 2007 |title=New York's Schools for Pregnant Girls Will Close |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/education/24educ.html |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBosman2007&quot;&gt;Bosman, Julie (24 May 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/education/24educ.html &quot;New York's Schools for Pregnant Girls Will Close&quot;]. ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-09-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; New York ta yi fama da neman tallafi da kuɗi ga waɗannan makarantu ban da ƙwararrun malamai don koyar da kayan da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban don samun GED ɗinsu. Tare da ayyuka kamar dinkin bargo a madadin tsarin koyo, Cami Anderson, babban jami'in kula da yara wanda gundumarsa ta haɗa da Shirin Dalibai Masu Ciki ya yarda, &quot;Shiri ne daban amma mara daidaito.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa an rufe makarantu daban-daban, Shirin ga Ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu har yanzu yana ƙoƙarin bayar da magungunan hana haihuwa ga mata a makarantun gwamnati da kuma taimakon ilimi a cikin tsarin da ya rage.

=== Chicago ===
Kwalejin Simpson makaranta ce da ke Chicago inda mata za su iya ƙaura daga makarantun sakandare na gwamnati zuwa cikin yanayi mai &quot;ƙarfafa gwiwa koyaushe&quot;. Tun daga shekarar 2011 akwai 'yan mata 300 waɗanda ke da juna biyu ko kuma suna renon yara a aji 6 zuwa 12 kuma a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, makarantar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin mai rijista akai-akai. Babban abin da wannan makarantar ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tallafawa ɗabi'a. Maimakon jin kaɗaici, ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu sun dogara da juna don tabbatarwa da ƙarfafa gwiwa. Wannan yanayin da ke cikin al'umma yana taimaka wa Kwalejin Simpson ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai tasiri a halartar ɗalibai da manyan azuzuwan kammala karatu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2011 |title=Simpson Academy graduates first class of moms - Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/06/15/coming-a-long-way-baby-and-all/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108112140/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-06-15/news/ct-x-pregnant-simpson-graduation-20110615_1_black-teens-pregnant-students-adolescent-health |archive-date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2012-10-18 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Los Angeles ===
Los Angeles ta bi irin wannan tsari kamar gundumar makarantar New York domin akwai makarantu na daban a cikin gundumar makarantar da ke akwai waɗanda ke biyan buƙatun ɗalibi. Ƙananan makarantu masu juna biyu sun ƙunshi ƙananan harabar jami'o'i da ke ko'ina cikin gundumar. Babban burinsu shine samar da damar ilimi na wucin gadi ga iyaye mata masu juna biyu don su ci gaba da karatunsu kuma su kammala karatunsu. Makarantu suna ba da shawara daga ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta, bayanai kan lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma koyarwar kula da jarirai kafin haihuwa da jarirai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Los Angeles Unified School District |url=http://notebook.lausd.net/portal/page?_pageid=33,255549&amp;_dad=ptl&amp;_schema=PTL_EP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826184601/http://notebook.lausd.net/portal/page?_pageid=33,255549&amp;_dad=ptl&amp;_schema=PTL_EP |archive-date=2013-08-26 |access-date=2012-10-18 |website=notebook.lausd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai wasu kamfanoni da ke tuntuɓar tsarin makaranta don ƙarin tallafi da samar da ƙarin albarkatu ga gundumar, kamar Lafiyar Ɗalibai da Ayyukan Ɗan Adam. A cikin 1994, Shirin Iyaye Matashi ya fara samar da shawarwari, ayyukan tallafi, da bayanai kan albarkatu da tura su don taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu da iyaye a cikin Gundumar Makarantar Haɗin gwiwa ta Los Angeles . Shirin haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Lafiyar Ɗalibai da Ayyukan Ɗan Adam (SHHS) da [[Educational Equity Compliance Office|Ofishin Bin Dokoki na Ilimi]] (EECO) wanda ke ba da taimakon fasaha ga hukumomin makaranta da al'umma waɗanda ke aiki tare da iyaye matasa. Haɗin gwiwar yana taimakawa Gundumar wajen kare haƙƙin ilimi da na farar hula na ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu da iyaye matasa a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya ta IX da California. Shafin yanar gizon su ya ce, &quot;Manufarmu ita ce tabbatar da samun daidaito tsakanin shirye-shiryen ilimi masu inganci da ayyukan tallafi waɗanda suke da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kawar da shingen da ke hana samun nasarar makaranta ga iyaye matasa da 'ya'yansu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pregnant &amp; Parenting Students |url=http://www.lausd.net/lausd/offices/eec/parenting.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108234231/http://www.lausd.net/lausd/offices/eec/parenting.htm |archive-date=8 January 2009 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.lausd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Florida ===
Florida ta bayyana a matsayin jihar da ta fi yawan makarantu masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da 'yan mata masu juna biyu kawai. Harabar St. Gerard da ke St. Augustine, Florida makaranta ce da ma'aikatanta ke aiki tuƙuru musamman ga ɗalibanta ta hanyar ba da shawara, kayan jarirai, da kuma alaƙa da hukumomin ɗaukar yara. Amma St. Gerard ba ta tsaya a fannin ilimi da kula da lafiya ba, har ila yau, harabar makarantar tana aiki a matsayin gidan haihuwa mai zaman kanta ga matasa masu juna biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=St Gerard Campus — Contact Us |url=http://www.stgerardcampus.org/Contact.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108031124/http://www.stgerardcampus.org/Contact.html |archive-date=2012-11-08 |access-date=2012-10-18 |website=Stgerardcampus.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shirin zama na musamman inda iyaye mata za su iya zama a harabar makarantar tare da 'ya'yansu yana da taimako ga iyaye mata waɗanda ke fama da neman kulawar yara kuma wataƙila ana cimma shi da kuɗaɗen masu zaman kansu da gudummawa waɗanda sauran ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke fama da tsarin makarantun gwamnati ba za su taɓa samu ba.

== Takaddama ==
Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, iyaye su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan yaran da suka daina zuwa makaranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unpublished tabulations by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002/2004, The National Center for Educational Statistics: Washington, DC |url=http://nces.ed.gov/edat/ |access-date=March 1, 2010 |website=Nces.ed.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bincike daga Gidauniyar Gates ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu da kuma waɗanda suka bar makaranta suna da kyakkyawan sakamako kuma suna jin cewa za su iya kammala karatunsu, amma suna fuskantar rashin goyon baya da wariya daga manyan malamai da jami'an makaranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Silent Epidemic Perspectives of High School Dropouts |url=https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/thesilentepidemic-execsum.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2019 |website=gatesfoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaƙin Neman Hana Ciki Tsakanin Matasa da Ciki Mara Tsari Ya jaddada cewa yaran da iyayensu ba su da ilimi suna iya daina makaranta da kansu. &quot;Dangantaka tsakanin ilimi da ciki tsakanin matasa tana aiki ta hanyoyi biyu. Wato, ciki tsakanin matasa sau da yawa yana da mummunan tasiri ga ilimi...&quot; Duk da haka suna ci gaba da jayayya cewa matsalar ita ce warkar da kansu. Idan waɗannan matan za su iya ci gaba da bin tafarkin ilimi, za su sami ƙarin nasara, duk da ciki na farko da ba a yi niyya ba, &quot;Haka kuma, nasarar makaranta, halartar makaranta, da shiga ciki yana taimakawa rage haɗarin ɗaukar ciki tsakanin matasa. A wata hanyar, zama a makaranta da samun ilimi yana taimakawa hana ɗaukar ciki tsakanin matasa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/education.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903222701/http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/education.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-03 |access-date=2012-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu cibiyoyi sun ɗauki matakin da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kamar makarantar Delhi Charter da ke Louisiana, wadda ta wajabta wa dukkan ɗalibai mata gwajin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flam |first=Lisa |date=7 August 2012 |title=School's policy requires girls to take pregnancy tests |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna48554183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808214536/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/48554183/ns/today-back_to_school/t/schools-policy-requires-girls-take-pregnancy-tests/#.UGh9YM0TVPJ |archive-date=2012-08-08 |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=[[MSNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, an tilasta wa Makarantar Delhi Charter ta janye haramcin da ta sanya wa ɗaliban da ke da juna biyu da kuma ikon tilasta wa ɗaliban da ake zargi da juna biyu gwajin ciki bisa dalilin cewa gwaje-gwajen sun karya Dokar Tarayya Title IX, wariya, da kuma keta sirri. Wata takarda da [[Natasha Vianna]] ta rubuta, tare da sa hannun sama da 126,000, ta jawo hankalin ƙasa baki ɗaya ga batun.  A cewar ACLU, kashi 70 cikin 100 na matasa masu juna biyu suna barin makaranta saboda wariya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Civil Liberties Union |url=https://www.aclu.org |access-date=2017-09-09 |website=American Civil Liberties Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shirye ==
Baya ga shirye-shiryen da aka ambata a sama, akwai shirye-shirye na bincike na hankali na motsin rai da kuma tsarin motsin rai da aka tsara musamman ga iyaye matasa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Makarantar Cathedral</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360295816|Cathedral school]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Makarantun cocin''' sun fara ne a farkon Zamanin Tsakiya a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi na ci gaba, wasu daga cikinsu daga ƙarshe suka rikide zuwa jami'o'in zamanin da . {{Sfn|Riché|1978}} A tsawon [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] da kuma bayan haka, an ƙara musu [[Makarantar Monastic|makarantu na sufaye]] . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan makarantun cocin na farko, da kuma sabbin tushe, sun ci gaba har zuwa zamanin yau.

== Makarantun farko ==
[[Fayil:Pythagore-chartres.jpg|right|thumb|Masanin Falsafa a kan ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan tarihi a kan ƙofar dama ta ƙofar yamma a Chartres Cathedral]]
A Daular Romawa ta baya, yayin da ilimin birni na Romawa ya ragu, bishop-bishop suka fara kafa makarantu da ke da alaƙa da cocin su don samar wa cocin malaman addini. Shaidar farko ta makarantar da aka kafa ta wannan hanyar ita ce a Visigothic [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a Majalisar Koli ta Biyu ta Toledo a shekara ta 527. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan makarantun farko, waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan koyon aikin koyarwa a addini a ƙarƙashin wani bishop mai ilimi, an gano su a wasu sassan Spain da kuma kimanin garuruwa ashirin a Gaul (Faransa) a ƙarni na shida da na bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da kuma bayan aikin St Augustine zuwa Ingila, an kafa makarantun cocin yayin da aka ƙirƙiri sabbin dakunan ibada (misali Canterbury 597, Rochester 604, York 627). Wannan rukunin makarantu sun samar da tsofaffin makarantu da ke ci gaba da aiki . Babban aikin makarantun cocin shine samar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yara maza, waɗanda suka rikide zuwa makarantun mawaka, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna aiki kamar haka. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Lacks source for boy trebles, esp. in first millennium (May 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Charlemagne]], sarkin Franks kuma daga baya Sarki, bayan ya fahimci muhimmancin ilimi ga malaman addini, kuma a wani ɓangare, ga manyan mutane, ya fara dawo da wannan al'adar da ke raguwa ta hanyar fitar da dokoki da dama da ke buƙatar a samar da ilimi a gidajen ibada da manyan coci. A shekara ta 789, Charlemagne's ''Admonitio Generalis'' ya buƙaci a kafa makarantu a kowace gidan ibada da kuma cocin bishop, inda &quot;yara za su iya koyon karatu; cewa a koyar da Zabura, rubutu, waƙa, lissafi, da nahawu.&quot; {{Sfn|Riché|1988}} Takardu na baya-bayan nan, kamar harafin ''De litteris colendis'', sun buƙaci bishop su zaɓi maza waɗanda ke da &quot;nufin da ikon koyo da sha'awar koyar da wasu&quot; a matsayin malamai  da kuma dokar Majalisar Frankfurt (794) da ta ba da shawarar cewa bishop su ɗauki nauyin koyarwar malamansu. {{Sfn|Riché|1988}}

Daga baya, makarantun cocin sun taso a manyan biranen kamar Chartres, Orleans, Paris, Laon, Reims ko Rouen a Faransa da Utrecht, Liege, Cologne, Metz, Speyer, Würzburg, Bamberg, Magdeburg, Hildesheim ko Freising a Jamus. Bisa ga al'adar da ta gabata, waɗannan makarantun cocin galibi suna koyar da malaman addini na gaba kuma suna ba da masu gudanar da ilimi ga kotunan da ke ƙara zama masu fa'ida a Renaissance na ƙarni na 12. Speyer ya shahara da samar wa Daular Roma Mai Tsarki da jami'an diflomasiyya.  Kotun Henry na ɗaya na Ingila, wanda shi kansa misali ne na farko na sarki mai ilimi, tana da alaƙa da makarantar cocin Laon . 

=== Halaye da ci gaba ===
Makarantun cocin galibi sun mayar da hankali ne kan jin daɗin ilimi na yaran manyan makarantu. Domin an yi nufin horar da su don yin aiki a cocin, an kore 'yan mata daga makarantu. Daga baya, ɗaliban coci da yawa waɗanda ba lallai ne su nemi aiki a cocin ba sun so su yi rajista. Bukatar makarantu ta taso don koyar da gwamnati, jiha, da sauran harkokin cocin. Makarantun, (wasu sanannun waɗanda suka samo asali tun ƙarni na takwas da na tara) sun karɓi ɗalibai ƙasa da 100. Dole ne ɗalibai su nuna ƙwarewa mai yawa kuma su iya ɗaukar nauyin kwas ɗin ilimi mai wahala. Ganin cewa littattafai ma suna da tsada, ɗalibai suna cikin aikin haddace laccocin malamansu. Makarantun cocin a wannan lokacin galibi ƙungiyar ministoci ce ke gudanar da su kuma an raba su zuwa sassa biyu: ƙaramin Schola, wanda aka yi niyya ga ƙananan ɗalibai, daga baya zai zama [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantun firamare]] . Sannan akwai babban makarantar, wanda ke koyar da manyan ɗalibai. Daga baya za su zama makarantun sakandare .

Darussan da ake koyarwa a makarantun cocin sun kama daga adabi zuwa lissafi. Ana kiran waɗannan batutuwa da fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi guda bakwai : [[nahawu]], ilmin taurari, magana (ko magana), dabaru, lissafi, lissafi da [[kiɗa]] . A cikin azuzuwan nahawu, an horar da ɗalibai su karanta, rubutawa da magana da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] wanda shine harshen duniya baki ɗaya a Turai a lokacin. Ilimin taurari ya zama dole don ƙididdige ranaku da lokutan. Magana babban ɓangare ne na ilimin murya. Manhaja ta ƙunshi sharuɗɗan muhawara masu kyau ko marasa ma'ana, musamman a cikin mahallin tauhidi, kuma lissafi ya zama tushen tunani mai yawa. Dalibai suna karanta labarai da waƙoƙi a cikin Latin ta hanyar marubuta kamar Cicero da Virgil. Kamar yadda yake a yau, an raba makarantun cocin zuwa makarantun firamare da manyan makarantu tare da manhajoji daban-daban. Manhajar makarantar firamare ta ƙunshi karatu, rubutu da slamadody, yayin da manhajar makarantar sakandare ita ce [[Rashin Amfani|trivium]] (nahawu, magana da dabaru), sauran fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi, da kuma nazarin littafi mai tsarki da tauhidin pastoral .

== Makarantun cocin Katolika a yau ==
Duk da cewa makarantun coci ba su da wani muhimmin wuri na ilimi mai zurfi, yawancin cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]], Anglican, da Lutheran suna aiki a matsayin makarantun firamare ko sakandare . Yawancin waɗanda aka lissafa a ƙasa tushe ne na zamani, amma kaɗan daga cikinsu sun dogara ne akan tarihinsu zuwa makarantun zamanin da.

=== Ostiraliya ===

* Bathurst – Makarantar Firamare ta Cathedral
* Makarantar Grammar Cathedral ta Bunbury - Bunbury
* [[Perth]] – Makarantar Nahawu ta Anglican ta St George
* Rockhampton - Kwalejin Cathedral
* [[Sydney]] – Makarantar Cathedral ta St Andrew
* [[Sydney]] – Kwalejin Cathedral ta St Mary
* Townsville – Makarantar Cathedral ta St Anne da St James
* Wangaratta - Kwalejin Cathedral

=== Kanada ===

* Hamilton - Almasihu Sarki
* [[Toronto]] – Makarantar Mawakan St. Michael

=== Denmark ===

* Ribe – Ribe Katedralskole
* [[Aarhus]] - Aarhus Katedralskole
* [[Aalborg]] – Aalborg Katedralskole
* Viborg - Viborg Katedralskole
* [[Odense]] - Odense Katedralskole
* Roskilde - Roskilde Katedralskole
* Haderslev - Haderslev Katedralskole

=== Finland ===

* [[Turku]] – Katedralskolan i Åbo

=== Faransa ===

* [[Faris|Paris]] - [[:fr:École cathédrale de Paris|École cathédrale de Paris]]

=== [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ===

* Colegio San José de los Infantes (wanda aka kafa a 1781)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Makarantun cocin''' sun fara ne a farkon Zamanin Tsakiya a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi na ci gaba, wasu daga cikinsu daga ƙarshe suka rikide zuwa jami'o'in zamanin da . {{Sfn|Riché|1978}} A tsawon [[Zamanin Tsakiya]] da kuma bayan haka, an ƙara musu [[Makarantar Monastic|makarantu na sufaye]] . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan makarantun cocin na farko, da kuma sabbin tushe, sun ci gaba har zuwa zamanin yau.

== Makarantun farko ==
[[Fayil:Pythagore-chartres.jpg|right|thumb|Masanin Falsafa a kan ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan tarihi a kan ƙofar dama ta ƙofar yamma a Chartres Cathedral]]
A Daular Romawa ta baya, yayin da ilimin birni na Romawa ya ragu, bishop-bishop suka fara kafa makarantu da ke da alaƙa da cocin su don samar wa cocin malaman addini. Shaidar farko ta makarantar da aka kafa ta wannan hanyar ita ce a Visigothic [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a Majalisar Koli ta Biyu ta Toledo a shekara ta 527. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan makarantun farko, waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan koyon aikin koyarwa a addini a ƙarƙashin wani bishop mai ilimi, an gano su a wasu sassan Spain da kuma kimanin garuruwa ashirin a Gaul (Faransa) a ƙarni na shida da na bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Riché|1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da kuma bayan aikin St Augustine zuwa Ingila, an kafa makarantun cocin yayin da aka ƙirƙiri sabbin dakunan ibada (misali Canterbury 597, Rochester 604, York 627). Wannan rukunin makarantu sun samar da tsofaffin makarantu da ke ci gaba da aiki . Babban aikin makarantun cocin shine samar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yara maza, waɗanda suka rikide zuwa makarantun mawaka, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna aiki kamar haka. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Lacks source for boy trebles, esp. in first millennium (May 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Charlemagne]], sarkin Franks kuma daga baya Sarki, bayan ya fahimci muhimmancin ilimi ga malaman addini, kuma a wani ɓangare, ga manyan mutane, ya fara dawo da wannan al'adar da ke raguwa ta hanyar fitar da dokoki da dama da ke buƙatar a samar da ilimi a gidajen ibada da manyan coci. A shekara ta 789, Charlemagne's ''Admonitio Generalis'' ya buƙaci a kafa makarantu a kowace gidan ibada da kuma cocin bishop, inda &quot;yara za su iya koyon karatu; cewa a koyar da Zabura, rubutu, waƙa, lissafi, da nahawu.&quot; {{Sfn|Riché|1988}} Takardu na baya-bayan nan, kamar harafin ''De litteris colendis'', sun buƙaci bishop su zaɓi maza waɗanda ke da &quot;nufin da ikon koyo da sha'awar koyar da wasu&quot; a matsayin malamai  da kuma dokar Majalisar Frankfurt (794) da ta ba da shawarar cewa bishop su ɗauki nauyin koyarwar malamansu. {{Sfn|Riché|1988}}

Daga baya, makarantun cocin sun taso a manyan biranen kamar Chartres, Orleans, Paris, Laon, Reims ko Rouen a Faransa da Utrecht, Liege, Cologne, Metz, Speyer, Würzburg, Bamberg, Magdeburg, Hildesheim ko Freising a Jamus. Bisa ga al'adar da ta gabata, waɗannan makarantun cocin galibi suna koyar da malaman addini na gaba kuma suna ba da masu gudanar da ilimi ga kotunan da ke ƙara zama masu fa'ida a Renaissance na ƙarni na 12. Speyer ya shahara da samar wa Daular Roma Mai Tsarki da jami'an diflomasiyya.  Kotun Henry na ɗaya na Ingila, wanda shi kansa misali ne na farko na sarki mai ilimi, tana da alaƙa da makarantar cocin Laon . 

=== Halaye da ci gaba ===
Makarantun cocin galibi sun mayar da hankali ne kan jin daɗin ilimi na yaran manyan makarantu. Domin an yi nufin horar da su don yin aiki a cocin, an kore 'yan mata daga makarantu. Daga baya, ɗaliban coci da yawa waɗanda ba lallai ne su nemi aiki a cocin ba sun so su yi rajista. Bukatar makarantu ta taso don koyar da gwamnati, jiha, da sauran harkokin cocin. Makarantun, (wasu sanannun waɗanda suka samo asali tun ƙarni na takwas da na tara) sun karɓi ɗalibai ƙasa da 100. Dole ne ɗalibai su nuna ƙwarewa mai yawa kuma su iya ɗaukar nauyin kwas ɗin ilimi mai wahala. Ganin cewa littattafai ma suna da tsada, ɗalibai suna cikin aikin haddace laccocin malamansu. Makarantun cocin a wannan lokacin galibi ƙungiyar ministoci ce ke gudanar da su kuma an raba su zuwa sassa biyu: ƙaramin Schola, wanda aka yi niyya ga ƙananan ɗalibai, daga baya zai zama [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantun firamare]] . Sannan akwai babban makarantar, wanda ke koyar da manyan ɗalibai. Daga baya za su zama makarantun sakandare .

Darussan da ake koyarwa a makarantun cocin sun kama daga adabi zuwa lissafi. Ana kiran waɗannan batutuwa da fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi guda bakwai : [[nahawu]], ilmin taurari, magana (ko magana), dabaru, lissafi, lissafi da [[kiɗa]] . A cikin azuzuwan nahawu, an horar da ɗalibai su karanta, rubutawa da magana da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] wanda shine harshen duniya baki ɗaya a Turai a lokacin. Ilimin taurari ya zama dole don ƙididdige ranaku da lokutan. Magana babban ɓangare ne na ilimin murya. Manhaja ta ƙunshi sharuɗɗan muhawara masu kyau ko marasa ma'ana, musamman a cikin mahallin tauhidi, kuma lissafi ya zama tushen tunani mai yawa. Dalibai suna karanta labarai da waƙoƙi a cikin Latin ta hanyar marubuta kamar Cicero da Virgil. Kamar yadda yake a yau, an raba makarantun cocin zuwa makarantun firamare da manyan makarantu tare da manhajoji daban-daban. Manhajar makarantar firamare ta ƙunshi karatu, rubutu da slamadody, yayin da manhajar makarantar sakandare ita ce [[Rashin Amfani|trivium]] (nahawu, magana da dabaru), sauran fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi, da kuma nazarin littafi mai tsarki da tauhidin pastoral .

== Makarantun cocin Katolika a yau ==
Duk da cewa makarantun coci ba su da wani muhimmin wuri na ilimi mai zurfi, yawancin cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman]], Anglican, da Lutheran suna aiki a matsayin makarantun firamare ko sakandare . Yawancin waɗanda aka lissafa a ƙasa tushe ne na zamani, amma kaɗan daga cikinsu sun dogara ne akan tarihinsu zuwa makarantun zamanin da.

=== Ostiraliya ===

* Bathurst – Makarantar Firamare ta Cathedral
* Makarantar Grammar Cathedral ta Bunbury - Bunbury
* [[Perth]] – Makarantar Nahawu ta Anglican ta St George
* Rockhampton - Kwalejin Cathedral
* [[Sydney]] – Makarantar Cathedral ta St Andrew
* [[Sydney]] – Kwalejin Cathedral ta St Mary
* Townsville – Makarantar Cathedral ta St Anne da St James
* Wangaratta - Kwalejin Cathedral

=== Kanada ===

* Hamilton - Almasihu Sarki
* [[Toronto]] – Makarantar Mawakan St. Michael

=== Denmark ===

* Ribe – Ribe Katedralskole
* [[Aarhus]] - Aarhus Katedralskole
* [[Aalborg]] – Aalborg Katedralskole
* Viborg - Viborg Katedralskole
* [[Odense]] - Odense Katedralskole
* Roskilde - Roskilde Katedralskole
* Haderslev - Haderslev Katedralskole

=== Finland ===

* [[Turku]] – Katedralskolan i Åbo

=== Faransa ===

* [[Faris|Paris]] - [[:fr:École cathédrale de Paris|École cathédrale de Paris]]

=== [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ===

* Colegio San José de los Infantes (wanda aka kafa a 1781)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>878302</id>
      <parentid>878301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:30:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878302</origin>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878303</id>
      <parentid>878302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:30:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878304</id>
      <parentid>878303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:31:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

=== Addini ===

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
      <sha1>n5ee93aj44ec07w1wmlpezg0kod23yw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878305</id>
      <parentid>878304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:31:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4159" sha1="h19sartrc5h3zjb11vzaft07mwj1uzw" xml:space="preserve">
'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

=== Addini ===
Tun da ƙauyensa ya kasance tsakanin manyan wuraren Namdhari guda biyu na Malerkotla da Bhaini Sahib; ya zama mai bin al'adar Namdhari kuma ya sami albarka daga Namdhari Satguru Pratap Singh, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa koyaushe yake sa turban mai launin fari, kuma saboda launi ne na jam'iyyar Indian National Congress. Yana da cikakken bangaskiya ga tsarin imani na Namdhari kuma ya yi aiki tare da Surinder Singh Namdhari a lokacin mulkinsa don taimakawa a cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar idan ya cancanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kamar Namdharis bai ci nama ko shan barasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1993 wani dan kasuwa ya so ya fara babban masana'antar sarrafa nama a Lalru, wanda zai ba dubban ayyukan Punjabis- kodayake bayan Namdharis ya ki amincewa da Beant Singh ya hana izini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawar kadada 500 na ƙasar Gwamnati a Punjab ga Namdharis a Amritsar, Ludhiana da Malerkotla.
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878307</id>
      <parentid>878305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, 'yan sanda na Thai sun kama Jathedar Jagtar Singh Tara wanda ake zargi da zama babban mai kisan kai na Singh a [[Bangkok]] bayan bukatar da hukumar bincike ta Indiya (Central Bureau of Investigation) ta yi. Tara a halin yanzu tana fuskantar shari'a a kurkuku na Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

=== Addini ===
Tun da ƙauyensa ya kasance tsakanin manyan wuraren Namdhari guda biyu na Malerkotla da Bhaini Sahib; ya zama mai bin al'adar Namdhari kuma ya sami albarka daga Namdhari Satguru Pratap Singh, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa koyaushe yake sa turban mai launin fari, kuma saboda launi ne na jam'iyyar Indian National Congress. Yana da cikakken bangaskiya ga tsarin imani na Namdhari kuma ya yi aiki tare da Surinder Singh Namdhari a lokacin mulkinsa don taimakawa a cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar idan ya cancanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kamar Namdharis bai ci nama ko shan barasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1993 wani dan kasuwa ya so ya fara babban masana'antar sarrafa nama a Lalru, wanda zai ba dubban ayyukan Punjabis- kodayake bayan Namdharis ya ki amincewa da Beant Singh ya hana izini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawar kadada 500 na ƙasar Gwamnati a Punjab ga Namdharis a Amritsar, Ludhiana da Malerkotla.
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, 'yan sanda na Thai sun kama Jathedar Jagtar Singh Tara wanda ake zargi da zama babban mai kisan kai na Singh a [[Bangkok]] bayan bukatar da hukumar bincike ta Indiya (Central Bureau of Investigation) ta yi. Tara a halin yanzu tana fuskantar shari'a a kurkuku na Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

=== Addini ===
Tun da ƙauyensa ya kasance tsakanin manyan wuraren Namdhari guda biyu na Malerkotla da Bhaini Sahib; ya zama mai bin al'adar Namdhari kuma ya sami albarka daga Namdhari Satguru Pratap Singh, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa koyaushe yake sa turban mai launin fari, kuma saboda launi ne na jam'iyyar Indian National Congress. Yana da cikakken bangaskiya ga tsarin imani na Namdhari kuma ya yi aiki tare da Surinder Singh Namdhari a lokacin mulkinsa don taimakawa a cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar idan ya cancanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kamar Namdharis bai ci nama ko shan barasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1993 wani dan kasuwa ya so ya fara babban masana'antar sarrafa nama a Lalru, wanda zai ba dubban ayyukan Punjabis- kodayake bayan Namdharis ya ki amincewa da Beant Singh ya hana izini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawar kadada 500 na ƙasar Gwamnati a Punjab ga Namdharis a Amritsar, Ludhiana da Malerkotla.

=== Iyali ===

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, 'yan sanda na Thai sun kama Jathedar Jagtar Singh Tara wanda ake zargi da zama babban mai kisan kai na Singh a [[Bangkok]] bayan bukatar da hukumar bincike ta Indiya (Central Bureau of Investigation) ta yi. Tara a halin yanzu tana fuskantar shari'a a kurkuku na Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

=== Addini ===
Tun da ƙauyensa ya kasance tsakanin manyan wuraren Namdhari guda biyu na Malerkotla da Bhaini Sahib; ya zama mai bin al'adar Namdhari kuma ya sami albarka daga Namdhari Satguru Pratap Singh, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa koyaushe yake sa turban mai launin fari, kuma saboda launi ne na jam'iyyar Indian National Congress. Yana da cikakken bangaskiya ga tsarin imani na Namdhari kuma ya yi aiki tare da Surinder Singh Namdhari a lokacin mulkinsa don taimakawa a cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar idan ya cancanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kamar Namdharis bai ci nama ko shan barasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1993 wani dan kasuwa ya so ya fara babban masana'antar sarrafa nama a Lalru, wanda zai ba dubban ayyukan Punjabis- kodayake bayan Namdharis ya ki amincewa da Beant Singh ya hana izini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawar kadada 500 na ƙasar Gwamnati a Punjab ga Namdharis a Amritsar, Ludhiana da Malerkotla.

=== Iyali ===
Ɗansa Tej Parkash Singh ya kasance minista a gwamnatin Punjab karkashin jagorancin Harcharan Singh Brar wanda ya gaji shi. 'Yarsa Gurkanwal Kaur tsohuwar ministan jihar ce ta jin dadin jama'a kuma sakataren majalisa a gwamnatin Amarinder Singh . Jikansa Ravneet Singh ya kasance dan majalisa daga Anandpur Sahib na tsawon shekaru 5 sannan daga baya daga Ludhiana na tsawon shekaru 10, a halin yanzu shi ne Ministan Jiha na Railway da Masana'antar Abinci a Ma'aikatar Modi ta Uku. Wani jikansa, Gurkirat Singh Kotli, an ba shi tikiti don zama MLA daga Khanna inda ya ci nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-16 |title=Women's commission issues notice to Punjab govt in 23-year-old molestation case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/womens-commission-issues-notice-to-punjab-govt-in-23-year-old-molestation-case-4846216/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani jikan Guriqbal Singh shi ne 'yan sanda na DSP Punjab . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2010 |title=Beant Singh's widow dead |url=http://twocircles.net/node/214234}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 2010.
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361438477|Beant Singh (politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, 'yan sanda na Thai sun kama Jathedar Jagtar Singh Tara wanda ake zargi da zama babban mai kisan kai na Singh a [[Bangkok]] bayan bukatar da hukumar bincike ta Indiya (Central Bureau of Investigation) ta yi. Tara a halin yanzu tana fuskantar shari'a a kurkuku na Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

=== Addini ===
Tun da ƙauyensa ya kasance tsakanin manyan wuraren Namdhari guda biyu na Malerkotla da Bhaini Sahib; ya zama mai bin al'adar Namdhari kuma ya sami albarka daga Namdhari Satguru Pratap Singh, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa koyaushe yake sa turban mai launin fari, kuma saboda launi ne na jam'iyyar Indian National Congress. Yana da cikakken bangaskiya ga tsarin imani na Namdhari kuma ya yi aiki tare da Surinder Singh Namdhari a lokacin mulkinsa don taimakawa a cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar idan ya cancanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kamar Namdharis bai ci nama ko shan barasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1993 wani dan kasuwa ya so ya fara babban masana'antar sarrafa nama a Lalru, wanda zai ba dubban ayyukan Punjabis- kodayake bayan Namdharis ya ki amincewa da Beant Singh ya hana izini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawar kadada 500 na ƙasar Gwamnati a Punjab ga Namdharis a Amritsar, Ludhiana da Malerkotla.

=== Iyali ===
Ɗansa Tej Parkash Singh ya kasance minista a gwamnatin Punjab karkashin jagorancin Harcharan Singh Brar wanda ya gaji shi. 'Yarsa Gurkanwal Kaur tsohuwar ministan jihar ce ta jin dadin jama'a kuma sakataren majalisa a gwamnatin Amarinder Singh . Jikansa Ravneet Singh ya kasance dan majalisa daga Anandpur Sahib na tsawon shekaru 5 sannan daga baya daga Ludhiana na tsawon shekaru 10, a halin yanzu shi ne Ministan Jiha na Railway da Masana'antar Abinci a Ma'aikatar Modi ta Uku. Wani jikansa, Gurkirat Singh Kotli, an ba shi tikiti don zama MLA daga Khanna inda ya ci nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-16 |title=Women's commission issues notice to Punjab govt in 23-year-old molestation case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/womens-commission-issues-notice-to-punjab-govt-in-23-year-old-molestation-case-4846216/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani jikan Guriqbal Singh shi ne 'yan sanda na DSP Punjab . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2010 |title=Beant Singh's widow dead |url=http://twocircles.net/node/214234}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 2010.

== Nassoshi ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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'''Beant Singh''' (19 ga Fabrairu 1922 - 31 ga Agusta 1995) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma Babban Minista na 12 na [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi ta hanyar fashewar bam. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Beant a Jhajj Jat Sikh Family daga ƙauyen Bilaspur kusa da Doraha a gundumar Ludhiana. Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan Canal na Yammacin Punjab amma sun koma ƙauyen Kotli (Kotla Afghana) kusa da Payal a gundumar Ludhiana bayan rabuwar ƙasar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Lahore . Yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga soja amma bayan shekaru biyu na hidima, ya yanke shawarar komawa siyasa da aikin zamantakewa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Bayan raba ƙasar a shekarar 1947, Beant Singh ya shiga harkokin siyasa a Punjab. A shekarar 1960 aka zaɓe shi shugaban kwamitin ''haɗin gwiwa'' na Doraha, a gundumar Ludhiana. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Daraktan bankin haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya a Ludhiana, Beant Singh ya shiga jam'iyyar Punjab Vidhan Sabha (majalisa) a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1969. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Beant Singh a fashewar bam a sansanin sakatariyar da ke Chandigarh a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1995. Fashewar ta kashe wasu mutane 17 ciki har da kwamandojin Indiya 3. Beant Singh ya kasance tare da babban abokinsa Ranjodh Singh Mann a ranar kisan kai. Dilawar Singh Babbar na Babbar Khalsa International ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fashewar bam; daga baya, mai fashewa da bam din Balwant Singh Rajoana an kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, rundunar Khalistan Commando ta shiga cikin kisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-15 |title=Eastern District of New York |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115092626/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006Dec20.html |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, kotun Chandigarh ta yanke wa Rajoana hukuncin kisa. Yawancin Sikhs sun nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, kuma sun yi kamfen don dakatar da kisan Balwant Singh Rajoana. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 Gwamnatin Indiya ta dakatar da kisan Rajoana bayan Babban Ministan Punjab Parkash Singh Badal ya sadu da Shugaba Pratibha Patil yana neman jinƙai a gare shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beant Singh killing: Rajoana's hanging stayed |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329232400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/beant-singh-killing-rajoanas-hanging-stayed/243573-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, 'yan sanda na Thai sun kama Jathedar Jagtar Singh Tara wanda ake zargi da zama babban mai kisan kai na Singh a [[Bangkok]] bayan bukatar da hukumar bincike ta Indiya (Central Bureau of Investigation) ta yi. Tara a halin yanzu tana fuskantar shari'a a kurkuku na Indiya.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==

=== Addini ===
Tun da ƙauyensa ya kasance tsakanin manyan wuraren Namdhari guda biyu na Malerkotla da Bhaini Sahib; ya zama mai bin al'adar Namdhari kuma ya sami albarka daga Namdhari Satguru Pratap Singh, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa koyaushe yake sa turban mai launin fari, kuma saboda launi ne na jam'iyyar Indian National Congress. Yana da cikakken bangaskiya ga tsarin imani na Namdhari kuma ya yi aiki tare da Surinder Singh Namdhari a lokacin mulkinsa don taimakawa a cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar idan ya cancanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kamar Namdharis bai ci nama ko shan barasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1993 wani dan kasuwa ya so ya fara babban masana'antar sarrafa nama a Lalru, wanda zai ba dubban ayyukan Punjabis- kodayake bayan Namdharis ya ki amincewa da Beant Singh ya hana izini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawar kadada 500 na ƙasar Gwamnati a Punjab ga Namdharis a Amritsar, Ludhiana da Malerkotla.

=== Iyali ===
Ɗansa Tej Parkash Singh ya kasance minista a gwamnatin Punjab karkashin jagorancin Harcharan Singh Brar wanda ya gaji shi. 'Yarsa Gurkanwal Kaur tsohuwar ministan jihar ce ta jin dadin jama'a kuma sakataren majalisa a gwamnatin Amarinder Singh . Jikansa Ravneet Singh ya kasance dan majalisa daga Anandpur Sahib na tsawon shekaru 5 sannan daga baya daga Ludhiana na tsawon shekaru 10, a halin yanzu shi ne Ministan Jiha na Railway da Masana'antar Abinci a Ma'aikatar Modi ta Uku. Wani jikansa, Gurkirat Singh Kotli, an ba shi tikiti don zama MLA daga Khanna inda ya ci nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-16 |title=Women's commission issues notice to Punjab govt in 23-year-old molestation case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/womens-commission-issues-notice-to-punjab-govt-in-23-year-old-molestation-case-4846216/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani jikan Guriqbal Singh shi ne 'yan sanda na DSP Punjab . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2010 |title=Beant Singh's widow dead |url=http://twocircles.net/node/214234}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 2010.

== Nassoshi ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1983, ta zama mai bincike a Sashen Ethnology da Al'adun Al'adu, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu saboda dalilai na iyali, ta yi aiki a Kranj, kuma a cikin 1998 a ZRC SAZU (a Turanci: Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Slovenia) a Jami'ar Ljubljana, inda take yin bincike da koyarwa a Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ethnography . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1983, ta zama mai bincike a Sashen Ethnology da Al'adun Al'adu, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu saboda dalilai na iyali, ta yi aiki a Kranj, kuma a cikin 1998 a ZRC SAZU (a Turanci: Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Slovenia) a Jami'ar Ljubljana, inda take yin bincike da koyarwa a Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ethnography . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin rayuwar yau da kullun da al'adun Slovenians, wanda ta ba da kanta kafin ta shiga ZRC SAZU, ya haɗa da bincike na al'adu. Tare da wannan hanyar, tana magance batutuwan tarihi na al'adun gargajiya, haɗuwa da birni da ƙauyuka, nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban, kamar labarun, waƙoƙin soja da na al'ada, masu ɗauke da kirkirar waƙoƙa, musamman mawaƙa masu yawo, da kuma haɗuwa da harsuna a cikin al'adar waƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en &quot;Marija Klobčar, PhD | ZRC SAZU&quot;]. ''gni.zrc-sazu.si''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tatsuniyoyi da tarihi an fi bayyana shi a cikin sababbin fassarorin Tafkin Kamnik, girgizar ƙasa ta 1348, da kuma halin Sarki Matjaž.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346111957|Marija Klobčar]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1983, ta zama mai bincike a Sashen Ethnology da Al'adun Al'adu, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu saboda dalilai na iyali, ta yi aiki a Kranj, kuma a cikin 1998 a ZRC SAZU (a Turanci: Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Slovenia) a Jami'ar Ljubljana, inda take yin bincike da koyarwa a Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ethnography . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin rayuwar yau da kullun da al'adun Slovenians, wanda ta ba da kanta kafin ta shiga ZRC SAZU, ya haɗa da bincike na al'adu. Tare da wannan hanyar, tana magance batutuwan tarihi na al'adun gargajiya, haɗuwa da birni da ƙauyuka, nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban, kamar labarun, waƙoƙin soja da na al'ada, masu ɗauke da kirkirar waƙoƙa, musamman mawaƙa masu yawo, da kuma haɗuwa da harsuna a cikin al'adar waƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en &quot;Marija Klobčar, PhD | ZRC SAZU&quot;]. ''gni.zrc-sazu.si''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tatsuniyoyi da tarihi an fi bayyana shi a cikin sababbin fassarorin Tafkin Kamnik, girgizar ƙasa ta 1348, da kuma halin Sarki Matjaž.

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==

* Kyautar Faculty Prešeren don takardar karatun ta Society and Events in Kamnik 1914-1941 (1983) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 &quot;Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado&quot;]. ''rtvslo.si'' (in Slovenian). 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Murka don littafin Kamnik mazauna tsakanin al'ada da zamani (1999) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Kyakkyawan a kimiyya don littafin nan On the way to Kamnik (2017) 
* Kyautar zinariya ta Karamar Hukumar Kamnik (2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130070132/https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.kamnik.si}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Rayuwa ta Murka (2020)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=društvo |first=SED-Slovensko etnološko |title=Murkova nagrada in Murkovi listini za leto 2020 |url=https://www.sed-drustvo.si/arhiv/aktualno/murkova-nagrada-in-murkovi-listini-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=SED - Slovensko etnološko društvo |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Marija Klobčar – Spol in znanost |url=https://spolinznanost.zrc-sazu.si/zrc-sazu/dr-marija-klobcar/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Kyautar Kimiyya mai kyau don littafin ''Saurari mai kare mu'' (2021) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1983, ta zama mai bincike a Sashen Ethnology da Al'adun Al'adu, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu saboda dalilai na iyali, ta yi aiki a Kranj, kuma a cikin 1998 a ZRC SAZU (a Turanci: Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Slovenia) a Jami'ar Ljubljana, inda take yin bincike da koyarwa a Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ethnography . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin rayuwar yau da kullun da al'adun Slovenians, wanda ta ba da kanta kafin ta shiga ZRC SAZU, ya haɗa da bincike na al'adu. Tare da wannan hanyar, tana magance batutuwan tarihi na al'adun gargajiya, haɗuwa da birni da ƙauyuka, nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban, kamar labarun, waƙoƙin soja da na al'ada, masu ɗauke da kirkirar waƙoƙa, musamman mawaƙa masu yawo, da kuma haɗuwa da harsuna a cikin al'adar waƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en &quot;Marija Klobčar, PhD | ZRC SAZU&quot;]. ''gni.zrc-sazu.si''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tatsuniyoyi da tarihi an fi bayyana shi a cikin sababbin fassarorin Tafkin Kamnik, girgizar ƙasa ta 1348, da kuma halin Sarki Matjaž.

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==

* Kyautar Faculty Prešeren don takardar karatun ta Society and Events in Kamnik 1914-1941 (1983) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 &quot;Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado&quot;]. ''rtvslo.si'' (in Slovenian). 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Murka don littafin Kamnik mazauna tsakanin al'ada da zamani (1999) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Kyakkyawan a kimiyya don littafin nan On the way to Kamnik (2017) 
* Kyautar zinariya ta Karamar Hukumar Kamnik (2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130070132/https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.kamnik.si}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Rayuwa ta Murka (2020)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=društvo |first=SED-Slovensko etnološko |title=Murkova nagrada in Murkovi listini za leto 2020 |url=https://www.sed-drustvo.si/arhiv/aktualno/murkova-nagrada-in-murkovi-listini-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=SED - Slovensko etnološko društvo |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Marija Klobčar – Spol in znanost |url=https://spolinznanost.zrc-sazu.si/zrc-sazu/dr-marija-klobcar/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Kyautar Kimiyya mai kyau don littafin ''Saurari mai kare mu'' (2021) 

== Kasancewa memba ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346111957|Marija Klobčar]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1983, ta zama mai bincike a Sashen Ethnology da Al'adun Al'adu, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu saboda dalilai na iyali, ta yi aiki a Kranj, kuma a cikin 1998 a ZRC SAZU (a Turanci: Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Slovenia) a Jami'ar Ljubljana, inda take yin bincike da koyarwa a Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ethnography . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin rayuwar yau da kullun da al'adun Slovenians, wanda ta ba da kanta kafin ta shiga ZRC SAZU, ya haɗa da bincike na al'adu. Tare da wannan hanyar, tana magance batutuwan tarihi na al'adun gargajiya, haɗuwa da birni da ƙauyuka, nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban, kamar labarun, waƙoƙin soja da na al'ada, masu ɗauke da kirkirar waƙoƙa, musamman mawaƙa masu yawo, da kuma haɗuwa da harsuna a cikin al'adar waƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en &quot;Marija Klobčar, PhD | ZRC SAZU&quot;]. ''gni.zrc-sazu.si''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tatsuniyoyi da tarihi an fi bayyana shi a cikin sababbin fassarorin Tafkin Kamnik, girgizar ƙasa ta 1348, da kuma halin Sarki Matjaž.

A gabatar da ita tare da lambar yabo ta Murka a cikin 1999, kwamitin ya ce ta kasance &quot;wani mutum ne mai cikakken bincike tare da kunne mai hankali ga masu magana a fagen&quot; kuma ya ambaci: &quot;Ƙarfi da son sani da zurfin tunani da faɗin ya nuna ta a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai girma, yayin da ƙwarewar kimiyya ta ba da shaida cewa hanyar kimiyya ta lashe kyautar ita ce hanyar ci gaba da sababbin tambayoyi da fahimta, kuma wannan ba ƙarshen aikinta na rayuwarta ba&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 &quot;Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado&quot;]. ''rtvslo.si'' (in Slovenian). 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin ya ci gaba da lura da cewa &quot;a cikin tarihin tarihin tarihin tarihin masananci abubuwan da aka tsarawa na Musical da kuma abubuwan da aka zaɓa a can.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-23 |title=ETNOLOGINJA DR. MARIJA KLOBČAR JE PREJELA MURKOVO NAGRADO ZA LETO 2020 |url=https://kd-severinsali.si/zgodilo-se-je/etnologinja-dr-marija-klobcar-je-prejela-murkovo-nagrado-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=KD Severin Šali |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==

* Kyautar Faculty Prešeren don takardar karatun ta Society and Events in Kamnik 1914-1941 (1983) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 &quot;Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado&quot;]. ''rtvslo.si'' (in Slovenian). 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Murka don littafin Kamnik mazauna tsakanin al'ada da zamani (1999) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Kyakkyawan a kimiyya don littafin nan On the way to Kamnik (2017) 
* Kyautar zinariya ta Karamar Hukumar Kamnik (2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130070132/https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.kamnik.si}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Rayuwa ta Murka (2020)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=društvo |first=SED-Slovensko etnološko |title=Murkova nagrada in Murkovi listini za leto 2020 |url=https://www.sed-drustvo.si/arhiv/aktualno/murkova-nagrada-in-murkovi-listini-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=SED - Slovensko etnološko društvo |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Marija Klobčar – Spol in znanost |url=https://spolinznanost.zrc-sazu.si/zrc-sazu/dr-marija-klobcar/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Kyautar Kimiyya mai kyau don littafin ''Saurari mai kare mu'' (2021) 

== Kasancewa memba ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1983, ta zama mai bincike a Sashen Ethnology da Al'adun Al'adu, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu saboda dalilai na iyali, ta yi aiki a Kranj, kuma a cikin 1998 a ZRC SAZU (a Turanci: Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Slovenia) a Jami'ar Ljubljana, inda take yin bincike da koyarwa a Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ethnography . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin rayuwar yau da kullun da al'adun Slovenians, wanda ta ba da kanta kafin ta shiga ZRC SAZU, ya haɗa da bincike na al'adu. Tare da wannan hanyar, tana magance batutuwan tarihi na al'adun gargajiya, haɗuwa da birni da ƙauyuka, nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban, kamar labarun, waƙoƙin soja da na al'ada, masu ɗauke da kirkirar waƙoƙa, musamman mawaƙa masu yawo, da kuma haɗuwa da harsuna a cikin al'adar waƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en &quot;Marija Klobčar, PhD | ZRC SAZU&quot;]. ''gni.zrc-sazu.si''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tatsuniyoyi da tarihi an fi bayyana shi a cikin sababbin fassarorin Tafkin Kamnik, girgizar ƙasa ta 1348, da kuma halin Sarki Matjaž.

A gabatar da ita tare da lambar yabo ta Murka a cikin 1999, kwamitin ya ce ta kasance &quot;wani mutum ne mai cikakken bincike tare da kunne mai hankali ga masu magana a fagen&quot; kuma ya ambaci: &quot;Ƙarfi da son sani da zurfin tunani da faɗin ya nuna ta a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai girma, yayin da ƙwarewar kimiyya ta ba da shaida cewa hanyar kimiyya ta lashe kyautar ita ce hanyar ci gaba da sababbin tambayoyi da fahimta, kuma wannan ba ƙarshen aikinta na rayuwarta ba&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 &quot;Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado&quot;]. ''rtvslo.si'' (in Slovenian). 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin ya ci gaba da lura da cewa &quot;a cikin tarihin tarihin tarihin tarihin masananci abubuwan da aka tsarawa na Musical da kuma abubuwan da aka zaɓa a can.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-23 |title=ETNOLOGINJA DR. MARIJA KLOBČAR JE PREJELA MURKOVO NAGRADO ZA LETO 2020 |url=https://kd-severinsali.si/zgodilo-se-je/etnologinja-dr-marija-klobcar-je-prejela-murkovo-nagrado-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=KD Severin Šali |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==

* Kyautar Faculty Prešeren don takardar karatun ta Society and Events in Kamnik 1914-1941 (1983) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 &quot;Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado&quot;]. ''rtvslo.si'' (in Slovenian). 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Murka don littafin Kamnik mazauna tsakanin al'ada da zamani (1999) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Kyakkyawan a kimiyya don littafin nan On the way to Kamnik (2017) 
* Kyautar zinariya ta Karamar Hukumar Kamnik (2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130070132/https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.kamnik.si}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Rayuwa ta Murka (2020)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=društvo |first=SED-Slovensko etnološko |title=Murkova nagrada in Murkovi listini za leto 2020 |url=https://www.sed-drustvo.si/arhiv/aktualno/murkova-nagrada-in-murkovi-listini-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=SED - Slovensko etnološko društvo |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Marija Klobčar – Spol in znanost |url=https://spolinznanost.zrc-sazu.si/zrc-sazu/dr-marija-klobcar/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Kyautar Kimiyya mai kyau don littafin ''Saurari mai kare mu'' (2021) 

== Kasancewa memba ==

* Hukumar Ballad ta Duniya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en &quot;Marija Klobčar, PhD | ZRC SAZU&quot;]. ''gni.zrc-sazu.si''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* SIEF Working Group a kan Shekarar Ritual &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kungiyar Nazarin Slovenia &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kungiyar Ethnological ta Slovenia &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nasshoshi ==

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'''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1983, ta zama mai bincike a Sashen Ethnology da Al'adun Al'adu, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu saboda dalilai na iyali, ta yi aiki a Kranj, kuma a cikin 1998 a ZRC SAZU (a Turanci: Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Slovenia) a Jami'ar Ljubljana, inda take yin bincike da koyarwa a Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ethnography . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin rayuwar yau da kullun da al'adun Slovenians, wanda ta ba da kanta kafin ta shiga ZRC SAZU, ya haɗa da bincike na al'adu. Tare da wannan hanyar, tana magance batutuwan tarihi na al'adun gargajiya, haɗuwa da birni da ƙauyuka, nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban, kamar labarun, waƙoƙin soja da na al'ada, masu ɗauke da kirkirar waƙoƙa, musamman mawaƙa masu yawo, da kuma haɗuwa da harsuna a cikin al'adar waƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en &quot;Marija Klobčar, PhD | ZRC SAZU&quot;]. ''gni.zrc-sazu.si''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ta yi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tatsuniyoyi da tarihi an fi bayyana shi a cikin sababbin fassarorin Tafkin Kamnik, girgizar ƙasa ta 1348, da kuma halin Sarki Matjaž.

A gabatar da ita tare da lambar yabo ta Murka a cikin 1999, kwamitin ya ce ta kasance &quot;wani mutum ne mai cikakken bincike tare da kunne mai hankali ga masu magana a fagen&quot; kuma ya ambaci: &quot;Ƙarfi da son sani da zurfin tunani da faɗin ya nuna ta a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai girma, yayin da ƙwarewar kimiyya ta ba da shaida cewa hanyar kimiyya ta lashe kyautar ita ce hanyar ci gaba da sababbin tambayoyi da fahimta, kuma wannan ba ƙarshen aikinta na rayuwarta ba&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 &quot;Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado&quot;]. ''rtvslo.si'' (in Slovenian). 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin ya ci gaba da lura da cewa &quot;a cikin tarihin tarihin tarihin tarihin masananci abubuwan da aka tsarawa na Musical da kuma abubuwan da aka zaɓa a can.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-23 |title=ETNOLOGINJA DR. MARIJA KLOBČAR JE PREJELA MURKOVO NAGRADO ZA LETO 2020 |url=https://kd-severinsali.si/zgodilo-se-je/etnologinja-dr-marija-klobcar-je-prejela-murkovo-nagrado-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=KD Severin Šali |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==

* Kyautar Faculty Prešeren don takardar karatun ta Society and Events in Kamnik 1914-1941 (1983) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 &quot;Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado&quot;]. ''rtvslo.si'' (in Slovenian). 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Murka don littafin Kamnik mazauna tsakanin al'ada da zamani (1999) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Kyakkyawan a kimiyya don littafin nan On the way to Kamnik (2017) 
* Kyautar zinariya ta Karamar Hukumar Kamnik (2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130070132/https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.kamnik.si}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Rayuwa ta Murka (2020)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=društvo |first=SED-Slovensko etnološko |title=Murkova nagrada in Murkovi listini za leto 2020 |url=https://www.sed-drustvo.si/arhiv/aktualno/murkova-nagrada-in-murkovi-listini-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=SED - Slovensko etnološko društvo |language=sl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Marija Klobčar – Spol in znanost |url=https://spolinznanost.zrc-sazu.si/zrc-sazu/dr-marija-klobcar/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=sl-SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Kyautar Kimiyya mai kyau don littafin ''Saurari mai kare mu'' (2021) 

== Kasancewa memba ==

* Hukumar Ballad ta Duniya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en &quot;Marija Klobčar, PhD | ZRC SAZU&quot;]. ''gni.zrc-sazu.si''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-01-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* SIEF Working Group a kan Shekarar Ritual &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kungiyar Nazarin Slovenia &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kungiyar Ethnological ta Slovenia &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nasshoshi ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <text bytes="267" sha1="1l4rc8ivorbgtcjymwm4d1ik4rczukf" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .</text>
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      <text bytes="288" sha1="7lk9q95g9i7vtalv9e8vtax0ro1z3kz" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==</text>
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      <text bytes="420" sha1="exnaxkrwf9shvrgr2tjreolryq2hk4b" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.</text>
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      <text bytes="566" sha1="7ncou3b3x59avzyrlw4rwcuy1wi79a7" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).</text>
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      <text bytes="580" sha1="l2kttgo9gsldhb6ldettte7omgbfzh8" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1104" sha1="irtffghd86b9f4mul4lr5a7449arkjm" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==
Ƙauyen Wahlheim a cikin ''Kettenheimer Grund'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Walaheim'', na Castle Alzey ne. A cikin 1400, Count Palatine Ruprecht III ya sayi sassa biyu na ƙauyen da yankin gari daga Burgmann Heinrich Bock von Lonsheim . Daga shekara ta 1633, ƙauyen ya kasance na Electorate na Palatinate . A cikin karamar hukuma, an gano wani yanki na Masallacin Waida kusa da Dautenheim. An cire maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai maɓuɓuɓɓuka 20, wanda ake kira ''Brückenbrunnen'', wanda ya taɓa tsayawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.</text>
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      <text bytes="1143" sha1="k717w0obmdu4o9xbs6b4ivzouqu9ng0" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==
Ƙauyen Wahlheim a cikin ''Kettenheimer Grund'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Walaheim'', na Castle Alzey ne. A cikin 1400, Count Palatine Ruprecht III ya sayi sassa biyu na ƙauyen da yankin gari daga Burgmann Heinrich Bock von Lonsheim . Daga shekara ta 1633, ƙauyen ya kasance na Electorate na Palatinate . A cikin karamar hukuma, an gano wani yanki na Masallacin Waida kusa da Dautenheim. An cire maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai maɓuɓuɓɓuka 20, wanda ake kira ''Brückenbrunnen'', wanda ya taɓa tsayawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

== Siyasa ==

=== Majalisar birni ===</text>
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      <text bytes="1582" sha1="htxdbuycwc5wlg4hpjapfqsh6l2vf50" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==
Ƙauyen Wahlheim a cikin ''Kettenheimer Grund'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Walaheim'', na Castle Alzey ne. A cikin 1400, Count Palatine Ruprecht III ya sayi sassa biyu na ƙauyen da yankin gari daga Burgmann Heinrich Bock von Lonsheim . Daga shekara ta 1633, ƙauyen ya kasance na Electorate na Palatinate . A cikin karamar hukuma, an gano wani yanki na Masallacin Waida kusa da Dautenheim. An cire maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai maɓuɓuɓɓuka 20, wanda ake kira ''Brückenbrunnen'', wanda ya taɓa tsayawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

== Siyasa ==

=== Majalisar birni ===
Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 12, wadanda aka zaba ta hanyar kuri'un da suka fi yawa a zaben birni da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2024, da kuma magajin gari mai daraja a matsayin shugaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gemeinderatswahlen (Mehrheitswahl) 2024: Ortsgemeinde Wahlheim |url=https://www.rlp-wahlen.de/M178/GRMW2024/ergebnisse_mehrheitswahl_gemeinde_33101067.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |publisher=Verbandsgemeinde Alzey-Worms}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1606" sha1="ngr0lvrvwu0m9mke0e86gifh6rw5fkh" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==
Ƙauyen Wahlheim a cikin ''Kettenheimer Grund'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Walaheim'', na Castle Alzey ne. A cikin 1400, Count Palatine Ruprecht III ya sayi sassa biyu na ƙauyen da yankin gari daga Burgmann Heinrich Bock von Lonsheim . Daga shekara ta 1633, ƙauyen ya kasance na Electorate na Palatinate . A cikin karamar hukuma, an gano wani yanki na Masallacin Waida kusa da Dautenheim. An cire maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai maɓuɓuɓɓuka 20, wanda ake kira ''Brückenbrunnen'', wanda ya taɓa tsayawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

== Siyasa ==

=== Majalisar birni ===
Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 12, wadanda aka zaba ta hanyar kuri'un da suka fi yawa a zaben birni da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2024, da kuma magajin gari mai daraja a matsayin shugaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gemeinderatswahlen (Mehrheitswahl) 2024: Ortsgemeinde Wahlheim |url=https://www.rlp-wahlen.de/M178/GRMW2024/ergebnisse_mehrheitswahl_gemeinde_33101067.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |publisher=Verbandsgemeinde Alzey-Worms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alamar makamai ===</text>
      <sha1>ngr0lvrvwu0m9mke0e86gifh6rw5fkh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878342</id>
      <parentid>878340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:50:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325570097|Wahlheim]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1771" sha1="mb58vwirjcvug8sehqmnh7xjbgumv0k" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==
Ƙauyen Wahlheim a cikin ''Kettenheimer Grund'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Walaheim'', na Castle Alzey ne. A cikin 1400, Count Palatine Ruprecht III ya sayi sassa biyu na ƙauyen da yankin gari daga Burgmann Heinrich Bock von Lonsheim . Daga shekara ta 1633, ƙauyen ya kasance na Electorate na Palatinate . A cikin karamar hukuma, an gano wani yanki na Masallacin Waida kusa da Dautenheim. An cire maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai maɓuɓuɓɓuka 20, wanda ake kira ''Brückenbrunnen'', wanda ya taɓa tsayawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

== Siyasa ==

=== Majalisar birni ===
Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 12, wadanda aka zaba ta hanyar kuri'un da suka fi yawa a zaben birni da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2024, da kuma magajin gari mai daraja a matsayin shugaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gemeinderatswahlen (Mehrheitswahl) 2024: Ortsgemeinde Wahlheim |url=https://www.rlp-wahlen.de/M178/GRMW2024/ergebnisse_mehrheitswahl_gemeinde_33101067.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |publisher=Verbandsgemeinde Alzey-Worms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alamar makamai ===
Alamar Jamusanci ta karanta haka: ''A cikin Silber auf grünem Dreiberg zwei grüne Ähren schrägrechts und -links gelegt, bewinkelt von drei roten Mohnkapseln'' .</text>
      <sha1>mb58vwirjcvug8sehqmnh7xjbgumv0k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878344</id>
      <parentid>878342</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:51:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325570097|Wahlheim]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2053" sha1="iexabojgihvdk9kek15wjrekq52awyk" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==
Ƙauyen Wahlheim a cikin ''Kettenheimer Grund'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Walaheim'', na Castle Alzey ne. A cikin 1400, Count Palatine Ruprecht III ya sayi sassa biyu na ƙauyen da yankin gari daga Burgmann Heinrich Bock von Lonsheim . Daga shekara ta 1633, ƙauyen ya kasance na Electorate na Palatinate . A cikin karamar hukuma, an gano wani yanki na Masallacin Waida kusa da Dautenheim. An cire maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai maɓuɓuɓɓuka 20, wanda ake kira ''Brückenbrunnen'', wanda ya taɓa tsayawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

== Siyasa ==

=== Majalisar birni ===
Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 12, wadanda aka zaba ta hanyar kuri'un da suka fi yawa a zaben birni da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2024, da kuma magajin gari mai daraja a matsayin shugaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gemeinderatswahlen (Mehrheitswahl) 2024: Ortsgemeinde Wahlheim |url=https://www.rlp-wahlen.de/M178/GRMW2024/ergebnisse_mehrheitswahl_gemeinde_33101067.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |publisher=Verbandsgemeinde Alzey-Worms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alamar makamai ===
Alamar Jamusanci ta karanta haka: ''A cikin Silber auf grünem Dreiberg zwei grüne Ähren schrägrechts und -links gelegt, bewinkelt von drei roten Mohnkapseln'' . 

Ana iya bayyana makamai na gari a cikin harshen Ingilishi kamar haka: Argent, a tushe wani dutse na uku vert wanda ke fitowa daga saman wanda kunnuwa biyu na alkama, daya bendwise, ɗayan bendwise sinister na wannan, tsakanin uku poppy bolls palewise slipped gules, daya da biyu.</text>
      <sha1>iexabojgihvdk9kek15wjrekq52awyk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878345</id>
      <parentid>878344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325570097|Wahlheim]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2280" sha1="qglmllni7ixchenkx5dgc34wvcex6lt" xml:space="preserve">'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==
Ƙauyen Wahlheim a cikin ''Kettenheimer Grund'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Walaheim'', na Castle Alzey ne. A cikin 1400, Count Palatine Ruprecht III ya sayi sassa biyu na ƙauyen da yankin gari daga Burgmann Heinrich Bock von Lonsheim . Daga shekara ta 1633, ƙauyen ya kasance na Electorate na Palatinate . A cikin karamar hukuma, an gano wani yanki na Masallacin Waida kusa da Dautenheim. An cire maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai maɓuɓuɓɓuka 20, wanda ake kira ''Brückenbrunnen'', wanda ya taɓa tsayawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

== Siyasa ==

=== Majalisar birni ===
Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 12, wadanda aka zaba ta hanyar kuri'un da suka fi yawa a zaben birni da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2024, da kuma magajin gari mai daraja a matsayin shugaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gemeinderatswahlen (Mehrheitswahl) 2024: Ortsgemeinde Wahlheim |url=https://www.rlp-wahlen.de/M178/GRMW2024/ergebnisse_mehrheitswahl_gemeinde_33101067.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |publisher=Verbandsgemeinde Alzey-Worms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alamar makamai ===
Alamar Jamusanci ta karanta haka: ''A cikin Silber auf grünem Dreiberg zwei grüne Ähren schrägrechts und -links gelegt, bewinkelt von drei roten Mohnkapseln'' . 

Ana iya bayyana makamai na gari a cikin harshen Ingilishi kamar haka: Argent, a tushe wani dutse na uku vert wanda ke fitowa daga saman wanda kunnuwa biyu na alkama, daya bendwise, ɗayan bendwise sinister na wannan, tsakanin uku poppy bolls palewise slipped gules, daya da biyu.

== Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa ==

=== Yin ruwan inabi ===

* Schelmen, wani ɓangare na Großlage (sunan yin ruwan inabi) na Sybillenstein, yana da hekta {{Cvt|131|ha}} (acre 320) na gonakin inabi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>qglmllni7ixchenkx5dgc34wvcex6lt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878346</id>
      <parentid>878345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878346</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2292" sha1="6pj4blk19voap6mxz1dd9yujtxiriup" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Wahlheim''' (  ) wani gari ne ''na Ortsgemeinde'' – wani gari mallakar wani yanki na ''Verbandsgemeinde'', wani nau'in karamar hukuma ta gama gari – a gundumar Alzey-Worms a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana da mazauna 587 da yanki na {{Cvt|3.27|km2}}   .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana cikin Rhenish Hesse kuma yana cikin [[Alzey]]-Land&quot; na Alzey-Land, wanda wurin zama yake a Alzey.

Kogin Aufspringbach yana gudana ta cikin Wahlheim, wanda aka fi sani da kogin Weidas. Wahlheim shine tsakiyar ''kühler Grund'' (&quot;Gidan Sanyi&quot;).

== Tarihi ==
Ƙauyen Wahlheim a cikin ''Kettenheimer Grund'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Walaheim'', na Castle Alzey ne. A cikin 1400, Count Palatine Ruprecht III ya sayi sassa biyu na ƙauyen da yankin gari daga Burgmann Heinrich Bock von Lonsheim . Daga shekara ta 1633, ƙauyen ya kasance na Electorate na Palatinate . A cikin karamar hukuma, an gano wani yanki na Masallacin Waida kusa da Dautenheim. An cire maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai maɓuɓuɓɓuka 20, wanda ake kira ''Brückenbrunnen'', wanda ya taɓa tsayawa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

== Siyasa ==

=== Majalisar birni ===
Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 12, wadanda aka zaba ta hanyar kuri'un da suka fi yawa a zaben birni da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2024, da kuma magajin gari mai daraja a matsayin shugaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gemeinderatswahlen (Mehrheitswahl) 2024: Ortsgemeinde Wahlheim |url=https://www.rlp-wahlen.de/M178/GRMW2024/ergebnisse_mehrheitswahl_gemeinde_33101067.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |publisher=Verbandsgemeinde Alzey-Worms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alamar makamai ===
Alamar Jamusanci ta karanta haka: ''A cikin Silber auf grünem Dreiberg zwei grüne Ähren schrägrechts und -links gelegt, bewinkelt von drei roten Mohnkapseln'' . 

Ana iya bayyana makamai na gari a cikin harshen Ingilishi kamar haka: Argent, a tushe wani dutse na uku vert wanda ke fitowa daga saman wanda kunnuwa biyu na alkama, daya bendwise, ɗayan bendwise sinister na wannan, tsakanin uku poppy bolls palewise slipped gules, daya da biyu.

== Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa ==

=== Yin ruwan inabi ===

* Schelmen, wani ɓangare na Großlage (sunan yin ruwan inabi) na Sybillenstein, yana da hekta {{Cvt|131|ha}} (acre 320) na gonakin inabi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>6pj4blk19voap6mxz1dd9yujtxiriup</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Makarantar zane-zane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878339</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:50:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1192164917|Liceo artistico]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1827" sha1="snbcoqvy6r1hlswnci39t6kw47y3u6u" xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
'''''Liceo artistico''''' (lit. 'artistic lyceum') is a type of [[Secondary education in Italy|secondary school in Italy]]. It is designed to give students the skills to progress to any [[Jami'a|university]] or [[Higher education|higher educational institution]], but specifically devoted to art related topics. Students can attend the ''liceo artistico'' after successfully completing ''scuola media'' ([[middle school]]).

Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ta tsara wannan shirin, kuma tana mai da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin [[Art|fasaha]] da tarihin fasaha .  Ya ƙunshi cikakken fannoni daban-daban. 

Baya ga koyar da darussan da suka shafi makarantar sakandare (misali adabi, tarihi, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, harshen waje, kimiyya), makarantar fasaha ta samar da zurfafa koyarwa game da fannoni masu kyau, amfani da fasaha (misali zane, sassaka, gine-gine, zane, zane-zane, zane-zane, gani na sauti, tarihin fasaha da falsafa). Saboda ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwan da ke tattare da ra'ayi, tarihi da adabi game da Fasaha, cibiyar ilimi ce da ake ɗauka a matsayin ta ɗan adam, wadda ke ba da horo mai ban mamaki da ilimin al'adu wanda ke ba ɗalibai damar shiga Kwalejin Fasaha don samun digiri na biyu, da/ko Jami'o'i masu alaƙa.

Dalibai yawanci suna karatu na tsawon shekaru biyar kuma suna halartar makarantar daga shekara 14 zuwa 19. A ƙarshen shekara ta biyar, duk ɗalibai suna yin jarrabawar ''jiha (esame di'' Stato). Jarabawa ce ta ƙarshe wadda ke ba da damar shiga dukkan digirin jami'a.

Ana kiran ɗalibi da ke halartar ''liceo'' &quot; ''liceale'' &quot;, kodayake kalmomin da aka fi amfani da su a jumlar ''studete'' (namiji) da ''studetessa'' (mace) suma ana amfani da su sosai. Ana kiran malamai da ''farfesa'' (maza) ko ''farfesa'' (mace).

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin makarantu a Italiya

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>snbcoqvy6r1hlswnci39t6kw47y3u6u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878341</id>
      <parentid>878339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>878341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1822" sha1="r2gax2jetdeuh80984zydapxv2l1eka" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Liceo artistico''''' (lit. 'artistic lyceum') is a type of [[Secondary education in Italy|secondary school in Italy]]. It is designed to give students the skills to progress to any [[Jami'a|university]] or [[Higher education|higher educational institution]], but specifically devoted to art related topics. Students can attend the ''liceo artistico'' after successfully completing ''scuola media'' ([[middle school]]).

Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ta tsara wannan shirin, kuma tana mai da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin [[Art|fasaha]] da tarihin fasaha .  Ya ƙunshi cikakken fannoni daban-daban. 

Baya ga koyar da darussan da suka shafi makarantar sakandare (misali adabi, tarihi, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, harshen waje, kimiyya), makarantar fasaha ta samar da zurfafa koyarwa game da fannoni masu kyau, amfani da fasaha (misali zane, sassaka, gine-gine, zane, zane-zane, zane-zane, gani na sauti, tarihin fasaha da falsafa). Saboda ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwan da ke tattare da ra'ayi, tarihi da adabi game da Fasaha, cibiyar ilimi ce da ake ɗauka a matsayin ta ɗan adam, wadda ke ba da horo mai ban mamaki da ilimin al'adu wanda ke ba ɗalibai damar shiga Kwalejin Fasaha don samun digiri na biyu, da/ko Jami'o'i masu alaƙa.

Dalibai yawanci suna karatu na tsawon shekaru biyar kuma suna halartar makarantar daga shekara 14 zuwa 19. A ƙarshen shekara ta biyar, duk ɗalibai suna yin jarrabawar ''jiha (esame di'' Stato). Jarabawa ce ta ƙarshe wadda ke ba da damar shiga dukkan digirin jami'a.

Ana kiran ɗalibi da ke halartar ''liceo'' &quot; ''liceale'' &quot;, kodayake kalmomin da aka fi amfani da su a jumlar ''studete'' (namiji) da ''studetessa'' (mace) suma ana amfani da su sosai. Ana kiran malamai da ''farfesa'' (maza) ko ''farfesa'' (mace).

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin makarantu a Italiya

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>r2gax2jetdeuh80984zydapxv2l1eka</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Obelisco (Birnin Guatemala)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878347</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:53:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276812777|Obelisco (Guatemala City)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>878347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1515" sha1="9lgarr5hfmlnw4jh0bq4yvoxnorgut4" xml:space="preserve">El Obelisco (The '''Obelisk''') ko Monumento a los Próceres de la Independencia (Memorial to the Heroes of Independencia) wani abin tunawa ne a [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] City, Guatemala wanda aka gina a 1935 a karkashin gwamnatin Jorge Ubico kuma Rafael Pérez De León ne ya tsara shi. Yana tunawa da 'yancin kai na Amurka ta tsakiya. Tsarin dutse mai tsawon mita 18, mai nauyin tan 221 yana kan babban hanyar da ake kira ''Plaza del Obelisco'' (Obelisk Square), inda Avenida Reforma, Boulevard Los Próceres, Avenida Las Americas da Boulevard Liberacion suka hadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historia de los Monumentos de la Avenida Reforma |url=http://www.conjuve.gob.gt/trabajos/Monumentos%20de%20la%20Avenida%20la%20Reforma.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702065248/http://www.conjuve.gob.gt/trabajos/Monumentos%20de%20la%20Avenida%20la%20Reforma.doc |archive-date=2 Jul 2007 |access-date=16 Mar 2008 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Palacio de La Reforma na neoclassic ya taɓa tsayawa a wannan wuri, har sai girgizar ƙasa ta 1917/1918 ta lalata shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imágenes Históricas de Guatemala |url=http://www.lexenesis.com/lexenesis/Paginas/historia/galeria.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012025456/http://www.lexenesis.com/lexenesis/Paginas/historia/galeria.htm |archive-date=12 Oct 2007 |access-date=16 Mar 2008 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1950, a karkashin shugaban kasar Juan José Arévalo, an shigar da harshen wuta na 'yanci ta hanyar shafi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>9lgarr5hfmlnw4jh0bq4yvoxnorgut4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878348</id>
      <parentid>878347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:53:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
      </contributor>
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El Obelisco (The '''Obelisk''') ko Monumento a los Próceres de la Independencia (Memorial to the Heroes of Independencia) wani abin tunawa ne a [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] City, Guatemala wanda aka gina a 1935 a karkashin gwamnatin Jorge Ubico kuma Rafael Pérez De León ne ya tsara shi. Yana tunawa da 'yancin kai na Amurka ta tsakiya. Tsarin dutse mai tsawon mita 18, mai nauyin tan 221 yana kan babban hanyar da ake kira ''Plaza del Obelisco'' (Obelisk Square), inda Avenida Reforma, Boulevard Los Próceres, Avenida Las Americas da Boulevard Liberacion suka hadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historia de los Monumentos de la Avenida Reforma |url=http://www.conjuve.gob.gt/trabajos/Monumentos%20de%20la%20Avenida%20la%20Reforma.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702065248/http://www.conjuve.gob.gt/trabajos/Monumentos%20de%20la%20Avenida%20la%20Reforma.doc |archive-date=2 Jul 2007 |access-date=16 Mar 2008 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Palacio de La Reforma na neoclassic ya taɓa tsayawa a wannan wuri, har sai girgizar ƙasa ta 1917/1918 ta lalata shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imágenes Históricas de Guatemala |url=http://www.lexenesis.com/lexenesis/Paginas/historia/galeria.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012025456/http://www.lexenesis.com/lexenesis/Paginas/historia/galeria.htm |archive-date=12 Oct 2007 |access-date=16 Mar 2008 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1950, a karkashin shugaban kasar Juan José Arévalo, an shigar da harshen wuta na 'yanci ta hanyar shafi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Cibiyar Ilimi</title>
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      <text bytes="3047" sha1="7sffh8g1gbpt4780676nnqpulljzt6g" xml:space="preserve">'''Cibiyar ilimi''' ( Turancin Burtaniya ), ko '''cibiyar ilimi''' ( Turancin Amurka ), tana nufin wata ƙungiya da aka ƙirƙira don takamaiman manufa. Gabaɗaya, an yi ta ne don [[bincike]], [[Shirin Ilimi|shirye-shiryen ilimi]] na madadin, haɓaka sabbin kamfanoni masu tasowa, da shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da suka shafi ayyukan ilimi.   Hakanan ana iya ƙirƙirar ta don nasarar ilimi, kuɗi, da zamantakewa da motsin rai na ɗalibai ta hanyar shirye-shirye da ayyuka daban-daban. Cibiyoyin ilimi sune makarantu, kwalejoji na aji shida, kwalejoji da jami'o'i. 

A ƙasashe da yawa, jami'o'i ko wasu cibiyoyin ilimi masu zurfi ne ke kafa cibiyoyin ilimi. Cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma sun fi kasuwanci fiye da da. Idan cibiyoyin ilimi masu girma suka kafa cibiyoyin ilimi bisa ga sakamakon ƙungiyar bincike mai manufofin kasuwanci, ana kuma kiran wannan da &quot; spin-off&quot; .  Cibiyoyin ilimi da bincike suna da sha'awar jawo kuɗi don ayyukan bincike, kuma &quot;spin-off&quot; suna wakiltar nasarar da suka samu a fannin kasuwanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Callan_2001&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kalmar &quot; makarantar kimiyya &quot; ta fito ne daga kalmar Girkanci ta Attic Ἀκαδήμεια da kuma kalmar Girkanci ta Koine Ἀκαδημία. Sunan ya koma ga makarantar falsafa ta [[Plato]], wacce aka kafa a kusan 386 BC a cikin lambun zaitun na Akademos, arewacin [[Athens]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] . An lalata Kwalejin Plato a shekara ta 86 BC. 

Ma'anar kalmar &quot;cibiya&quot; a matsayin gini ko ƙungiya da aka keɓe ga wani takamaiman aiki ta taso a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1880. 

A farkon karni na 20, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Arewacin Amurka ne suka kafa cibiyoyin ilimi na farko. A wancan lokacin, asibitoci ba sa shiga cikin ilimin likitanci da bincike. A shekarar 1910, Farfesa Abraham Flexner ya rubuta rahoto game da yanayin makarantun likitanci na Amurka wanda ya haɓaka ci gaban Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ilimi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Auler Júnior JOC |last2=De Almeida |first2=T. |last3=Krieger |first3=E. M. |date=2019 |title=The role of Academic Health Centers in Transformative Medical Education |journal=Clinics |volume=74 |doi=10.6061/clinics/2019/e1466 |pmc=6712513 |pmid=31482982}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyar Ilimi, ko kuma cibiyar alkiblar nazari da shirye-shirye gabaɗaya, ɗaya ce daga cikin sassan Kwamitin Ilimi na Jama'a a Rasha ta Soviet . Dangane da ƙarfin &quot;Dokar Kwamitin Ilimi na Jama'a&quot;, wanda Majalisar Kwamishinoni ta Jama'a ta amince da shi a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1921, Cibiyar Ilimi za ta ƙunshi sashen kimiyya (Majalisar Kimiyya ta Jiha) tare da ƙananan sassa uku - kimiyya-siyasa, kimiyya-fasaha da kimiyya-ilimi - da kuma sashen fasaha (Babban Kwamitin Fasaha) tare da ƙananan sassa biyar: adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, fasaha ta alama da sinima. Bugu da ƙari, Hukumar Kula da Tarihi ta Tsakiya da Hukumar Kula da Tarihi ta Tsakiya sun kasance ɓangare na Cibiyar Ilimi. 

Jami'ar Padua ta kafa ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na farko a Turai a shekarar 1922, da nufin nazarin tarihin wannan Jami'ar. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Cibiyar ilimi''' ( Turancin Burtaniya ), ko '''cibiyar ilimi''' ( Turancin Amurka ), tana nufin wata ƙungiya da aka ƙirƙira don takamaiman manufa. Gabaɗaya, an yi ta ne don [[bincike]], [[Shirin Ilimi|shirye-shiryen ilimi]] na madadin, haɓaka sabbin kamfanoni masu tasowa, da shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da suka shafi ayyukan ilimi.   Hakanan ana iya ƙirƙirar ta don nasarar ilimi, kuɗi, da zamantakewa da motsin rai na ɗalibai ta hanyar shirye-shirye da ayyuka daban-daban. Cibiyoyin ilimi sune makarantu, kwalejoji na aji shida, kwalejoji da jami'o'i. 

A ƙasashe da yawa, jami'o'i ko wasu cibiyoyin ilimi masu zurfi ne ke kafa cibiyoyin ilimi. Cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma sun fi kasuwanci fiye da da. Idan cibiyoyin ilimi masu girma suka kafa cibiyoyin ilimi bisa ga sakamakon ƙungiyar bincike mai manufofin kasuwanci, ana kuma kiran wannan da &quot; spin-off&quot; .  Cibiyoyin ilimi da bincike suna da sha'awar jawo kuɗi don ayyukan bincike, kuma &quot;spin-off&quot; suna wakiltar nasarar da suka samu a fannin kasuwanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Callan_2001&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kalmar &quot; makarantar kimiyya &quot; ta fito ne daga kalmar Girkanci ta Attic Ἀκαδήμεια da kuma kalmar Girkanci ta Koine Ἀκαδημία. Sunan ya koma ga makarantar falsafa ta [[Plato]], wacce aka kafa a kusan 386 BC a cikin lambun zaitun na Akademos, arewacin [[Athens]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] . An lalata Kwalejin Plato a shekara ta 86 BC. 

Ma'anar kalmar &quot;cibiya&quot; a matsayin gini ko ƙungiya da aka keɓe ga wani takamaiman aiki ta taso a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1880. 

A farkon karni na 20, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Arewacin Amurka ne suka kafa cibiyoyin ilimi na farko. A wancan lokacin, asibitoci ba sa shiga cikin ilimin likitanci da bincike. A shekarar 1910, Farfesa Abraham Flexner ya rubuta rahoto game da yanayin makarantun likitanci na Amurka wanda ya haɓaka ci gaban Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ilimi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Auler Júnior JOC |last2=De Almeida |first2=T. |last3=Krieger |first3=E. M. |date=2019 |title=The role of Academic Health Centers in Transformative Medical Education |journal=Clinics |volume=74 |doi=10.6061/clinics/2019/e1466 |pmc=6712513 |pmid=31482982}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyar Ilimi, ko kuma cibiyar alkiblar nazari da shirye-shirye gabaɗaya, ɗaya ce daga cikin sassan Kwamitin Ilimi na Jama'a a Rasha ta Soviet . Dangane da ƙarfin &quot;Dokar Kwamitin Ilimi na Jama'a&quot;, wanda Majalisar Kwamishinoni ta Jama'a ta amince da shi a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1921, Cibiyar Ilimi za ta ƙunshi sashen kimiyya (Majalisar Kimiyya ta Jiha) tare da ƙananan sassa uku - kimiyya-siyasa, kimiyya-fasaha da kimiyya-ilimi - da kuma sashen fasaha (Babban Kwamitin Fasaha) tare da ƙananan sassa biyar: adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, fasaha ta alama da sinima. Bugu da ƙari, Hukumar Kula da Tarihi ta Tsakiya da Hukumar Kula da Tarihi ta Tsakiya sun kasance ɓangare na Cibiyar Ilimi. 

Jami'ar Padua ta kafa ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na farko a Turai a shekarar 1922, da nufin nazarin tarihin wannan Jami'ar. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Katiu''', ko '''Taungataki''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Alternative Names&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=J.L. |date=1899 |title=Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known. |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8,_No._4,_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands,_by_J.L._Young,_p_264-268?action=null |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=264–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210193443/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8%2C_No._4%2C_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands%2C_by_J.L._Young%2C_p_264-268?action=null |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsibiri ne na tsakiyar Tuamotu Archipelago a cikin Polynesia ta Faransa . Tana da nisan kilomita 23.5 (14.6 miles) a yammacin Makemo Atoll. Yana auna kilomita 27 (17 miles) a tsawon tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 12.5 (7.8 miles). Jimlar yankinta, gami da tafkin yana da murabba'in kilomita 232.5 (kilomita 89.8) da kuma yankin ƙasa na kusan murabba'i kilomita 10 (kilominta 4). Akwai ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a gefen arewa maso gabashin doguwar kogi tare da jimlar yankin ƙasa na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 3 (1 murabba'i mil). Tafkinsa yana da alaƙa da teku.</text>
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'''Katiu''', ko '''Taungataki''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Alternative Names&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=J.L. |date=1899 |title=Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known. |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8,_No._4,_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands,_by_J.L._Young,_p_264-268?action=null |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=264–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210193443/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8%2C_No._4%2C_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands%2C_by_J.L._Young%2C_p_264-268?action=null |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsibiri ne na tsakiyar Tuamotu Archipelago a cikin Polynesia ta Faransa . Tana da nisan kilomita 23.5 (14.6 miles) a yammacin Makemo Atoll. Yana auna kilomita 27 (17 miles) a tsawon tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 12.5 (7.8 miles). Jimlar yankinta, gami da tafkin yana da murabba'in kilomita 232.5 (kilomita 89.8) da kuma yankin ƙasa na kusan murabba'i kilomita 10 (kilominta 4). Akwai ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a gefen arewa maso gabashin doguwar kogi tare da jimlar yankin ƙasa na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 3 (1 murabba'i mil). Tafkinsa yana da alaƙa da teku.

Katiu tana da mazauna 250. Babban sana'o'i shine kamun kifi, girbi na copra da noman lu'u-lu'u. Garin da ya fi muhimmanci ana kiransa Toini; yana kan ɗayan tsibirai masu tsawo na arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandots.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oceandots - Katiu |url=http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=2009-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Katiu''', ko '''Taungataki''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Alternative Names&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=J.L. |date=1899 |title=Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known. |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8,_No._4,_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands,_by_J.L._Young,_p_264-268?action=null |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=264–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210193443/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8%2C_No._4%2C_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands%2C_by_J.L._Young%2C_p_264-268?action=null |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsibiri ne na tsakiyar Tuamotu Archipelago a cikin Polynesia ta Faransa . Tana da nisan kilomita 23.5 (14.6 miles) a yammacin Makemo Atoll. Yana auna kilomita 27 (17 miles) a tsawon tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 12.5 (7.8 miles). Jimlar yankinta, gami da tafkin yana da murabba'in kilomita 232.5 (kilomita 89.8) da kuma yankin ƙasa na kusan murabba'i kilomita 10 (kilominta 4). Akwai ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a gefen arewa maso gabashin doguwar kogi tare da jimlar yankin ƙasa na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 3 (1 murabba'i mil). Tafkinsa yana da alaƙa da teku.

Katiu tana da mazauna 250. Babban sana'o'i shine kamun kifi, girbi na copra da noman lu'u-lu'u. Garin da ya fi muhimmanci ana kiransa Toini; yana kan ɗayan tsibirai masu tsawo na arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandots.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oceandots - Katiu |url=http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=2009-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
 
Mutumin Turai na farko da aka rubuta don isa Katiu shi ne mai binciken teku na Rasha Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen a cikin 1820 a kan jiragen ''Vostok'' da ''Mirni'' . Ya ba wannan tsibirin suna &quot;Osten-Saken&quot; ko &quot;Saken&quot;.</text>
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'''Katiu''', ko '''Taungataki''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Alternative Names&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=J.L. |date=1899 |title=Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known. |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8,_No._4,_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands,_by_J.L._Young,_p_264-268?action=null |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=264–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210193443/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8%2C_No._4%2C_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands%2C_by_J.L._Young%2C_p_264-268?action=null |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsibiri ne na tsakiyar Tuamotu Archipelago a cikin Polynesia ta Faransa . Tana da nisan kilomita 23.5 (14.6 miles) a yammacin Makemo Atoll. Yana auna kilomita 27 (17 miles) a tsawon tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 12.5 (7.8 miles). Jimlar yankinta, gami da tafkin yana da murabba'in kilomita 232.5 (kilomita 89.8) da kuma yankin ƙasa na kusan murabba'i kilomita 10 (kilominta 4). Akwai ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a gefen arewa maso gabashin doguwar kogi tare da jimlar yankin ƙasa na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 3 (1 murabba'i mil). Tafkinsa yana da alaƙa da teku.

Katiu tana da mazauna 250. Babban sana'o'i shine kamun kifi, girbi na copra da noman lu'u-lu'u. Garin da ya fi muhimmanci ana kiransa Toini; yana kan ɗayan tsibirai masu tsawo na arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandots.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oceandots - Katiu |url=http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=2009-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
 
Mutumin Turai na farko da aka rubuta don isa Katiu shi ne mai binciken teku na Rasha Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen a cikin 1820 a kan jiragen ''Vostok'' da ''Mirni'' . Ya ba wannan tsibirin suna &quot;Osten-Saken&quot; ko &quot;Saken&quot;.

== Gudanarwa ==</text>
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'''Katiu''', ko '''Taungataki''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Alternative Names&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=J.L. |date=1899 |title=Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known. |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8,_No._4,_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands,_by_J.L._Young,_p_264-268?action=null |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=264–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210193443/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8%2C_No._4%2C_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands%2C_by_J.L._Young%2C_p_264-268?action=null |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsibiri ne na tsakiyar Tuamotu Archipelago a cikin Polynesia ta Faransa . Tana da nisan kilomita 23.5 (14.6 miles) a yammacin Makemo Atoll. Yana auna kilomita 27 (17 miles) a tsawon tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 12.5 (7.8 miles). Jimlar yankinta, gami da tafkin yana da murabba'in kilomita 232.5 (kilomita 89.8) da kuma yankin ƙasa na kusan murabba'i kilomita 10 (kilominta 4). Akwai ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a gefen arewa maso gabashin doguwar kogi tare da jimlar yankin ƙasa na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 3 (1 murabba'i mil). Tafkinsa yana da alaƙa da teku.

Katiu tana da mazauna 250. Babban sana'o'i shine kamun kifi, girbi na copra da noman lu'u-lu'u. Garin da ya fi muhimmanci ana kiransa Toini; yana kan ɗayan tsibirai masu tsawo na arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandots.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oceandots - Katiu |url=http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=2009-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
 
Mutumin Turai na farko da aka rubuta don isa Katiu shi ne mai binciken teku na Rasha Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen a cikin 1820 a kan jiragen ''Vostok'' da ''Mirni'' . Ya ba wannan tsibirin suna &quot;Osten-Saken&quot; ko &quot;Saken&quot;.

== Gudanarwa ==
Katiu na cikin Garin Makemo, wanda ya ƙunshi tsibirin Makemo, Haraiki, Marutea Nord, Katiu, Tuanake, Hiti, Tepoto Sud, Rareya, Takume, Taenga da Nihiru.</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291227433|Katiu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Katiu''', ko '''Taungataki''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Alternative Names&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=J.L. |date=1899 |title=Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known. |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8,_No._4,_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands,_by_J.L._Young,_p_264-268?action=null |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=264–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210193443/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8%2C_No._4%2C_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands%2C_by_J.L._Young%2C_p_264-268?action=null |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsibiri ne na tsakiyar Tuamotu Archipelago a cikin Polynesia ta Faransa . Tana da nisan kilomita 23.5 (14.6 miles) a yammacin Makemo Atoll. Yana auna kilomita 27 (17 miles) a tsawon tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 12.5 (7.8 miles). Jimlar yankinta, gami da tafkin yana da murabba'in kilomita 232.5 (kilomita 89.8) da kuma yankin ƙasa na kusan murabba'i kilomita 10 (kilominta 4). Akwai ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a gefen arewa maso gabashin doguwar kogi tare da jimlar yankin ƙasa na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 3 (1 murabba'i mil). Tafkinsa yana da alaƙa da teku.

Katiu tana da mazauna 250. Babban sana'o'i shine kamun kifi, girbi na copra da noman lu'u-lu'u. Garin da ya fi muhimmanci ana kiransa Toini; yana kan ɗayan tsibirai masu tsawo na arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandots.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oceandots - Katiu |url=http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=2009-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
 
Mutumin Turai na farko da aka rubuta don isa Katiu shi ne mai binciken teku na Rasha Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen a cikin 1820 a kan jiragen ''Vostok'' da ''Mirni'' . Ya ba wannan tsibirin suna &quot;Osten-Saken&quot; ko &quot;Saken&quot;.

== Gudanarwa ==
Katiu na cikin Garin Makemo, wanda ya ƙunshi tsibirin Makemo, Haraiki, Marutea Nord, Katiu, Tuanake, Hiti, Tepoto Sud, Rareya, Takume, Taenga da Nihiru.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Katiu''', ko '''Taungataki''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Alternative Names&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=J.L. |date=1899 |title=Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known. |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8,_No._4,_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands,_by_J.L._Young,_p_264-268?action=null |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=264–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210193443/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8%2C_No._4%2C_December_1899/Names_of_the_Paumotu_Islands%2C_by_J.L._Young%2C_p_264-268?action=null |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsibiri ne na tsakiyar Tuamotu Archipelago a cikin Polynesia ta Faransa . Tana da nisan kilomita 23.5 (14.6 miles) a yammacin Makemo Atoll. Yana auna kilomita 27 (17 miles) a tsawon tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 12.5 (7.8 miles). Jimlar yankinta, gami da tafkin yana da murabba'in kilomita 232.5 (kilomita 89.8) da kuma yankin ƙasa na kusan murabba'i kilomita 10 (kilominta 4). Akwai ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a gefen arewa maso gabashin doguwar kogi tare da jimlar yankin ƙasa na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 3 (1 murabba'i mil). Tafkinsa yana da alaƙa da teku.

Katiu tana da mazauna 250. Babban sana'o'i shine kamun kifi, girbi na copra da noman lu'u-lu'u. Garin da ya fi muhimmanci ana kiransa Toini; yana kan ɗayan tsibirai masu tsawo na arewa maso gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandots.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oceandots - Katiu |url=http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/tuamotu/katiu.php |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=2009-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
 
Mutumin Turai na farko da aka rubuta don isa Katiu shi ne mai binciken teku na Rasha Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen a cikin 1820 a kan jiragen ''Vostok'' da ''Mirni'' . Ya ba wannan tsibirin suna &quot;Osten-Saken&quot; ko &quot;Saken&quot;.

== Gudanarwa ==
Katiu na cikin Garin Makemo, wanda ya ƙunshi tsibirin Makemo, Haraiki, Marutea Nord, Katiu, Tuanake, Hiti, Tepoto Sud, Rareya, Takume, Taenga da Nihiru.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amincewa da kwaleji da yawa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354001667|Multi-academy trust]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Asusun Tallafawa Makarantu da Yawa (MAT)''' ko kuma '''sarkar makarantar ilimi''' wata cibiyar ilimi ce da ke gudanar da makarantar ilimi fiye da ɗaya. Makarantun makarantar ilimi makarantu ne da gwamnati ke ba da kuɗi a [[Ingila]] waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke ba da kuɗi kai tsaye kuma ba sa ƙarƙashin ikon [[Ƙaramar hukuma|ƙananan hukumomi]] . Sharuɗɗan shirye-shiryen an tsara su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tallafawa Makarantu da Yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;IndividualFundingAgreements&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2011 |title=What is a Funding Agreement? {{!}} a can of worms |url=http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192422/http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/241 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=davidwolfe.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar makarantu a cikin asusun tallafi na makarantu da yawa suna aiki tare a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallafin makaranta da aka raba. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSATChains&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academy Chains |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=SSAT UK website |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BecomeAcademyDfe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Become an academy: information for schools |url=https://www.gov.uk/become-an-academy-information-for-schools |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504104002/https://www.gov.uk/become-an-academy-information-for-schools |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar Masu Ba da Tallafin Ilimi ta Burtaniya ta BESA ta bayyana cewa a watan Nuwamba na 2019 akwai Gidaje 1,170 na Multi Academy Trusts a Ingila waɗanda ke kula da aƙalla makarantu biyu: 598 suna da makarantu biyar ko ƙasa da haka, 259 suna da makarantu 6-11, 85 suna da makarantu tsakanin 12-25 kuma 29 suna da makarantu 26 ko fiye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Key UK education statistics |url=https://www.besa.org.uk/key-uk-education-statistics/ |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=BESA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Dokar Ilimi ta 1944 ta kafa tsarin ilimin firamare da sakandare na ƙasa, tare da makarantu ƙarƙashin kulawar 'hukumomin ilimi na gida' waɗanda ke da alhakin ba da kuɗi ga duk irin waɗannan makarantu. Wannan doka da ake kira kula da makarantu a lokacin a 1988 ta sami 'yancin kai na doka.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar bayani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Gwamnatin Labour ta gabatar da makarantu masu daukar nauyin karatu tun farkon shekarun 2000. Mai daukar nauyin ya biya kudin jari kuma gwamnatin tsakiya ce ta biya kudin shiga. Wani mai daukar nauyin ya kafa asusun agaji kuma an sanya hannu kan kwangiloli na mutum daya da Ma'aikatar Ilimi (DfE). Duk wadannan makarantu ne da suka gaza ka'idojin Ofsted. Zuwa shekarar 2010 akwai irin wadannan makarantu 203, daga cikin jimillar 3333. 

Dokar Makarantun da aka kafa ta 2010 ta hannun Gwamnatin Conservative da ta shigo, ta samar da wata hanya ta doka ta musamman ga makarantun da ake kula da su, na firamare da sakandare, don a tilasta musu ko a bar su su 'canza' zuwa matsayin makarantar. Hukumar DfE ta amince da wasu 'yarjejeniyoyi na samar da kudade' don sabbin makarantu. Ana iya gina sabbin makarantu da ake kira 'makarantu kyauta'. Hukumar da ke buƙatar gina sabuwar makaranta a yankinta dole ne ta nemi shawarwari don kafa makarantar, a cikin nau'in 'makarantar kyauta'. Ba a sake ba su izinin gina ta da kansu ba. 

A shekarar 2014, an naɗa Kwamishinonin Makarantun Yankuna takwas (RSCs) a matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati na DfE. waɗanda ke da alhakin amincewa da sabbin makarantu da kuma shiga tsakani don magance matsalolin aiki a makarantun. Suna da iko mai yawa na yin tasiri ga makarantun da hukumomin yankin ke kula da su. 

Tsarin shugabanci na amincewa da makarantar shine wanda aka dora wa kowa:

* makarantun da aka ɗauki nauyinsu lokacin da aka tilasta musu barin [[Ƙaramar hukuma|ikon hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi]], wato makarantun da gwamnatin tsakiya ta ɗauka cewa sun gaza. An yi la'akari da cewa gwamnonin irin waɗannan makarantu suna gazawa, don haka aka rushe hukumar gudanarwa ta yanzu aka maye gurbinta da tsarin da wani mai tallafawa na waje ya ƙayyade. Mai tallafawa zai iya zama ƙungiyar agaji, mai taimakon jama'a, Kwalejin FE ko, ko wata makarantar kimiyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSATChains&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academy Chains |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=SSAT UK website |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf &quot;Academy Chains&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''SSAT UK website''. Specialist Schools and Academies Trust. Archived from [http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 4 May 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 May&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantun da suka zaɓi canza makarantu, makarantun da suka zaɓi canza makarantu, sun fi zaɓar shiga cikin ''jerin makarantun'' da ke akwai maimakon neman masu ɗaukar nauyinsu. ''Umbrella Trust'' tsari ne na madadin makarantun canza makarantu waɗanda ba a amfani da su sosai, inda makarantu ke kula da ikonsu na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;cartercoley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Types of academy chain |url=https://www.carterandcoley.co.uk/services/specialist-sectors/academy-schools/different-types-academy-chains |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=www.carterandcoley.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SSATChains&quot; /&gt;
* Tsarin na uku shine Haɗin gwiwar Haɗin gwiwa inda makarantun ke da alhakin kai tsaye ga Sakataren Harkokin Waje amma ba ga juna ba. Wannan ba kasafai ake samunsa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;cartercoley&quot; /&gt; 

Zuwa shekarar 2017, manufar sarkar makarantar ta koma baya, amintaccen ilimi mai yawa shine babban tsarin shugabanci. Kwangilolin MAT tare da Sakataren Jiha kai tsaye kuma makarantun da MAT ke gudanarwa ba su da wani asali na doka daban. Kowace makaranta, a matsayin doka, kawai wurin da MAT ke isar da kwangilar tsakiya ne. Ma'aikatan gida da duk wata 'hukuma mai mulki' ta gida suna da rawar da hukumar MAT ta ba su ne kawai 

== Shugabanci ==
Akwai kwamitin gudanarwa guda ɗaya na tsakiya, waɗanda za su iya kiran kansu kwamitin gwamnoni. Mai tallafawa ne ke naɗa mafi yawansu. Suna naɗa babban malamin zartarwa, kuma suna gudanar da ayyukan ofis kamar gini, albarkatun ɗan adam da kuma rarraba kuɗi na musamman. Suna iya kula da dukkan makarantu a tsakiya ko kuma su naɗa hukumomin gudanarwa na ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda ke da ikon da aka ba su izini waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin ƙananan kwamitoci ga kwamitin tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSATChains&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academy Chains |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=SSAT UK website |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf &quot;Academy Chains&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''SSAT UK website''. Specialist Schools and Academies Trust. Archived from [http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 4 May 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 May&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hakkin mallaka ===
Da farko hukumar gudanarwa tana da alhakin Sakataren Ilimi na Jiha, ta hannun Kwamishinan Makarantun Ƙasa. A watan Satumba na 2014, an naɗa Kwamishinonin Makarantun Yankuna takwas (RSCs) a hukumance a matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati a cikin Ma'aikatar Ilimi (DfE); an ba su alhakin shiga tsakani a makarantun da ba su da inganci a yankinsu da kuma amincewa da sabbin makarantu kyauta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schools causing concern |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/schools-causing-concern--2 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An faɗaɗa rawar da suke takawa a watan Yulin 2015 don amincewa da makarantun da za a mayar da su da kuma sanya masu tallafawa. Har yanzu ba a fayyace ainihin iyakokin da Kwamishinan Makarantun Yanki yake da shi ba da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da Hukumar Shugabannin Makarantu da aka zaɓa (HTB), da [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi]], da Ofsted da al'ummar yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;RSC Session&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The role of Regional Schools Commissioners First Report of Session 2015–16 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeduc/401/401.pdf |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=publications.parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofsted wani sashe ne na gwamnati daban wanda ba shi da alhakin DfE. Kwamishinonin yanki sun gudanar da bincike a makarantu da amincewa, suna ketare Ofsted. Dangane da waɗannan, sun sanar da shugabannin makarantu cewa makarantunsu sun gaza kuma dole ne su nemi shiga makarantun gaba da sakandare da kuma shiga wani sarkar makarantar. A zahiri akwai tsarin dubawa guda biyu: ministan ilimi Damian Hinds ya shaida wa NAHT na 2018 cewa dole ne a canza wannan: &quot;Ya kamata masu duba Ofsted su zama mutanen da ya kamata su duba makarantu ... wanda ke nufin babu ƙarin ziyarar da RSC ta fara yi wanda zai iya jin kamar dubawa tare da waɗannan ƙarin buƙatun bayanai, yana ƙara wa tsarin birokrasi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;prospect&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mansall |first=Warwick |title=Has peace broken out between Ofsted and regional schools commissioners? |url=https://www.prospect.org.uk/blog/index/2018/July/9/Has-peace-broken-out-between-Ofsted-regional-schools-commissioners |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=www.prospect.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamishinonin Makarantun Yanki ba sa zama a ofis na dogon lokaci, kuma galibi suna barin su su zama shugabannin kamfanoni na amintattun makarantu da yawa. 

== Masu aiki ==
Wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na agaji suna gudanar da ƙungiyoyin makarantu. Waɗannan manyan masu gudanarwa sun haɗa da Makarantun ARK, Academies Enterprise Trust, E-ACT (wanda a da ake kira Edutrust Academies Charitable Trust), Gidauniyar Makarantun Emmanuel, Harris Federation, Oasis Trust, Ormiston Academies Trust, Tauheedul Education Trust da United Learning Trust .

A watan Satumba na 2017, Kamfanin Wakefield City Academies Trust ya sanar da cewa zai ƙare kuma ya daina ciniki domin ba shi da ikon kula da makarantunsa 21 kuma ya nemi gwamnati ta yi wani shiri daban. 

=== Damuwa ===
A shekarar 2015, Sutton Trust ta bayyana damuwa kan cewa makarantu, musamman ma gidajen yarin makarantu (MAT) ba koyaushe suke samar da sakamako da gwamnati ke fata ba. Sun dauki nauyin kuma sun buga bincike kan fannoni masu kalubale na manufofi; shirin.  ana kiransa &quot;Tasirin Sarka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chain Effects 2015 |url=https://www.suttontrust.com/research-paper/chain-effects-2015/ |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Sutton Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu kuma, bincike mai zaman kansa sun binciki tasirin MATs. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bernardinelli |first=D. |last2=Rutt |first2=S. |last3=Greany |first3=T. |last4=Higham |first4=R. |date=17 April 2024 |title=Multi-academy Trusts: Do they make a difference to pupil outcomes? |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10053502/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bernardinelli et al (2018) ba su sami wani tasiri mai kyau daga matsayin MAT gaba ɗaya ba, amma ɗaliban da ke cikin ƙananan da matsakaitan MATs sun fi yin aiki mafi kyau, a matsakaici, fiye da takwarorinsu a makarantun da aka kula da su iri ɗaya a matakai biyu, kuma a matakin farko, fiye da makarantun da ba su da alaƙa da juna. Akasin haka, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a manyan MATs (tare da makarantu 16+) sun fi yin muni idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke cikin makarantun da ba su da alaƙa da makarantu da aka kula da su.

== Manazarta ==

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'''Asusun Tallafawa Makarantu da Yawa (MAT)''' ko kuma '''sarkar makarantar ilimi''' wata cibiyar ilimi ce da ke gudanar da makarantar ilimi fiye da ɗaya. Makarantun makarantar ilimi makarantu ne da gwamnati ke ba da kuɗi a [[Ingila]] waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke ba da kuɗi kai tsaye kuma ba sa ƙarƙashin ikon [[Ƙaramar hukuma|ƙananan hukumomi]] . Sharuɗɗan shirye-shiryen an tsara su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tallafawa Makarantu da Yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;IndividualFundingAgreements&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2011 |title=What is a Funding Agreement? {{!}} a can of worms |url=http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192422/http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/241 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=davidwolfe.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar makarantu a cikin asusun tallafi na makarantu da yawa suna aiki tare a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallafin makaranta da aka raba. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSATChains&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academy Chains |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=SSAT UK website |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BecomeAcademyDfe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Become an academy: information for schools |url=https://www.gov.uk/become-an-academy-information-for-schools |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504104002/https://www.gov.uk/become-an-academy-information-for-schools |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar Masu Ba da Tallafin Ilimi ta Burtaniya ta BESA ta bayyana cewa a watan Nuwamba na 2019 akwai Gidaje 1,170 na Multi Academy Trusts a Ingila waɗanda ke kula da aƙalla makarantu biyu: 598 suna da makarantu biyar ko ƙasa da haka, 259 suna da makarantu 6-11, 85 suna da makarantu tsakanin 12-25 kuma 29 suna da makarantu 26 ko fiye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Key UK education statistics |url=https://www.besa.org.uk/key-uk-education-statistics/ |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=BESA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Dokar Ilimi ta 1944 ta kafa tsarin ilimin firamare da sakandare na ƙasa, tare da makarantu ƙarƙashin kulawar 'hukumomin ilimi na gida' waɗanda ke da alhakin ba da kuɗi ga duk irin waɗannan makarantu. Wannan doka da ake kira kula da makarantu a lokacin a 1988 ta sami 'yancin kai na doka.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar bayani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Gwamnatin Labour ta gabatar da makarantu masu daukar nauyin karatu tun farkon shekarun 2000. Mai daukar nauyin ya biya kudin jari kuma gwamnatin tsakiya ce ta biya kudin shiga. Wani mai daukar nauyin ya kafa asusun agaji kuma an sanya hannu kan kwangiloli na mutum daya da Ma'aikatar Ilimi (DfE). Duk wadannan makarantu ne da suka gaza ka'idojin Ofsted. Zuwa shekarar 2010 akwai irin wadannan makarantu 203, daga cikin jimillar 3333. 

Dokar Makarantun da aka kafa ta 2010 ta hannun Gwamnatin Conservative da ta shigo, ta samar da wata hanya ta doka ta musamman ga makarantun da ake kula da su, na firamare da sakandare, don a tilasta musu ko a bar su su 'canza' zuwa matsayin makarantar. Hukumar DfE ta amince da wasu 'yarjejeniyoyi na samar da kudade' don sabbin makarantu. Ana iya gina sabbin makarantu da ake kira 'makarantu kyauta'. Hukumar da ke buƙatar gina sabuwar makaranta a yankinta dole ne ta nemi shawarwari don kafa makarantar, a cikin nau'in 'makarantar kyauta'. Ba a sake ba su izinin gina ta da kansu ba. 

A shekarar 2014, an naɗa Kwamishinonin Makarantun Yankuna takwas (RSCs) a matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati na DfE. waɗanda ke da alhakin amincewa da sabbin makarantu da kuma shiga tsakani don magance matsalolin aiki a makarantun. Suna da iko mai yawa na yin tasiri ga makarantun da hukumomin yankin ke kula da su. 

Tsarin shugabanci na amincewa da makarantar shine wanda aka dora wa kowa:

* makarantun da aka ɗauki nauyinsu lokacin da aka tilasta musu barin [[Ƙaramar hukuma|ikon hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi]], wato makarantun da gwamnatin tsakiya ta ɗauka cewa sun gaza. An yi la'akari da cewa gwamnonin irin waɗannan makarantu suna gazawa, don haka aka rushe hukumar gudanarwa ta yanzu aka maye gurbinta da tsarin da wani mai tallafawa na waje ya ƙayyade. Mai tallafawa zai iya zama ƙungiyar agaji, mai taimakon jama'a, Kwalejin FE ko, ko wata makarantar kimiyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSATChains&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academy Chains |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=SSAT UK website |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf &quot;Academy Chains&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''SSAT UK website''. Specialist Schools and Academies Trust. Archived from [http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 4 May 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 May&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantun da suka zaɓi canza makarantu, makarantun da suka zaɓi canza makarantu, sun fi zaɓar shiga cikin ''jerin makarantun'' da ke akwai maimakon neman masu ɗaukar nauyinsu. ''Umbrella Trust'' tsari ne na madadin makarantun canza makarantu waɗanda ba a amfani da su sosai, inda makarantu ke kula da ikonsu na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;cartercoley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Types of academy chain |url=https://www.carterandcoley.co.uk/services/specialist-sectors/academy-schools/different-types-academy-chains |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=www.carterandcoley.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SSATChains&quot; /&gt;
* Tsarin na uku shine Haɗin gwiwar Haɗin gwiwa inda makarantun ke da alhakin kai tsaye ga Sakataren Harkokin Waje amma ba ga juna ba. Wannan ba kasafai ake samunsa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;cartercoley&quot; /&gt; 

Zuwa shekarar 2017, manufar sarkar makarantar ta koma baya, amintaccen ilimi mai yawa shine babban tsarin shugabanci. Kwangilolin MAT tare da Sakataren Jiha kai tsaye kuma makarantun da MAT ke gudanarwa ba su da wani asali na doka daban. Kowace makaranta, a matsayin doka, kawai wurin da MAT ke isar da kwangilar tsakiya ne. Ma'aikatan gida da duk wata 'hukuma mai mulki' ta gida suna da rawar da hukumar MAT ta ba su ne kawai 

== Shugabanci ==
Akwai kwamitin gudanarwa guda ɗaya na tsakiya, waɗanda za su iya kiran kansu kwamitin gwamnoni. Mai tallafawa ne ke naɗa mafi yawansu. Suna naɗa babban malamin zartarwa, kuma suna gudanar da ayyukan ofis kamar gini, albarkatun ɗan adam da kuma rarraba kuɗi na musamman. Suna iya kula da dukkan makarantu a tsakiya ko kuma su naɗa hukumomin gudanarwa na ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda ke da ikon da aka ba su izini waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin ƙananan kwamitoci ga kwamitin tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;SSATChains&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academy Chains |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=SSAT UK website |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf &quot;Academy Chains&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''SSAT UK website''. Specialist Schools and Academies Trust. Archived from [http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 4 May 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 May&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hakkin mallaka ===
Da farko hukumar gudanarwa tana da alhakin Sakataren Ilimi na Jiha, ta hannun Kwamishinan Makarantun Ƙasa. A watan Satumba na 2014, an naɗa Kwamishinonin Makarantun Yankuna takwas (RSCs) a hukumance a matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati a cikin Ma'aikatar Ilimi (DfE); an ba su alhakin shiga tsakani a makarantun da ba su da inganci a yankinsu da kuma amincewa da sabbin makarantu kyauta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schools causing concern |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/schools-causing-concern--2 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An faɗaɗa rawar da suke takawa a watan Yulin 2015 don amincewa da makarantun da za a mayar da su da kuma sanya masu tallafawa. Har yanzu ba a fayyace ainihin iyakokin da Kwamishinan Makarantun Yanki yake da shi ba da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da Hukumar Shugabannin Makarantu da aka zaɓa (HTB), da [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Hukumomin Ƙananan Hukumomi]], da Ofsted da al'ummar yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;RSC Session&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The role of Regional Schools Commissioners First Report of Session 2015–16 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeduc/401/401.pdf |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=publications.parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofsted wani sashe ne na gwamnati daban wanda ba shi da alhakin DfE. Kwamishinonin yanki sun gudanar da bincike a makarantu da amincewa, suna ketare Ofsted. Dangane da waɗannan, sun sanar da shugabannin makarantu cewa makarantunsu sun gaza kuma dole ne su nemi shiga makarantun gaba da sakandare da kuma shiga wani sarkar makarantar. A zahiri akwai tsarin dubawa guda biyu: ministan ilimi Damian Hinds ya shaida wa NAHT na 2018 cewa dole ne a canza wannan: &quot;Ya kamata masu duba Ofsted su zama mutanen da ya kamata su duba makarantu ... wanda ke nufin babu ƙarin ziyarar da RSC ta fara yi wanda zai iya jin kamar dubawa tare da waɗannan ƙarin buƙatun bayanai, yana ƙara wa tsarin birokrasi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;prospect&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mansall |first=Warwick |title=Has peace broken out between Ofsted and regional schools commissioners? |url=https://www.prospect.org.uk/blog/index/2018/July/9/Has-peace-broken-out-between-Ofsted-regional-schools-commissioners |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=www.prospect.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamishinonin Makarantun Yanki ba sa zama a ofis na dogon lokaci, kuma galibi suna barin su su zama shugabannin kamfanoni na amintattun makarantu da yawa. 

== Masu aiki ==
Wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na agaji suna gudanar da ƙungiyoyin makarantu. Waɗannan manyan masu gudanarwa sun haɗa da Makarantun ARK, Academies Enterprise Trust, E-ACT (wanda a da ake kira Edutrust Academies Charitable Trust), Gidauniyar Makarantun Emmanuel, Harris Federation, Oasis Trust, Ormiston Academies Trust, Tauheedul Education Trust da United Learning Trust .

A watan Satumba na 2017, Kamfanin Wakefield City Academies Trust ya sanar da cewa zai ƙare kuma ya daina ciniki domin ba shi da ikon kula da makarantunsa 21 kuma ya nemi gwamnati ta yi wani shiri daban. 

=== Damuwa ===
A shekarar 2015, Sutton Trust ta bayyana damuwa kan cewa makarantu, musamman ma gidajen yarin makarantu (MAT) ba koyaushe suke samar da sakamako da gwamnati ke fata ba. Sun dauki nauyin kuma sun buga bincike kan fannoni masu kalubale na manufofi; shirin.  ana kiransa &quot;Tasirin Sarka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chain Effects 2015 |url=https://www.suttontrust.com/research-paper/chain-effects-2015/ |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Sutton Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu kuma, bincike mai zaman kansa sun binciki tasirin MATs. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bernardinelli |first=D. |last2=Rutt |first2=S. |last3=Greany |first3=T. |last4=Higham |first4=R. |date=17 April 2024 |title=Multi-academy Trusts: Do they make a difference to pupil outcomes? |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10053502/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bernardinelli et al (2018) ba su sami wani tasiri mai kyau daga matsayin MAT gaba ɗaya ba, amma ɗaliban da ke cikin ƙananan da matsakaitan MATs sun fi yin aiki mafi kyau, a matsakaici, fiye da takwarorinsu a makarantun da aka kula da su iri ɗaya a matakai biyu, kuma a matakin farko, fiye da makarantun da ba su da alaƙa da juna. Akasin haka, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a manyan MATs (tare da makarantu 16+) sun fi yin muni idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke cikin makarantun da ba su da alaƙa da makarantu da aka kula da su.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Makarantar marayu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1177713282|Orphan school]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Makarantar marayu''' cibiya ce ta addini ko ta addini da aka keɓe don ilmantar da yara waɗanda iyalansu ba za su iya ba su damar ilmantar da su ba. A ƙasashen da ke da tsarin ilimin gwamnati na duniya, makarantun marayu ba su da yawa.

== Makarantun marayu a Amurka ==
Rasa rayukan da yakin basasar Amurka ya yi ya fi rage yawan maza a ƙasar, ya kuma ƙara yawan zawarawa da marayu sosai. Jihohi da yawa sun mayar da martani ga rikicin ta hanyar gina sabbin gine-gine (ko kwace gine-gine na yanzu) don &quot;kula da, ilmantar da kuma horar da yaran sojoji da suka mutu.&quot;

== Makarantun marayu a Ireland ==

== Duba kuma ==

* Gidan marayu
* Asibitin Foundling
* Ilimin zama
* Kwalejin Girard
* Abokan Marayu
* Sadaka ta Katolika
* Ƙungiyar Howard
* Ofishin Yara na Amurka
* Marayu na Duniya
* Charles Loring Brace
* Makarantar Marayu ta Katolika ta Roman

* Gidan Marayu na Bellfaire (Ohio)
* Gidan marayu na Bethesda (Georgia)
* Garin 'Yan Mata da Samari (Nebraska)
* Gidan Yara na Leake da Watt (Birnin New York, New York)
* Gidan Marayu na St Joseph ( Crescent Hill, Louisville )
* Gidan St. Cabrini (West Park, New York)
* Gidan marayu na Kirista na Carversville ( Carversville, Pennsylvania )
* Gidan Marayu na Hasken Fata ( Gidan Marayu na Gore )
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Sequoyah (Oklahoma)
* Mafakar Marayu Masu Launi ta Howard ( Weeksville, Brooklyn, New York)
* Gidan Masonic na Yara ( Oxford, North Carolina )

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Makarantar marayu''' cibiya ce ta addini ko ta addini da aka keɓe don ilmantar da yara waɗanda iyalansu ba za su iya ba su damar ilmantar da su ba. A ƙasashen da ke da tsarin ilimin gwamnati na duniya, makarantun marayu ba su da yawa.

== Makarantun marayu a Amurka ==
Rasa rayukan da yakin basasar Amurka ya yi ya fi rage yawan maza a ƙasar, ya kuma ƙara yawan zawarawa da marayu sosai. Jihohi da yawa sun mayar da martani ga rikicin ta hanyar gina sabbin gine-gine (ko kwace gine-gine na yanzu) don &quot;kula da, ilmantar da kuma horar da yaran sojoji da suka mutu.&quot;

== Makarantun marayu a Ireland ==

== Duba kuma ==

* Gidan marayu
* Asibitin Foundling
* Ilimin zama
* Kwalejin Girard
* Abokan Marayu
* Sadaka ta Katolika
* Ƙungiyar Howard
* Ofishin Yara na Amurka
* Marayu na Duniya
* Charles Loring Brace
* Makarantar Marayu ta Katolika ta Roman

* Gidan Marayu na Bellfaire (Ohio)
* Gidan marayu na Bethesda (Georgia)
* Garin 'Yan Mata da Samari (Nebraska)
* Gidan Yara na Leake da Watt (Birnin New York, New York)
* Gidan Marayu na St Joseph ( Crescent Hill, Louisville )
* Gidan St. Cabrini (West Park, New York)
* Gidan marayu na Kirista na Carversville ( Carversville, Pennsylvania )
* Gidan Marayu na Hasken Fata ( Gidan Marayu na Gore )
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Sequoyah (Oklahoma)
* Mafakar Marayu Masu Launi ta Howard ( Weeksville, Brooklyn, New York)
* Gidan Masonic na Yara ( Oxford, North Carolina )

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>4dtqoh6qem865c9gr6bntipckdwtyyv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ƙananan seminary</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>878432</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360116790|Minor seminary]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Mariaasumptajf.JPG|thumb|Maria Assumpta Seminary [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508192522/http://mariaassumptaseminary.com/] - makarantar sakandare (ƙananan) da kwalejin hauza na Diocese na Cabanatuan, [[Filipin|Philippines]] .]]
[[Fayil:Stations_at_SHAS.jpg|thumb|Ɗaliban Makarantar Apostolic ta Sacred Heart suna addu'a a Tashoshin Cross a ranar Juma'a Mai Tsarki, 2009]]
[[Fayil:Telšiū_vīskopėjės_liciejos.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Telšiai Diocese Karamin Seminary a [[Lithuania]]]]
'''Karamin makarantar seminary''' ko '''makarantar sakandare''' makaranta ce ta kwana ta sakandare ko [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] da aka ƙirƙira don takamaiman manufar ɗaukar yara maza matasa waɗanda suka nuna sha'awar zama firistocin Katolika . Gabaɗaya cibiyoyin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ne, kuma an tsara su don shirya yara maza a fannin ilimi da ruhaniya don sana'o'i ga firistoci da rayuwar addini . Sun fito ne a cikin al'adu da al'ummomi inda karatu da rubutu ba abu ne na kowa ba, kuma ana ɗaukar ƙaramar makarantar seminary a matsayin hanyar shirya ƙananan yara maza don shiga babban makarantar seminary daga baya.

Karamar makarantar hauza ba ta da wani amfani a duniyar da ta ci gaba. Dokar Shari'a ta 1917 ta bayyana manufar ƙananan makarantun hauza da cewa: &quot;su kula musamman don kare kansu daga yaɗuwar duniya, don horar da su cikin ibada, don yin amfani da ƙa'idodin karatun adabi, da kuma ciyar da su da tushen aikin allahntaka&quot;. An ƙarfafa yara maza da suka dace su kammala karatunsu zuwa babban makarantar hauza, inda za su ci gaba da karatunsu na gaba da sakandare don aikin firist.

Shirin kafa USCCB a matsayin firist yana kiransu da &quot;makarantun sakandare&quot; maimakon ƙananan makarantun hauza. 

== Karamar makarantar hauza ta zamani ==
[[Fayil:Minor_Seminaries_in_the_world.png|thumb|Ƙasashe masu ƙananan makarantun gaba da sakandare (shuɗi) kuma sun wanzu a baya (ja)]]

=== Kanada ===

* Seminary na Almasihu Sarki, ( Mission, [[British Columbia]] )

=== Gabashin Timor ===

* Makarantar Malaminmu ta Fatima, Dili
* Makarantar St. Joseph, Maliana

=== Ghana ===

* Karamar Makarantar Sakandare ta St Teresa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=St. Teresa's Minor Seminary |url=https://sites.google.com/a/stteresaseminary.com/www/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indiya ===

* [[St.Joseph Minor Seminary, Kalamassery]] &amp;#x2013; Archdiocese na Verapoly, Kerala.
* Seminary na St. Aloysius, Trivandrum &amp;#x2013; Archeparchy na Trivandrum na Syro-Malankara
* [[St. Agnes Minor Seminary|Makarantar Karamar Jami'ar St. Agnes]], Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
* Makarantar Karamar Zuciya Mai Tsarki, Thrikkakara, Kochi, Kerala - Archeparchy of Ernakulam- Angamaly
* [[Good Shepherd Minor Seminary|Makarantar Sakandare Mai Kyau ta Makiyayi]], Pala, Indiya
* [[St Paul's Minor Seminary, Akalpur, Jammu|Karamar Makarantar St Paul, Akalpur, Jammu]]

=== Indonesiya ===

* Karamin makarantar hauza na Saint Paul Palembang
* Peter Canisius Minor Seminary Mertoyudan
* Karamar Makarantar Karamar Kwalejin Wacana Bhakti

=== Najeriya ===

* [https://www.oke-areseminary.com/index.php Karamar Makarantar St. Theresa, Oke-Are, Ibadan]
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Sacred Heart Minor, Akure
* Seminary na All Hallows, Onitsha

=== Pakistan ===

* Karamar Makarantar St. Mary, Lahore
* An kafa Our Lady of Lourdes Minor Seminary, Islamabad &amp;#x2013; Rawalpindi a shekarar 1995
* Makarantar Karamin St. Pius X &amp;#x2013; Karachi, an kafa ta a shekarar 1958
* An kafa St. Thomas the Apostle Minor Seminary, Faisalabad a shekarar 1981

=== Philippines ===

* Uwar Mai Ba da Shawara Mai Kyau Karamar Makaranta Birnin San Fernando, Pampanga

* St. Augustine Minor Seminary - ƙananan makarantar hauza na Iba, Zambales, Luzon wanda ke rufe birnin Olongapo da Lardin Zambales
* San Jacinto Seminary ( Penablanca, Cagayan ) - Archdiocese na Tuguegarao
* Diocesan Seminary na Zuciyar Yesu ( San Fernando La Union )
* Karamin Seminary Conception ( Vigan, Ilocos Sur )
* Makarantar Makarantar St. Mary ( Laoag, Ilocos Norte )
* Karamin Seminary ( Guiguinto, Bulacan ) - Diocese na Malolos
* Karamin Makarantar Sakandare ta John Paul II ( Antipolo, Rizal) – makarantar sakandare ta Diocese na Antipolo
* Oblates na St. Joseph Minor Seminary ( San Jose, Batangas ) – makarantar sakandare
* Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary ( Makati ) – makarantar sakandare ta Archdiocese na Manila
* Our Lady of Dutsen Karmel Seminary ( Sariaya, Quezon ) - Diocese na Lucena
* Paparoma John XXIII Seminary (Cebu City) – Archbishop na Cebu
* Paparoma Paul VI Ƙananan Seminary ( Maasin City, Southern Leyte )
* Saint Francis de Sales Minor Seminary ( Lipa City, Batangas) - ƙananan (makarantar sakandare) seminary na Archdiocese na Lipa
* Holy Rosary Minor Seminary ( Naga City, Camarines Sur ) Archdiocese na Caceres
* Babban Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Gregory (Panal, Tabaco City ) – Diocese na Legazpi
* Our Lady of Peñafrancia Seminary Sorsogon City ) - Diocese na Sorsogon
* Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Anthony (Kinamaligan, Masbate City ) Karkashin kulawar Diocese na Masbate
* Sto. Seminary Nino ( Numancia, Aklan ) - ƙananan da kwaleji
* St. Pius X Seminary (Lawaan, Roxas City, Capiz ) - Archdiocese na Capiz
* Saint Vincent Ferrer Seminary - ( Jaro, Iloilo City ) - Archdiocese na Jaro
* Seminario de San Jose ( Puerto Princesa City, Palawan ) - ƙananan da manyan makarantun hauza
* Seminario de Jesús Nazareno ( Borongan City, Eastern Samar ) - Diocese na Borongan

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>jp661o7ej38d4h1zvb9vk6fmbxc1jdy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>878434</id>
      <parentid>878432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arcdanumma047</username>
        <id>38699</id>
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      <text bytes="5481" sha1="rf4n8ezj52aex4y9xrrln6tclies8m6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Mariaasumptajf.JPG|thumb|Maria Assumpta Seminary [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508192522/http://mariaassumptaseminary.com/] - makarantar sakandare (ƙananan) da kwalejin hauza na Diocese na Cabanatuan, [[Filipin|Philippines]] .]]
[[Fayil:Stations_at_SHAS.jpg|thumb|Ɗaliban Makarantar Apostolic ta Sacred Heart suna addu'a a Tashoshin Cross a ranar Juma'a Mai Tsarki, 2009]]
[[Fayil:Telšiū_vīskopėjės_liciejos.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Telšiai Diocese Karamin Seminary a [[Lithuania]]]]
'''Karamin makarantar seminary''' ko '''makarantar sakandare''' makaranta ce ta kwana ta sakandare ko [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] da aka ƙirƙira don takamaiman manufar ɗaukar yara maza matasa waɗanda suka nuna sha'awar zama firistocin Katolika . Gabaɗaya cibiyoyin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ne, kuma an tsara su don shirya yara maza a fannin ilimi da ruhaniya don sana'o'i ga firistoci da rayuwar addini . Sun fito ne a cikin al'adu da al'ummomi inda karatu da rubutu ba abu ne na kowa ba, kuma ana ɗaukar ƙaramar makarantar seminary a matsayin hanyar shirya ƙananan yara maza don shiga babban makarantar seminary daga baya.

Karamar makarantar hauza ba ta da wani amfani a duniyar da ta ci gaba. Dokar Shari'a ta 1917 ta bayyana manufar ƙananan makarantun hauza da cewa: &quot;su kula musamman don kare kansu daga yaɗuwar duniya, don horar da su cikin ibada, don yin amfani da ƙa'idodin karatun adabi, da kuma ciyar da su da tushen aikin allahntaka&quot;. An ƙarfafa yara maza da suka dace su kammala karatunsu zuwa babban makarantar hauza, inda za su ci gaba da karatunsu na gaba da sakandare don aikin firist.

Shirin kafa USCCB a matsayin firist yana kiransu da &quot;makarantun sakandare&quot; maimakon ƙananan makarantun hauza. 

== Karamar makarantar hauza ta zamani ==
[[Fayil:Minor_Seminaries_in_the_world.png|thumb|Ƙasashe masu ƙananan makarantun gaba da sakandare (shuɗi) kuma sun wanzu a baya (ja)]]

=== Kanada ===

* Seminary na Almasihu Sarki, ( Mission, [[British Columbia]] )

=== Gabashin Timor ===

* Makarantar Malaminmu ta Fatima, Dili
* Makarantar St. Joseph, Maliana

=== Ghana ===

* Karamar Makarantar Sakandare ta St Teresa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=St. Teresa's Minor Seminary |url=https://sites.google.com/a/stteresaseminary.com/www/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indiya ===

* [[St.Joseph Minor Seminary, Kalamassery]] &amp;#x2013; Archdiocese na Verapoly, Kerala.
* Seminary na St. Aloysius, Trivandrum &amp;#x2013; Archeparchy na Trivandrum na Syro-Malankara
* [[St. Agnes Minor Seminary|Makarantar Karamar Jami'ar St. Agnes]], Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
* Makarantar Karamar Zuciya Mai Tsarki, Thrikkakara, Kochi, Kerala - Archeparchy of Ernakulam- Angamaly
* [[Good Shepherd Minor Seminary|Makarantar Sakandare Mai Kyau ta Makiyayi]], Pala, Indiya
* [[St Paul's Minor Seminary, Akalpur, Jammu|Karamar Makarantar St Paul, Akalpur, Jammu]]

=== Indonesiya ===

* Karamin makarantar hauza na Saint Paul Palembang
* Peter Canisius Minor Seminary Mertoyudan
* Karamar Makarantar Karamar Kwalejin Wacana Bhakti

=== Najeriya ===

* [https://www.oke-areseminary.com/index.php Karamar Makarantar St. Theresa, Oke-Are, Ibadan]
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Sacred Heart Minor, Akure
* Seminary na All Hallows, Onitsha

=== Pakistan ===

* Karamar Makarantar St. Mary, Lahore
* An kafa Our Lady of Lourdes Minor Seminary, Islamabad &amp;#x2013; Rawalpindi a shekarar 1995
* Makarantar Karamin St. Pius X &amp;#x2013; Karachi, an kafa ta a shekarar 1958
* An kafa St. Thomas the Apostle Minor Seminary, Faisalabad a shekarar 1981

=== Philippines ===

* Uwar Mai Ba da Shawara Mai Kyau Karamar Makaranta Birnin San Fernando, Pampanga

* St. Augustine Minor Seminary - ƙananan makarantar hauza na Iba, Zambales, Luzon wanda ke rufe birnin Olongapo da Lardin Zambales
* San Jacinto Seminary ( Penablanca, Cagayan ) - Archdiocese na Tuguegarao
* Diocesan Seminary na Zuciyar Yesu ( San Fernando La Union )
* Karamin Seminary Conception ( Vigan, Ilocos Sur )
* Makarantar Makarantar St. Mary ( Laoag, Ilocos Norte )
* Karamin Seminary ( Guiguinto, Bulacan ) - Diocese na Malolos
* Karamin Makarantar Sakandare ta John Paul II ( Antipolo, Rizal) – makarantar sakandare ta Diocese na Antipolo
* Oblates na St. Joseph Minor Seminary ( San Jose, Batangas ) – makarantar sakandare
* Our Lady of Guadalupe Minor Seminary ( Makati ) – makarantar sakandare ta Archdiocese na Manila
* Our Lady of Dutsen Karmel Seminary ( Sariaya, Quezon ) - Diocese na Lucena
* Paparoma John XXIII Seminary (Cebu City) – Archbishop na Cebu
* Paparoma Paul VI Ƙananan Seminary ( Maasin City, Southern Leyte )
* Saint Francis de Sales Minor Seminary ( Lipa City, Batangas) - ƙananan (makarantar sakandare) seminary na Archdiocese na Lipa
* Holy Rosary Minor Seminary ( Naga City, Camarines Sur ) Archdiocese na Caceres
* Babban Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Gregory (Panal, Tabaco City ) – Diocese na Legazpi
* Our Lady of Peñafrancia Seminary Sorsogon City ) - Diocese na Sorsogon
* Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Anthony (Kinamaligan, Masbate City ) Karkashin kulawar Diocese na Masbate
* Sto. Seminary Nino ( Numancia, Aklan ) - ƙananan da kwaleji
* St. Pius X Seminary (Lawaan, Roxas City, Capiz ) - Archdiocese na Capiz
* Saint Vincent Ferrer Seminary - ( Jaro, Iloilo City ) - Archdiocese na Jaro
* Seminario de San Jose ( Puerto Princesa City, Palawan ) - ƙananan da manyan makarantun hauza
* Seminario de Jesús Nazareno ( Borongan City, Eastern Samar ) - Diocese na Borongan

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mai dumama mai cikawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161013</id>
    <redirect title="Mai dumama" />
    <revision>
      <id>878440</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T11:27:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pharouqenr moved page [[Mai dumama mai cikawa]] to [[Mai dumama]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="24" sha1="2ool5saxqc931xvsg5vrd3emvsi1lhe" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Mai dumama]]</text>
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